💥Important Points of NCERT 💥:@Tanishkk

🌟1. 1935 : Stanley - Crystallised viruses.

🌟 2. 1937 : Ramde o Misra obtained Ph.D. in Ecology from Lee ds
university (U.K.).
🌟 3. 1938 : Coelocanth fish caught in South Africa.
🌟 4. 1945 : Fleming, Chain & Florey - Awarded Nobel prize.
🌟 5. 1950 : Watson obtained Ph.D. on a study of the effect of hard X-rays
on bacteriophage multiplication.
🌟 6. 1951 : Family planning programme started in India.
🌟 7. 1952 : Hershey & Chase-experiment on bacteriophage or Bacterial
virus
gives unequivocal proof that DNA is the genetic material.
🌟 8. 1953 : Miller experiment - Methane, ammonia, hydrogen & water
vapour.
🌟9. 1953 : Watson & Crick - Double helical structure of B-DNA &
replication scheme.
🌟10 . 1953 : Palade : Discovered ribosome.
🌟11 . 1954 : Ramachandran - Triple helical model of collagen, published
in Nature.
🌟12 . 1954 : Crick complete d Ph.D. on a thesis “X-rays diffraction :
polypeptides and proteins.
🌟13 . 1958 : Meselson & Stahl - Work on E.coli proves semiconservative
replication of DNA in prokaryotes.
🌟14 . 1958 : Taylor - Work on Vicia faba proves semiconservative
replication of DNA in eukaryotes.
🌟15. 1960 : Katherine Esau - Published “Anatomy of Seed Plants.”
🌟 16. 1961 : Melvin Calvin - Nobel Prize.
🌟 17. 1962 : Watson, Crick and Wilikins - Nobel Prize.
🌟 18. 1963 : Wheat varieties (Sonalika & Kalyan sona) introduced.
🌟 19. 1963 : Two enzyme responsible for restricting growth of
bacteriophage
in E.coli were isolated.
🌟 20. 1966 : Derivative of IR-8 & Taichung native-I introduced.
🌟 21. 1969 : Whittaker - Five kingdom classification.

💥Very Important Points of NCERT

🌟1. Genetic map discovered by Alfred Sturtevent.
🌟 2. Henking trace a specific nuclear structure (X-body) all through
spermatogenesis in a few insects (1891).
🌟3. Down’s syndrome was first described by Langdon Down (1866)
🌟4. DNA (Nuclein) was first identified by Friedrich Meischer (1869).
🌟 5. X-ray diffraction data produced by Wilkins & Franklin.
🌟 6. Transforming principle was given by Griffith (1928).
🌟 7. Biochemical characterisation of transforming principle was given by
Avery, MacLeod & Mc Carty.
🌟 8. Unequivoal proof that DNA is the genetic material came from the
experiements of Hershey & Chase (1952).
🌟 9. Replication scheme was given by Watson & Crick.
🌟 10. Central dogma of biology was given by Crick.
🌟 11. The experimental proof that DNA replicates semiconservatively
was
given in prokaryotes by Meselson & Stahl (1958).
🌟 12. The experimental proof that DNA replicates semiconservatively
was
given in eukaryotes by Taylor (1958).
🌟 13. George Gamow (a physicist) proposed that codon was triplet.
🌟14. Har Gobind Khorana synthesizes RNA molecules with defined
combination of bases (homopolyers & copolymers).
🌟 15. Nirenberg in cell-free system for protein synthesis finally helped
the
code to be deciphered.
🌟 16. Polynucleotide phosphorylase is called Severo Ochoa enzyme
🌟 17. Lac operon was given by Jacob & Monad.
🌟 18. Automated DNA sequencers worked on the principle of a method
developed by Frederick Sanger
🌟 19. Frederick Sanger developed the method for determination of
amino
acid sequences in proteins.
🌟 20. DNA fingerprinting technique was developed by Alec Jeffreys.
🌟 21. Spontaneous generation theory was dismissed by Louis Pasteur.
🌟 22. Life comes from pre-existing life it is told by Louis Pasteur.
🌟 23. Oparin & Haldane proposed that the first form of life could have
come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules.
💥Important Points of NCERT❤️

🌟 All the unicellular eukaryotes are placed in Kingdom Protista.

🌟 Histone protein is absent in chromosome of dinoflagellates, due to this
reason dinoflagellates are called mesokaryote.
🌟 Pigments present in dinoflagellates are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
🌟 Stored food of dinoflagellates is starch.
🌟 Cell wall of diatoms is made up of cellulose + silica.
🌟 Pigments present in diatoms are Chl 'a' and Chl 'c'.
🌟 Stored food of diatom is leucosin and fats.
🌟 Mixotrophic nutrition is present in Euglenoids.
🌟 Stored food of Euglenoids is paramylum and fat.
🌟 Slime moulds are also called fungus animal.
🌟 At the time of reproduction slime moulds have cell wall.
🌟 Mode of nutrition is absorptive in fungi
🌟 Cell wall of fungi is made up of chitin.
🌟 In fungi the stored food remains in the form of glycogen and oil.
🌟 Mycelium of class phycomycetes is coenocytic aseptate.
🌟 Phytophthora infestans causes late blight disease in potato. This disease
is known as "Famine of Ireland".

🌟 Mycelium of class - ascomycetes is uninucleate septate.

🌟 Class ascomycetes is known as "Sac fungi".
🌟 A. Flemming obtained the antibiotic penicillin from Penicillium
notatum.
🌟 Fungus Neurospora is known as "Drosophila of Plant Kingdom".
🌟 Yeast is unicellular or non mycelial fungi.
🌟 Mycelium of class - basidiomycetes is septate and uni or binucleate.
🌟 Basidiomycetes is known as club fungi.
🌟 Special type of septa are found in mycelium of class basidiomycetes
which are known as dolipore septum.
🌟 Clamp connection are formed during reproduction in basidiomycetes.
🌟 Puccinia is rust fungus, it causes rust disease in wheat.
🌟 Starting of rust disease (Primary infection) on wheat plants takes place
through aeciospores.
🌟 Deuteromycetes is known as Fungi Imperfecti.
🌟 1. (i) National Forest Policy revised in – 1988.
🌟(ii) Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year-
2002
🌟(iii) Forest Act–1927.
🌟(iv) Biosphere Reserve Scheme– 1986

🌟 2. Wild life protection act 1972 (Revised in 1991) :

🌟Ex-situ conservation –The protection of wild life in zoos and botanical

gardens. Other e.g., of Ex-situ conservation are gene banks, germ plasm
bank, seed bank.

🌟 In situ conservation - is the protection of species (wild life) in their

natural habitat or National parks or Biosphere reserve or Sanctuaries or
Sacred groves
💥Summary of developmental stages in human 💥:

🌟 After one month of pregnancy, the embryo's heart is formed.

🌟 By the end of the second month of pregnancy the foetus develops limbs
and digits.

🌟 By the end of 12 weeks (First trimester), most of the major organ

system use formed.

🌟 The first movements of the foetus and appearance of hair on the head
are usually observed during the fifth month.

🌟 By the end of 24 weeks (Second trimester), the body is covered with

fine hair, eye-lids separate and eye lashes are formed.

🌟 By the end of nine months of pregnancy, the foetus is fully developed

and is ready for delivery
🌟Estrogens : Promote development and maintenance of female
reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and breasts
Increase protein anabolism • Lower blood cholesterol • Moderate levels
inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

🌟Progesterone : Works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for

implantation Prepares mammary glands to secrete milk • Inhibits release of
GNRH and LH
🌟Relaxin : Inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle During labor,
increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix

🌟Inhibin : Inhibits release of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

🌟Estrogens : Promote development and maintenance of female
reproductive structures, feminine secondary sex characteristics, and breasts
Increase protein anabolism • Lower blood cholesterol • Moderate levels
inhibit release of GnRH, FSH, and LH

🌟Progesterone : Works with estrogens to prepare endometrium for

implantation Prepares mammary glands to secrete milk • Inhibits release of
GNRH and LH

🌟Relaxin : Inhibits contractions of uterine smooth muscle During labor,

increases flexibility of pubic symphysis and dilates uterine cervix

🌟Inhibin : Inhibits release of FSH and, to a lesser extent, LH

8 step enzymatic process of Kreb's cycle

Can Intelligent Karan Singh Solve Foreign Mafia Operations

Citrate →Isocitrate→ alpha Ketoglutarate → Succinyl Co-A →Succinate

→Fumarate→Malate →Oxaloacetate
Contributions of Biologists :

🌟1. Binomial nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus.

🌟2. Two kingdom system of classification was given by Carolus
Linnaeus.
🌟3. Systema Naturae was written by Carolus Linnaeus.
🌟4. Artificial system of classification was given by Carolus Linnaeus.
🌟5. Natural System of classification for flowering plants was given by
George Bentham & J.D. Hooker.
🌟6. 5 kingdom system of classification was given by R.H. Whittaker
(1969).
🌟 7. Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for
classification.
🌟8. Biological classification of plants & animals was first proposed by
Aristotle.
🌟9. Causal organism of the mosaic disease of tabacco is recognised by
D.J.
Ivanowsky (1892).
🌟10. Contagium vivum fluidum is called by M.W. Beijerinek (1898)
💥HARDY- WEINBERG PRINCIPLE💥

p+q=1

Where:
p - Frequency of dominant allele (A)
q - Frequency of recessive allele (a)

Five factors are known to affect Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. These are-

🌟1. Gene migration or gene flow

🌟2. Genetic drift
🌟3. Mutation
🌟4. Genetic recombination
🌟5. Natural selection

🌟Red Data Book :- This book contains a record of animals & plants
which are known to be in
danger. This Book is maintained by the IUCN [International Union for
Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources].

🌟Silent Valley :- It is tropical evergreen forest in Kerela (Palghat)

declared as National Reserve
Forest. It is called silent valley because there is no noise in the forest
during night, even that of
cicadas, as they are not found there. It is related to conservation of fores

🌟 Morphine- Papaver somniferum

🌟Nicotine - Nicotiana tobacum
🌟Marijuana - Cannabis sativa
🌟Coca alkaloid - Erythroxylum coca
🌟 1. National Botanical Garden, Lucknow. National Botanical Research
Institute (NBRI) is located in National Botanical Garden.
🌟2. Forest Botanical Garden, Dehradun - Forest Research Institute
(FRI)is located in Forest Botanical Garden.
🌟3. Lloyd Botanical Garden – Darjeeling.
🌟 4. CDRI - Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow
🌟 5. CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Reserch Institute - Jodhpur
🌟6. CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants -
Lucknow
🌟7. IARI - Indian Agriculture Research Inst. (Pusa Inst.) - New Delhi
🌟 8. Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany (National inst. of paleobotany)
– Lucknow
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-

⚡️Examples of homologous organs:⚡️

(i) Forelimbs of mammals

(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are
modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots

⚡️Examples of Analogous organs :⚡️

(i) Wings of butterfly and birds

(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
1. The world's first National Park (America) – Yellow
stone National Park
🌟2. India's first National Park – Jim Corbett National Park – Nainital
(Uttaranchal)
🌟3. Smallest tiger reserve in India – Ranthambore National Park -
Sawaimadhopur (Rajasthan).
🌟4. Largest Tiger reserve in India – Nagarjuna Sagar Saisailum Sanctuary
- Guntoor - Andhra Pradesh.
🌟5. Nandan-Kanan zoo (Bhubaneshwar - Orissa) is known for - White
tiger.
🌟Some Important Info.🌟 ✔️

(i) National Forest Policy revised in – 1988.

(ii) Biodiversity act of India was passed by the Parliament in the year-
2002
(iii) Forest Act–1927.
(iv) Biosphere Reserve Scheme– 1986

🌟2. Wild life protection act 1972 (Revised in 1991)

🌟Rheumatoid factor is a type of immunoglobulin IgM.

🌟Anaphylaxis is a generalized and severe form of allergy.

🌟Hashimoto disease is also known as autoimmune thyroiditis.

🌟 Thalassemia is an autosome linked recessive disease.

🌟 Down's syndrome is the presence of an additional copy of the

chromosome number 21 (21st Trisomy)

🌟 Turner's syndrome = 45 with XO

Cell cycle - Go Sally Go! Make Children —- G1-S-G2-M-C ( growth-
synthesis-growth-mitosis-cytokinesis)

🌟Mitosis— “People Meet And Talk (PMAT)”——-

Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase.

🌟 Prophase—-Little Zara! Please, Dance Daily.——-

Leptotene,Zygotene,Pachytene,Diplotene,Diakinesis.

🌟 Meiosis— PMAT

Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase
💫Very important points - Human Reproduction 💫

🌟Uterus also called womb.

🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of
uterus. (During pregnancy)

🌟 Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.

🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male

🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop
resistance for the new-born babies.

⚡️Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called

spermiation.

⚡️Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination.

⚡️Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation .

⚡️Mammalian sperms are transfered to vagina of female by the process

called insemination.

⚡️In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human

being.

⚡️Leydig's cells mature at 10 yrs. of age.

⚡️In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo
meiosis II.

⚡️The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted
chromosomes.

⚡️65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in

human being.
1. Weight of Liver : 1.2 to 1.5 kg
2. Weight of Kidney : 120 to 170 gm
3. Number of lobes in Liver : 2
4. Number of salivary glands : 3 pairs
5. Number of portions in stomach : 4 (Cardiac, fundic, body & Pyloric).
6. Stomach stores food for : 4 to 5 hours.
7. pH of saliva : 6.8
8. pH of gastric juice : 1.8
9. pH in duodenum : 7.8
10. pH of urine : 6.0
11. Breathing rate : 12-16 times/minute
12. Tidal volume : 500 mL
13. IRV : 2500 - 3000 mL
14. ERV : 1000 - 1100 mL
15. RV : 1100 - 1200 mL
16. Water in plasma : 90-92%
17. Water in watermelon : 92%.
18. Water in herbaceous plants : 85-90%.
19. Water in human cell : 70-90%.
20. Colon is divided in : 4 parts (Ascending, transverse, descending and
sigmoid parts). (NCERT Correction-2019-20)
21. Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2 .
22. Diffusion membrane is made up of 3 layers.
23. Total thickness of diffusion membrane : < 1 mm
24. No. of wall layers in alimentary canal (from oesophagus to rectum) : 4
25. Gastric gland have 3 type of cells : Mucus neck cells, chief cells and
parietal cells
26. Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver how much O2
to tissues : 5 mL
27. Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers how much CO2
to the alveoli : 4 mL
🌟Nitrogen fixation - Nitrogen fixing bacteria 🌟~

🌟(A) Symbiotically – Some bacteria live symbiotically and do nitrogen

fixation.
📝e.g. · Rhizobium – found in the root nodules of legumes
· Azorhizobium – found in the stem nodules of Sesbania plant
· Azospirillum – Found on root surface of cereals i.e., superficial
symbiosis (eg. Wheat, Rice, Maize).
· Frankia (Filamentous bacteria or actinomycetes) - It is found In root
nodules of non leguminous
plant Casuarina and Alnus plants.

🌟(B) Asymbiotically – Some bacteria are found freely in soil and do

nitrogen fixation.
📝e.g. Clostridium, Chromatium, Azotobacter, Azospirillum, Beijernickia
Rhodomicrobium, Rhodospirillum, Rhodopseudomonas

🎖Note 📝 : Azotobacter and Beijernickia are aerobic Rhodospirillum is

anaerobic bacteria. Both
Rhizobium and Frankia are free living in soil, but as symbionts, can fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
🌟Cultivable species of fresh water fishes 🌟 -

Indigenous species :

💫1. Catla catla (Catla)

💫2. Labeo rohita (Rohu) – Most common carp
💫3. Labeo calbasu (Calbasu)
💫4. Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal)
💫5. Clarius batrachus (Magur)

🌟Exotic species 🌟:

-Cyprinus carpio (Common carp)

- Ctenopharyngodon idella (grass carp)
- Hypopthalmicthys molitrix (chinese carp/silver carp)

🌟 Marine fishes 🌟- are generally rich in Omega-3-fatty acids.

🌟1. Hilsa (Hilsa)

🌟2. Salmo (Salmon)
🌟3. Sardinella (Sardine)
🌟4. Harpodon (Bombay duck)
🌟5. Stomaleous (Pomfret) - Introdued in Indian sea by foreigners
🌟6. Rastrelliger (Mackerel)
Biosphere Reserve State(s)

🌟1. Nanda Devi - Uttranchal

🌟2. Nokrek - Meghalaya
🌟3. Manas - Assam
🌟4. Dibru Saikhowa - Assam
🌟5. Dehang Debang - Arunachal Pradesh
🌟6. Sunderbans - West Bengal
🌟7. Gulf of Mannar - Tamil Nadu
🌟8. Nilgiri - Kerala, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu
🌟9. Great Nicobar - Andaman & Nicobar
🌟10. Simlipal - Orissa
🌟11. Kanchanjunga - Sikkim
🌟12. Pachmarhi - Madhya Pradesh
🌟13. Agasthyamalai - Kerala
🌟14. Achankamar - Madhya pradesh, Chattisgarh

🌟Note : 408 Biosphere reserves are located in 94

countries out of which 14 sites are present in 🇮🇳 India
🌟Cities 🏙 and Countries in NCERT🌟 :

🌟 1. In 1920’s prickly pear cactus introduced in : Australia

🌟2. Visiting flamingoes & resident fishes compete in : South American
lakes
🌟3. Abingdon tortoise were found in : Galapagos Island.
🌟4. Barnacle Balanus & Chathamalus found in : Rocky Sea Coasts of
Scotland
🌟5. Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in : Himalaya
🌟6. Amazonian Rain Forest found in : South America
🌟7. Alexander von Humboldt explored in : South America Jungles
🌟8. Dodo extinct from : Mauritius.
🌟9. Quagga extinct from : Africa
🌟10. Thylacine extinct from : Australia
🌟11. Stellar’s sea cow extinct from : Russia
🌟12. Lake Victoria found in : East Africa
🌟13. Clarius geriepinus is African catfish
🌟14. Earth Summit held in : Rio de Janeiro
🌟15. World Summit held in : Johannesburg (South Africa)
🌟16. Montreal Protocol held in : Montreal (Canada)
🌟17. Khasi & Jaintia hills in : Meghalaya
🌟18. Aravalli hills in : Rajasthan
🌟19. Western Ghat regions are found in : Karnataka & Maharastra
🌟20. Sarguja, Chanda & Bastar areas are found in : Madhya Pradesh
🌟ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING AGENTS🌟

Artificial Sweetner Sweetness value

Aspartame - 100
Saccharin - 550
Sucralose - 600
Alitame - 2000

🌟 Trick - ASSA ( आशा )🌟

Sweetness value in Comparison to cane sugar

Bacteria Type of host

🌟Rhizobium - Roots of several legumes such as alfalfa, sweet clover,

sweet pea, lentils, garden pea, broad bean, clover beans etc.

🌟 Frankia - Roots of Alnus, Casuarina (non legumes)

🌟 Azorhizobium - Stem nodules of Sesbania

🌟 Bradyrhizobium and Sinorhizobium - Root nodules of soyabean

🌟 Both Rhizobium (rod shaped) and Frankia (filamentous) are

heterotrophic, free living forms in soil, but as symbionts, can fix
atmospheric nitrogen.
🌟SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) 🌟:

💫Name of STD Pathogen

💫(1) Gonorrhoea - Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacterium)

💫(2) Genital herpes - Herpes simplex virus
💫(3) Genital warts - Human papilloma virus
💫(4) Syphilis - Treponema pallidum (bacterium)
💫(5) Trichomoniasis - Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoan)
💫(6) Chlamydiasis - Chlamydia trachomatis (bacterium
🌟ARTIFICIAL SWEETENING AGENTS🌟
💫Some Inhibitors of Bacterial Protein Synthesis💫:

Antibiotic. Effect.

🌟Tetracycline - Inhibits binding of amino-acyl tRNA to ribosome

🌟Streptomycin - Inhibits initiation of translation and causes misreading

🌟Chloramphenicol - Inhibits peptidyl transferase and so formation of
peptide bonds

🌟Erythromycin - Inhibits translocation of ribosome along mRNA

🌟Neomycin - Inhibits interaction between tRNA and mRN

🌟USES OF INERT GASES 🌟:

(1) He is non-inflammable and light gas, so it is used in filling balloons for

meteorological observations.
(2) He is used in gas cooled nuclear reactors.
(3) Liquid He is used as cryogenic agent.
(4) He is used to produce powerful superconducting magnets.
(5) Ne is used in discharge tubes.
(6) Ar is used as inert atmosphere in metallurgical process.
(7) Xenon and Krypton are used in light bulbs designed for special
purposes.

🌟 IMPORTANT ORDER 🌟 :

(1) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe Atomic radius

(2) He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe Ionisation energy
(3) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn Density
(4) He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn mpt. Bpt
👨‍⚕🧑‍⚕Respiration involves the following steps🌟 :-

🌟(i) Breathing or pulmonary ventilation by which atmospheric air is

drawn in and CO2 rich alveolar air is released out.
🌟(ii) Diffusion of gases (O2 and CO2) across alveolar membrane.
🌟(iii) Transport of gases by blood.
🌟 (iv) Diffusion of O2 and CO2
between blood and tissues.
🌟 (v) Utilisation of O2 by the cells for catabolic reactions and resultant
release of CO2.

🌟In tissue following conditions are favourable for dissociation of oxygen

from oxyhaemoglobin :-

(i) Low PO2

(ii) High PCO2
(iii) High H+
concentration
(iv) Low pH
(v) Higher temperature
🌟Essential Amino acids🌟:

“Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable”

[A]rginine

[H]istidine

[I]soleucine

[L]eucine

[T]heanine

[L]ysine

[M]ethionine

[P]henylalanine

[T]roptophan

[V]alin
Some organic acids are manufactured by employing fermentation activities
of Fungi and others of Bacteria.

🌟 Org. acid ⚡️Source

💫(1) Citric acid - Fungus Aspergillus niger

💫(2) Acetic acid (Vinegar) - Bacterium Acetobactoer aceti

💫(3) Lactic acid - Bacterium Lactobacillus bulgaris and streptococcus

lactis

💫(4) Butyric-acid - Bacterium clostidium butylicum

🌟Important point in Solid State 🌟:

In a cube

1. Number of corners = 8
2. Number of faces = 6
3. Number of edges = 12
4. Number of body centre = 1
5. Number of body diagonals = 4
6. Number of face diagonals = 12

🌟Crystalline solids🌟 :
Ex.
NaCl, Metals, Diamond 🔹

🌟Amorphous Solids🌟 :
Ex.
Rubber, Plastics
🌟Important Cells in NCERT 🌟:

1. Ganglion cells- Found in retina

2. Bipolar cells- Found in retina
3. Photoreceptor cells- Found in retina
4. Rod cells- For twilight (scotopic vision)
5. Cone cells- For day light (photopic vision)
6. Organ of Corti contains hair cells
7. Adipocytes- Cells of adipose tissue
8. PMNL (Polymorpho Nuclear Leukocytes)- A type of neutrophil
providing
cellular barrier in innate immunity.
9. Natural killer cells- Type of lymphocyte providing cellular barrier.
10. Macrophages- Present in tissue (areolar tissue) that can phagocytose
& destroy microbes providing cellular barrier.
11. Inner cell mass of human blastocyst contains stem cells which have
the potency to give rise to all the tissues & organs.
12. The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule called podocytes.
ities 🏙 and Countries in NCERT 📙 :

🌟 1. Jaya & Ratna developed in : India

🌟2. Toddy is used in : South India
🌟3. Penicillin was used during world war-II to treat : American soldiers
🌟4. Eli lily is an : American company.
🌟 5. A company which got patent rights on basmati rice : American
Company
🌟6. Mango tree do not & can not grow in : Canada & Germany
🌟7. Snow leopard are not found in : Kerela forests
🌟8. High altitude places (>3500 m) : Rohtang pass near Manali &
Mansarovar (in China occupied Tibet)
🌟8. In 1920’s prickly pear cactus introduced in : Australia
🌟9. Visiting flamingoes & resident fishes compete in : South American
lakes
🌟10. Abingdon tortoise were found in : Galapagos Island.
🌟 11. Barnacle Balanus & Chathamalus found in : Rocky Sea Coasts of
Scotland
🌟12. Rauwolfia vomitoria growing in : Himalaya
🌟13. Amazonian Rain Forest found in : South America
🌟14. Alexander von Humboldt explored in : South America Jungles
🌟15. Dodo extinct from : Mauritius.
🌟 16. Quagga extinct from : Africa
🌟17. Thylacine extinct from : Australia
🌟18. Stellar’s sea cow extinct from : Russia
🌟19. Lake Victoria found in : East Africa
🌟20. Clarius geriepinus is African catfish
🌟21. Earth Summit held in : Rio de Janeiro
🌟22. World Summit held in : Johannesburg (South Africa)
🌟23. Montreal Protocol held in : Montreal (Canada)
Antibiotics have either cidal (killing) effect or a static (inhibitory) effect
on microbes. A few example of the two
types are –

🌟Bactericidal :

Penicillin
Aminoglycosides
Ofloxacin

🌟Bacteriostatic :

Erythromycin
Tetracycline
Chloramphenicol
🌟Hybridization of e– pairs are🌟 –

Two – sp hybridisation
Three – sp2 hybridisation
Four – sp3 hybridisation
Five – sp3d hybridisation
Six – sp3d2 hybridisation
Seven – sp3d3 hybridisation
🌟Average composition of cells🌟 :

Component | % of the total

cellular mass

Water 70-90
Proteins 10-15
Carbohydrates 3
Lipids 2
Nucleic acids 5-7
Ions 1
🌟 FULL FORMS 🌟

💫1. ICSI : Intra cytoplasmic sperm injection

💫2. IVF : In-vitro fertilisation
💫3. ET : Embryo transfer
💫4. SCA : Sickle cell Anaemia
💫5. PKU : Phenylketonuria
💫6. NHC : Non-histone Chromosomal proteins
💫7. snRNA : Small Nuclear RNA
💫8. hnRNA : Heterogenous Nuclear RNA
💫9. sRNA : Soluble RNA
💫10. UTR : Untranslated Regions
💫11. HGP : Human Genome Project
💫12. ELSI : Ethical, Legal & Social Issues
💫13. BAC : Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
💫14. YAC : Yeast Artificial Chromosome
💫15. ESTs : Expressed Sequence Tags
💫16. SNPs : Single Nucleotide Polymorphism
💫17. VNTR : Variable Number of Tandem Repeats
💫18. SCRR : School of Cytogenetics & Radiation Reserch
💫19. IARI : Indian Agricultural Research Institute (New Delhi)
💫20. CMI : Cell - Mediated Immunity
💫21. MALT : Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue
Comparison Between Sigma And Pi Bond :

Sigma Bond 🔘

1. Formed by axial overlapping

2. Involves s-s, s-p, p-p (axial) & hybrid orbitals
3. Extent of overlapping is more so stronger
4. Free rotation around s bond is possible
5. Hybridized or unhybridized orbital forms s bond
6. Independent existence of s-bond.

Pi Bond 🔘

1. Formed by side by side overlapping

2. Involve p-p, p-d & d-d orbital
3. Extent of overlapping is less so weaker
4. Free rotation around p bond is not possible
5. Hybridized orbital never forms pi bond
6. No independent existence.
Some other common products of yeast fermentation are –
Microbes in Human Welfare
🌟1. Beer – It is produced from Hordeum VulgareBarely malt and alcohol
content is 3-6%

🌟2. Wine – Produced from grapes, alcohol content is 10-20%.

🌟3. Brandy – Produced by distilation of wine and alcohol content is 60-

70%

🌟4. Gin – Produced from European Rye-Scale cereal, alcohol content is

40%.

🌟5. Rum – Produced from Molasses of Sugarcane and alcohol contents is

40%
Connecting Links :-
🌟 Virus - Between living and non living
🌟 Euglena - Between plants and animals
🌟 Proterospongia - Between protozoa and porifera
🌟 Neopilina - Between annelida and mollusca
🌟 Peripatus - Between annelida and arthropoda
🌟 Balanoglossus - Between non chordata and chordata
🌟 Chimera - Between cartilaginous and bony fishes
🌟 Protopterus (Lung fish) - Between fishes and amphibian
🌟 Seymauria - Between amphibia and reptilia
🌟 Archaeopteryx - Between reptiles and birds
🌟 Platypus and Echidna - Between reptiles and mammals
Stem modifications:

Trick 🌟 -
Food & suits of runners, stolen by ten thousand cunning people.

Food (tuber, rhizome, corm, bulb)

Sucker
Offset
Runner
Stolon
Tendril
Thorn
Cladode
Phylloclade
Some Important Tricks

🌟PURines (A, G) – PURe As Gold.

A- Adenine
G- Guanine

🌟PYrimidines (C, U, T)-CUT the PY (pie).

C- Cytosine
U- Uracil
T- Thymine
Adrenal gland:
Medulla:

Trick 🌟 - MEN

Medulla
Epinephrine,
Norepinephrine.

Cortex: has 3 layers:

Trick 🌟 - Go Fred Run (GFR)

Glomerulosa:
Fasiculata:
Reticularis:

Their hormones are:

Trick 🌟 - Make Good Sweets

Mineralocorticoids, (aldosterone) SALT.

Glucocorticoids, (cortisol) SWEET.
Sex hormone, (androgen) SEX.

All adrenal gland hormones together :

Trick 🌟 - “CANES”

Cortisol,
Aldosterone,
Norepinephrine,
Epinephrine,
Sex hormone.
Ecological Hierarchy :

🌟 Trick -
Idiot! Please Carry Everyone’s Biology Books.

Individual
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biome
Biosphere
🌟Stages Of Embryonic Development :

⚡️⚡️Zikes! Martin Is A Big Giant Nerd!⚡️⚡️

Zikes- Zygote

Martin Is A- Morula

Big- Blastula

Giant- Gastrula

Nerd- Neurla
Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation

"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":

· Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP

Enzymes: classification
"Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
· Enzymes get reaction over the hill.

Blots: function of Southern vs. Northern vs. Western

“SN0W DR0P”
· Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter:
Southern=DNA
Northern=RNA
Western=Protein
· The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Eastern blot.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: causes for deviations from it

“Maggie May Does Not Smoke”
Mutations Migration Drift Non-random mating Selection

“GRIM END”
to remember the seven aspects of life
Growth, Reproduction, Irritability, Movement, Excretion, Nutrition, Death

“MRS. GREN”
to remember the seven characteristics of all living organisms
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion,
Nutrition

“Idiot, Pass Me Another Tequila”

to remember the phases of mitosis (cell division).
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

“keep pots clean or family get sick”

to remember taxonomy groupings
Kingdom,Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
🌟Ecological succession

Xerarch succession/Terrestrial environment.

🌟 ⚡️Trick - Large MAPS Collection.

Lichens, Mosses, Annual grasses, Perennial grasses, Shrubs, Climax

community.

🌟 Hydrarch succession/Aquatic environment.

🌟 ⚡️Trick - Pretty Starlets Feel Shy of Males with Charisma.

Plankton, Submerged plants, Floating plants, Swamps, Marshy meadow,

Climax community.
👨‍⚕Functions Of Antibody 🧑‍⚕ :

IgG – Protects body fluids.

IgA – Protects body surfaces.
IgM – Protects body blood stream.
IgE – Mediates regional hypersensitivity.
IgD – Activation of B-lymphocyte

💥Trick 💥- GAMDE (गम दे)

💫First line of defence : Skin, Mucous membrane

💫Second line of defence : Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophage, interfero

💫Third line of defence : Specific immunity by T- and B-lymphocytes

I brought some colourful sweets from office containing water. Nischay ate
nine in canteen corridor.

🌟🌟I- Br- SCN- Cl- S-2 F- OH- C204–2 H20 NCS- Edta NH3 en CN-
CO

The series is in increasing order of the donating power of ligand.

🌟Biology Tricks🌟 :

✨Types of vaccines:
“STARK”
Subunit,Toxoid,Attenuated(live),Recombinant,Killed(inactivated)

✨Functions of Adrenal Gland :

“ACTH”
Adrenergic functions,Catabolism of proteins/Carbohydrate metabolism,T
cell immunomodulation,Hyper/Hypo tension(blood pressure control)

✨B vitamin names :
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
· In increasing order: Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6) Cobalamin (B12)

✨Citric acid cycle compounds :

"Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate Succinyl coA Succinate
Fumarate Malate
💥IMPORTANT POINTS WITH TRICKS 💥 :
🌟 CADET Face Right -(CO2, ACID, 2,3DPG, EXCERCISE, TEMP
RISE - Leads to shifting of oxyhb curve to right)

🌟 CHON CaP = (macronutrients)

(Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,nitrogen,calcium and phosphorus)

🌟 HARD (Evolution) (homologous organs, adaptive radiation, divergent

evolution

🌟Cows often sit down carelessly, perhaps their joints crack, persistent
early oiling might prevent painful rheumatism. (Cambriam, ordovician,
silurian, devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous
periods) (palaeocene, eocene, oligocene, miocene, pliocene, pleistocene,
holocene(recent) epoch)

🌟 ABC - anthrax, bacilluc, clostridium (all reproduce by endospores)

🌟 Reserve bank of india - reptiles, birds, insects (all uricotellic)

🌟 FIG COM = female lives in gynaecophoric canal of male

children like granny speaking german - layers if skin

🌟STRATUM (corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum,

germinativum/malphigi)
💥Important points with tricks 💥:

🌟The 5 sphincters found in the Alimentary Canal are “APE OIL”:

Anal, Pyloric, Lower Esophogeal, Oddi, and Ileocecum.

🌟Sickle cell disease pathophysiology

SICKle cell disease is due to a Substitution of the “SICKsth” (6th) amino
acid of the B chain.

🌟Sickle cell anemia: mutation

"HbS isn't Very Good":
At Sixth position of HB beta chain, Valine is present instead of Glutamic
acid.
🌟Scientists and Related Fields 🌟:👩‍⚕👨‍⚕
💥1. Ernst Mayr (1904-2004) : Evolutionary Biologist
💥2. Matthias Schleiden : German Botanist
💥3. Julius von Sachs : German Botanist
💥4. Theodore Schwann : British Zoologist
💥5. Cornelius van Niel : Microbiologist
💥6. Alfonso Corti : Italian Anatomist
💥7. Dr. W. Dudgeon : American Missionary Teacher.
💥8. P. Maheshwari : Indian Botanist
💥9. Reginald C. Punnet : British Geneticist
💥10. George Gammow : Physicist
💥11. Alfred Wallace : Naturalist
💥12. Lamarck : French Naturalist
💥13. Edward Wilson : Sociobiologist.
💥14. Paul Ehrlich : Stanford Ecologist
💥15. Ramdeo Misra : Indian Ecologist
💥16. Francois Jacob : Geneticist
💥17. Jacque Monad : Biochemist
💥18. Alexander von Humboldt : German Naturalist & Geographer
💥19. Rene Descartes : French Philosopher,
Mathematician and Biologist.
🌟Important topic🌟:

8 step enzymatic process of Kreb's cycle

Can Intelligent Karan Singh Solve Foreign Mafia Operations

Citrate →Isocitrate→ alpha Ketoglutarate → Succinyl Co-A →Succinate

→Fumarate→Malate →Oxaloacetate
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-

⚡️Examples of homologous organs:⚡️

(i) Forelimbs of mammals

(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are
modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots

⚡️Examples of Analogous organs :⚡️

(i) Wings of butterfly and birds

(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
Plant Physiology Tricks:

Glycolysis steps

"Goodness Gracious, Father Franklin Did Go By Picking Pumpkins (to)

Prepare Pies":
Glucose
Glucose-6-P
Fructose-6-P
Fructose-1,6-diP
Dihydroxyacetone-P
Glyceraldehyde-P
1,3-Biphosphoglycerate
3-Phosphoglycerate
2-Phosphoglycerate (to)
Phosphoenolpyruvate [PEP] Pyruvate · 'Did', 'By' and 'Pies' tell you the
first part of those three: di-, bi-, and py-.
· 'PrEPare' tells location of PEP in the process.

B vitamin names
"The Rhythm Nearly Proved Contagious":
· In increasing order: Thiamine (B1) Riboflavin (B2) Niacin (B3)
Pyridoxine (B6) Cobalamin (B12)

Citric acid cycle compounds

"Oh! Can I Keep Some Succinate For Myself?":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate Ketoglutarate Succinyl coA Succinate
Fumarate Malate

Citric acid cycle compounds

"Oh Citric Acid Is Of (course) A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule":
Oxaloacetate Citrate Aconitate Isocitrate Oxalosuccinate Alpha-
ketoglutarate SuccinyL-CoA SuccinaTe Fumarate Malate
· SilLy and sTupid used to differentiate succinyL and succinaTe

Citric acid cycle compounds

"Can I Ask Sharon Stone For My Orgasm?":
Citrate Isocitrate Alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl CoA Succinate Fumerate
Maleate Oxaloacetate

Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation

"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":
· Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP

Enzymes: classification
"Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
· Enzymes get reaction over the hill.
⚡️Important Points with tricks✍️:

✨DNA: Z vs. B form: which is inactive

“ZZZZ” is sleeping (inactive). B form is therefore active DNA.

✨DNA bond strength (nucleotides)

"Crazy Glue":
Strongest bonds are between Cytosine and Guanine, strong like Crazy
Glue (3 H-bonds), whereas the A=T only have 2 H-bonds. · This is
relevant to DNA replication, as the weaker A=T will be the site where
RNA primer makes the initial break.
✨Nucleotides: purines vs. pyrimidines
“Guardian Angels are Pure, with two Wings”: G and A are Purines, with
two Rings.

✨Pyrimidines are “CUT” from purines.

Pyrimidines are Cytosine, Uracil, Thiamine and are one ring structures.
Purines are double ring structures.
🌟Important Units🌟 :

🌟1. Unit of classification : Taxon/category/rank.

🌟2. Unit of Neural system : Neurons
🌟3. Functional unit of kidney : Nephron.
🌟 4. Anatomical unit of muscle : Muscle fibre/muscle cell.
🌟5. Functional unit of contraction : Sarcomere
🌟6. Functional unit of inheritance : Genes.
🌟 7. Unit of Noise Pollution : dB (Decibel).
🌟 8. Unit of ozone layer thickness : DU (Dobson Units).
🌟 9. Functional unit of Nature : Ecosystem.
🌟 10. Structural and functional unit of all living organisms : Cell.
🌟 11. Reproductive unit in the angiosperms : Flower
🌟12. Unit of water potential : Pascals (Pa) or any other pressure unit.
🌟 13. Structural and functional units of liver : Hepatic lobules
🌟14. Structural and functional unit between developing embryo (foetus)
and
maternal body : Placenta
🌟15. Functional unit of kidney : Nephron
Trick to Remember Some bi-carboxylic acid

🌟1.Oxalic acid- 0 carbon- Oh

🌟2.Maleic acid- 1 carbon- My
🌟3.Succinic acid- 2 carbon- Sun
🌟4.Glutamic acid-3 carbon- Go
🌟5.Adipic acid- 4 carbon- And
🌟6.Palmitic acid- 5 carbon- play

Number of carbons refers number of -CH2 group between two COOH

group.
For e.g HOOC-COOH (OXALIC ACID) there is no CH2 group between
carboxyl. Maleic acid is HOOC-CH2-COOH there is one CH2 group in
betwen. This is how you can remember some bi-carboxylic acid

🌟1. Neanderthal man lived in : Near East & Central Asia

🌟2. Homo sapiens Arose in : Africa
🌟3. Erythroxylum coca is native of : South America
🌟4. > 70% live stock population is in : India & China
🌟5. Saccharum barberi grown in : North India
🌟6. Saccharum officinarum grown in : South India
🌟7. IARI : New Delhi
🌟8. IRRI : Phillippines
🌟9. ICWMI : Mexico
🌟10. Taichung Native-I develops from : Taiwan.
🌟 11.IR-8 developed from : IRRI, Philippines
🌟12. Borlaug developed semi-dwarf wheat at : ICWMI, Mexico.
🌟13. Jaya & Ratna developed in : India
🌟14. Toddy is used in : South India
🌟15. Penicillin was used during world war-II to treat : American soldiers
🌟16. Eli lily is an : American company.
🌟17. A company which got patent rights on basmati rice : American
Company
🌟18. Mango tree do not & can not grow in : Canada & Germany
🌟19. Snow leopard are not found in : Kerela forests
🌟20. High altitude places (>3500 m) : Rohtang pass near Manali &
Mansarovar (in China occupied Tibet)
Important Tricks :

🌟Cell cycle - Go Sally Go! Make Children —- G1-S-G2-M-C ( growth-

synthesis-growth-mitosis-cytokinesis)

🌟Mitosis— “People Meet And Talk (PMAT)”——-

Prophase,Metaphase,Anaphase,Telophase.

🌟 Prophase—-Little Zara! Please, Dance Daily.——-

Leptotene,Zygotene,Pachytene,Diplotene,Diakinesis.

🌟 Meiosis— PMAT
Prophase,Metaphase, Anaphase,Telophase
Contributions of Biologists :

🌟1. Binomial nomenclature was given by Carolus Linnaeus.

🌟2. Two kingdom system of classification was given by Carolus
Linnaeus.
🌟3. Systema Naturae was written by Carolus Linnaeus.
🌟4. Artificial system of classification was given by Carolus Linnaeus.
🌟5. Natural System of classification for flowering plants was given by
George Bentham & J.D. Hooker.
🌟6. 5 kingdom system of classification was given by R.H. Whittaker
(1969).
🌟 7. Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for
classification.
🌟8. Biological classification of plants & animals was first proposed by
Aristotle.
🌟9. Causal organism of the mosaic disease of tabacco is recognised by
D.J.
Ivanowsky (1892).
🌟10. Contagium vivum fluidum is called by M.W. Beijerinek (1898).
Self Evaluation test

Q.1⁉️Specialised cells found in Nostoc & Anabaena which

help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.

Q. 2⁉️Present in intestinal mucosal epithelium which secrete mucus.

Q. 3⁉️Release renin & erythropoietin hormones

Q. 4⁉️A type of neutrophil providing cellular barrier in innate immunity.

Q. 5⁉️In grasses, certain adaxial epidermis cells along the veins modify
themselves into large, empty & colourlesss cells.
Answers :

1. Heterocysts
2. Goblet cells
3. JG (Juxtaglomerular) cells
4. PMNL (Polymorpho Nuclear Leukocytes)
5.Bulliform cells
Important Cities and Countries in NCERT

💫1. Famous Royal Botanical Garden : Kew (England)

💫2. Indian Botanical Garden : Howrah (India)
💫3. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) : Lucknow
💫4. Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI) : Lucknow
💫5. Strobilanthus kunthiana found in : Kerela, Karnataka & Tamilnadu.
💫6. Lupinus arcticus (Lupine) excavated from : Arctic Tundra
💫7. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) excavated from : King Herod’s
Palace
near Dead Sea.
💫8. Sah iwal Cow bre d in : Pun j ab (through artificial selection &
domestication)
💫9. Hisardale (Sheep) develop in : Punjab (by cross -breeding)
💫10. Oparin : Russia
💥11. Haldane : England
💥12. S.L. Miller : America
💥13. Wallace Worked in : Malay Archipelago
💥14. Observation supporting evolution by natural selection comes from :
England
💥15. Darwin worked in : Galapagos Islands
💥16. Coelcanth (fish) caught in : South Africa (1938).
💥17. Few fossils of man-like bones have been discovered in : Ethiopia &
Tanzania.
💥18. About 3-4 mya man - like primate walked in : Eastern Africa
💥19. Australopithecus lived in : East African Grasslands.
💥20. Fossils of Homo erectus discovered in : Java (1891)
Important Cells in NCERT

🌟1. Heterocysts : Specialised cells found in Nostoc & Anabaena which

help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
🌟 2. Smallest living cell is Mycoplasma
🌟3. Choanocytes or collar cells - Found in sponges that line the
spongocoel & canals.
🌟 4. Cnidoblasts/cnidocytes - Found in coelentrata/cnidaria which contain
the stinging capsules or nematocytes.
🌟 5. Flame cells- Found in flat worms and help in osmoregulation &
excretion.
🌟 6. Statocysts- These are balancing organs found in arthropods.
🌟 7. Root hair- Found in zone of maturation and help in water & mineral
absorption.
🌟 8. Guard cell- Encloses stomatal aperture or pore. Bean-shaped but in
grasses dumb-bell shaped.
🌟 9. Subsidiary cells- A few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard
cells become specialised in their shape & size & called subsidiary cells
🌟10. Bundle-sheath cells- The vascular bundles are surronded by a layer
of
thick walled bundle-sheath cells.
Important Cells in NCERT

🌟1. Heterocysts : Specialised cells found in Nostoc & Anabaena which

help in fixation of atmospheric nitrogen.
🌟 2. Smallest living cell is Mycoplasma
🌟3. Choanocytes or collar cells - Found in sponges that line the
spongocoel & canals.
🌟 4. Cnidoblasts/cnidocytes - Found in coelentrata/cnidaria which contain
the stinging capsules or nematocytes.
🌟 5. Flame cells- Found in flat worms and help in osmoregulation &
excretion.
🌟 6. Statocysts- These are balancing organs found in arthropods.
🌟 7. Root hair- Found in zone of maturation and help in water & mineral
absorption.
🌟 8. Guard cell- Encloses stomatal aperture or pore. Bean-shaped but in
grasses dumb-bell shaped.
🌟 9. Subsidiary cells- A few epidermal cells, in the vicinity of the guard
cells become specialised in their shape & size & called subsidiary cells
🌟10. Bundle-sheath cells- The vascular bundles are surronded by a layer
of
thick walled bundle-sheath cells.
TERM Coined by :

1. Term Virus : Ivanowsky (NCERT Correction-2019-20)

2. Term Chromatin : Flemming
3. Term Linkage : Morgan
4. Term Recombination : Morgan
5. Term Mutation : Hugo de Vries
6. Term Biodiversity popularised by : Edward Wilson.
🌟 Experimental Materials 🌟

1. Engleman experiment : Cladophora (green algae).

2. Priestely experiment : Mint plant

3. Van Niel experiment : Purple & green sulphur bacteria

4. Mendel’s work : Garden pea (Pisum sativum).

5. Hugo de Vries work on mutation : Evening primrose.

6. Morgan’s work : Drosophila melanogaster.

7. Griffith experiment : Streptococcus pneumoniae.

8. Hershy & Chase experiment : Bacteriophage [Bacterial viruses]

9. Meselson & Stahl experiment : E. coli bacteria.

10. Taylor’s work : Vicia faba (faba beans)

11. Melvin Calvin’s work : Algal photosynthesis.

🌟Important Points 🌟:

1. Weight of Liver : 1.2 to 1.5 kg

2. Weight of Kidney : 120 to 170 gm
3. Number of lobes in Liver : 2
4. Number of salivary glands : 3 pairs
5. Number of portions in stomach : 4 (Cardiac, fundic, body & Pyloric).
6. Stomach stores food for : 4 to 5 hours.
7. pH of saliva : 6.8
8. pH of gastric juice : 1.8
9. pH in duodenum : 7.8
10. pH of urine : 6.0
11. Breathing rate : 12-16 times/minute
12. Tidal volume : 500 mL
13. IRV : 2500 - 3000 mL
14. ERV : 1000 - 1100 mL
15. RV : 1100 - 1200 mL
16. Water in plasma : 90-92%
17. Water in watermelon : 92%.
18. Water in herbaceous plants : 85-90%.
19. Water in human cell : 70-90%.
20. Colon is divided in : 4 parts (Ascending, transverse, descending and
sigmoid parts). (NCERT Correction-2019-20)
21. Solubility of CO2 is 20-25 times higher than that of O2 .
22. Diffusion membrane is made up of 3 layers.
23. Total thickness of diffusion membrane : < 1 mm
24. No. of wall layers in alimentary canal (from oesophagus to rectum) : 4
25. Gastric gland have 3 type of cells : Mucus neck cells, chief cells and
parietal cells
26. Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver how much O2
to tissues : 5 mL
27. Every 100 ml of deoxygenated blood delivers how much CO2
to the alveoli : 4 Ml
⚡️Important Terms ⚡️

🌟Amenorrhoea – Absence of menstruation cycle.

🌟 Precocious puberty : Menstruation occurs before the age of 8 years.
🌟 Pregnancy is detected with the help of HCG in urine of pregnant lady.
🌟 Cryptomenorrhea : Occurrence of menstrual symtoms without external
bleeding.
🌟 Dysmenorrhoea : Painful menstruation is called Dysmenorrhoea.
🌟 Menorrhagia : A normal menstrual blood loss is 50-80 ml, and does not
exceed 100 ml. In menorrhagia the
menstrual cycle is unaltered but the duration and quantity of the menstrual
blood loss are increased.
🌟 Polymenorrhoea : In polymenorrhoea or epimenorrhoea, the menstrual
cycle is reduced from the normal of twenty-eight days to a cycle of two to
three weeks and remains constant at that increased frequency
Very Important Points :

🌟Rheumatoid factor is a type of immunoglobulin IgM.

🌟Anaphylaxis is a generalized and severe form of allergy.

🌟Hashimoto disease is also known as autoimmune thyroiditis.

🌟 Thalassemia is an autosome linked recessive disease.

🌟 Down's syndrome is the presence of an additional copy of the
chromosome number 21 (21st Trisomy)

🌟 Turner's syndrome = 45 with XO

💥 Rough E.R (Granular) 💥::

🌟(1) 80s ribosomes binds by their larger subunit, with the help of two
glycoproteins (Ribophorin I and II on the surface of
Rough E.R.)
🌟(2) Mainly composed of cisternae.
🌟(3) Abundantly occurs in cells which areactively engaged in protein
synthesis and secretion.

⚡️e.g. liver, pancreas, goblet cells.

💥 Smooth E.R (Agranular) 💥 ::

🌟(1) Ribosomes and Ribophorins absent

🌟(2) Mainly composed of tubules.
🌟(3)Abundantly occurs in cells concerned with glycogen and lipid
metabolism.In animal cell lipid like steroidal hormones are synthesied in
SER.

⚡️⚡️e.g. Adipose tissue, Interstitial cells, muscles,Glycogen storing liver

cells, and adrenal cortex.
Evidences from comparative morphology and anatomy :-

⚡️Examples of homologous organs:⚡️

(i) Forelimbs of mammals

(ii) Thorn of Bougainvillea and tendril of Cucurbita both are
modification of axillary bud.
(iii)Vertebrate hearts or brains
(iv)Mouth parts of insects :
Cockroach Honey bee Mosquito
(Biting & chewing) (Chewing & lapping) (Piercing & Sucking)
(v) Testes in male and ovaries in female
(vi) Potato and Ginger - both are modified shoot
(vii) Radish and Carrot - both are modified roots
⚡️Examples of Analogous organs :⚡️

(i) Wings of butterfly and birds

(ii) Eye of the octopus and of mammals
(iii) Flippers of Penguins and Dolphins
(iv) Sweet potato (root modification) and potato (stem modification)
(v) Sting of bee and scorpion
(vi) Chloragogen cells of earthworm and liver of vertebrates
Some Important Points :

🌟BORON:

•In casting of copper as a dioxidizer

•Boron rods used in automic reactor.
•Boron fiber used in bullet proof jacket,
•In composite material of aircraft
•Used in braintumer therapy.

🌟 BORAX:
•As a flux for soldring metal.
•In borex bead test
•In softning of water
•Antiseptic
•Manufacturing of enamels of glazes, tiles.
•For making optical and borosilicals SS.
•Food preservative

🌟ALUMINIUM:
• Making house hold, untensils, frames, roof,aircrafts.
• Electric wire.
•Thermite process (In metallurgy of Cr, Mn, Fe)
•For transportin nitric acid.
•AI, Hg used as reducing agent.
•Aluminium powder + Ammonium nitrate.

⚡️LEAD [Pb]:
•In making telegraph and telephone wires
•Making bullets
•Making chamber in HSO, process.
⚡️NITROGEN:
•In the manufacturing of HNO3, NH3, CaCN2.
•Liquid nitrogen used as refrigrant.
•Inert atmosphere in metallurgy.
•Gas thermometer and electrical bulb

⚡️NH3:
• Refrigeration
•Manufacturing HNO3, NaHCO3
•Artificial Silk.
• Urea Formation
•For solvent

⚡️HNO3:
• Manufacturing of ammonium nitrateas fertilizer.
•In explosive
• For making nitroglycerine.
• Making TNT.
• Pickling against of stainless steel.
• Etching of Metal
•Oxidizer in rocket fule.
💫Very important points - Human Reproduction 💫

🌟Uterus also called womb.

🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of

uterus. (During pregnancy)

🌟 Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.

🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male

🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA) absolutely essential to develop
resistance for the new-born babies.

⚡️Liberation of sperms from Sertoli cells of seminiferous tubules is called

spermiation.
⚡️Liberation of sperms from testes is called semination.

⚡️Liberation of sperms from body of male is called ejaculation .

⚡️Mammalian sperms are transfered to vagina of female by the process

called insemination.

⚡️In 1 ml of semen, 20 to 120 millions of sperms are present in human

being.

⚡️Leydig's cells mature at 10 yrs. of age.

⚡️In humans (and most vertebrates), the first polar body does not undergo
meiosis II.

⚡️The first polar body is, therefore, formed merely to get rid of unwanted
chromosomes.

⚡️65-74 days are required to complete the cycle of spermatogenesis in

human being.
Very Important Points : HHD

⚡️Rheumatoid factor is a type of immunoglobulin IgM.

⚡️Anaphylaxis is a generalized and severe form of allergy.

⚡️Hashimoto disease is also known as autoimmune thyroiditis.

⚡️Thalassemia is an autosome linked recessive disease.

⚡️Down's syndrome is the presence of an additional copy of the

chromosome number 21 (21st Trisomy)

⚡️Turner's syndrome = 45 with XO

✨Opium is derived from latex of unripe fruits of Papaver somniferum.

✨Heroin is chemically diacetylmorphine, white, odourless, bitter &

crystalline compound.

✨Nicotine causes stimulation of nerve impulse and muscle relaxation.

✨ PTCA is also known as balloon catheterization.

✨ Penicillin is a bacteriocidal drug which inhibits cell wall synthesis of

bacteria.
⚡️Very Important Points⚡️: HHD

🌟Good humour hypothesis was disproved by William Harvey.

🌟Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well being.

🌟Interferous are secreted by virus infected cell.

🌟Natural killer cell is a non phagocytic large granular lymphocyte.

🌟a-IFN activate immune system and destroy tumour.

🌟Acquired immunity is characterised by memory.

🌟The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells

produce them.

🌟🌟MALT constitutes about 50% of the total lymphoid tissue in human

body.
👨‍⚕Functions Of Antibody 🧑‍⚕ :

IgG – Protects body fluids.

IgA – Protects body surfaces.
IgM – Protects body blood stream.
IgE – Mediates regional hypersensitivity.
IgD – Activation of B-lymphocyte

💥Trick 💥- GAMDE (गम दे)

💫First line of defence : Skin, Mucous membrane

💫Second line of defence : Neutrophils, Monocytes, Macrophage, interfero

💫Third line of defence : Specific immunity by T- and B-lymphocytes

Very Important Points - Human Reproduction
🌟 Orchiopexy : When the undescended testes are brought into scrotal sac
by surgical process during childhood
this process called as
orchiopexy.

🌟 Cutting of the vasa-deferens and ligation is termed as vasectomy.

🌟 Erection of penis is controlled by parasympathetic nervous system.

🌟 Ejaculation of semen is controlled by sympathetic nervous system.

🌟 Uterus also called womb.

🌟 Longest unstripped muscles of the body are found in the walls of

uterus. (During pregnancy)

🌟 Clitoris is a homologous to the penis in the male.

🌟 Bartholin Glands : It is homologous to Cowper's gland of male

🌟 A functional mammary gland is characteristic of all female mammals.

🌟 The milk produced during the initial few days of lactation is called
colostrum which contains antibodies (IgA)
absolutely essential to develop resistance for the new-born babies.
Pyruvate: products of complete oxidation

"4 Naked Fun 3 Coeds + 1 Guy":

· Complete oxidation of pyruvate yields:
4 NADH FADH2 3 CO2 1 GTP

Enzymes: classification
"Over The HILL":
Oxidoreductases
Transferases
Hydrolases
Isomerases
Ligases
Lyases
· Enzymes get reaction over the hill.
Blots: function of Southern vs. Northern vs. Western
“SN0W DR0P”
· Match up the 1st word letter with 2nd word letter:
Southern=DNA
Northern=RNA
Western=Protein
· The 0's in snow drop are zeros, since there is no Eastern blot.

Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium: causes for deviations from it

“Maggie May Does Not Smoke”
Mutations Migration Drift Non-random mating Selection

“GRIM END”
to remember the seven aspects of life
Growth, Reproduction, Irritability, Movement, Excretion, Nutrition, Death

“MRS. GREN”
to remember the seven characteristics of all living organisms
Movement, Reproduction, Sensitivity, Growth, Respiration, Excretion,
Nutrition

“Idiot, Pass Me Another Tequila”

to remember the phases of mitosis (cell division).
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

“keep pots clean or family get sick”

to remember taxonomy groupings
Kingdom,Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species
Trick - LADY OF CHINA TWISTED THE COTTON

Lady = Ladyfinger
China = China rose
Cotton = Cotton
Twisted = Twisted Aestivation
Placentations (Plant Morphology) ::-

Mp3 (marginal-pulses-fabaceae)

PCB (Parietal, cucurbits, brassicaceae)

AMC’S Breaking bad (axile,malvaceae,citrus,solanaceae)

Faltu DP (display pic) (Free central- dianthus,primula)

BAP(IE FATHER) (Basal- asteraceae, poaceae)

FSH (Follicle stimulating hormone) (SuperfFicial - hydrophytes)

Human Physiology Short Tricks

Locomotion And Movement :

Types Of Joint :::::

1. Pivot Joint - (Between Atlas And Axis) - Aam Aadmi Party 💃

Aam= atlas
Aadmi= axis
Party= pivot joint

2. Gliding Joint - Gliding(phislana) car and truck🏂

Inter is common in both

Gliding=gliding joint
Car= intercarpel joint
Truck=intertarsal joint

3. Fibrous joint - Fibrous Statue of Cristiano ⚽️

(suture in cranium)

Fibrous= fibrous joint

Statue= suture
Cristiano = in cranium

4. Ball And socket joint - shoulder joint (between glenoid cavity and
humerous)

Extra Gyaan You know Glen Maxwell Is crickter

Shoulder Of Glenn Is Injured By Many Humans

Shoulder = Shoulder joint

Glen= glenoid cavity
Humans= humerous

Hip joint between acetabulum And femur

Hi Acetic acid and fumaric acid 😂

Hi= hip joint

Acetic = acetabulum
Fumaric= femur

5. Saddle joint - (Trick Story) you are sad because you have only car and
your friend have MercedeS car of Thailand

(between carpels and metacarpals of thumb)

sad=saddle joint
Car=carpels
Mercedes car=metacarpels
Thailand = Thumb

6. Hinge joint - Knee joint

Both pronouncation is almost same and both have e in last

Hinge = knee

7. cartilaginous - between vertebrates , pubis syumph and pelvic girdle

( isko yaad kro 😂)
Trick For Organic Chemistry -:

1 .If you have ethanol you will dance.

If you have methanol everyone else will dance.

Ethanol : what is used in the alcohol people consume. People generally

dance and act crazy when drunk.
Methanol: poisonous and deadly. So, as a joke, everyone else around you
will dance.

For physical chemistry:-

2. LEOGER : LEO the lion GERsssss

Loss of Electrons is Oxidation

Gain of Electrons is Reduction

For finding whether an element undergoes oxidation or reduction during a

chemical reaction.
Autosomal Recessive Diseases:

SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA: gene present on the 11th chromosome.

PHENYLKETONURIA: gene present on the 12th chromosome.

THALASSEMIA: α-thalassemia gene is present on 16th chromosome

while β-thalassemia gene is present on the 11th chromosome.

ALKAPTONURIA: the gene is present on the 3rd chromosome.

CYSTIC FIBROSIS: the gene is present on 7th chromosome.

Trick: Alka, Sick Thi, Phenyl pine Ce

Sex-linked recessive diseases:

1.HEMOPHILIA:
2.COLOR-BLINDNESS:
3.NIGHT BLINDNESS:
4.DUCHENNE’S MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY:

Trick: Color-blindness se Humme Night ko Difficulty hoti hai.

Special Points:

Atomic radius of Al > Ga : Due to poor sheilding of 3d subshell electron

Atomic radius of 4d » 5d series element due to lan-thanide constraction

Lanthanide Contraction - decrease in atomic/ionic radius with increase in
atomic number of lanthanide.

Actinide Contraction - decrease in atomic/ionic radius

with increase in atomic number of actinide.
Purity of Ganga water –

In Gangatic water a bacteria Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is found, they kill

the other water polluting bacteria.
pecial Points :

Denitrification – Denitrifying bacteria –:

Some bacteria convert soil nitrates into nitrites and then nitrogen. These
bacteria reduce the fertility of soil.

e.g. Thiobacillus denitrificans, Pseudomonas denitrificans

Cartilaginous – Between the adjacent joint
vertebrae in vertebral
column Pivot joint - Between atlas and axis Hinge joint - Knee joint Ball
and - Between head of socket joint humerus and glenoid
cavity of pectoral girdle Fibrous joint – Between frontal and
parietal bones of skull (sutures)
Some Other Important National Parks
Assam - Manas National Park • Bihar - Palamau National Park • Kerala -
Silent Valley National Park,
Periyar National Park •
Madhya Pradesh - Pench National Park •
Meghalaya - Nokrek National Park
Orissa - Simlipal National Park • Rajasthan - Ranthambore National Park,
Sariska National Park
• Sikkim - Keng Cheng Zong National Park (For Red Panda) •
Tamil Nadu - Marine National Park (Gulf of Mannar)
• Uttar Pradesh - Valley of Flowers National Park, Nanda Devi National
Park
• Uttaranchal - Dudhwa National Park
• West Bengal - Buxa National Park
• 1 gm Haemoglobin carry 1.34 ml of
Oxygen.
• 100 ml blood contain 15 gm (12-16
gm) Haemoglobin.
• 100 ml Blood carries 20 ml of
Oxygen(1.34x15)
• But under normal physiological processes, 100 ml Blood delivers 25%
(5ml) of Oxygen
• 1 molecule of Haemoglobin can carry maximum 4 Oxygen molecules.
FATHER'S WORLD

1)Father of Biology : Aristotle

2)Father of Modern Biology: Linnaeus

Father of Antibiotics : Alexander Fleming

Father of Taxonomy : Carolus Linnaeus

Father of Immunology : Edward Jenner

Father of Ecosystem : E .P .ODUM

Father of Modern Microbiology : Louis Pasteur

Father of Bacteriology : Robert Koch

Father of Virology : W.M.Stanley

Father of Embryology : Aristotle

Father of Physiology : Stephan Hales

Father of Modern experimental physiology : Calude Bernard

Father of Genetics : Rev. Gregor Mendel

Father of Modern Genetics : Bateson

Father of Human Genetics/ Biochemical genetics : Arachibald Garrod

Father of Experimental Genetics : T.H. Morgan

Father of Haploid Genetics / Neurospora Genetics : Dodge

Father of Ecology : Theophrastus

Father of Cloning : Ian Willmut

Father of Plant anatomy : Grew

Father of Histology (Microscopic anatomy) : Malpighi

Father of Cytology : Robert Hooke

Father of modern Cytology : Swanson

Father of Paleontology : Leonard da Vinci

Father of modern Paleontology : Cuvier

Father of Concept of Evolution: Empedocles

Father of Botany: Theophrastus

Father of Modern Botany : Bauhin

Father of Zoology : Aristotle

Father of Biochemistry : Liebig

Father of Epidemiology : John Snow

Father of Plant Pathology : de Bary

Father of Modern Pathology : Rudolf Virchow

Father of Genetic Engineering : Paul Berg

Father of Gene therapy : Anderson

Father of Endocrinology : Thomas Addision

Father of Stress physiology : Hans Selye

Father of Electrocardiography : Einthoven

Father of DNA Fingerprinting : Alec Jeffery

Father of Mycology : Micheli

Father of Bryology : Hedwig

Father of Phycology: William

Henry Harvey

Father of ATP cycle: Lipmann

Father of actinobiology / radiation biology : HJVS Muller

Father of Homeopathy : Hahnemann

Father of Ayurveda : Charka

Father of Blood circulation : William Harvey

Father of Medicine : Hippocrates

Father of Blood Group : Landsteiner

Father of Polio Vaccine : Jonas Salk

Father of Green Revolution : Norman Borlaug

Placental example trick@ 1. MP - marginal - pea. 2. ACT LOVE🥰 - Axile
- Citrus Tomato Lemon.3. PARI MUST ARGUE 😂-Parietal - Mustard
Argemone. 4. PREM FREE ghumta rha DIAN ki talash me = Free-
Primrose Dianthus. 5. BASKET OF SUNFLOWER🌻 & MARIGOLd
= Basal - sunflower & marigold
lass – Cyclostomata.... Trick- PETROL LAMP ME HAI😂.
Examples: Petromyzon (Lamprey) and Myxine
(Hagfish).
Class – Chondrichthyes... TRICK - SCHOOL me DOG.. the PRIEST
SAW it.. ran in CAR on which SHARK TRIED to STING....
Examples: Scoliodon (Dog fish), Pristis (Saw fish),
Carcharodon (Great white shark), Trygon (Sting ray).
TYPE of EPITHELIUM present at various sites in our body:

1. Simple Squamous: BLEM

B - Bowmans Capsule
L- Lung Alveoli
E- Endothelium
M - Mesothelium

2. Simple Cuboidal: ROT

R- Renal tubules
O -Outer Enamel Epithelium
T- Thyroid Follicles

3. Simple Columnar: BIG SIR

B - Brain
I - Intestines
G- Gall Bladder
S- Stomach
I - Inner Enamel.
Epithelium
R - Resp Tract

4. Pseudostratified Columnar: Pls doNNT Booze

P - Paranasal Sinus
N- Nasal Cavity
N- Nasopharynx
T-Trachea
B- Bronchi
💐ECOLOGY DATES💐

🔥IUCN in 2004 estimated the total number of plant and animal species.
🔥Earth summit 1992
🔥World Summit 2002
🔥Environment protection act 1986
🔥Air act 1981. Amended in 1987 to include noise as air pollution.
🔥BS 3 since 2010 october
🔥Bs 4. Since 2010 april
🔥Water act 1974.
🔥Ozone hole over Antarctica develops in late August and early October.
🔥Montreal protocol signed in 1987 but effective in 1989.
🔥National forest policy 1988.
🔥Amrita Devi incident in 1731.
🔥Chipko movement in 1974.
🔥Joint Forest Management 1980.
Menomics bio 🐛🦋🐌

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Mnemonic: Sponges---
Pores All Your Sides.

Pore – Porifera

All – Spongilla

Your – Euspongia,

Sides – Sycon.

Examples: Spongilla, Euspongia, Sycon

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):

Examples: Physalia, Obelia, Meandrina, Adamsia, Aurelia, Gorgonia,

Pennatula, Hydra.

Mnemonic: Physics Objective exams MeinAdam Aur George Ne Pen Hide

kiya.

Physics – Physalia

Objective – Obelia

Mein – Meandrina
Adam – Adamsia

Aur – Aurelia

George – Gorgonia

Ne – Cnidaria

Pen – Pennatula

Hide – Hydra.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:

Examples: Taenia, Planaria, Fasciola.

Mnemonic: Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.

Teeno – Taenia

Planning – Planaria

Fail – Fasciola

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:

Examples: Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus, Dentalium, Aplysia, Chaetopleura,

Pila, Loligo.

MNEMONIC: Phir se Octopus dekhenge, aap pehle chai pe lo.

Phir – Pinctada

Se – Sepia

Octopus
Dekhenge – Dentalium

Aap – Aplysia

Chai – Chaetopleura

Pe – Pila

Lo – Loligo

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:

Examples: Ophinuria, Antedon, Asterias, Echinus, Cucumaria.

MNEMONIC: office mein aunty asked for ek cucumber.

Office – Ophinuria

Aunty – Antedon

Asked – Asterias

Ek – Echinus

Cucumber – Cucumaria.

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES/ NEMATODA:

Examples: Ancylostoma, Wuchereria, Ascaris, Rhabditis.

MNEMONIC: Annie Bechaari AksarReh jati hai

Annie – Ancylostoma

Bechaari – Wuchereria

Aksar – Ascaris

Reh – Rhabditis.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA:

Examples: Hirudinaria, Pheretima, Nereis.

MNEMONIC: HERO PHERE KE TIME NAHITHA.

Hero – Hirudinaria

Phere ke time – Pheretima

Nahi – Nereis.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:

Examples: Locusta, Limulus, Bombax, Apies, Scorpion, Butterfly,

Palaemon, Laccifer, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes.

MNEMONIC: LOLITA BOMBAY AAKAR STORE SE BUTTER

PEHLE MAT LENA.

LoLita – Locusta & Limulus

Bombay – Bombax

Aakar – Apies

Store – Scorpion

Butter – Butterfly

Pehle – Palaemon

Mat – Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes)

Lena – Laccifer.
Examples: Spongilla, Euspongia, Sycon

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):

Examples: Physalia, Obelia, Meandrina, Adamsia, Aurelia, Gorgonia,
Pennatula, Hydra.

Mnemonic: Physics Objective exams MeinAdam Aur George Ne Pen Hide

kiya.

Physics – Physalia

Objective – Obelia

Mein – Meandrina

Adam – Adamsia

Aur – Aurelia

George – Gorgonia

Ne – Cnidaria

Pen – Pennatula

Hide – Hydra.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:

Examples: Taenia, Planaria, Fasciola.

Mnemonic: Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.

Teeno – Taenia

Planning – Planaria

Fail – Fasciola

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:
Examples: Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus, Dentalium, Aplysia, Chaetopleura,
Pila, Loligo.

MNEMONIC: Phir se Octopus dekhenge, aap pehle chai pe lo.

Phir – Pinctada

Se – Sepia

Octopus

Dekhenge – Dentalium

Aap – Aplysia

Chai – Chaetopleura

Pe – Pila

Lo – Loligo

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:

Examples: Ophinuria, Antedon, Asterias, Echinus, Cucumaria.

MNEMONIC: office mein aunty asked for ek cucumber.

Office – Ophinuria

Aunty – Antedon

Asked – Asterias

Ek – Echinus

Cucumber – Cucumaria.
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES/ NEMATODA:

Examples: Ancylostoma, Wuchereria, Ascaris, Rhabditis.

MNEMONIC: Annie Bechaari AksarReh jati hai

Annie – Ancylostoma

Bechaari – Wuchereria

Aksar – Ascaris

Reh – Rhabditis.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA:

Examples: Hirudinaria, Pheretima, Nereis.

MNEMONIC: HERO PHERE KE TIME NAHITHA.

Hero – Hirudinaria

Phere ke time – Pheretima

Nahi – Nereis.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:

Examples: Locusta, Limulus, Bombax, Apies, Scorpion, Butterfly,

Palaemon, Laccifer, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes.

MNEMONIC: LOLITA BOMBAY AAKAR STORE SE BUTTER

PEHLE MAT LENA.

LoLita – Locusta & Limulus

Bombay – Bombax

Aakar – Apies
Store – Scorpion

Butter – Butterfly

Pehle – Palaemon

Mat – Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes)

Lena – Laccifer.

ANIMAL KINGDOM

Mnemonic: **Sponges---
Pores All Your Sides.**

Pore – Porifera

All – Spongilla

Your – Euspongia,

Sides – Sycon.

Examples: Spongilla, Euspongia, Sycon

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):

Examples: Physalia, Obelia, Meandrina, Adamsia, Aurelia, Gorgonia,

Pennatula, Hydra.

Mnemonic: **Physics Objective exams MeinAdam Aur George Ne Pen

Hide kiya.**

Physics – Physalia

Objective – Obelia

Mein – Meandrina
Adam – Adamsia

Aur – Aurelia

George – Gorgonia

Ne – Cnidaria

Pen – Pennatula

Hide – Hydra.

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:

Examples: Taenia, Planaria, Fasciola.

Mnemonic: **Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.**

Teeno – Taenia

Planning – Planaria

Fail – Fasciola

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:

Examples: Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus, Dentalium, Aplysia, Chaetopleura,

Pila, Loligo.

MNEMONIC: **Phir se Octopus dekhenge, aap pehle chai pe lo.**

Phir – Pinctada

Se – Sepia

Octopus
Dekhenge – Dentalium

Aap – Aplysia

Chai – Chaetopleura

Pe – Pila

Lo – Loligo

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:

Examples: Ophinuria, Antedon, Asterias, Echinus, Cucumaria.

MNEMONIC: **office mein aunty asked for ek cucumber.**

Office – Ophinuria

Aunty – Antedon

Asked – Asterias

Ek – Echinus

Cucumber – Cucumaria.

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES/ NEMATODA:

Examples: Ancylostoma, Wuchereria, Ascaris, Rhabditis.

MNEMONIC: **Annie Bechaari AksarReh jati hai**

Annie – Ancylostoma

Bechaari – Wuchereria

Aksar – Ascaris
Reh – Rhabditis.

PHYLUM ANNELIDA:

Examples: Hirudinaria, Pheretima, Nereis.

MNEMONIC: **HERO PHERE KE TIME NAHITHA.**

Hero – Hirudinaria

Phere ke time – Pheretima

Nahi – Nereis.

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:

Examples: Locusta, Limulus, Bombax, Apies, Scorpion, Butterfly,

Palaemon, Laccifer, Anopheles, Culex, Aedes.

MNEMONIC: **LOLITA BOMBAY AAKAR STORE SE BUTTER

PEHLE MAT LENA.**

LoLita – Locusta & Limulus

Bombay – Bombax

Aakar – Apies

Store – Scorpion

Butter – Butterfly

Pehle – Palaemon

Mat – Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes)

Lena – Laccifer.