Linear propagation and absorption of ion Bernstein waves

in toroidal geometry
Alessandro Cardinali and Francesco Romanelli
Associazione EURA TOMENEA sulla Fusione, Centro Ricer&e Energia Frascati, C. P. 65, ooO44 Frascati,
Rome, Italy
(Received3 1 May 1991; accepted23 October 1991)
The ion Bernstein wave (IBW) propagation is investigatedin toroidal geometry with
particular regard for the absorption mechanismof the power along the trajectory which shows
a strong dependenceon the value of the poloidal angle at the antenna.A large power fraction
launchedby poloidally wide antennasturns out to be absorbedin the very edgeof the plasma
by electron Landau damping and no penetration of the wave up to the plasma core is allowed
exceptfor rays starting at poloidal anglesvery close to the horizontal plane. This result could
provide an explanation for the absenceof efficient core heating in some of the IBW heating
experiments.

I. INTRODUCTION rameters is discussed.In Sec. IV, an analysis of the power

Central ion heating by directly launched or mode-con- deposited into the plasma as a function of the plasma and
verted ion Bernstein waves (IBW) has been extensivelyin- antenna parameters is given for several tokamak experi-
vestigatedin the last years and experiments at low power ments. Finally, Sec.V contains a summary of the results and
level ( 100-500 kW) have been successfullycarried out on the conclusions.
Alcator-C”-3 and PLp,’ tokamaks. On the contrary, the
DIII-D6 experimentsat higher power level ( 1 MW) have II. THE DISPERSION RELATION AND THE RAY
shown a peripheralabsorption of the waveand no significant EQUATIONS
central ion heating has been observed.Nonlinear theories
based on the onset of parametric decay instabilities have The full hot electrostatic dispersion relation accounts
beeninvoked for explaining such an unsuccessfulresult.6 In for Landau resonancesand finite Larmor radius effectsand
this paper,we analyzethe linear propagationand absorption it is given by the following expression:
of the IBW in a realistic tokamak plasma equilibrium. It is 2.3 2
shown that the effects of the toroidal geometry and of the 1 -l-2, --=-8,l,bi,W”“[ 1 + XoaZ(XnaI] = 0,
initial conditions (the poloidal launching angle) on the ab- k 2v2
th (I

sorption of the ray are important in order to properly de- (1)

scribe the IBW absorption in tokamaks. In toroidal geome-

try, the parallel wave vector is no longer a constantof motion
becauseof the dependenceon the poloidal angleof the equi-
librium magneticfield and the absorption of the wave can be
affected,inducing a more peripheral absorption and lower-
ing the rate of power depositedinto the central region of the
plasma. Similar results have been previously obtained by
Koch et 01.~and Ono et aL8 who noticed the role of the
antennalocation in the wave absorption.
Such a phenomenon can be easily understood on the
basisof the solution of the ray-tracing equationsin toroidal
systems,which is obtained in the presentpaper by using an
asymptotic form of the Hamiltonian (the Hermitian part of
the electrostatic dispersion relation), derived by using an
appropriateordering in the inverseaspectratio. A numerical
codethat solvesthe ray-tracing equationsusing the full elec-
trostatic dispersion relation has been also set up and a de-
tailed analysisof the absorption of the ray as function of the
plasma and antenna parametershas been given allowing a
comparisonwith the experimentalresults.
The plan of the paper is the following. In Sec. II, the
Hamiltonian and the ray-tracing equations are written and
solvedin the asymptotic limit. In Sec.III, the absorption of
the ray is evaluated and the dependenceon the plasma pa-
where Z is the Fried-Conte function of argument
X = (u - n&a Vk,, u,,,a t I,, is the modilied Besselfunc-
ti”o”nof argument /1, = k : & a /an&, k, and k,\ are, respec-
tively, the perpendicular and the parallel refraction index,
wpa and a,, are the plasma and the cyclotron frequencies,
vtha is the thermal velocity, and cr labels the species.
In order to solvethe ray equationsin toroidal geometry,
it is convenient to define an appropriate ordering scheme,
The condition for the presenceof the Nth cyclotron reso-
nanceinside the plasma requires
(CO- NS1~i)/UZO(E), (2)
where E = a/R, is the inverseaspectratio, with a(& ) being
the minor (major) radius of the torus. Near the cyclotron
resonance,the absorption is significant for n > 1 as far as
k,p, > 1, with pi being the ion Larmor radius, becausethe
function I, is slowly decreasing for large k,p,
[lnz(k,pi)-‘], while in the opposite limit k,p, 4 1,
Z, z (k,p, ) “g 1, and the contribution of the resonanceis
small. Therefore we assume
k,p,dvzo(E-‘). (3)
For the sakeof simplicity, we assumethat only theN th reso-
nanceis presentin the plasma.Whereasin Eq. ( I ), the elec-

504 Phys. Fluids B 4 (3), March 1992 0899-8221/92/030504-08$04.00 @ 1992 American Institute of Physics 504

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 trons behaveas a cold fluid, the ion contribution can be split n, = const, (10)
into a resonant (n = N) and a nonresonant (n#N) part. where k r z k, is calculated directly from the dispersion rela-
Upon expanding the resonantand nonresonantion contribu- tion equation (4), the constants L, , L,, L, are given by
tion for large values of xni, the following simplified disper-
sion relation for the IBW branch is obtained:
w
= 0, (4)
r”‘k,pi (W - Nfl,i) (11)
where the first term is the vacuum contribution, the second
term is the electron response that has been retained, al- Ro
L, =-.
though formally small, because,as it will be shown later, it GT”‘p,
accountsfor the variation of the poloidal angle, and the third
term accounts for the ion response. Moreover, x is the distance in the radial variable from the
This analytical form of the ion Bernstein dispersionrela- harmonic resonancepoint normalized to the plasma radius.
tion has been compared to that full electrostatic equation In deriving Eqs. (7)-(9), the approximations 841 and
( 1)) which has been numerically solved in the complex do- m, S n,q have beenmade, which can be aposteriorijustified.
main of the perpendicular wave number and in slab geome- The second approximation yields k,, zm,/R,q and
k, z m,/r. For the sakeof simplicity, we have also assumed
try. For typical plasma parameters, we have found good
agreement except in the extreme periphery of the plasma that the resonant layer is located at the magnetic axis.
where the condition k,pi % 1 breaks down. In this part of the From Eqs. (7) and (9), a second-order differential
plasma where k,pi < 1, the ions can be treated as a cold fluid equation for 8 can be deduced:
and the dispersion relation turns out to be that of the lower- d28 + de
- =+Jfe=o, (12)
hybrid wave (LHW) : dx2 X2

1 - mif3$/m,ti2 where
k: + k; =O. (5) l/2
1 + o;/n:~ - w;Jo2 y= (L,L,)LL Mi
k&l. (13)
In the transition region [ k,p, = O( 1) 1, where the cold low- 7~“~ ( m e )
er-hybrid resonanceis localized, the LHW transforms in the As Y>>1, the variation of 0 along x is faster than the equilibri-
warm IBW, which propagatesup to the ion harmonic reso- um profile variation and, upon assuming constant V, Eq.
nance.’ Such a transition region is typically very sharp and ( 12) can be analytically solved yielding
its effect can be replaced by a discontinuity in the ray mo- =A, cos(Ylnx) +A, sin(Ylnx).
etx) (14)
mentum at the transition layer.
The dispersion relation equation (4) has been usedas a Upon using Eqs. (8) and (9)) we now obtain the solution for
Hamiltonian for the integration of the ray-tracing equations. m, and 4:
Upon introducing the usual polar coordinate (r,O,$) and the m,(x) =meo +Bo sin(Ylnx) -B, cos(Ylnx) +B,,
canonically associatedwave numbers (k,,m,,n, ), the paral- (15)
lel and perpendicular components of the wave vector k are 4(x) = 4. + de - e, 1. (16)
related to the toroidal wave numbers by the following equa-
tions: The four arbitrary constants A,, A 1, B, , B, are obtained by
asymptotically matching the solutions of Eqs. ( 14) and ( 15)
& me 4 n, with the solutions obtained in the limit m, <qn,
k,, =BT+BR -(z+s),
(k,, zn,/R -kkllo and k, z - k,,, r/R,q). In this limit, in
fact, the ray equations can be written as
k, +T-++ -(T-s), (6)
(17)
k: =k:+k;,
where B,, B, are the poloidal and toroidal component of the dm,
-= -- Roe (18)
magnetic field obtained in the limit of circular and concen- dx %-““p,x
tric magnetic surfaces,R = R, + r cos 8, and q is the safety and the following solutions for 8 and mg are easily obtained:
factor.
The equations of the geometric optics can be written as e(x) = eo - (mi/me) (p,kllo/r”2qN2)ln x,
follows:
de aH /am,
-= = -L, m,, (7)
dx dH /Jk, X

dH /dn, where 0, and m,, are the poloidal angle and wave number at
d4 -L22, (8) the antenna mouth.
dx = aH/ak, = X
If the lower-hybrid resonance layer is present in the
dm,
-= -- JH /ae =L$, plasma at low density, 0, and me0 are the values of the poloi-
(9)
dx aH /ak, X da1angle and wave number at the resonancepoint, obtained

505 Phys.Fluids8, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992 A. Cardinaliand F. Romanelli 505

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by integrating the ray equationsin the lower-hybrid frequen-
cy domain. lo The ray equations in this limit are
wherex is the radial variable normalized to the plasma radi-
US,O,~(X)=w,i(0)[n(x)/n(O)]“2,wherewPi(O)istheion
plasmafrequency at the plasma center, and n(x) is the den-
sity.
At the lower-hybrid resonancepoint xLH, the rhs of
both Eqs. (21) and (22) is singular becausew=:wPi(x,, ),
but it is an integrable singularity that gives the following
result for 6 and mg :
()
l/2
2(rLH
8,(x,,) =e,(o) + “i
x ,~~a~~in(~~~~“‘“‘“’
mi 2kllorLH(rLH - aI2
m30 (XLH) = mBo (0) - -
me
x [ (:y - [arcsin(~)“‘]
where rLH, nLH , nwg are the radius and the density at the
lower-hybrid (LH) resonancelayer and at the waveguide
(wg), respectively. In obtaining Eqs. (23) and (24), we
havetaken an exponential density profile and kept the safety
factor constant. Upon asymptotically matching Eqs. (14)
and (15) forx=: 1 with Eqs. (19) and (20), we can deduce
the valuesof the arbitrary constants, which are
A, = so,
A, = - (mi/m,)“2(pi/N)t
B. = (mi/m,)“2(RoNq/pi)80,
B, = - Rot&o.
By using the first of Eqs. (6) together with Eq. ( 15), the
solution for the parallel wave number is obtained:
k,,(xl =
+ kilo cos(vlnx),
which turns out to be an oscillating function of the radius,
with the frequency of the oscillations increasing as the har-
monic resonanceis approached. From Eq. (26), it follows
that the starting poloidal angle of the ray, or alternatively,
the poloidal angle at the lower-hybrid resonancelayer is a
crucial parameter for the behavior of the parallel wave num-
ber. In fact, the amplitude of the “sinus” function in Eq.
(26) is a very large quantity and also, for small launching
angles 0,, the magnitude of k,, can be large with conse-
quenceson the linear absorption of the ray. In Figs. 1(a)-
1(d), we show a plot of @,d,m,, and n,\ (k,, c/o), respective-
ly, as a function of the radius r/a for plasma parameters
506 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992
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typical of the DIII-D tokamak, which are n( 0) = 4.5 X lOI
cmm3, T, (0) = 1.5 keV, ri (0) = 800 eV, the central den-
sity and temperatures, n(a) = 3X IO’O cme3,
T,(a) = I; (a) = 7 eV the density and temperatures at the
edge, with parabolic and parabolic square profiles, respec-
tively, for density and temperatures, E = a/R, = 0.38,
1, = 1,4 MA, and B, = 1.8 T. All of these quantities show
an oscillating behavior, in particular, 0 and 4 remain very
small everywheredemonstrating that the field is well local-
ized in front of the antenna. The behavior of n,[, when
8, = s”(dashed) and 0, = lo” (solid), shows an oscillating
variation with the amplitude included between - nllo and
nljO,the value of nil at the antenna.Theseresults are obtained
by running the numerical ray tracing code and they agree
very well with the analytical results.
- a)
111.ABSORPTION OF THE RAY
The absorption properties related to the propagation of
(23) the IBW are accountedfor by the anti-Hermitian part of the
dielectric function, which is essentially given by the imagi-
nary part of the 2 function. Considering that the ion species
2 are mainly involved in the linear absorption near the N th
harmonic and using the above defined ordering, we obtain
the following damping rate:
(24) ki”‘=
1
- Lxexp - ( @iOzci r. (27)
P’ Ikll t
Upon defining v = ,f,”k irn dr, where r is the distance from
the N th resonance,in slab geometry we have
717’
?7-‘j2R Nr
=Lerfc - , (281
2Pi ( kllPi& >
where in obtaining Eq. (29) we have usedthe approximation
pi = const.
(25) The fraction of transmitted power at any radius in the
plasma is P( r)/Po = exp ( - 2~). On the resonancer = 0,
we have ~ZZRo/pi $1, and the power will be completely ab-
sorbedwithin the resonantlayer. This result is correct in the
case of constant k,,. In toroidal geometry, k,, is no longer
constant and the quantity v must be calculated using, now,
Eq. (26) for the parallel wave number. The result on the
resonancepoint r = 0 is 7 z R, #2/vpi. The value of 9 de-
(26) duced in this casediffers from the previous (at constant k,, )
by a factor Y, which accounts for the oscillations of k, in-
duced by the variation of k,, , but the resulting value of v is
typically still larger than unity. In Fig. 2, the quantity
n:” = (k :“c/w) vs r/a is plotted for DIII-D plasmaparam-
eters. The above calculation is related to the absorption
properties of the ion component of the plasma, which is
mainly involved only in the vicinity of the consideredhar-
monic resonance.
Owing to the strong variation of k,, along the ray also,
the electron component of the plasma can absorb the wave ’
via electron Landau damping (ELD) at somepoint into the
plasma. Electron absorption becomessignificant if
A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli 506
 40 r
'-
\
0C-W - :

FIG. 1. Solution of the ray equations for

plasma parameterstypical of the DIII-D to-
kamak: n(O) =4.5x10'" -3
T,(O) = 1.5 keV, Ti(0) = *,““,v:
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 n(a) =3X10” cm-), T,(a) = T,(a) =7
r/a r/a
eV with parabolic and parabolic squarepro-
files, respectively, for density and tempera-
tures, Z, = 1.39 MA and B0 = 1.72 T, (a)
me (d
0, (b) 4, (cl m,,and (cl) nil = (k,,c/~) asa
10
function of the radius r/a. The value of n,, at
the antenna is equal to zero, and 0, = 5
(dashed) and 19,= lo” (solid). The dotted
line corresponds to the absorption by elec-
0 tron Landau damping.

-10

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a r/a

@lk,l %h e < aELD 9 (29)

ny where aELDis a numerical factor ( 3 < aELD < 5). Consider-
ing now Eq. (26) for k,, , we can distinguish the following
0.06 limiting cases.If the poloidal angleof injection 8, is zero or
such that
(me/mi)“2(NB,/pi) <k/lo (30)
or
0,44.3x 10-27’f’2(keV)n,,o, (31)
the oscillation of k,, is dominated by the cosine. The k,,,
valuesgeneratedby the antennaare typically too low and do
not satisfy Eq. (29). We can conclude that, in this case,the
waves are not damped by the electrons. If the power spec-
d L! trum of the antenna is centered on values of k,,, z-0 and
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 19,#O or the reverseinequality holds, the oscillation of k,, is
r/a dominated by the sine function in Eq. (26). At the points
where sin( y In X) = + 1, the maximum power absorption
for the electrons is located. At thesepoints, we have
FIG. 2. The quantity n :” (k :“c/w) vs r/u for the DIII-D plasma param-
eters of Fig. 1. (32)

507 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992 A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli 507

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 and substituting in Eq. (29)) a condition is obtained for sig-
nificant power absorption:
eo>a,;l,(T,/T,)“2~=100(T;/T,)“2. (33)
Therefore, for poloidal launching angles8, > lo”, a fraction
of the power carried by the ray would be absorbedby the
electronsvia ELD.
It is evident that the absorption is localized mainly in the
points where 1k,, 1is maximum, namely for the points where
x = exp[ - (l/2 + 20~/Y], (34)
where Y is consideredconstant and given by Eq. ( 13) and I is
a non-negativeinteger. From Eq. ( 13)) YZ=~- ‘, the number
of maxima of the oscillation of (k,, 1increasesasQis lowered,
as appearsevident in Figs. 3 (a) and 3(b), where the evolu-
tion of k,, calculatedwith the numerical codeis shown versus
x for the samevaluesof the plasma parametersand IP = 1,4
MA [Fig. 3(a)] and I, =0.7 MA [Fig. 3(b)].
Consequently,the condition that the first maximum oc-
curs for x < 0.5 requires
---.
v21n2
3?/2mil m, N
(35)
This condition, for hydrogen and N = 3, requires q > 3.3.
It is important to notice here that the evaluation of the
electron Landau damping, as done before, is related to the
propagation of an electrostatic wave describedby the disper-
sion relation equation ( 1) . The more generalelectromagnet-
ic dispersionrelation in the ion Bernstein frequency domain,
evenif it doesnot changethe dispersion curve of the propa-
gating wave, induces a lower damping on the electrons as
noticed by Ono. I1 This characteristic of the electromagnetic
dispersionrelation makesthe condition on the poloidal angle
equation (23) weaker and the permissible launching angle
for a good wave propagation could be enlarged. However,
for typical DIII-D plasma parameters,this electromagnetic
effect provides only small corrections.
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0 0.2
rla
508 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992
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IV. NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS TO HEATING
EXPERIMENTS
Our analysishas beenapplied to the IBW heating exper-
iment on the DIII-D tokamak in order to explain, within the
framework of the linear propagation theory, the anomalous
heating of the plasmaedge.To this aim, we have numerically
solvedthe ray-tracing equationsby using the dispersionrela-
tion equation ( 1) as Hamiltonian and calculated the absorp-
tion rate of the wave along the trajectory. For a correct simu-
lation ofthe experimentalresults, we have followed rays that
start at r = a for different poloidal angles and launched n,,.
In this manner, the finite extension of the antenna and the
power spectrum, mainly centered around n,, = 0, are cor-
rectly accountedfor in the power balance.The DIII-D toka-
mak uses,for the IBW experiment, an array of two toroidal
loop-movable,Faraday-shieldedantennasinserted in a large
recessedarea located between two midplane ports on the
outer wall of the vessel.Two box structures contain the an-
tenna, which consists of a long strip of conductor 16 cm
wide. The frequency chosenis 38 MHz and the total power
coupled to the plasma is 700 kW with a central magnetic
field g ,, ;r 1.8 T. The second ion cyclotron harmonic of the
hydrogen is placedjust behind the antennafor good coupling
efficiency, while around the magnetic axis, the 3& /2 half-
harmonic would act for the nonlinear ion heating.12In our
numerical simulation, we have used the following plasma
target typical of the DIII-D tokamak: n(0) = 4.5 X 1013
cmN3, T, (0) = 1.5 keV, ri (0) = 800 eV, the central den-
sity and temperatures, while n(a) = 3 x 10” cm - 3,
Te(a) = Ti(a) = 7 eV are the density and temperatures at
the edge, with parabolic and parabolic square profiles for
density and temperatures, respectively, E = a/R, = 0.38,
Ip = lb39 MA, E, = 1.72T.
In Fig. 4, a plot of P/P, versusthe radial position r/a is
shown for five starting poloidal angles (So = o”, 5”, lo”, 1Y,
20”) and n,,, = 0. Note that for n,,e = 0, the ray evolution is
independent of the 8, sign. In the caseof 0, = 15”and Zo”,
for example, all the power carried by the ray is depositedin
FIG. 3. The evolution of n,, from the nu-
merical code versus r/u for the same values
of the plasma parameters as Fig. 1 and for
ray starting at e, = 0” and (a) 2, = 1.43
MA and (b) ZP= 0.73 MA.
0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
k-la
A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli 508
 1.0
P/PO
0.8
0.6
15’
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a
FIG. 4. Ratio P/P, of the transmitted power versusthe radial position r/a
for five starting poloidal angles (6, = o”, 5’, lo”, 15’, 20’) and n,, = 0. The
plasma parametersare the sameof Fig. 1.
the very edgeof the plasma (r/a ~0.9). Only for anglesclose
to 6, =: 0”can the power reach the plasmacore.
This behavior can be seen more explicitly in Fig. 5,
where a plot of the radius r/a, where 80% of the launched
power is absorbed,versusthe injection angle0, for nl10= 0 is
shown. The rays that start at angles - 5”< 0, < 5”couple
directly to the IBW branch and go to the plasmacenter with-
out peripheral absorptionof the power. For angles[0,/ > Y,
the power carried by the rays is linearly absorbedat radial
positions that increaseby increasing the poloidal angle of
injection. In order to havean estimateof the Q, rangefor this
experiment,a simple calculation of the field producedby the
loop antennais given in the Appendix.
As noticed in the Introduction, two heating experi-
ments, Alcator-C and PLT, have been successfully per-
formed. Alcator-C has, for example, exhibited a strong
amount of ion temperature(AT, ~400 eV) for the nonlinear
heating at w = 3&n /2 near the center.The power ( 100kW
FIG. 5. The radius r/a where 80% of the launched power is absorbedversus
the injection angle 6, for n,, = 0.
509 Phys. Fluids B, Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992
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0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
r/a
FIG. 6. Absorbed power versusthe radius for - 10”< $ < IO”and n,, = 5
for Alcator-C parameters:a = 12.5cm, R, = 64 cm, B0 = 7.5 T, 1, = 300
KA, n(O) = 1.5X 10” cme3, T,(O) = 1.8 keV, T,(O) = 1 keV,
n(a) = 2.5 X 10” cm - ‘, r, (a) = r, (a) = 50 eV, and parabolic profiles.
coupledto the plasma) launchedby the loop antenna ( 4 cm
wide) at 183.6MHz seemsto go directly toward the plasma
center without losing its energy at the plasma boundary.
Ray-tracing calculations show that, owing to the small po-
loidal extension of the coupler (in poloidal angle degree
- 10”< 6, < 100)and to the fact that the antenna is very
close to the plasma boundary (see the Appendix), all the
rays that start at the antenna surface are able to reach the
center and to depositthe energynonlinearly. In our calcula-
tion, we have found that, for valuesof launched n,, greater
than n,, = 5, a fraction of the power will also go to the elec-
trons via electron Landau damping. In Fig. 6, a plot of the
absorbedpower versusthe radius for - lo” < 0, < IO”and
n,, = 5 is shown for the following plasmaparameterstypical
of Alcator-C: minor radius a = 12.5 cm, major radius
R, = 64 cm, B,, = 7.5 T, Ip = 300 kA, central density
n(0) = 1.5~ 1014cme3, central temperaturesT,(O) = 1.8
keV and Ti (0) = 1 keV with parabolicprofiles,respectively;
the edge density and temperatures chosen are
n(a) = 2.5 X 10” cm - 3 with the resonantlower-hybrid lay-
er out of the plasma,and T, (a) = Ti (a) = 50 eV. The pow-
er depositednear r/a z 0.2 is essentiallydue to ELD. In Fig.
7, a plot of the radius r/a, which correspondsto the 40% and
80% of power depositedinto the plasma,versus0, is shown
for the sameparametersof Fig. 6. In the rangeof f3, included
between f lo”, the power can reachthe plasmacore without
peripheral absorption.
For the PLT experiment,at w = 3&,/2 the situation is
the sameas Alcator-C. The IBW antennais very compact,
its poloidal dimension is 4 cm, which corresponds to
- 3”< 0, < + 3”. The plasma parametersare a = 39 cm,
R, = 132 cm, B. = 2.5 T, I, = 500 kA, f = 30 MHz,
n(0) = 4.5~ 1013cmm3,n(a) = IO” cme3, the central and
the edge density, respectively, with parabolic profile,
T, (0) = 2 keV, T, (a) = 100 eV, are the central and the
A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli 509
 1.0

r/a(80% P/PO
Power abs.)
0.8

0.6

0.4

FIG. 7. The radius da, which correspondsto 40% and 80% of power de- 0.2
posited into the plasma versus 19,for the same parametersof Fig. 6.

0
edgeelectrontemperatureswith parabolicsquare profile and 0.8 0.9 1.0
Ti (0) = 1 keV, Ti (a) = 100eV are the central and the edge r/a
ion temperatureswith parabolic squareprofile. In Fig. 8, the
power deposited into the plasma versus r/a for 0, = o”, FIG. 9. Ratio P/P, of the transmitted power versus r/a for the ET-2M
+ I”, & 2”, * 3”,and n,, = 5 is shown.All ofthe power goes experiment: n(0) = 3~ lO”cm-” [n(a) = 2x 10” cm >I, with a para-
to the plasma center without peripheral absorption. bolic density profile, T,(O) = 2”,(O) = 500 eV [T,(a) = c.(a) = 7 eV],
The effectof the poloidal launchingangleon the absorp- with parabolic square temperature profiles, a = 35 cm, R, = 131 cm,
tion of the ray results clear in the JPT-2M13tokamak, which B,, = 1.1 T, I, = 180kA,f= 27 MHz, n,, = 5,q0 = 3, and w = 3&u/2 at
the center.
usesfor the IBW experiment a loop antennainstalled at the
obliqueport of the tokamak with an angleof 0, = 43”to the
horizontal plane. The JPT-2M experiment is characterized
by the following parameters: a = 35 cm, R, = 131 cm, central and the edge electron and ion temperatures with
B,=l.l T, I,=180 kA, f=27 MHz, ql=5, parabolic squareprofiles and w = 3&, /2 at the center.The
n(0) = 3x 10’3cm-3 [n(a) = 2~ 10” cme3], thecentral numerical simulation of the wave absorption for JFT-2M
and the edgedensity, respectively,with a parabolic profile, has shown a strong edgeabsorptionas can be seenin Fig. 9,
T,(O) = Tj(0) = 500 eV [T,(a) = c(a) = 7 eV], the whereP/P, is plotted versusr/a. All of the power is deposit-
ed on the electrons at c’azO.85. This result conlirms the
experimental observation obtained by Langmuir probes,
1.00 which observea suddenincreaseof the edgeelectron tem-
P/PO perature at the onset of the IBW pulse.13
0.98
V. GONGLUSlONS
0.96 An analysishasbeenpresentedof the wave propagation
and absorption at the ion Bernstein frequency in tokamak
0.94 plasmas.After choosingan appropriateordering in k,p,, the
ray equationshave beenanalytically solved and the power
0.92 depositedalong the trajectory has beenevaluated.A strong
dependenceof the absorptionon the poloidal angleof injec-
0.90 tion or, in turn, on the poloidal angle at the lower-hybrid
resonancelayer, if present,hasbeenfound. Numerical appli-
0.88
cations to present-dayIBW experiments have shown that,
on the DIII-D and JET-2M tokamaks, a strong electron
0.86
edgeabsorptioncan occur, while Alcator-C and PLT do not
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
exhibit such a peripheral deposition,in agreementwith the
r/a
experimental results. Therefore we can conclude that the
feature of present IBW experimentscan be understoodon
FIG. 8. Power depositedinto the plasma versusr/a for 0, = o”, f l”, f 2”,
+ 3”, and the PLT parameters: a = 39 cm, R, = 132 cm, B, = 2.5 T,
the basisof the linear propagation theory.
I, = 500 kA, f= 30 MHz, n(O) = 4.5~ lOI cm-‘, n(a) = 10” cmb3 Some indications can be provided, on the basis of this
with a parabolic density profile, T,(O) = 2 keV, T,(a) = 100 eV, analysis,in order to avoid edgeelectron absorptionin IBW
r, (0) = 1 keV, r,(a) = 100 eV with a parabolic square temperature pro- experiments. Poloidally narrow antennasare expectedto
file. give better results, but this requirementsets a limitation on

510 Phys. Fluids 8, Vol. 4, No. 3. March 1992 A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli 510

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the power injected per antenna. Operating at high q (or in where L is the half-height of the current strip of the loop
hydrogen) decreasesthe number of radial oscillations and antenna, x,, is the distance from the antenna, and A is the
the associatedelectron absorption. distance between the strips. In Fig. 10, the angle 0, (the
poloidal extension of the field) versus x,, for the antenna
parametersof DIII-D14 and Alcator-C” is shown. The stars
APPENDIX: THE ANTENNA FIELD indicate the valuesof 0, expectedfor DIII-D and Alcator-C,
which are of the order f 20”(DIII-D) and f lo” (Alcator-
In order to estimate the poloidal extension of the field
C). We can conclude that, if the plasma is very close to the
excited by the loop antenna typical of the IBW experiments,
antenna, the poloidal extension of the field is of the order of
we calculate the near field by using the magnetostatic ap-
L, while, if the plasma is far from the antenna, the poloidal
proximation, which is valid if the wavelength is much
extension of the field is of the order x0.
greater than the distance d from the point where the field is
evaluated and the antenna: ’Y. Takase,J. D. Moody, C. L. Fiore, F. S. McDermott, M. Porkolab, and
J. Squire, Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 1201 (1987).
BY = arctan + arctan ‘5. D. Moody, M. Porkolab, C. L. Fiore, F. S. McDermott, Y. Takase, J.
Terry, and G. M. Wolfe, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60,298 (1988).
3J. D. Moody and M. Porkolab, Phys. Fluids B 1, 1675 ( 1989).
- arctan($$-) - arctan($$-), 4M. Ono, P. Beiersdorfer, R. Bell, S. Bemabei, A. Cavallo, A. Chmyga, S.
A. Cohen, P. Co&ok, G. Gammel, G. J. Greene, J. Hosea, R. Kaita, I.
Lehrman, G. Mazzitelli, E. Mazzucato, D. McNeil], K. Sato, J. Stevens,J.
Timberlake, J. R. Wilson, and A. Wouters, Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 294
(1988).
’M. Ono, P. Beiersdorfer, R. Bell, S. Bemabei, A. Cavallo, A. Chmyga, S.
22 A. Cohen, P. Colestok, G. Gammel, G. J. Greene, J. Hosea, R. Kaita, I.
e. (dw) Lehrman, G. Mazzitelli, E. Mazzucato, D. McNeil], M. Mori, K. Sato, J.
20 Stevens,S. Suckewer, J. Timberlake, V. Vershkov, J. R. Wilson, and A.
Wouters, Proceedings of the llth International Conference on Plasma
18 Physics and Controlled Nuclear Fusion Research, 1986 (IAEA, Vienna,
1987), Vol. 1, p. 477.
6R. I. Pinsker, M. J. Mayberry, M. Porkolab, and R. Prater, in Radio-
16 Frequency Power in Plasmas-l 989, Irvine, California, Proceedingsof the
Eighth Topical Conference on Radio-Frequency Power in Plasmas, AIP
14 Conf. Proc. No. 190, edited by R. McWilliams (AIP, New York, 1989),
p. 314.
12 7R. Koch, V. Nys, D. Van Eester, and F. Durodie, Report No. LR89,
(Ecole Royale Militaire Bruxelles, Bruxelles, 1989).
*M. Ono, G. J. Greene, and S. Bemabei, in Ref. 6, p. 306.
10 9M. Ono, K. L. Wong, and G. A. Wurden, Phys. Fluids 26,298 ( 1983).
“A. Cardinali and F. Romanelli, Phys. Fluids 29, 810 (1986).
8 ‘I M. Ono, Proceedings of Course and Workshop on Applications of Radio
Frequency Waves to Tokamak Plasmas, edited by S. Bemabei, U. Gaspar-
6 ino, and E. Sindoni (International School of Plasma Physics, Varenna,
1985), p. 187.
0 4 8 12 16
“M. Porkolab, Phys. Rev. Lett. 54, 434 ( 1985).
x0 (cm) “H. Tamai, T. Ogawa, H. Matsumoto, K. Odajima, and JFT-2M group, in
Ref. 6, p. 350.
“R. D. Phelps, M. J. Mayberry, and R. I. Pinsker, Proceedingsof 15th Sym-
FIG. 10. The poloidal extension of the field 19,versus the distance x0 be- posium on Fusion Technology, Utrecht, Netherlands, 1988, edited by A.
tween plasma and antenna for the antenna parameters of DIII-D (a) and M. Van Ingen, A. Nijsen-Vis, and H. T. Klippel (CEC, Bruxelles, 1988),
Alcator-C (b). The stars indicate the values of 0, expectedfor DIII-D, and p. 642.
Alcator-C. I5J. Moody, Ph.D. thesis, MassachusettsInstitute of Technology, 1988.

511 Phys.FluidsES,Vol. 4, No. 3, March 1992 A. Cardinaliand F. Romanelli 511

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