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k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txdf hldgn] 9fs]sf] efunfO{ dxfb]z elgG5 . k[YjLsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] %! s/f]8 ju{ ls=ld= -!( s/f]8 &) nfv ju{
dfOn_ /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] @(=@ k|ltzt e"efu hldg -dxfb]z_ n] cf]u6]sf] 5 . dxfb]zx?sf] s'n If]qkmn !$
s/f]8 ($ nfv %) xhf/ ju{ ls=ld= /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLdf /x]sf] ;Dk"0f{ hldgsf] efunfO{ & dxfb]zdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . If]qkmnsf]
cfwf/df ;a}eGbf 7"nf]b]lv ;fgf];Dd dxfb]zx? qmdzM Plzof, clk|msf, pQ/ cd]l/sf, blIf0f cd]l/sf, cG6fs{l6sf, o"/f]k / ci6«]lnof
/x]sf 5g\ .
dxfb]zsf] If]qkmn, cjl:ylt / ljz]iftf
gfd If]qkmn cjl:ylt ljz]iftf
-j=ls=ld=_
!= Pl;of $,#(,((,))) !)° blIf0fb]lv &*° pQ/L cIff+z / @%° ;aeGbf 7'nf]] dxfb]z, ljljwtf / ljifdtfsf] dxfb]z, pTt/L uf]nfbw{df
(Asia) -k[YjLsf] s'n k"j{b]lv !&)° klZrd b]zfGt/lar cjl:yt, ltg lt/ jf6 dxf;fu/ / Ps lt/jf6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf],
48 e" – efusf] @(=$% km}lnPsf], ;a}eGbf cUnf] r'r'/f] ;u/dfyf -**$* ld= ÷ @()@* lkm6_ / ljZjs}
k|ltzt efu nDjfO{ (^)) ls=ld= / rf}8fO ;/b/ ;jf{lws xf]rf] :yfg 8]8 l; -–$@@ ld= ÷ !@(^ lkm6_ Oh/fon /
cf]u6]sf]_ *^)) ls=ld= hf] 8 g
{ sf lardf /x] s f] , ;a} eGbf 7' nf] b]z lrg / ;fgf] b]z dflNbE;
@= clk|msf @,(&,*%,))) - #&° pQ/b]lv #%° blIf0fL cIff+z / sfnf]÷cFWof/f] dxfb]z, ;a}eGbf 7'nf] b]z cNh]l/of / ;fgf] b]z ;];]N;,
(Africa) k[YjLsf] s'n @)° klZrdb]lv %)° k"jL{ b]zfGt/lar ljljwtfsf] dxfb]z, pRr ;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z,
54 e" efusf] @)=@% km}lnPsf]
k|ltzt efu nDjfO *))) ls=ld / rf}8fO &$$)
cf]u6]sf]_ ls=ld=
#= pQ/ cd]l/sf @,$#,@),))) !)° pQ/b]lv *)° pQ/L cIff+z / @)° gofF ;+;f/ (New World), t];|f] 7'nf] dxfb]z, ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z
(North -k[YjLsf] s'n klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv !^)° klZrd Sofgf8f / ;fgf] b]z ;]G6 ls6\; PG8 g]le;, klZrd uf]nfb{sf] dxfb]z
America) e" – efusf] !^=( b]zfGt/;Dd
23 k|ltzt efu nDjfO &@)) ls=ld
cf]u6]sf]_ / rf}8fO $*)) ls=ld=
$= blIf0f cd]l/sf !,&&,(*,%)) !@° pQ/L cIff+zb]lv %^° blIf0fL cIff+z ljZjsf] rf}yf] 7'nf]] dxfb]z, ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z a|flhn / ;fgf] ;'l/gfd
(Sourth -k[ Y jLsf] s' n e" – / #%° klZrdb]lv *)° klZrd
America) efusf] !!=& b]zfGt/;Dd nDjfO{ &$$@ ls=ld / rf}8fO
12 k|ltzt efu %@@! ls=ld=
cf]u6]sf]_
%= cG6fs{l6sf !,#),)),))) ^^° blIf0f cIff+zb]lv ()° blIf0fL dfgj a;f]af; gePsf] Psdfq dxfb]z, kfFrf} 7'nf] dxfb]z, lxdrfb/
(Antarctica) -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– cIff+z / !!$° k"jL{ (Ice sheet), ;a}eGbf lr;f] dxfb]z, (* k|ltzt lxpFn] 9flsPsf],
efusf] *=( k|ltzt b]zfGt/b]lv !%#° k"jL{ b]zfGt/;Dd sfG5f] dxfb]z
efu cf]u6]sf]_
^= o'/f]k !,)$,(*,))) #^° pQ/ cIff+zb]lv &!° pQ/L cIff+z / k|foåLkx¿sf] dxfb]z, ;a}eGbf a9L e"–kl/j]li7t b]z -!*_ ePsf]
(Europe) -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– @)° klZrd b]zfGt/b]lv ^%° klZrd dxfb]z, Pp6f klg d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z
50 efusf] & k| l tzt b] z fGt/;Dd nDjfO{ ^$)) ls=ld / rf}8fO
efu cf]u6]sf]_ $*)) ls=ld=
&= c:6]«lnof &^,*&,))) !)°blIfl0f cIff+zb]lv $)° blIf0f cIff+z ;a}eGbf ;fgf] dxfb]z, pTt/L uf]nfb{df km}lnPsf], ;a} eGbf 7'nf] b]z
(Australia) -k[YjLsf] s'n e"– / !!$° k"jL{ b]zfGt/b]lv !%#° k"jL{ ci6«]lnof / ;a}eGbf ;fgf] b]z gfp?
efusf] %=* k|ltzt b]zfGt/;Dd nDjfO{ #()) ls=ld / rf}8fO
efu cf]u6]sf]_ #!%) ls=ld=
1
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
blIf0f cd]l/sf @ j6f PsfGsfu'jf ^(^! ld=, Laguna del Carbon df/fsfOjf] -!#%)) ju{ ls= ld= e]g]h'Pnf_
af]lnleof / kf/Uj] ch{]lG6gf -105 m.
cG6fs{l6sf 5}g\ leG;]g d]l;km $*(@ a]G6n] Unfl;o/ 6«]Gh ef]:tf]s -!@%)) ju{ ls= ld= cG6fsfl6sf_
ld= –@%$ ld=
o'/f]k !* j6f Pna|'h %^## /l;of Sofl:kog ;fu/sf] t6 Sofl:kog -O/fg / ?;_
7'nf]– j]nf?; ;fgf] – @* ld=
–Eofl6sg l;6L
ci6«]lnof 5}gg\ sf]l:so':sf] @@@* cfO/f tfnsf] t6 –!% ld= cfO/f -(#^) ju{ ls= ld=, ci6«]lnof_
ld=
dxfb]zx¿sf l;dfgf / cGo ljZf]iftfx¿
dxfb]z l;dfgf ljz]iftf 7'nf]] ;fgf] b]z
Plzof k"j{df k|zfGtdxf;fu/ ljifdtf / laljwtfsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z–lrg
klZrd–o'/f]kdxfb]z ef}ule{s b[li6n] ;a}eGbf kl5Nnf] dxfb]z -?; o'/f]k / Pl;of b'a} dxfb]zdf
pQ/df–;'d]? dxf;fu/ nfdf] gbL – ofGh] kg]{ ePsfn]_
blIf0fdf– lxGbdxf;fu/ 7'nf] d?e'dL – uf]jL ;fgf] b]z– dflNbE;
Home of the man eg]/ lrlgg] roof of world –
kfld/ k7f/
k"j{df nfn;fu/ pRr;d:ynLsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– cNh]l/of
clk|msf klZrd–cfGb| dxf;fu/ e"–dWo/]vfn] laraf6 sf6]sf] dxfb]z ;fgf] b]z – ;];]N;
pQ/df–e"–dWo;fu/ sfnf] ± cFWof/f] dxfb]z
blIf0fdf–s'd]? dxf;fu/ ljZjs} 7'nf]] lx/fvfgL –lsDa/vfgf
ljZjs} 7'nf]]e"ld–;xf/f *$ nfv x]S6/df !! j6f b]zdf
hgfj/x¿sf] cbe"t a;f]af; ePsf]
Zoo of the world
pQ/ cd]l/sf k"j{df–cfGb| dxf;fu/ klZrd uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– Sofgf8f
klZrdf–k|zfGt dxf;fu/ ;g\ !$(@ df :k]gsf lj|m:6f]km/ sf]nDa;n]] kQf nufPsf ;fgf] b]z–;]G6ls6\; P08 g]leh
pQ/df–;'d]? dxf;fu/ ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]] Hjfnd'vL–df}gfnf]af gofF;+;f/
blIf0fdf –kgfdf gx/
blIf0f cd]l/sf k"j{df–cfGb| dxf;fu/ cUnf] :yfgsf] tfn l6l6sfsf #*() ld prfOdf 7'nf] b]z – a|flhn
klZrd–k|zfGtdxf;fu/ af]lnleofsf] nfkfh ljZjs} cUnf] :yfgsf] /fhwfgL ;fgf] b]z – ;'l/gfd
pQ/df–cfGb| dxf;fu/ ljZjs} ;a}eGbf 7'nf]] kj{tdfnf Pl08h sf]nlDaof b]lv
blIf0fdf s'd]? dxf;fu/ lrnL ;Dd
û blIf0fsf] zx/ k'G6fPl/gf; lrln
cG6fs{l6sf s'd]?dxf;fu/n] 3]/]sf] kl5Nnf] dxfb]z lsjLsf] dxfb]z dfgj a;f]af; gePsf]
ljZjsf] ()lxpF /x]sf]
cG6fs{l6sdf 3';]sf ;d'Gb|x¿–/f]; / j]8]n lxdrfFb/
dxfb]z
o'/f]k k"j{df –Plzof dxfb]z d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z –/l;of
klZrdf cfGb|dxf;fu/ ljZjs} 7'nf] sf]0ffwf/L jg–6f]ouf /l;of ;fgf] b]z – Eofl6sgl;6L
pQ/df ;d']? dxf;fu/ ljZjs} hf8f]x'g] 7fpF – j/vf]ofG:ofs –#$ l8u|L
blIf0fdf–e"–dWo;fu/ ljZjs} 7'nf] tfn–Sofl:kog
;lj|mo Hjfnd'vL –dfp06 P6gf k|ofåLksf] klg k|foåLk
ci6«]lnof k"j{df û–k|zfGt dxf;fu/ sª\uf?sf] dxfb]z 7'nf] b]z– ci6«]lnof
klZrd–lxGbdxf;fu/ kftn s'jfsf] dxfb]z ;fgf] b]z – gfp?
pQ/df–lxGbdxf;fu/ ;lj|mo Hjfnfd'vL –ufp? xf]o
blIf0fdf– s'd]?dxf;fu/ nfdf] d'ufF kj{t– u|]6Aofl/o/ l/km{
larqtfsf] dxfb]z
dxfb]z ;DaGwL cGo hfgsf/L
dxfb]z 7'nf gbLx¿ lxdgbL kj{tdfnf 3fF;] d}bfg d?e"ld
-ls=ld=_ -ls=ld=_
Plzof of~ h] l;ofr]g lxdfnog :6]K; uf]eL
clk|msf gfOn lslndGh/f] P6nf; ;fjgf jf e]N8 ;xf/f
pQ/ cd]l/sf ldl;l;lk ld;f}/L xjf{8 ckflnrog k|]o/L u|]8Jofl;g
2
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
b]lIf0f cd]l/sf cd]hg k]l/6f] df]l6gf] Pl08h &@)) ls=ld kDkfh ch{]lG6gf kf6f]{uf]lgog
cG6fs{l6sf cf]lgS; NofDa6{ -$))_ PN;jy{ k"/} lr;f]
o'/f]k ef]Nuf e6gfhf]s'n cfNk; :6]K; d?e"ld gePsf] dxfb]z
ci6«]lnof d/]8fln{ª\ x8{ cfONof08 u|]6l8efOl8ª /]Gh 8fpG; u|]6 leS6f]l/of
k|Zg M e"uf]nsf lktf eg]/ s;nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M O/]6:ygLh
k|Zg M e"uf]nnfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 < pQ/ M @ efu -dfgj e"uf]n / k|fs[lts e"uf]n_
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf lktf s;nfO{ elgG5 < pQ/ Friedrich Ratzel
k|Zg M dfgj e"uf]nsf] ljsf; slxn] ePsf] dflgG5 < pQ/ M !( cf}+ ;tfAbL
k|Zg M dxfb]z eGgfn] s] a'lemG5 < pQ/ M k[YjLsf] ;txdf hn d08n jfx]s hdLgn] cf]u6]sf] e"efu
k|Zg M Pl;of / pQ/ cd]l/sfnfO{ s'g hn;+of]hsn] 5'6\ofPsf] 5 < pQ/ M a]l/ª
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;aeGbf a9L hf8f] x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M evf}ofG:s -?;_, –#$ ;]lG6u|]8
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltlnrf] tfn -dgfª, g]kfn_,
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf ulxnf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M a}sfn tfn, ;fOj]l/of
k|Zg M a}sfn tfnsf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !($) dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] / km/flsnf] k7f/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ltAatsf] kfld/ k7f/, cfUnf] %))) dL / km/flsnf] @%,)),))) ju{ ls=
dL=
k|Zg M ;+;f/sf] 5fgf] (Roof of the World) eGgfn] s'g k7f/ nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M kfld/ k7f/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] uN5L s'g xf] < pQ/ M bfgf uN5L -DofUbL, g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ulx/f] uN5L bfgfsf] ulx/fO{ slt xf] < pQ/ M ^(^& dL6/
k|Zg M Pl;of / o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] l;dfgfdf /x]sf] kj{t s'g xf] < pQ/ M o'/fn kj{t
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] pkTosf s'g xf] < pQ/ M c?0f pkTosf -g]kfn_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!#$&%^%)))_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] a9L hg;+Vof ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef/t -!@$!$(@)))_
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;a}eGbf a9L jiff{ x'g] 7fpF s'g xf] < pQ/ M r]/fk'~hL -ef/t_
k|Zg M 5fFof gb]lvg] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]8{g gbL
k|Zg M g'lgnf] tfn / dflg; g8'Ag] eg]/ s'g tfnnfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M d[t;fu/
k|Zg M ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] / sxfF kb{5 < pQ/ M Sof;ljog tfn, O/fg / ?;sf] ljrdf
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]ssf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ofGh] gbL -rLg_
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf nfdf] gbL ofGh] sf] nDjfO{ slt xf]< pQ/ M ^#)) ls= dL=
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a} eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&),(*,@$@ ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M nf:;f, ltAat
k|Zg M Pl;of dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;j} eGbf a9L b]z ;+u l;dfgf hf]l8Psf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M rLg -!# j6f b]z ;+u_
k|Zg M ljZjdf w]/} 6fk' ePsf] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M OG8f]g]l;of
k|Zg M Pl;ofdf slt j6f e'kl/j]li6s /fi6« 5g\ < pQ/ M !@ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s'g gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M e]N8
k|Zg M ;a} o'usf] k|frLgtd\ Pjd\ gjLgtd\ ;f+:s[lts kfOg] Psdfq dxfb]z s'gnfO{ dflgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf
k|Zg M ljljwfsf] dxfb]z eg]/ s'g dxfb]znfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf slt j6f e"k]l/j]li6s /fi6«x? 5g\ < pQ/ M !^ j6f
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf 7"nf / ;fgf e"kl/j]li6s /fi6«x? s'g s'g x'g\ < pQ/ M 7"nf] rf8{ / ;fgf] ?jfG8f
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M gfOn -^^() ls= ld=_, OlhK6
k|Zg M gfOn gbLsf] pb\ud:yn sxfF xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M gfOn gbL slt b]zx? eP/ jUb5 < pQ/ M !! b]zx?
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]z nfO{ sfnf] cyf{t\ cFWof/f] dxfb]z klg eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M clk|msf dxfb]z
k||Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf udL{ x'g] 7fFp lnljof xf] eg] hf8f] x'g] b]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M df]/:sf]
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]znfO{ lsg cFWof/f] dxfb]z egL lrlgG5 < pQ/ M sfnf hfltsf] afx'[Noftf
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M leS6f]l/of tfn
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] lx/f vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lsAj/vfg -clk|msf_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf 7"nf] ;'g vfgL ePsf] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M hf]xfG;ju{ -clk|msf_
k|Zg M clk|msf dxfb]zdf hDdf slt b]z /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M %$ b]z
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]znfO{ s;n] kQf nufPsf x'g\ < pQ/ M lqm:6f]km/ sf]nDa;, ;g\ !$(@
3
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
k|Zg M …gofF ;+;f/Ú egL lrlgg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf a9L ;fd'Gb|Ls lsgf/ ePsf] d'n's s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8f, nDjfO{ @$#&(! ls= ld=
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ !))) klZrdL b];fGt/n] emG8} b'O{ efudf af8]sf] 5 < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] gfd s;sf] gfdaf6 /flvPsf] xf] < pQ/ M cd]l/uf] lj:k'SsL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] lzv/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M d]lsGn] -^,!($ ld6/_, cd]l/sf
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Soflnkmf]lg{ofsf] 8]y EofnL -cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf 7"nf] tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn s'g dxfb]zdf k5{ < pQ/ M pQ/ cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ;'k]l/o/ tfnsf] If]qkmn slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M *@@)) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zdf kg]{ cGo k|d'v tfnx? s'gs'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M ;'k]l/o/ tfn, ldlrug tfn, Xo'/g tfn, O/L tfn, cf]G6]l/of] tfn cflb
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ldl;l;kL–ld;f}/L -^,@$) lsnf]ld6/_
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] u'Dah s'g xf] < pQ/ M P:6«f]8f]d -pQ/ cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] 3fF;] d}bfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|]o/L
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf % j6f tfnx? ;'k]l/o/, ldlrug, Xo'/g, O/L / cf]G6]l/ofsf] ;d"xnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxfg tfn (Great Lakes)
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf s'g pkgfdn] ;d]t lrlgg] ub{5 < pQ/ M klZrd uf]nf4{sf] dxfb]z
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}egbf 7"nf] g];gn kfs{ s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofg8fsf] p8 jkm]nf] g];gn kfs{
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf ;lqmo Hjfnfd'vL :yn s'g xf] < pQ/ M dfpG6 ;fGtf dfl/of -Ujf6]dfnf_
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]z pQ/df km's]sf] 5 eg] blIf0fdf s:tf] cj:yfdf /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M ;fF3'l/Psf]
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L 708f x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M lu|gNof08
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf a9L udL{ x'g] 7fFp s'g xf] < pQ/ M 8]y EofNnL
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;j} eGbf nfdf] lxd gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M a]l/Ë
k|Zg M pQ/ cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M u|]6 a]l;g
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf cUnf] em/gf s'g xf] < pQ/ M PGh]n, blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] e]g]h'onf
k|Zg M PGh]n em/gfsf] prfO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M (&( ld=
k|Zg M blIf0f cd]l/sf dxfb]zsf] ;a} eGbf prfOdf /x]sf] tfn s'g xf] < pQ/ M l6l6sfsf -#*!) ld6/_, k]?
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M cd]hg -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M ljZjs} ;aeGbf blIf0fdf kg]{ ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k'G6f Pl/gf; -lrnL_, blIf0f cd]l/sf
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhwfgL ;x/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M af]lnleofsf] nfkfhf -blIf0f cd]l/sf_
k|Zg M k|foM jif{el/ g} lxpF hld/xg] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zdf ljZjsf] slt k|ltzt lxpF /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M () k|ltzt
k|Zg M s'g dxfb]znfO{ …lxd rfb/ (Ice Shet)Ú pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M dfgj a;f]af; gePsf] Ps dfq dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf rf/ lsNnfx? s] s] x'g <
pQ/ M klZrddf – k|zfGt dxf;fu/
k"j{df – cfGw| dxf;fu/
pQ/df – Sof/]ljog ;fu/ tyf kfgfdf
blIf0fdf – 8]s
k|Zg M blIf0f w'jL{o jl/kl/ /x]sf] dxfb]z s'g xf] < pQ/ M cG6fs{l6sf
k|Zg M s'g dxf;fu/n] cG6fs{l6sf nfO{ rf/} lt/ 3]/]sf] 5 < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/
k|Zg M o"/f]kdf /x]sf] Oofg'a gbL slt j6f /fi6« eP/ aUb5<
pQ/ M & j6f -cli6«of, hd{gL, r]sf]:nf]eflsof, o'uf]:nfleof, a'nu]l/of, x+u]/L / ?dflgof_
k|Zg M tLglt/af6 kfgL / Psflt/af6 hldgn] 3]l/Psf] hldgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|foåLk (Peninsula)
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] pkgfd s] xf] < pQ/ M k|foåLkx?sf] klg k|foåLk
k|Zg M Pl;of / o"/f]k dxfb]znfO{ ;+o'Qm?kdf s] gfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M o'/]l;of
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf cUnf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M dfpG6 PNa'|h -%^## ld6/_, ?;
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf xf]rf] e"–efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sofl:kog ;d'b|L t6, ;d'Gb| ;txjf6 (@ lkm6
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] /fi6« s'g xf] < pQ/ M /l;of -!&)&%@)) ju{ ls= ld=_
k|Zg M /l;of s'g s'g b'O{ dxfb]zdf kb{5g\ < pQ/ M o"/f]k / Pl;of
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« jf ljZjsf] ;j} eGbf ;fgf] /fi6« s'g xf] < pQ/ M Eofl6sg l;6L, )=$ ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zdf e"kl/j]li7t /fi6«x?sf] ;+Vof slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !*
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] gbL s'g xf] < pQ/ M ef]Nkf
4
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
k|Zg M b]zfGt/sf] lx;fan] o"/f]k dxfb]z klZrdL uf]nf4{df k5{ eg] cIff+zsf] lx;fan] of] dxfb]z s'g uf]nf4{df k5{ <
pQ/ M pQ/L uf]nf4{
k|Zg M o"/f]k dxfb]zsf] ;aeGbf nfdf] kj{t z[+vnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M cfNk; kj{t
dxf;fu/x?sf] ljj/0f
dxf;fu/sf] If]qkmn j=ls=ld cf}ift ulx/f] efu kfgL cGo
gfd ulx/fO{
k|zfGt !^ s/f]8 %& nfv $#)) ld dfl/ofgf $%=$ –lqe"h cfsf/
dxf;fu/ 6]«]G –:k]gsf kml8{g]G6 d]ungn] kQf nufPsf 7'nf] / ulx/f] dxf;fu/
– zfGt / ;f}Do
cfGw| * s/f]8 @$ nfv #&)) ld k'6f]l/sf] @# –S cfsf/ Sof/]laog l; jfl0fHo / Ao:t dxf;fu/
dxf;fu/ l4k – /x:do t6 – a/d'{8f lqsf]0f
–pQ/L w|'a\ b]vL blIfl0f w|'a ;Dd km}lnPsf] dxf;fu/
5
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M kfgLn] 9fs]sf] ljzfn hnefu nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxf;fu/ –
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] slt k|ltzt efu / If]qkmn kfgLn] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M &)=* k|ltzt -sl/a &! k|ltzt_, #^ s/f]8 !! nfv $( xhf/ ((( ju{
ls= ld=
k|Zg M kfgLsf] s"n efu dWo] slt efu dxf;fu/n] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M **=( k|ltzt
k|Zg M ;aeGbf 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k|zfGt dxf;fu/, !^ s/f]8 %& nfv ju{ lsnf]ld6/
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/df ;fgf 7"nf u/L slt 6fk' tyf åLkx? /x]sf 5g\ < pQ/ M @) xhf/
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/n] k[YjLsf] s'n hnd08nsf] slt k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M $%=% k|ltzt -sl/a $^ k|ltzt_
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] ;aeGbf ulx/f] efu s'g xf] < pQ/ M lkmlnlkG; glhssf] dfl/ofgf 6]«Gr, !)(!! ld6/
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] pQ/L uf]nfb{df hn / :yn j/fj/ 5g\ eg] blIf0fL uf]nfb{df hdLgsf] eGbf kfgLsf] efu slt u'0ff a9L 5 <
pQ/ M sl/j !% u'0ff
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn v'lDrg] / km}lng] qmddf k|zfGt dxf;fu/ jif]{gL sltsf b/n] v'lDrFb} uPsf] cg'dfg 5 < pQ/ M ! OGr
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/nfO{ Pacific egL gfds/0f ug]{ JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M kml8{g]G8 d]ung :k]lg; cg';Gwfgstf{
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf] cfsf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M lqe'h
k|Zg M dfOqmf]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk' x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Carolines, Marshals, Gilbert / Ellicel
k|Zg M d]n]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Salomons, New Hebrides / Fiji
k|Zg M kf]lng]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ M pQ/ M Line Islan, Cook Society / Taumotu
k|Zg M OG8f]g]l;ofdf s'g s'g 6fk'x? kb{5g\ < pQ/ M Sumatra, Java / Borneo
k|Zg M k|zfGt dxf;fu/sf rf/ lsNnfx? s] s] x'g < k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] <
pQ/ M cfGw| dxf;fu/, * s/f]8 @$ nfv j= ls= ld
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w/ftn v'Drg] / km}ng] qmddf cfGw| dxf;fu/ k|To]s jif{ sltsf b/n] km}nb}5 < pQ/M Ps OGr
k|Zg M s'n hn;txsf] slt k|ltzt efu cfGw| dxf;fu/n] cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @# k|ltzt
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] cf};t ulx/fO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M #&)) ld6/ -!@,))) lkm6_
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf] clwstd ulx/fO{ slt 5 < pQ/ M (,@)) ld6/
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fusf] ;a} eGbf ulx/f] :yfg s'g xf] < pQ/ M Ko'6f]{l/sf] åLk (Puertorico Deep)
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/ (Atlantic Ocean) sf] gfds/0f s;n] u/]sf x'g\ < pQ/ M k|frLg u|Lsjf;L
k|Zg M cfGw| dxf;fu/sf k|d'v ;fxfos gbLx? s'g s'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M /fOg, ;]g]un, gfOh/, s+uf], ;]G6n/]g;, ldl;l;kL, cd]hg / cf]l/gf]sf]
k|Zg M kfgLn] 8'j]sf] sd ulx/f] ;fd'lGb|s d}bfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M dxfåLlko tVtf
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/nfO{ s'g pkgfdn] lrlgG5 < pQ/ M Ocean of Monsoon
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/df ldl;g] k|d'v gbLx? s'gs'g x'g\ <
pQ/ M d]sË, d]gfd, u+|uf, a|Xdk'q, O/fjbL, l;Gw, l6lu|h / o'k|m]6;
k|Zg M Ocean of Monsoon eg]/ lxGb dxf;fu/nfO{ lrlgG5 eg] lxGb dxf;fu/.sf] csf]{ pkgfd s'g xf] <
pQ/ M …t]nsf] dxf;fu/Ú
k|Zg M lxGb dxf;fu/ jf6 pTklt eP/ jxg] jfo' nfO{ s'g jfo' elgG5 < pQ/ M dg;'lg jfo'
k|Zg M If]qkmnsf lx;fan] rf}yf] 7"nf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/, @ s/f]8 $$ nfv j= ls=ld=
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/sf] cf};t ulx/fO slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @$)) ld6/ -&()) lkm6_
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/n] k[YjLsf] s'n hnd08nsf] slt k|ltzt efu cf]u6]sf] 5 < pQ/ M & k|ltzt
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/sf] cfsf/ s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M j[Qfsf/
k|Zg M s'd]? dxf;fu/ s'gs'g dxf;fu/ ;Fu hf]l8P/ /x]sf]] 5 <pQ/ M k|zfGt / cfGw| dxf;fu/
k|Zg M blIf0f w'|jLo dxf;fu/sf pkgfn] lrlgg] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/
k|Zg M cG6fs{l6sf dxfb]zsf] jl/kl/ km}lnP/ /x]sf] dxf;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M s'd]? dxf;fu/ –
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ;fpy rfOgf ;fu/, @(,&$,^)) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M ;fpy rfOgf ;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !@)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] bf];|f] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M Sof/]ljog ;fu/, @& nfv %# xhf/ ju{ lsnf]ld6/
k|Zg M Sof/]laog ;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M @$)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] t];|f] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M e"dWo;fu/, @% nfv # xhf/ ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M e"dWo;fu/sf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M !$*% ld6/
6
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
k|Zg M ljZjsf] rf}yf] 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M d]lS;sf] vf8L, !%,$@,(*% ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M d]lS;sf] vf8Lsf] ulx/fO{ slt /xs]f] 5 < pQ/ M !%)) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] 5}6f}+ 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M ;L ckm cf]vf]T;s, !%,@&,%&) j=ls=ld=
k|Zg M ;L ckm cf]vf]T;ssf] ulx/fO{ slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M *$) ld6/
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;ftf}+ 7"nf] ;fu/ s'g xf] < pQ/ M k"jL{ rfOgf ;fu/, !@,$(,!%) ju{ ls= ld=
k|Zg M dxf;fu/sf] dWo efudf kj{t >]0fL h:t} km}lnPsf] efunfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M dWo dxf;ful/o >[ª\vnf jf dxf;ful/o 8fF8f
k|Zg M ;"o{sf] ls/0f ;d'Gb|sf] slt ulx/fO{ ;Dd k'Ub5 < pQ/ M ^)) lkm6
k|Zg M km/flsnf] w]/} If]q cf]u6]sf] ulx/f] dxf;ful/o vf8nnfO{ s] elgG5 < [pQ/ M vfFjf
k|Zg M hdLgsf] ;txdf h:t} dxf;fu/sf] lkwdfx'g] r§fgsf cUnf cUnf :ylno e"–efunfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M ;fd'lGb|s kj{t
k|Zg M cToflws g'lgnf] kgf ePsf ;fu/x? s'g s'g x'g\ < pQ/ M nfn ;fu/, /f]d ;fu/ / kmf/:sf] vf8L
k|Zg M ;d'Gb|sf] hndf cf}ift slt k|ltzt g"lgnf]kgf kfOG5 < pQ/ M #=% k|ltzt
k|Zg M ;j} eGbf j9L g"lgnf] kgf / sd g"lgnf] kgf slt cIff+zdf /x]sf ;d'Gb|df kfOG5 <
pQ/ M @) b]lv $) l8u|L cIff+zdf a9L / $) b]lv () l8u|L cIff+zdf sd
w|'|j (Polar)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] tNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M blIf0fL w'|j (South Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] s]Gb|af6 pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfsf] dflyNnf] ljGb'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M pQ/L w'|j (North Pole)
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] w'|jLo efu sf] agf]6 s:tf] /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M w|'jLo efu s]xL y]lKrPsf]
k|Zg M k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/qmdf ug]{ sfNklgs af6f]nfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M sIf (Orbit)
k|Zg M k[YjLnfO{ cfˆgf] cIf jl/kl/ 3'Dg slt ;do nfU5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M blIf0f w|'j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /f]N8 PdG8 ;]g, ;g\ !((!, gj]{
k|Zg M pQ/L w'|j kQf nufpg] JolQm sf] x'g\ < pQ/ M /a6{ k]/L, ;g\ !()(, cd]l/sf
cIff+z (Latitude)
e'dWo /]vfsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fdWo] s'g} 7fpFsf] b'/LnfO{ cIff+z elgG5 . cIff+z k[YjLsf] s]Gb|df ag]sf] Tof] sf]0f xf] hf] e"dWo/]vfsf] pQ/ jf blIf0fl:yt
s'g} :yfg jf laGb'sf] sf]l8o b'/L nfO{ hgfpF5 . k[YjLsf] cIf / e"dWo /]vf;Fu ;dfgfGt/ x'g] u/L k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf lvlrPsf] sfNklgs !*) cf]6f
/]vfnfO{ cfIff+z elgG5 . e"dWo /]vfsf] pQ/df () l8u|L ;Dd cIff+z x'G5 . hDdf !*) l8u|L cIff+z /]vfx? x'G5 .e"ddWo/]lvo cIff+s ;aeGbf
nfdf] /]vf xf] . ) l8u|L cIff+znfO{ e"dWo/]vf elgG5 . e"dWo/]vf 0° cIff+z /]vf xf] . e"dWo/]vfaf6 hlt–hlt pQ/ jf blIf0flt/ uOG5 cIff+z
/]vfx? pltplt ;fgf] x'Fb} hfG5g\ / w'j| df k'Ubf ljGb' dfq /xG5 .
cIff+zdf ( l8u|L a/fa/ ^) ldg]6 x'G5 eg] ! ldg]6 a/fa/ ^) ;]s]08 x'G5 . @#=% pQ/L cIff+znfO{ ss{6 /]vf elgG5 . @#=% blIf0fL cIff+znfO{
ds/ /]vf elgG5 . ^^=% blIf0fL /]vfnfO{ s'd]? j[Q elgG5 . ^^=%pQ/L /]vfnfO{ ;'d]? j[[Q elgG5 . k|To]s b'O{ cIff+z /]vf larsf] km/s b"/L !!!
ls=ld x'G5 . s'g} :yfgsf] jf:tljs b'/L cIf+z jf6 kQf nufpg ;lsG5 . cIff+z /]vfx? !÷! l8u|Lsf] km/sdf x'G5g\ . cIff+z l8u|L, ldg]6 /
;]s]08 PsfO{df gflkG5 .cIff+z /]vf k'0f{j[Qsf/ x'G5 . cIff+z /]vfsf] pkof]lutf nfO{ lgDgfg';f/ b]vfpg ;lsG5 M
-s_ s'g} :yfg e"dWo]/]vfaf6 pQ/ jf blIf0fkl§ s'g b"/Ldf k5{ egL kQf nufpg]
-v_ xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf kQf nufpg
-u_ s'g} ;dodf s'g} lglZrt 7fpFsf] lbg / /ft kQf nufpg
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ss{6 /]vf
k|Zg M @#=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M ds/ /]vf
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L pQ/L cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5< pQ/ M ;'d]? j[Q
k|Zg M ^^=% l8u|L blIf0fL cIff+znfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M s'd]? j[Q
k|Zg M k[YjLsf] ;txsf] s'g} lglZrt :yfgaf6 k[YjLsf] Jof;sf] ;f] 7fpFsf] ljkl/t :yfgnfO{ s] elgG5 < pQ/ M k|ltnf]d
k|Zg M ljZj dfglrqdf ;a}eGbf a9L prfOdf ljljwtf s'g cIff+zLo If]qdf /x]sf] 5 <
pQ/ M @) l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z b]lv %) l8u|L pQ/L cIff+z ;Dd
b]zfGt/ (Longitude)
k|wfgdWofGg /]vfsf] k"j{ klZrd s'g} sf]l0fs b"/LnfO{ b]zffGt/ elgG5 . b]zfGt/ sfNklgs /]vf xf] . k|wfg dWofGg /]vf z"Go l8u|L b]zfGt/ dflgG5 .
a]nfotsf] lu|gljrnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL pQ/L w|'jb]lv blIf0fL w'|j;Dd lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ k|wfg dWofGg /]vf elgG5 . o;nfO{ ) l8u|L b]zfGt/
/]vf klg elgG5 .
! l8u|L b]zfGt/sf] km/sdf $ ldg]6 x'G5 . b]zfGt/ cw{j[Qsf/ x'G5 . !*) l8u|L b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . b]zfGt/ /]vfx? hDdf #^) j6f
x'G5g\ . ! l8u|L b]zfGt/ a/fa/ e"dWo /]vfdf b"/L !!!=!@ lsnf]ld6/ x'G5 eg] w'|jdf ) ls=ld x'G5 . b]zfGt/ /]vfx? cw{j[t cfsf/sf x'G5g\ . !*) l8u|L
7
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/fli6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . ;do k|To]s ! l8u|L b]zfGt/df $ ldg]6sf] km/s x'G5 . k|To]s !% l8u|L b]zfGt/df ! 306fsf] lx;fasf] ;do
km/s kb{5 . lu|gjLrsf] ;dofnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ cGt/fli6«o ;dosf] lgwf{/0f ;g\ !**$ df ul/Psf] xf] . j|mf]gf]ld6/n] lu|gjLrsf] ;donfO{ b]vfpF5 . ) l8u|L
n08gaf6 ck/fÅg # ah] k|zf/0f u/]sf] BBC sf] ;dfrf/ *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/df g]kfndf ck/fÅg * ah]/ $% ldg]6df ;'Gg ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf]
k|fdfl0fs ;do lj=;+= @)$@ j}zfv ! b]lv nfu' ePsf] xf] . g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] cfwf/df sfod ul/Psf] 5 .
g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do *^ l8u|L !% ldg]6 b]zfGt/df uf}l/z+s/ lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lgwf{/ ul/Psf 5 . g]kfnsf] k|fdffl0fs ;do u|Lgljr ldg6fOd eGbf
% 306f $% ldg]6sf] km/s 5 .
cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf
ljZjsf] ltlyldlt 5'6ofpg] !*) l8u|L b]zfGt/nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf elgG5 . k[YjLsf] b}lgs ult Pj+ k[YjL uf]nfsf/ x'gfn] !*)° b]zfGt/ /]vf
kf/ ugf{ ;fy ltly, ldlt / af/ km/s kg{ hfG5 . !*)° sf] b]zfGt/ /]vfnfO{ cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf elgG5 . cfs[ltsf] lx;fan] cGt/f{li6«o ltly
/]vf afªuf]l6ªuf] /x]sf] 5 . u|lgjLr b]lv cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vf;Ddsf] ;do !@ 306f km/s 5 . !*) l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / !*) l8u|L klZrd
b]zfGt/df @$ 306fsf] cGt/ x'G5 . ) l8u|L b]zfGt/ /]vfb]lv !*) l8u|L klZrdL b]vfGt/df !@ 306f ;dosf] km/s kb{5 . ) l8u|L b]zfGt/
/]vfb]lv k"jL{ b]zfGt/df !@ 306f ;dosf] km/s kb{5 .
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M '0' l8u|L b]zfGt/b]lv !*) l8u|L k"jL{ b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@ 306f / klZrd b]zfGt/sf] ;dodf !@ 306f ;dosf] cGt/ x'G5 . o;/L !*)°
k"jL{ b]zfGt/ / !*)° klZrd b]zfGt/df slt cGt/ x'g] ub{5 <
pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf kf/ ugf{;fy slt ;dosf] km/s u0fgf x'G5 < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M lu|gjLrb]lv klZrddf !*)° ;Dd slt 306f ;Dd ;do l9nf] x'G5 < pQ/ M !@ 306f ;Dd
k|Zg M !° b]zfGt/ a/fa/ slt ;do x'G5 < pQ/ M $ ldg]6
k|Zg M #^)° df slt ;dosf] km/s k5{ < pQ/ M @$ 306f
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf af+uf]l6+uf] lsg x'g] ub{5 < pQ/ M Pp6} :yfg jf b]zleq ltly, ldlt, ;do / af/df Ps?ktf Nofpg
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf cGt/f{li6«o ;dembf/Lsf] cfwf/df ;fdfGotofM ;d'b|L If]qdf slt l8u|Ldf lvlrPsf] 5 <
pQ/ M l;wf !*)° df
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf klZrdtkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;lfan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg 36fP/
k|Zg M cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf eGbf k"j{tkm{ ofqf ubf{ s'g lx;fan] ofqf to ug'{k5{ < pQ/ M ! lbg a9fP/
;do (Time)
s'g}klg b]zfGt/sf] cfwf/df lx;fa u/]/ lgsflnPsf] ;donfO{ :yfgLo ;do elgG5 . Ps b]zfGt/sf] :yfgLo ;donfO{ Pp6f b]zel/ dflgG5 eg]
To;nfO{ k|dfl0fs ;do elgG5 . a]nfotsf] lu|gjLr -0° b]zfGt/ /]vf_ nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL cGt/f{li6«o k|fdfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o
ltly/]vf kf/ ugf{;fy @$ 306fsf] ;do km/s x'G5 . cGt/f{li6«o ltly/]vf afÍf]l6Íf] cfsf/sf] 5 . lj=;+= @)$@ j}zfv ! ut] uf}l/z+s / lxdfnnfO{
cfwf/ dfgL *^° !%’ k"jL{ b]zfGt/ /]vfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf] k|fdfl0fs ;do lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] xf] . h'g lu|gaLr ldg6fOdeGbf % 306f $% ldg]6
rnfv /x]sf] 5 . cGt/f{li6«o ltly /]vfeGbf k"j{tkm{ ofqf ubf{ ! lbg a9fP/ / klZrdtkm{ ofqf ubf{ ! lbg 36fP/ ofqf to ug'{kb{5 .
s'g} b'O{ :yfg jf j:t'aLrsf] ;a}eGbf l;wf /]vfn] hf]8]sf] efunfO{ b'/L elgG5 . b'/LnfO{ nDjjt / lIflth u/L b'O{ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
b'/LnfO{ d]l6«s k|0ffnLcg';f/ ;]lG6ld6/,ld6/, lsnf]ld6/ tyf lj|l6z k|0ffnLcg';f/ OGr, uh, dfOn cflb PsfOdf gflkG5 . e"dWo /]vLo If]qdf !!!
ls=ld= sf] b'/Ldf b]zfGt/ /]vf /x]sf x'G5g\ eg] w|'jdf Pp6} ljGb'df /x]sf x'G5g\ . !° ˜ !!! ls=ld= x'G5 eg] !’˜ !=*% ls=ld= b'/L x'G5 .
b"/Lsf] lgwf{/0f
Pp6} b]zfGt/ /]vfdf k/]sf s'g} 7fpFsf] cIff+z yfxf ePdf tL b'O{ 7fpFsf] b"/L lgDgfg';f/ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 M
s_ lbOPsf b'O{ :yfg Pp6} uf]nf4{df k/]df a9L cIff+zaf6 sd cIff+zsf] c+s 36fpg] . olb lbOPsf pQ/ / blIf0f uf]nf4{df kg]{ ePdf b'j}
cIff+zsf] c+s hf]8\g] .
v_ o;/L hf]8]/ jf 36fP/ cfPsf] c+snfO{ !!! n] u'0fg u/]df lsnf]ld6/df b"/L kQf nfU5 .
!° = !!! ls=ld=
!' = !=*% ls=ld=
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M s'g} b'O{ :yfg jf j:t'aLrsf] cfk;L cGt/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M b'/L
k|Zg M b"/LnfO{ slt lsld;n] JoQm ug{ ;lsG5 <
pQ/ M @ -nlDao b"/L / lIfltlho b"/L_
k|Zg M b'O{ a]Unf–a]Un} ;txdf /x]sf] :yfg jf j:t'sf] km/snfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M nDajt b"/L
k|Zg M s'g} j:t'sf] prfO jf ulx/fO{ s'g b"/Ldf dfkg ul/G5 <
pQ/ M nDajt b"/L -kj{tsf] prfO, ;d'b|sf] ulx/fO{ cflb_
k|Zg M Pp6} ;txdf /x]sf :yfg jf j:t'sf] aLrsf] km/snfO{ s] elgG5 <
pQ/ M lIflth b"/L
k|Zg M 6]k jf hlGh/af6 gfKg g;lsg] b"/LnfO{ s;/L dfkg ul/G5 <
pQ/ M sf]0fdf JoQm u/]/
k|Zg M 6]k af6 gfKbf d]l6«s k|0ffnLcg';f/ b"/LnfO{ s'g PsfOdf JoQm ul/G5 <
pQ/ M ;]lG6ld6/, ld6/, lsnf]ld6/ cflb
k|Zg M la|l6z k|0ffnLcg';f/ b"/LnfO{ s'g PsfOdf JoQm ul/G5 <
pQ/ M OGr, uh, dfOn cflb
9
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
ljZjsf k|d'v kj{tdfnf
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;jf{lws cUnf] kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M lxdfno kj{t
k|Zg M lxdfno kj{tdfnf s'g dxfb]zdf kb{5 < pQ/ M Pl;of
k|Zg M lxdfno kj{tdfnf s'g s'g b]zdf kb{5 < pQ/ M g]kfn, ef/t, rLg, e'6fg / kfls:tfg
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M Pl08h kj{tdfnf
k|Zg M Pl08h kj{tdfnfsf] nDjfO slt /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M &@)) ls= ld=
k|Zg M s'g kj{tdfnfnfO{ ;DkGg kj{tdfnf eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M Pl08h
k|Zg M ljZjdf ;jf{lws kmf]6f] lvlrPsf] / lrn]vgf ul/Psf] kxf8 s'g xf] < pQ/ M km'hL -hfkfg_
k|Zg M lxGb', af}4 / O:nfd wdf{jnDjLx?sf] cf:yfsf] s]Gb| dflgg] P8D; lks gfds kxf8 sxfF /x]sf] 5 < pQ/ M >Ln+sf
k|Zg M ;d'b|leqsf] pRr kj{tdfnf s'g xf] < pQ/ M sl8n]/f
10
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
d?e"ld
afn'j}jfn'jf ePsf], kfgL gePsf] ;'Vvf cg'j{/ e"dLnfO{ d?e"dL elgG5 . Pl;ofsf] ;j}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"dL uf]aL d?e"dL xf] eg] ljZjs} 7"nf] d?e"dL clk|msf
dxfb]zsf] ;xf/f d?e"dL xf] . d':tfª nfO{ g]kfnsf] d?e"dL eg]/ lrlgG5 .
dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx?
k|ZgM d?e"ld s:tf] hdLgnfO{ elgG5 < pQ/ M kfgL gePsf] Hofb} ;'Vvf Pj+ cg'j{/ hdLg
k|Zg M jftfj/0fdf k/]sf] gsf/fTds c;/sf sf/0f df6f]sf] pj{/fzlQm Pj+ pTkfbsTjdf sdL cfpg] cj:yfnfO{ s] eg]/ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M
d?e"lds/0f
k|Zg M ;fdfGotof d?e"ldnfO{ slt efudf afl8Psf] 5 <pQ/ M @ -afn'jfofo'Qm d?e"ld / r§fgL d?e"ld_
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] d?e"ld eGgfn] s'g 7fpFnfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M d':tfª
k|Zg M s'g xfjfkfgLnfO{ zLt d?e"ld tyf t];|f] w'|j{sf] xfjfkfgLsf] ?kdf lnOG5 < pQ/ M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] klZrdL efudf rNg] tftf] xfjf …n"Ú sxfFaf6 cfpF5 < pQ/ M ef/tsf] yf/ d?e"ldaf6
k|Zg M ljZjsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M clk|msfsf] ;xf/f d?e"ld
k|Zg M blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] d?e"ld s'g xf] < pQ/ M kf6f]uf]lgog d?e"ld
k|Zg M :k]gsf] /fhwfgL d]l8«8df d?e"ld Go"gs/0f;DaGwL ;Dd]ng slxn] ;DkGg eof] < pQ/ M ;]K6]Da/ #–$, @))&
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] d?e"ldsf] k|b]z eg]/ s'g nfO{ lrlgG5 < pQ/ M lxdfnL k|b]z
e"sDksf d'Vo b'O{ If]qx?
s_ k|zfGt dxf;fu/ jl/kl/sf df]8bf/ kj{t >]0fLx? M pQ/ / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf] klZrdkl§, /sL / PlG8h kj{t tyf Pl;osf] k"j{kl6, hfkfg,
lkmlnlkG;, OG8f]g]l;of, Go'lugL / Go'lhNofG8sf 6fk'x?
v_ Pl;ofsf] lxdfno kj{t >]0fL / o'/f]ksf] cfNk; kj{t >]0fL
11
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
s_ e"sDkaf6 aGg] tfnM e"sDk hfFbf ;txdf vfgN8f] k/L aGg] tfn .
v_ b/f/ j]zL tfnM e"sDksf sf/0f w/ftnsf] efu wl;P/ ;f] vf8ndf kfgL hDdf eO{ aGg] tfn .
u_ lxdfnL tfn M lxdgbLn] 7"nf 7"nf r§fg pKsfpFbf aGg] vfN8fx?v'N8Ldf kfgL hDdf eP/ aGg] tfn .
3_ lxdf]9 tfnM lxdgbLn] aufP/ NofPsf] lxdf]9n] gbLnfO{ /f]sL aGg hfg] tfn .
ª_ Hjfnfd'vL tfn M d[t Hjfnfd'vLsf] s]6/df jiff{sf] kfgL hDdf eO{ aFg] tfn .
r_ Hjfnfd'vL tfn M Hjfnfd'vL ljikmf]6g x'Fbf lg:sf] nfefn] gbLsf] kfgL y'lgP/ aGg] tfn .
5_ pktfn jf ;fgf tfn M ;d'b\sf] 5fnn] NofPsf] afn'jf emf/kft cflb vf8Lsf] ;fFu'/f] d'vdf y'lk|g hfFbf aGg] tfn jf pktfn
h_ aonh'/] tfn M d}bfgL cj:yfdf af9L cfPsf] a]nf gbLn] 3'dfp/f] dfu{nfO{ 5f]8]/ l;wf dfu{ agfO{ aUbf k'/fgf] dfu{df kfgL y'lgP/
lgdf{0f x'g] tfn .
em_ lqsf]0f tfn M b'O{ lxdgbL cfk;df ldNbhf gbLsf aLrfdf kfgL y'lgP/ aGg] tfn .
`_ 3f]ng tfn M r'g 9'+ufn] ag]sf] w/ftndf kfgLn] r'g nufP/ n}hfFbf leqL efu vf]qmf] eO{ dflysf] efu wl;P/ vf8n agL lgdf{0f x'g]
tfn .
ljZjsf % 7"nf tfnx?
gfd If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_ ulx/fO{ -ld6/df_
!= Sofl:kog -?;–O/fg_ #,($,@(( ($^
@= ;'k]l/og tfn -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ *@,@!$ $)^
#= leS6f]l/of tfn -tfGhflgof–ol'ufG8f_ ^(,$*% *@
$= p/fn tfn -?;_ ^^,$%& ^*
%= x'/f]g -cd]l/sf–Sofg8f_ %(,%(^ @@(
ljZjsf cUnf em/gfx?
em/gf prfO -ld6/_ :yfg
!= PGh]n (Angel) (&( blIf0f clk| m sf
@= 7'h]nf (Tugela) blIf0f clk|msf
#= So'gfg (Cuquenan) ^!) e]g]Hj]nf
$= ;'b/NofG8 (Sutherland) %*) Go'lhNofG8
%= tfsfsfjf (Takkakawa) %)# British Columbia
^= Ribbon $(! Soflnkmf]lg{of
&= Upper Yosemite $#^ Soflnkmf]lg{of
*= ufefgL{ (Gavarnie) $@@ k|mfG;
(= e]l6; kmf]; (Vertisfoss) #^^ gj]{
!)= lj8f]l6o;{ (Widows' Tears) #%& Soflnkmf]lg{of
!!= :6fpjfr (Staubbach) #)) :jL6\h/NofG8
!@= ldl8n Sof;s]8 (Middle cascade) !!& Soflnkmf]lg{of
!#= lsª P8jf8{ ci6d @%( ufogf
!$= h]/f]:kf @%# ef/t
!%= s}6f]/L @%! ufogf
!^= :sfOhL (Skykje) @%) gj]{
!&= sfnfDaf] (Kalambo) @!( tfGhflgof / hflDaofsf] ;Ldf If]qdf
k|Zg M ;do / jfo'sf] :jefjcg';f/ jfo'nfO{ slt efudf ljefhg ug]{ ul/Psf] kfOG5 <
pQ/ M $ - u|xsf jfo' jf :yfoL jfo' , cfjlws jfo' , cfsl:ds jfo' / :yfgLo jfo'
k|Zg M u|x?kL k[YjLsf ;txdf lgoldt?kn] lglZrt lbzf eO{ axg] jfo'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrGg] ul/Psf] x'G5 <
pQ/ M u|xsf jfo'
k|Zg M u|xsf jfo' afx|} dlxgf k|foM lgoldt?kn] axg] x'gfn] o;nfO{ csf]{ s] gfdn] k'sfl/G5 <
pQ/ M :yfoL jfo'
k|Zg M u|xsf jfo' slt lsl;dsf 5g\ <
pQ/ M # -jfl0fHo, klZrdL / w'|jLo jfo'_
k|Zg M cwf]{i0f pRr rfkk]6Laf6 e"dWo/]vLo Go"g rfkk]6Llt/ lgoldt?kn] axg] jfo'nfO{ s] gfdn] lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M jfl0fHo jfo'
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' s'g lgodcg';f/ axG5 <
pQ/ M km]/nsf] lgod
12
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
k|Zg M ;fdfGotof Jofkfl/s jfo'sf] ult slt x'G5 <
pQ/ M k|lt306f !^ b]lv @$ ls= ld= ;Dd
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' pQ/L uf]nf4{df pQ/ k"jL{ lbzfaf6 axG5 eg] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df s'g lbzfaf6 axG5 <
pQ/ M blIf0fk"jL{ lbzfaf6
k|Zg M jfl0fHo jfo' w/ftn glhs} eP/ 7G8f e"efuaf6 udL{ e"efult/ axg] x'gfn] o;sf] k|s[lt s:tf] x'G5 <
pQ/ M ;'Vvf
k|Zg M e"dWo/]vLo If]qaf6 tft]/ xn'sf eO{ dlfy p7]sf] xfjf nueu !%)) ld6/sf] prfOdf k'u]kl5 qmdzM ;]nfP/ z'is tyf ux|f}+ eP/ cwf]{i0f
pRr rfkk]6Ldf cf]n{g] jfo'nfO{ s] eg]/ lrlgG5 <
pQ/ M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo'
k|Zg M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo' pQ/L uf]nf4{df blIf0f klZrd lbzfaf6 axG5 eg] blIf0fL uf]nf4{df s'g lbzfaf6 axG5 <
pQ/ M pQ/klZrd
k|Zg M ljk/Lt jfl0fHo jfo' …jfl0fHo jfo'Ú eGbf lgDg tLg s'/fdf ljk/Lt :jefjsf] 5 M
pQ/ M
-s_ jfl0fHo jfo'sf] pN6f] lbzftkm{ axG5 .
-v_ jfl0fHo jfo'sf] dflyaf6 axG5 .
-u_ lgDg rfksf] If]qaf6 pRr rfksf] If]qtkm{ axG5 .
dg;'g (Monsoon)
k|Zg M g]kfndf dg;'gL jfo' k"j{df ;'? ePsf] slt ;do kl5 klZrddf k'Ub5 <
pQ/ M ! dlxgf
k|Zg M n]sfnL xfjfkfgL s'g If]qdf kfOG5 <
pQ/ M lelq lxdfndf
k|Zg M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL s'g If]qdf kfOG5 <
pQ/ M d"Vo lxdfn
k|Zg M zLt d?e"ld s'g k|sf/sf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]qnfO{ elgG5 <
pQ/ M 6'G8«f xfjfkfgL
k|Zg M 708f ;dl;tf]i0f xfjfkfgL sfxfF kfOG5 <
pQ/ M dfxfef/tsf] pRr efu / lxdfnsf] tNnf] efu
k|Zg M Gofgf] ;dl;tf]i0f xfjfkfgL sfxfF kfO{G5 <
13
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
pQ/ M r'/]sf] dflyNnf] efu / dxfef/tsf] dWo efu
k|Zg M dg;'gL jfo' lxpFbdf s;/L jxG5 <
pQ/ M :yn dfu{ jf6 ;d'Gb| tkm{
k|Zg M ;d'Gb|L jfo' eg]sf] s] xf] <
pQ/ M ;d'Gb| jf6 hdLg lt/ jxg] jfFo'
16
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
%= sfhls:tfg @&,!&,#)) != d+uf]lnof !^,^%,)))
^= lslu{:tfg !,(*,%)) !@= nfcf]; @,#^,*))
o'/f]k
b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld_ b]z If]qkmn -j=ls=ld=_
!= cl:6«of *#,*%* @= PG8f]/f $%#
#= r]s u0ftgq &*,*^$ $= a]nf?; @,)&,^))
%= Eofl6sg l;6L )=$$ ^= d];]8f]lgof @%,&!#
&= df]G6]g]u|f] !#,*!@ *= df]gfsf] !=%
(= df]N8f]ef ##,&)) !)= nSh]Dju{ @%*^
(= lnR6]G:6fOg !%& !@= ;lj{of **,#%*
!#= sf];f]ef] !),()* !$= ;fgdfl/gf] ^@
!%= :nf]efs u0ftGq $(,)#% !^= :j6L6\h/NofG8 $(,!@(
blIf0f cd]l/sf
b]z If]qkmn -ju{ lsnf]ld6/_
!= kf/fu'o] $,)^,&%#
@= af]lnleof !),(*,%*!
17
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Hjfnfd'vL df}gfnf]jf
h'jf3/ (Casino) l/hf]6;{ OG6/g];gn Sofl;gf] -P6\nflG6s l;6L, cd]l/sf_
c:ktfn lknlu|d :6]6 xl:k6n -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
sf/ agfpg] sDkgL 6f]of]6f -hfkfg_
vf8L d]lS;sf] vf8L
306f The Great Bell of Moskow (196 tons)
38L lauj]g -nG8g_
u|x j[x:klt
rr{ ;]G6lk6;{sf] jfl;lnsf -Eofl6sg l;6L_
rnlrt ejg /]l8of] l;6L Do'lhs xn -cd]l/sf_
tfn Sofl:kog ;L=
tfhf kfgLsf] tfn ;'k]l/o/ tfn
t]n If]q ua/ lkmN8 -;fpbL c/a_
t]n k|sf]wg s]Gb| wfjgs]Gb| -;fpbL c/a_
gbL cd]hg
gx/ :j]h
kvf{n u|]6jfn ckm gfOgf -^@)) dfOn_
kfgLhxfh SjLg Plnhfj]y
k':tsfno nfOj|]/L ckm sf+u|]; -cd]l/sf_
k|zf;sLo ejg k]G6fug -cd]l/sf_
k|hftflGqs b]z ef/t
k+IfL cl:6«r
k|foåLk c/]ljof
km'6an d}bfg /ªg]8f] d] 8] :6]l8od -pQ/sf]l/of_
afFw Go"g sfg]{lnof 6]lnGh -cd]l/sf_
jfo';]jf P/f]ˆnf]6 -?;_
j}1flgs ejg hf]g ckm s]g]8L :k]; ;]G6/ -cd]l/sf_
d'våLk ;'Gb/jg -ef/t_
/+uzfnf :6«f]xfd :6]l8od -r]sf]:nf]eflsof_
/fhb"tfjf; ckmuflg:tfgdf /x]sf] cd]l/sL /fhb"tfjf;
/fhk|;fb a|'gfO ;'Ntfgsf] !&** sf]7f ePsf] /fhdxn
/fi6« ?;
/fli6«o lgs'~h p8 jkm]nf] /f=lg= Sofg8f
/]n j] :6];g u|fG8 ;]G6«n 6ld{gn -Go'of]s{, cd]l/sf_
jg ?;sf] sf]0fwf/L jg
ljdfg:yn ls+u cAb'n clhh cGt/f{li6«o ljdfg:yn -;fpbL_
ljdfg agfpg] sDkgL cd]l/sfsf] jf]Oª sDkgL
af}4 dlGb/ OG8f]g]k;ofsf] af/f]a'b'/
Joj:yflksf rLgsf] /fli6«o hgsfFu|];
dlGb/ Pª\s/ef6 -sDaf]l8of_
d?e"ld ;xf/f -clk|msf_
dxfsfJo dxfef/t
dxfåLk Pl;of
18
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
dxf;fu/ k|zfGt
dl:hb dfnljof -O/fs_
ljZjljBfnosf] ejg d:sf] ljZjljBfno -?;_
ljB't u[x sl/af -hflDjof_
kfs{ g];gn kfs{ ckm gy{ Oi6g{ -lu|gNof08_
;d'b| ;fpy rfOgf ;L
;d'b|L aGb/ufx kf]6{ ckm Gofof]s{
;}lgs u0ftGq rLgsf] d'lQm ;]gf
:yn hLj xfQL
:s'n ;fpy KjfOG6 xfO:s'n -sf]nsftf, ef/t_
xL/f #,!)^ Sof/]6sf] s'lngfg lx/f -a]nfot_
19
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
;aeGbf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /fhhwfgL nfkfh -af]lnleof)
ljZjdf ;aeGbf nfdf]
afFw ofls/]tf PkfOk afFw, &@ lsnf]ld6/ -ch]{lG6gf_
/]ndfu{ 6«fG;, ;fOj]l/og /]n nfOg ($#* lsnf]ld6/ -;f]leot ;ª\3sf]
df:sf]b]lv gvf]b\sf;Dd uPsf]_
/]n j] Kn]6kmd{ ef/tsf] klZrd j+ufnl:Yt v8\sk'/ Kn]6kmd{
/fhdfu{ -;8s dfu{_ Pan-American Highway, @$,!$) lsnf]ld6/ -cd]l/sfsf]
cnf:sf, lrnLsf] ;glG6ofuf], ch]{lG6ghfsf] Jo'g;{cfo;{ x'Fb}
a|flhnsf] /fhwfgL a|fl;lnofdf ;dfKt x'g] ._
l;+rfO gx/ sf/f s'D;sfO (Karakumsky), *%) lsnf]ld6/ nfdf]
;8sL ;'?ª gj]{sf] nf8{n (Laerdal) ;'?ª, @$=% lsnf]ld6/ nfdf]
k'n bfofª, s'zª, u|f08la|h -rLg_, !^$=* lsnf]ld6/
gbL gfOn -^(() lsnf]ld6/_
gx/ ef]Unf aflN6s gx/ -@#)) lsnf]ld6/_
kvf{n u|]6jfn, ^@)) dfON -rLg_
kj{t z[+vnf b PlG8h -cd]l/sf_
k|f0fL Ribbon Worm h;nfO{ Bootlace Worm klg elgG5 .
pQ/L ;d'b|lt/ kfOg] !*) lkm6;Dd nfdf]
21
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns kl/ro
ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt
;d'b|b]lvsf] b'/L — s/La !!@& ls=ld=
s'g s'g b]zsf] lardf — ef/t / rLg
If]qkmn — !,$&,!*! ju{ ls=ld= cyf{t %^,*@& ju{ dfOn
k"j{–klZrd nDafO — **% ls=ld=
pQ/ blIf0f rf}8fO — ;/b/ !(# ls=ld= -clwstd M @$! / Go'gtd !$% ls=ld=_
cIff+z — @^ l8u|L @@ ldg]6b]lv #) l8u|L @& ldg]6 pQ/
b]zfGt/ — *) l8u|L $ ldg]6b]lv ** l8u|L !@ ldg]6 k"jL{
ljZjsf] s"n e"efusf] slt k|ltzt — )=)# k|ltzt
Pl;ofsf] slt k|ltzt If]qkmn — )=# k|ltzt
g]kfn / rLgaLr l;df lgwf{/0f — ;g\ !(^! cS6f]a/ % -la/]Gb| / lnp ;fprL4f/f x:tfIf/_
ef}uf]lns ljefhg
w/ftnLo :j¿ksf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] ljefhg
lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z
If]qkmn @! k|ltzt ^@ k|ltzt !& k|ltzt
-g]=vf=;+= @)&%_
prfO ;d'b| ;txaf6 %* ld b]lv ^)) ^)! b]lv #))) #))! b]lv **$*
rf}8fO @% b]lv %) *) b]lv !@* @% b]lv #)
lhNnf @! #% @!
hg;+Vof (=(* #(=&% %)=@^
pkljefhg # -d'Vo, leqL / l;dfGt_ r'/], dxfef/t / dWo e'ld t/fO{, efj/ / leqL dw];
d'Vo k]zf kz'kfng / h8La'6L kz'kfng s[lif / Jofkf/
;a}eGbf 7"nf] lhNnf 8f]Nkf -&**( ju{ ls=ld=_ DofUbL s}nfnL
;a}eGbf ;fgf] lhNnf afh'/f eQmk'/ k;f{
:yfgLo tx !^# #!$ @&^
lxdfnL k|b]z
prfO — ;d'b| ;txb]lv ##)! b]lv **$* ld6/;Dd
ljefhg — # - d'Vo lxdfnL If]q, leqL lxdfnL If]q,l;dfGt lxdfnL If]q_
pkTosfx¿ — k'/fª\u, x'Dnf, d'u', nfªu', a"9L vf]6fª, s]¿ª, Gofgd, /f]ª\u;f/, v'Da', sdf{
22
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
kfOg] hnjfo'' — z'is hnjfo'
km}nfj6— ltAatsf] ;dfgfGt/ lsgf/L If]qb]lv sl/a !#) lsnf]ld6/ pQ/;Dd
kxf8L k|b]z
prfO — ;d'Gb| ;txb]lv sl/a ^)) ld6/b]lv pQ/df #,))) ld6/;Dd
If]qkmn — ^@ k|ltzt
rf}8fO{ — *) lsnf]ld6/b]lv !@* lsnf]ld6/
lhNnf — #^ cf]6f lhNnf
d'Vo k]zf — s[lif / kz'kfng /x]s]f
g]kfnsf kj{tz[+vnf
lxdfn cf/f]x0f v'nf — ;g\ !($(
cf/f]x0f ul/Psf] klxnf] lxdfn — cGgk''0f{ -;g\ !(%)_, k|m]Gr bn
;a}eGbf xf]rf] lxd/]vf —M uf]vf{sf] ?kgfnf, $%)) ld=
df5fk''R5] lxdfn cf/f]x0fdf k|ltaGw — lj=;= @)@) kmfu'g %
xfn cf/f]x0fsf nflu v'nf ul/Psf lxdfnsf] ;+Vof — $!% j6f
klxnf] kj{tf/f]xL — s/lj/ a'9fyf]sL
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f k|yd JolQm — P8d08 lxnf/L / t]lGhË gf]u]{ z]kf{
;u/dfyfsf] klxnf] cf/f]x0f ldlt — ;g\ !(%# d] @(
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd dlxnf— h'Gsf] tfj]O, ;g\ !(&% d] !^
;u/dfyf cf/f]x0f ug]{ k|yd g]kfnL dlxnf— kf;fª Nxfd' z]kf{, @)%) a}zfv !)
;u/dfyf s'g ufFpkflnsfdf kb{5 — v''Da'' kf;fªNxfd'', ;f]n'v'Da''
g]kfndf lxdz[+vnfx? — @*
;a}eGbf cUnf] kj{t >]0fL — lxdfno
ljZjsf * xhf/ eGbf cUnf !$ j6} lxdfn cf/f]x0f ug]{ klxnf] g]kfnL — ;~ho kl08t
;a}eGbf kl5 cf/f]x0f v''Nnf ul/Psf] lxdfn — h''un
h''un lxdfn cf/f]x0f v''Nnf slxn] — lj=;= @)&% r}q !$
h''un lxdfnsf] klxnf]k6s ;kmn cf/f]x0f — lj=;= @)&% r}q @^
prfO
lxdlzv/ lxdz[ª\vnf k|b]z lhNnf
-ld6/_
;u/dfyf *,*$* v'Da' 1 ;f]n'v'Da'
s+rgh+uf *,%*^ s~rghª\3f 1 tfKn]h'ª
Nxf]T;] *,%!^ v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ 1 ;f]n'v'Da'
dsfn' *,$^# s'Des0f{ 1 ;ª\v'jf;ef
rf]cf]o' *,@)! v'Da'÷dxfnª\u'/ 1 ;f]n'v'Da'
wf}nflu/L *,!^& wf}nflu/L 4 DofUbL÷d':tfª
dgf:n' *,!^# u0f]z 4 uf]/vf
cGgk"0f{ *,)(! cGgk"0f{ 4 sf:sL
g]kfnsf] hn;|f]taf/] hfgsf/L
hn;|f]tsf b[li6n] ljZjsf] bf];|f] b]z — g]kfn
g]kfndf ;fgf 7"nf ul/ slt gbLgfnf /x]sf — ^)))
g]kfndf ljZjsf] s'n hn;|f]tsf] slt k|ltzt kfgL /x]sf] 5 < — @=@& k|ltzt
g]kfnsf glbgfnfx?sf] ljB't pTkfbg Ifdtf slt 5 — *# xhf/ d]ufjf6
23
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfndf !! lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf gbLgfnfx? — ! xhf/
g]kfndf !^) lsnf]ld6/ eGbf nfdf gbLgfnfx? — sl/a !))
g]kfnsf gbLx?sf] hne08f/ Ifdtf — @ nfv @ xhf/ ldlnog So''las ld6/
pb\ud :ynsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf gbLx?sf] ljefhg — #
klxnf] :t/sf gbLx? — sf]zL, u08sL / s0ff{nL
g]kfndf /x]sf klxnf] :t/sf gbLx? sltj6f — @@
bf];|f] :t/sf gbLx? — d]rL, sGsfO, sdnf, jfUdtL, /fKtL, ltgfp
t];|f] :t/sf gbLx? — d}gfjtL, aqmfxf, xlb{gfy, ltnfj], dg':df/f /
l;l;{of
;Ktsf]zL gbL s'g 7fpFdf k''u]kl5 t/fOdf k|j]z ub{5 — ;'g;/Ls]f rt/f
g]kfnsf tLg gbLx? s'g gbLdf uP/ ldNb5g\ — u+uf
g]kfnsf] k|lt jif{ slt df6f] au]/ hfG5 —@$ s/f]8 3gld6/
gbLsf cfwf/df gfdfs/0f ul/Psf c~rnx? — !)
t/fOdf k''u]kl5 afUdtL gbLn] s'g s'g lhNnfs]f l;dfgf sfo{ ub{5 — /f}tx6 / ;nf{xL
ef]6df d'n ePsf gbLx? — ^ -c?0f, tfdfsf]zL, ;'gsf]zL, tdf]/, s0f{fnL / lqz'nL_
gbLsf pb\ud:ynx?
gbL pb\ud:yn gbL pb\ud:yn
s0f{fnL ltAat sGsfO{ dxfef/t kj{t
sfnLu08sL d':tfª n]v sdnf l;Gw'nL u9L
lemd|'s uf}d'vL c?0f ltAat
7"nf] e]/L d's'6 lxdfn jf0fu+uf r'/]8fF8f
b/f}bL a'4 lxdfn d''u' s0ff{nL nb\bfv lxdfn
d:of{ª\bL bfdf]b/ lxdfn dxfsnL clk
d]rL nfnL vs{ lnv'' /f]Njflnª
lji0f''dtL ;kg lty{ a'9L u08sL u0f]z lxdfn
;''gsf]zL ltAat lqz'nL ltAat
24
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
;]tL ;}kfn ;fgf] e]/L wf}nflu/L lxdfn
;]tLu08sL cGgk"0f{ lxdfn a'9' L u+uf hub''Nnf tfn
OGb|fjtL h''un afUdtL afU4f/ -g]=vf=;+= @)&%
dfbL cGgk''0f{ x''Dnf s0ff{nL ltAat
e"ld÷df6f]
g]kfndf pknAw df6f]sf k|sf/
-s_ kfuf] df6f]
cy{ — t/fO{ k|b]z / a];Ldf kfOGf] gbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f] / afn'jfdf s'lxPsf] emf/kft
kfOg] tTj — r'g, km:kmf]/; / kf]6f;
s'g v]tLsf] nflu pko''Qm — gub]afnL / s[lif sfo{sf] nflu pQd
-v_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]
25
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
kfOg] If]q — efa/ k|b]z, leqL dw]z / r'/]kxf8
kfOg] kbfy{ — afn'jf, sGs8, kTy/
s'g} klg v]tLsf nflu cg''ko''Qm df6f] — anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]
df6f]sf] pj{/f zlQm klg clt sd x'G5 .
-u_ /ftf] km';|f]df6f]
kfOg] If]q — dxfef/tsf 7f8f eL/x¿df 6'lqmPsf r§fg
kfOg] vlgh tTj — r"g, gfO6«f]hg / kmf]:kmf]/;
s'g v]tLsf] nflu pko''Qm — kmnkm'n
-3_ tn}of df6f]
pkTosfsf tfn ;'s]/ ag]sf] df6f] — tn}of df6f]
s] s] ldn]/ ag]sf] — k|z:t ;8]sf emf/kft ldn]sf]
/+u — sfnf]
s'g v]tLsf] nflu pko''Qm — s[lif sfo{
-ª_ lxdfnL df6f]
lxdgbLn] y'kf/]sf] df6f], afn'jf, sË8, kTy/ cflb ldn]/ ag]sf] df6f] — lxdfnL df6f]
vf;u/L g]kfnsf] leqL / pRr lxdfnL If]qsf] km]bLdf o; lsl;dsf] df6f] kfOG5 .
xfjfkfgL 708f / z'is x'g] tyf df6f]sf] ulx/fO Pj+ h}ljs kbfy{ sd x'g] x'bfF pj{/f zlQm Go"g x'G5 .
of]df6f]df ds}, hf}, cfn', kmfk/h:tf afnLdfq nufOG5 .
cGo
jg
;g\ !((* sf] ;j]{If0f cg';f/ jg If]q — #(=^ k|ltzt
xfn jgsf] If]q — $$=^ k|ltzt
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qsf] jg k|lt jif{ slt k|ltztn] ljgf; x'Fb} uPsf] — !=# k|ltzt
ljZjsf] jg:kltsf] slt k|ltzt g]kfndf — !=)@ k|ltzt
jgsf k|sf/x?
-s_ pi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ hª\un
If]q — t/fO{, efj/, b'g, r'/]kj{t
prfO — !,@)) ld6/;Dd
¿vx¿ s:tf — cUnf, df]6f, alnof / ;Fw} xl/of
rf/sf]z] emf8L sxfF kfOg] — lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h
kfOg] jg:klt — ;fn, l;;f}F, vo/, l;dn
kfOg] hLjhGt' — xfQL, u}8f, af3, efn', d[u
-v_ ;dlztf]i0f ktem/ hª\un
If]q — r'/]sf] dflyNnf] efu / dxfef/tsf] tNnf] efu
prfO — g]kfndf !,@)) ld= b]lv @,!)) ld=
?vx? s:tf — cUnf / df]6f, s8f / g/d hft
jg:klt — v;|]sf] jg, ef]h kq, vf]6] ;Nnf
of] jg pi0fk|b]zLo ;bfaxf/ jgeGbf sd u'0f:t/sf] dflgG5 .
-Uf_ ;dzLtf]i0f ;bfaxf/ sf]0fwf/L hª\un (Coniferous Forest)
dxfef/t kj{tsf] dflyNnf] efu / lxdfn kj{tsf] tNnf] efu
prfO M @,!)! ld6/b]lv #,#)) ld6/
jif{} el/ lr;f] x'g] / lxdkft e}/xg]x'Fbf ¿v / ¿vsf kftx¿ sf]0fh:t} r'Rrf] k/]sf x'G5g\ .
jg:klt M tfln; kq, b]jbf/
26
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
-3_ n]sfnL jg:klt jf 3f;]d}bfg
#,#)) ld6/b]lv %,))) ld6/;Dd
plQ;, n]s lkkn, w'kL ;Nnf -n]p w'kL_
-ª_ zLt d¿e"ldsf] jg:klt
%,))) ld6/sf] prfOeGbf dfly lxFp kg]{x'Fbf oxfF jg:kltx¿ pld|g g;Sg] ePsfn] lxpFg c8\g] le/fnf] 7fFpdf sfO{ / n]p dfq
kfOG5g\ . pld|g / x's{g g;Sg] o:tf] 7fFpdf pd|]sf n]p / em\ofpnfO{ 6'08«f jg:klt jf zLt d¿e"ldsf] jg:klt elgG5 .
g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'Gh, jGohGt'cf/If, lzsf/ cf/If, ;+/If0fIf]q tyf g]kfndf ;+/lIft hLjhGt'x¿
/fli6«o lgs'~h
/fli6«o lgs'~h :yfkgf -lj=;=_ If]qkmn ju{ ls=ld cjl:yt lhNnf
lrtjg 2030 952.64 lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, gjnk/f;L, k;f{
;u/dfyf 2032 1148 ;f]n'v'Da
alb{of 2032 968 alb{of
nfª6fª 2032 1710 /;'jf, l;Gw'kfNrf]s / g'jfsf]6
/f/f 2032 106 h'Dnf / d''u'
kmf]S;'G8f] 2040 3555 8f]Nkf / d''u'
vKt8 2042 225 8f6L, aemfª, afh'/f / c5fd
dsfn' j?0f 2049 1500 ;+v'jf;ef / ;f]n'v'Da'
lzjk'/L gfufh''{g 2058 159 sf7df8f}F, g'jfsf]6 / l;Gw''kfNrf]s
afFs] 2067 550 afFs]
k;f{ 2074 637.37 k;f{
z'SnfkmfF6f 2073 305 s+rgk'/
/If0f If]q
;+
;+/If0f If]qsf] gfd :yfkgf -lj=;=_ If]qkmn -ju{ ls=ld_ cjl:yt lhNnf
cGgk"0f{ 2049 7629 ndh'ª, dgfª, d':tfª, DofUbL, sf:sL
s+rgh+3f 2054 2035 tfKn]h'ª
dgf:n'' 2055 1663 ndh'ª, uf]vf{
s[i0f;f/ 2065 16.95 alb{of
clkgfDkf 2066 1903 bfr'{nf
uf}/Lz+s/ 2066 2179 /fd]5fk, b]fnvf / l;Gw'kfNrf]s
Gf]kfndf slt k|sf/sf cf}iflwo u0f / ;''uGwo'Qm jg:kltx?sf] klxrfg ePsf] 5 — &%)
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLs[t ePsf g]kfnsf /fli6«o lgs'~h M ;u/dfyf / lrtjg
/fli6«o ;+/If0f lbj; slxn] dgfOG5 M x/]s jif{ c;f]h & ut]
g]kfndf &# k|hfltsf :tgwf/L, !!# k|hfltsf r/f, @( k|hfltsf ;l/;[k, @ k|hfltsf peor/, # k|hfltsf k'tnL / $!& k|hfltsf
jg:klt ;fOl6; ;"rLdf ;"rLs[t 5g\ .
g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] /fli6«o lgs''~h M z] kmf]S;'G8f], #%%% ju{ ls=ld
g]kfnsf] ;aeGbf ;fgf] /fli6«o lgs''~h M /f/f
cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg M /fli6«o k|s[lt ;+/If0f sf]ifn]
xfn ljZjdf k|rngdf /x]s]f s'v'/fsf] j+zf0f''ut ;|f]t s'g r/fnfO{ dflgG5 M n''Or]
g]kfndf bL3{sfnLg jg ljsf; u'?of]hgf ;"? — ;g\ !(*(
g]kfndf jg hfFr c8\8fsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= !((!
g]kfndf lj=;=@)@) df jg If]qn] 9fs]]sf] e'efu $% k|ltzt lyof] eg] lj=;= @)#% df $) k|ltzt lyof] .
g]kfnsf jgnfO % efudf juL{s/0f ul/Psf] 5 M -;fd'bflos, sj'lnotL, wfld{s, lghL, ;+/lIft
27
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfndf ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmd ;'? — lj=;= @)#%
g]kfns]f lghL jgnfO /fli6«os/0f slxn] ul/of] — lj=;=@)!#
t/fO{s]f h+unfnfO s] elgG5 — emf]/f
n]ssf] h+unfnfO s] elG5 — kfn
/ftf] u'F/f;nfO s] elgG5 — nfnLu'F/f;
;]tf] u'F/f;nfO s] elgG5 — lrdfn
slxNo} kft gemg]{ jg:klt — vh'/
hGt'x? h:t} lx8\g ;Sg] lj?jf — d]gu|f]j
kmf]S;'08f]tfn
cjl:yt lhNnf — 8f]Nkf
;d'b| ;txb]lvsf] prfO — #^!# ld=
s'g lxdfnsf] sfvdf — sflGh/f]jf
nDafO — sl/a $=*@ ls=ld=
rf}8fO — !=^! ls=ld= /x]sf]
ulx/fO — ^%) ld6/
:yfgLo gfd — l/Udf]
s'g cfsf/sf] — Y cfsf/sf]
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf ulx/f] tfn — kmf]S;''G8f]
;'nLu9 vf]nf — sl/a !&^ ld6/sf] em/gf
/f/f tfn
cjl:yt lhNnf — d'u' lhNnf
;d''b| ;txb]lvsf] prfO — #@)) ld6/
If]qkmn — !! ju{ lsnf] ld6/
nDafO — %=@ ls=ld=
rf}8fO — @=$ ls=ld=
ulx/fO — !^& ld6/
dx]Gb|tfn egL 3f]if0ff — lj=;= @)@) r}q !#
o;af6 lg:s]sf] vf]nf — vTof8 v]fnf
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn — /f/f tfn
R5f]/f]Nkf tfn
cjl:yt lhNnf — bf]nvf lhNnf
;d'Gb| ;txb]lvsf] prfO — $,%*) ld6/
nDafO — # ls=ld=
28
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
rf}8fO — )=% ls=ld=
ulx/fO — !)) ld6/
slt kfgL /x]s]f — sl/a * s/f]8 3gld6/
km]jf tfn
cjl:yt lhNnf — sf:sL lhNnf
aLrdf /x]sf] dlGb/ — tfn a/fxL
nDafO — $=* ls=ld=
rf}8fO — !=% ls=ld=
ulx/fO — @$ ld= /x]sf]
s'g s'g vf]nfx? ldl;P/ ag]s]f — xk{g vf]nf / d;L{ vf]nf
jif]{gL slt If]qkmn k'l/b} uPsf] 5 — )=& ju{ lsnf]ld6/
pkgfd — a}bfd tfn
g]kfnsf] vlgh
g]kfndf vlgh ;fwgsf ;DefJo If]q
vlgh kfOg] :yfg
kmnfd km"nrf]sL, 7f];], lrtjg, s'n]vfgL, e}F;], Ko"7fg, aemfª, 8f]6L, nAwL
tfdf tfdfvfgL, l;dfvfgL, s''n]vfgL, a4vf]nf, alGbk'/, afx|la;], dfkmf{
ce|s ef]hk'/, 8f]6L, r}gk'/, /;'jf, aemfª, Hofld/], uf];fO{s'08, ;''Gb/Lhn
r''g9''Ëf rf]ef/, e};], lrtjg, wgs''6f, kfNkf, dsjfgk'/, uf]bfj/L, ;''v]{t
;L;f u0f]zlxdfn, km"nrf]sL, dsjfgk'/, afUn''ª, uNsf]6, a}t8L, ltKnLª,
h:tf u0f]zlxdfn, km"nrf]sL, dfh]/ v]fnf, gfDkf
uGws lr;fkfgL, uf];fOs'08, a/fxIf]q
v/L l;Gw'kfNrf]s, vf]6fª, ef]hk'/
:n]6 aGbLk'/, afUdtL, n''lDagL, u08sL, hgsk'/
dfj{n uf]bfj/L, dxfef/t kj{t z[+vnf
u]? l;Gw''kfNrf]s, rf}tf/f
sf]Onf bfª, ;Nofg, rf}tf/f, lrtjg, dsjfgk'/, sf7df8f}F pkTosf
k]6«f]lnod sf]Onfaf;, g]kfnu+h, d'lQmgfy, b}n]v, Ko''7fg, bfª
UofF; t/fO{sf], d'':tfª / sf7df8f}F pkTosf
;''g ;''gsf]zL, a'9Lu08sL, sfnLu08sL, l/pvf]nf, a]l/ª, sf]zL gbL
rfFbL lr;fkfgL afUn''ª, km"nrf]sL
sf]afN6 kfNkf, u'NdL, c3f{vfFrL, wgs'6f
;f]8f ;Nofg, 8f]6L
l;w]g'g, jL/]g'g, lgcf]j]/; uf]/vf, 88]Nw'/f, hfh/sf]6
/ cGo kTy/
lgs]n vf]slnª, gfDkf, 6''ªyfª, ef]n]{
DofUg];fO6 bf]nvfsf] vl/9''Ëf, pbok'/, d'':tfªsf] g''gvfgL
30
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfnsf k|d'v 3fF6L tyf e~Hofªx?
gfd lhNnf
lemg;fª, 3fª\nf, rfa's, l6ktfnf, vfª\nf tfKn]h'ª
ef6e6]gL, /funf, kf]k6L, l5/grf]ef,pDas ;+v'jf;ef
e'mdf sf]bf/L l;Gw''kfNrf]s
gfª\kf ;f]n'v'Da''
kmfª\km''ªnf, rfªr''dL, 5f6fª, kr]{ Sofdf d':tfª
Uofnf, d}nf6 ;flrª, ofG8f]n, nfHo''ª, yfKn], nfs]{ uf]vf{
v''ª, d]ªnf, Hofªr], lk08', dfl/d, ofgfª, sfªsª, cf/l/d, ofnf 8f]Nkf
nf]n'ª, lrdfnf, nfKr], rfª\nf, ;k]{, of/L x''Dnf
5ofª\nf, l6+s/ bfr'{nf
p/fO{ aemfª
/;'jfu9L /;''jf
gfDhf d''u'
32
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf cUnf] tyf cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf s]xL tYox?
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] xf]6n M xf]6n Pe/]i6 Eo''
;jf]{Rr :yfgdf /x]s]f em/gf M ;''lnu9 em/gf, #^!# ld=
cUnf] :yfgdf wfgv]tL M lhpnf], h''Dnf
cUnf] :yfgdf cfn''v]tL M r''ªs''ª, ;f]n'v'Da'' $$)) ld=
cUnf] :yfgdf kfOg] km'n M :6]nl/of 8]s'Da]g
cUnf} :yfgdf kfOg] Rofp M 6«oflkmgf g]kfn]lG;;
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]s]f tfn M ltlnrf] tfn, $(!( ld=
r''r'/f] M ;u/dfyf, **$* ld=
dlGb/ M Goftkf]n dlGb/
em/gf M k+rfn em/gf, sflnsf]6 #*! ld=
:tDe M czf]s :tDe, n'lDagL
k'n M s'':df an]jf k''n
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] /f=lgs''~h M ;u/dfyf
cUnf] :yfgaf6 ;''? ePsf] gbL M c?0f
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]s]f ;b/d''sfd M l;lds]f6, x''Dnf
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]s]f ljdfg:yn M :ofªaf]r]
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]s]f j:tL M 5fsf{ ef]6 / tf/fk ufFp
cUnf] :yfgdf /x]sf] 3fF6L M k''jL{Wofr, ^%&! ld=
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf xf]rf] :yfg tyf xf]rf] :yfgdf /x]sf ef}uf]lns tYox?
pkTosf M c?0f pkTosf
uN5L M cGwuN5L
lhNnf ;b/d'sfd M hn]Zj/
33
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
ङ्जिश्वको इङ्झतहास (History of the World)
१.४ ङ्जिश्वको इङ्झतहास- म्माग्नाकार्ाा, औद्योङ्झगक क्राङ्ञतत, फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञतत, अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभ, रुसी/अक्र्ोफय क्राङ्ञतत, प्रथभ य
ङ्छद्रतीम ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्ध तथा बायतीम स्िततरता सङ्ग्ग्राभ; घर्ना, कायण य ऩङ्चयणाभहरु
(History of the World - Magna Carta, Industrial revolution, French revolution, American war of independence, Russian revolution /
October revolution, First and Second World wars and Indian movement for independence; events, causes and effects.)
Major Events of World's History
MAGNACARTA (म्माग्नाकार्ाा)
Magna Carta Libertatum (the great charter of the liberties) ; (latin word)
फेरामती जनताहरुको स्िततरताको प्रथभ भहाअङ्झधकायऩर/भानि अङ्झधकाय ङ्जिकासको प्राचीन दस्तािेज
फेरामती नागङ्चयकको स्िततरताको प्रथभ फडाऩर (the great charter)
ङ्ट फीच बएको सॊ घर्ाको प्रङ्झतपर
शङ्ञिको राङ्झग याजा य धभागरु
स्र्े पेन फाङर्न (उच्च ऩादयी) य फोयोन बूङ्झभऩङ्झतहरुरे तमाय गये का
भहाअङ्झधकाय ऩरभा हस्ताऺय गने फेरामती तत्कारीन याजा जोन (King John)
हस्ताऺय - सन् १२१५ जङ्टन १५
हस्ताऺय गङ्चयएको स्थान – Runnymede (यङ्झनभेड )-रण्डनफार् १९ भाइर दूयी
फेरामती याजा य जनता फीचको आऩसी सभझदायीराई ङ्झनधााङ्चयत गये को
याजा जोनराई म्माग्नाकार्ााभा हस्ताऺय गना फाध्म ऩाने - English Barons (बूङ्झभऩङ्झतहरु)
म्माग्नाकार्ाा सॊ शोधनऩश्चात् कङ्जहरे पाइनर म्माग्नाकार्ााका रुऩभा प्रकाशभा आमो ? सन् १२२५ जङ्टन २५
पाइनर म्माग्नाकार्ााभा हस्ताऺय गने याजा को हङ्टन ् ? - याजा हे नयी तृतीम
म्माग्नाकार्ाा कङ्टन याजाको ऩाराभा सॊ शोधन बएको हो ? - याजा हेनयी तृतीम
म्माग्नाकार्ााभा कङ्झत दपा ङ्झथए ? - ६३ दपा
म्माग्नाकार्ााको कङ्टन धायारे प्रत्मेक व्मङ्ञिराई कानूनअनङ्टसाय नै दण्ड ङ्छदइनेछ बङ्ङे कङ्टयाको ग्माये तर्ी गये को ङ्झथमो? - धाया ३९
म्माग्नाकार्ााको ४०औ ॊ धायाभा के उल्रे ख छ ? – हाभी (याजा) रे कसै राई ऩङ्झन अङ्झधकाय िा तमाम फेच्ने छै नौँ, तमाम प्रदान गनाभा ङ्जढराई
गने छै नौँ य तमाम ङ्छदन इतकाय ऩङ्झन गने छै नौँ ।
34
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
म्माग्नाकार्ााका भूख्म भूख्म प्रािधानहरु्
जनताराई व्मङ्ञिगत स्िततरता एिभ् सम्ऩङ्ञत्तको अङ्झधकाय हङ्टने
सॊ सदको स्िीकृङ्झत फेगय याजारे कङ्टनै प्रकायको कय रगाउॉन िा उठाउन नऩाउने
याजारे सॊ सदको अङ्झधिेशन ङ्झनमङ्झभत फोराउनङ्ट ऩने
ऐन ऩाङ्चयत गने अङ्झधकाय सॊ सदराई हङ्टने
कानङ्टनरे तोकेबतदा फढी सजाम नगङ्चयने
कानङ्टनको उङ्ञचत प्रकृमाङ्जिना व्मङ्ञिराई थङ्टनाभा याख्न य दे श ङ्झनकारा गना नऩाइने
तमाम ङ्छदनभा ङ्जढराई एिभ् इतकाय नगङ्चयने
भृत्मङ्टदण्डको सजाम नङ्छदइने
ा को अङ्झधकाय जनतासॉग सङ्टयङ्ञऺत यहने
ऩूऩऺ
ऩङ्टनजाागयण (Renaissance/Reformation)
ऩङ्टनजाागयणको अथा् पेङ्चय जाग्नङ्ट ।
चौधौँ दे ङ्ञख सोह्रौँ शताब्दीसम्भ मङ्टयोङ्जऩमन फौङ्जद्धक ऺेरभा आएको जागयण
ऩङ्चयितान् प्राचीन योभन य ग्रीक सभ्मता, सॉस्कृङ्झत य ऻानराई ऩङ्टनजॉङ्जित गयाएको, भध्ममङ्टगीन साभङ्ञतत व्मिस्था य चचाको अध्ॉ मायोरे गाॉजेको
साॉस्कृङ्झतक अधोगभनराई अतत्म, करा, ङ्जिऻान, साङ्जहत्म य मङ्टयोऩेरी बार्ाहरुको ङ्जिकास तथा सङ्टनौरो इङ्झतहासराई ऩङ्टनजॉिन ङ्छदएको
शङ्टरुिात कङ्टन दे शफार्् इर्ारीफार् शङ्टरु बै मङ्टयोऩबय पैङ्झरएको
ऩङ्टनजाागयण कारका भहान साङ्जहत्मकायहरु् दाॉते, ऩेर्ाका, फोक्काङ्झसमो, जोफ्रे, चौसय, ङ्जिङ्झरमभ सेक्सङ्जऩमय, फ्राङ्ञतसस िेकन आङ्छद
ऩङ्टनजाागयण ल्माउने प्रभङ्टख तीन साङ्जहत्मकाय् दाॉते, ऩेट्राक य फोक्काङ्झसमो
ऩङ्टनजाागयणका प्रथभ व्मङ्ञि बनी कसराई बङ्झनतछ ? दाॉते
दाॉतेको जतभ कङ्जहरे बएको हो ? सन् १२६६, इर्ारी
'ङ्झडबाइन कभेडी' कसरे रेखेका हङ्टन ् ? दाॉते
ऩङ्टनजाागयण कारका िैऻाङ्झनकहरु् ङ्झनकोरस कऩङ्झनक
ा स, सय आइज्माक तमङ्टर्न, ङ्जिङ्झरमभ हािे, हेल्भोतर्, ग्माङ्झरङ्झरमो ग्माङ्झररी, गीरिर्ॊ,
स्र्े बन आदी
ङ्ट (Crusaole), ऩूिॉम दशान य सॉस्कृङ्झतसॉग
ऩङ्टनजाागयणका कायणहरु् व्माऩाय ङ्जिस्ताय, भानिताको प्रचाय, ऩङ्ञण्डतऩथ (Scholoasticism), धभामद्ध
सम्ऩका आङ्छद
"ङ्ञचर भङ्ञस्तष्कफार् फनाइतछ, हातफार् होइन ।" – भाइकर एतजेरो
ङ्झरमोनादो दा ङ्झबतचीका ङ्जिश्व चङ्ञचत
ा भोनाङ्झरसा मसै अिङ्झधभा फनाएका
ऩङ्टनजाागयणबतदा अङ्ञघ प्रचङ्झरत बार्ाहरु् योभन, ग्रीक य ल्माङ्जर्न बार्ा
ऩङ्टनजाागयणऩङ्झछ प्रचङ्झरत बार्ाहरु् अॊ ग्रज
े ी, फ्रेतच, जभान, स्ऩेङ्झनश य इर्ाङ्झरन आङ्छद
ऩङ्टनजाागयणको परस्िरुऩ बौगोङ्झरक खोजीका क्रभभा ऩत्ता रागेका दे शहरु् अभेङ्चयका, बायत, ङ्जपङ्झरङ्जऩतस आङ्छद
ङ्जपङ्झरङ्जऩतस ऩत्ता रगाउने नाङ्झबक् भाजनर
मङ्टयोऩफार् बायत आउने साभङ्टङ्छिक फार्ो ऩत्ता रगाउॉने नाङ्झबक् बास्को ङ्झड गाभा
तमूपाउतडल्माण्ड ऩत्ता रगाउने् भेडोरेन
ऩृथ्िी सूमक ॉ ै जराइएका िैऻाङ्झनक् ङ्झगहाङ्झडानो िन
ा ो िङ्चयऩङ्चय घङ्टम्छ बङ्ङे तका ऩेश गये को आयोऩभा ज्मूद ङ्ट ो
सन् १७४८ भा प्रकाङ्ञशत द ङ्ञस्ऩङ्चयर् अप र नाभक ऩङ्टस्तकका रेखक् भतर्े स्यू
"Man is born free but everywhere he is in chain." – रुसो
"Nature is far better than civilization." - रुसो
"The administration of the finances of France" ऩङ्टस्तकका रे खक् ज्माक नेकय
36
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञतत (French revolution)
क्राङ्ञतत सभम् सन् १७८९
कायण् तत्कारीन शासकहरुको जनङ्जियोधी, स्िेच्छाचायी, ङ्झनयॊ कङ्टश य भ्रष्ट नीङ्झत, आङ्झथक
ा ङ्जिश्रृङ्खरता, अथाभतरी क्रोनको गरत नीङ्झत, याजारे
आपूराई ईश्वय ठाङ्ङङ्ट (I am the State-भ नै याज्म हङ्टॉ), धाङ्झभक
ा स्िततरता नहङ्टन ङ्ट (तत्कारीन याजधभा-याथोङ्झरक), अत्माचायी चचा, केङ्ञतिकृत
शासन, सङ्टङ्जिधाप्राद्ऱ िगा (ऩादयी य कङ्टरीन) य सङ्टङ्जिधाङ्जिङ्जहन िगाभा सभाज फाॉङ्झडनङ्ट ।
तत्कारीन याजा् रङ्टइ सौह्रौँ
उऩनाभ/ङ्जिशेर्ता् फ्रातसको गृहमङ्टद्ध, फौङ्जद्धक क्राङ्ञतत, अठायौं शताब्दीको भहत्िऩूणा क्राङ्ञतत, ङ्जिचायको रडाइॉ
ऩङ्चयणाभ् ङ्झनयॊ कङ्टश याजततरको अतत्म, भानिाङ्झधकायको घोर्णा, याङ्जष्डम बािनाको प्रचाय, धाङ्झभक
ा स्िततरता, सॊ ङ्जिधानको भस्मौदा तमाय,
सॊ सायबय प्रजाततरका आधायबूत ङ्झसद्धाततको शङ्टरुिात
ॊ ो ऩाराभा याजारे जनताराई ङ्जिना अङ्झबमोग ङ्झगयफ्ताय गना ऩाउॉने अङ्झधकाय् Letter de chachet
रङ्टई १६औक
तत्काङ्झरन फ्रातसको सॊ सदको नाभ् स्र्े र् जनयर (1187 सदस्मीम)
याज्मक्राङ्ञततताका फ्रातसको सॊ सदभा तीन हाउस ङ्झथए ।
ऩङ्जहरो हाउस (First state): ऩादयी - 308 सदस्मीम,
दोश्रो हाउस (Second state): कङ्टरीन िगा – 258 सदस्मीम,
तेश्रो हाउस (Third state): सिासाधायण जनता – 621 सदस्मीम
फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञततताका त्महाॉ 390 जङ्झत कानङ्टन ङ्झथए
'भ नै याज्म हङ्टॉ । (I am the state.)' रङ्टई चौधौँ
'भेयो यगत फ्रातसको सभृङ्जद्धको कायण फनोस्, याज्म अभय यहोस् ।' रङ्टई सोह्रौँ (ङ्झनयॊ कङ्टश शासक)
'भ्रष्ट चचाराई नष्ट गङ्चयदे उ ।'- बोल्र्े मय
'भाङ्झनस स्िततर जतभतछ तय सिार साङ्ग्रोरे फाॉङ्झधतछ ।' – रुसो
साभाङ्ञजक सम्झौता (Social contract) का रेखक - रुसो
शङ्ञि ऩृथङ्जककयण ङ्झसद्धाततका प्रङ्झतऩादक – ङ्छददे यो
ङ्जिश्वकोर् (Encyclopedia) का रेखक – ङ्छददे यो
फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञततसॉग सम्फङ्ञतधत ङ्जिद्रानहरु: बोल्र्े मय, रुसो, ङ्छददे यो
क्राङ्ञततअङ्ञघ ङ्जकसानहरुरे याज्मराई उब्जनीको ८०% सम्भ कय ङ्झतनङ्टऩ
ा थ्मो ।
भृत्मङ्टदण्ड् रङ्टई सौह्रौँराई – १७९३ जनियी २१ भा ङ्ञजरेङ्जर्नरे कार्े य
भृत्मङ्टदण्ड् उनकी भहायानी एतर्ोनेर्राई – १७९३ अक्र्ोफय १६ भा
फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञततऩङ्झछ 'याज्मक्राङ्ञततका ऩूर' भाङ्झनने नेऩोङ्झरमन फोनाऩार्ा सत्ताभा आए
नेऩोङ्झरमन फोनाऩार्ारे कानूनहरुको सॊ करन य ऩङ्चयभाजान गयी दे शबयी रागू हङ्टनेगयी एकैप्रकायको कानङ्टन ङ्झनकारेका ङ्झथए । जसराई
नेऩोङ्झरमन कोड बङ्झनतछ ।
37
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
स्िततरता सङ्ग्ग्राभका कभाण्डय् जजा िाङ्झसङ्ग्र्न (१७८३ भा उनी नै स्िततर अभेङ्चयकाका प्रथभ याष्डऩङ्झत फने)
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभको नाया् भृत्मङ्ट दे उ िा स्िततरता
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभभा भहत्िऩूणा मोगदान ङ्छदने ङ्जिद्रानहरु् स्माभङ्टएर एडम्स, जोन एडम्स य थोभस ऩेन
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभका क्रभभा अखफाय, रेख आङ्छद भापात् जागयण ल्माउने भूख्म व्मङ्ञि को ङ्झथए ? स्माभङ्टअर एडम्स
ङ्जििोहीहरुराई गोप्मरुऩभा हातहङ्झतमाय य यासन कसरे उऩरब्ध गयाएका ङ्झथए ? फ्रातसका याजा रङ्टई सोह्रौँ
सॊ ग्राभ अिङ्झधबय ङ्जिपयको भहाभायीका कायण १३०००० बतदा फढीको भृत्मङ्ट बएको ङ्झथमो बने कङ्झत अभेङ्चयकी ङ्जििोहीहरुको भृत्मङ्ट बएको
ङ्झथमो ? २५००० जना (तीभध्मे रडाईँका क्रभभा ८००० को भृत्मङ्ट बएको)
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरताका फखत ङ्झिर्े नका प्रधानभतरी को ङ्झथए ? जजा ग्रेनङ्झबरी
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभका क्रभभा ङ्झिर्े नरे ८० ङ्झभङ्झरमन ऩाउण्ड खचा गर्मो बने फ्रातसरे कङ्झत ? ५६ ङ्झभङ्झरमन ऩाउण्ड (फ्रातसको मसै
खचाका कायण फ्रातसको याज्मक्राङ्ञतत हङ्टन भद्दत गर्मो)
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभका क्रभभा अभेङ्चयकारे कङ्झत खचा गर्मो ? १५१ ङ्झभङ्झरमन डरय
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरताको घोर्णाऩर तमाय गने सङ्झभङ्झतका अध्मऺता् थोभस जेपयसन
मङ्टद्धभा फेरामत ऩयाङ्ञजत बएऩङ्झछ सन् १७८३ भा कङ्टन सङ्ञतध बएको ङ्झथमो ? बसाामरको सतधी
बसााइरको सतधी कङ्टन ठाउॉभा बएको ङ्झथमो ? फ्रातस
अभेङ्चयकी स्िततरताको घोर्णाभा कङ्झतजना व्मङ्ञिरे हस्ताऺय गये का ङ्झथए ? ५६ जना
स्िततर अभेङ्चयकाका दङ्टई सदनात्भक सॊ सदको व्मिस्था् प्रङ्झतङ्झनध सबा य ङ्झसनेर्
अभेङ्चयकाभा प्रथभ सॊ ङ्जिधान कङ्जहरे ऩाङ्चयत बमो ? सन् १७८८ जङ्टन २१
अभेङ्चयकाभा सॊ घीम सॊ ङ्जिधान कङ्जहरे रागू बमो ? सन् १७८९ भाचा ४
अभेङ्चयकाको याजधानी िाङ्झसङ्ग्र्न ङ्झडसी नाभाकयण् स्िततरता मङ्टद्धका कभाण्डय एिभ् प्रथभ याष्डऩङ्झत जजा िाङ्झसङ्ग्र्नको नाउॉफार् गङ्चयएको
स्िततर अभेङ्चयकाका प्रथभ याष्डऩङ्झत जजा िाङ्झसङ्ग्र्न कङ्जहरे याष्डऩङ्झत फने ? १७८९ अङ्जप्रर ३०
39
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्व मङ्टद्ध कङ्झत अिङ्झधसम्भ चल्मो ? ४ िर्ा ३ भङ्जहना ११ ङ्छदन (१५६१ ङ्छदन)
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धका क्रभभा ङ्जिश्व प्रबूत्ि िा सिानाश (World power or downfall) को नीङ्झत ङ्झरने को ङ्झथए ? जभानीका सम्रार् कैजय ङ्जिङ्झरमभ
ङ्जद्धतीम
र्की साम्राज्म अततगात ऩने ग्रीस, फङ्टल्गेङ्चयमा, सङ्जिम
ा ा, भेसोडोङ्झनमाराई के बङ्झनतथ्मो ? अर्ोभन अम्ऩाएय (Ottoman empire)
ा सम्भेरनरे फोङ्ञस्नमा य हजागोङ्झबनाराई कङ्टन दे श अततगात याङ्ञखङ्छदएको ङ्झथमो ? अङ्जष्डमा-हॊ गेयी
सन् १८७८ भा बएको फङ्झरन
जभानी एकीकयणको राङ्झग बएको कङ्टन मङ्टद्धभा जभानीरे फ्रातसराई ऩयाङ्ञजत गये को ङ्झथमो ? सन् १८७१ को मङ्टद्धभा
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धको सभमभा नेऩारका प्रधानभतरी को ङ्झथए ? चति शभशेय
े हरुराई सहमोग गना चति शभशेयरे कङ्झत पौज ऩठाएका ङ्झथए ? फफय शभशेयको नेतत्ृ िभा ७५०० जना
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धभा अॊ ग्रज
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धभा नेऩाररे अॊ ग्रज
े राई कङ्झत नगद सहमोग गये को ङ्झथमो ? १० राख ऩाउण्ड
ङ्जिश्व मङ्टद्धभा सहमोग गये फाऩत नेऩार सयकयारे ङ्झिङ्जर्श बायत सयकायफार् प्रङ्झतिर्ा कङ्झत रुऩैमाॉ नगद सहमोग ऩाउॉने बमो ? १० राख रुऩैमाॉ
प्रङ्झतिर्ा
े सयकायफार् प्राद्ऱ सम्भाङ्झनत ऩद कङ्टन हो ? ङ्झबक्र्ोङ्चयमा क्रस (VC)
ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धभा िीयता प्रदशान गये फाऩत नेऩारी पौजरे अॊ ग्रज
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्वमङ्टद्धभा ङ्झबक्र्ोङ्चयमा क्रसरे सम्भाङ्झनत नेऩारी सै ङ्झनक को हङ्टन ् ? कूरिीय थाऩा य कणाफहादङ्टय यानाभगय
"भ भेया सेनाराई ङ्जिश्वका जङ्टनसङ्टकै सेनासॉग रड्न ऩठाउॉन सक्छङ्ट तय गोखाारी सै ङ्झनकको नाभ सङ्टङ्ङासाथ भेयो भङ्टर्ङ्ट थकातछ ।" कसको बनाई
हो ? जभान सम्रार् कैजय ङ्जिङ्झरमभ ङ्जद्धतीम
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय याष्डसॊ घको प्रशासन अततगात याङ्ञखएका ठाउॉहरु कङ्टन कङ्टन ङ्झथए ? साय ऺेर य डाङ्ञतजङ ऺेर
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय ङ्झरथङ्टआङ्झनमाराई कङ्टन सहय ङ्छदने ङ्झनणाम गङ्चयएको हो ? भेभरको सहय
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय जभानीरे कङ्झत मङ्टद्धऩोत याख्न ऩाउॉथ्मो ? फढीभा ६
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय जभानीरे सायको कोइरा उत्ऩादन ऺेर कङ्झत िर्ाका राङ्झग फ्रातसराई ङ्छदनङ्टऩने बमो ? १५ िर्ा
प्रथभ ङ्जिश्व मङ्टद्धऩश्चात् सम्ऩङ्ङ बसे ल्स/बसााइर सतधी्
बसे ल्स/बसााइरको सतधी् १९१९ जङ्टन २८ (मसै सतधीफार् २० िर्ासम्भ मङ्टद्ध नगने बनी तोङ्जकएको)
बसे ल्स सतधीफार् जभानीरे आफ्नो कङ्झत बूबाग य जनता गङ्टभाएको ङ्झथमो ? १३% बूबाग य कङ्चयफ ६५ राख जनता
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय फ्रातसरे ङ्जपताा ऩाएका ठाउॉहरु कङ्टन कङ्टन हङ्टन ् ? एल्सेस य रोये न
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय डेनभाकारे प्राद्ऱ गये को ठाउॉ कङ्टन हो ? उत्तयी स्रेसिी
बसे ल्स सतधी अनङ्टसाय ऩोल्माण्डरे प्राद्ऱ गये का ठाउॉहरु कङ्टन कङ्टन हङ्टन ् ? ऩोङ्झरस कोङ्चयडोय ऩोसेन, ऩङ्ञश्चभी ऩङ्झसम
ा ा य अऩय ङ्झसरेङ्झसमा
42
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
उग्रिादी मङ्टग् सन् १९०६ दे ङ्ञख सन् १९१८
गातधी मङ्टग् सन् १९१९ दे ङ्ञख सन् १९४७
बायतभा फेरामती उऩङ्झनिेशफार् भङ्टि गनाका राङ्झग बएको आतदोरन नै बायतीम स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभ हो ।
बायतभा फेरामती साम्राज्म अततगात इष्ट इङ्ञण्डमा कम्ऩनीरे गये को शासन अिङ्झध् सन् १६१२ दे ङ्ञख सन् १७५७ सम्भ (जम्भा १४५ िर्ा)
फेरामतरे बायतको रगबग सम्ऩूणा बू-बागभा औऩङ्झनिेङ्ञशक स्थाऩना् सन् १८४०
ङ्झिङ्जर्श इङ्ञण्डमा कम्ऩनी ङ्जिरुद्ध असपर ङ्जििोह् सन् १८५७ (बायतीम स्िततरताको प्रथभ सॊ ग्राभ)
बायतभा ङ्झसऩाही ङ्जििोह् सन् १८५७
शॊकय घोर्रे नेशनर सोसाइर्ीको स्थाऩना् सन् १८७०
बायतीम स्िततरता आतदोरनका एक प्रभङ्टख याजनैङ्झतक एिभ् आध्माङ्ञत्भक नेता् भहात्भा गातधी
अङ्जहॊसािादी आतदोरनका नेताहरु् भहात्भा गातधी, चतिशेखय आजाद, सयदाय बगत ङ्झसॊह, सङ्टखदे ि याजगङ्टरु, नेताजी सङ्टिासचति फोस आदी
बायतीम काॊग्रस
े को स्थाऩना् सन् १८८५ ङ्झडसेम्फय २८
गातधी दङ्ञऺण अङ्जफ्रकाफार् बायत फस्नको राङ्झग पकेका् सन् १९१५ जनियी ९ चम्ऩायन य खेडा सत्माग्रह् सन् १९१८
जाङ्झरमािारा िाग हत्माकाण्ड् सन् १९१९
Home Rule Movement को सञ्चारन कसरे गये का हङ्टन ् ? फार गॊगाधय ङ्झतरक (सन् १९१६)
भहात्भा गातधीरे ङ्ञखरापत आतदोरनको घोर्णा् सन् १९१९
भहात्भा गातधीरे असहमोग आतदोरन सञ्चारन् सन् १९२०
भोहनदास कयभचतद गातधीराई भहात्भा गातधी बङ्ङ थाङ्झरएको् सन् १९२० (असहमोग आतदोरनऩङ्झछ)
सङ्जिनम अिऻा आतदोरन् सन् १९३०
नङ्टन कयङ्जिरुद्ध दाण्डी भाचा् सन् १९४१
बायत छोड आतदोरन घोर्णा् १९४२ जङ्टराई १४
बायतको शासन बायतीमराई सङ्टम्ऩने ङ्झिङ्जर्श बायत प्रधानभतरी क्रेभेतर् एर्रीको घोर्णा् सन् १९४७ जनियी २०
"Division will be on my dead body." भहात्भा गातधी
ऩाङ्जकस्तान स्िततर याष्डको रुऩभा घोर्णा् १९४७ अगष्ट १४ याती ११:५७
स्िततर ऩाङ्जकस्तानका प्रथभ प्रधानभतरी् ङ्झरमाकर अरी खाॉ
स्िततर ऩाङ्जकस्तानका प्रथभ गबनाय् भोहम्भद अरी ङ्ञजङ्ङा
बायत स्िततर याष्डको रुऩभा घोर्णा् १९४७ अगष्ट १५ याती१२:०२
स्िततर बायतका प्रथभ प्रधानभतरी् जिाहयरार नेहरु
स्िततर बायतका प्रथभ याष्डऩङ्झत् डा. याजेति प्रसाद
बायत स्िततर हङ्टॉदा ५६५ याज्मभा ङ्जिबाङ्ञजत ङ्झथमो ।
स-साना याज्महरुराई एकङ्झरत गने ङ्ञजम्भेिायी् सयदाय बाइ ऩर्े र
बायतका र्ङ्ट ङ्जक्रएका याज्मराई एकीकृत गना ङ्झरइएको नीङ्झत् भखभरी ऩतजाभा पराभे भङ्टठ्ठी (Iron fist in a valvet)
है दयािाद बायतभा ङ्जिरम् सन् १९५६
कश्भीय बायतभा एकीकयण गने ङ्ञजम्भेिायी् जिाहयरार नेहरु
कश्भीय याज्म बायतभा एकीकयण बएको घोर्णा् १९४७ अक्र्ोफय २७ (ऩाङ्जकस्तानरे घोर्णा स्िीकाय गये को छै न)
बायतभा ङ्झिङ्जर्श सयकाय ङ्जिरुद्ध सॊ गठीत सै ङ्झनक ङ्जििोहको शङ्टरुिात् फॊ गार
ङ्ट रुऩभा ङ्छदइएको नाभ् रार-फार-ऩार (रारयाजऩत याई, फारगॊगाधय ङ्झतरक, ङ्जिङ्जऩन
बायतीम स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभका ३ हस्तीहरुराई सॊ मि
चतद ऩार)
'स्ियाज (Self-government) भेयो जतभङ्झसद्ध अङ्झधकाय हो य भ त्मो प्राद्ऱ गये यै छोड्् ।' फारगॊगाधाय ङ्झतरक
बायतीम स्िततरता सॊ ग्राभका फखत थङ्टङ्झनएका फतदीहरुराई छङ्ट र्ाउॉन बएको सतधी् गातधी-अिॉन सतधी
गातधी-अिॉन सतधी् सन् १९३१ भाचा ५
बायतका अङ्ञततभ ङ्झिङ्जर्श गबनाय तथा स्िततर बायतका प्रथभ गबनाय् रङ्टइस भाउतर्िेर्न
भाउतर्िेर्नऩङ्झछ बायतका गबनाय जनयर् चक्रितॉ याजगोऩारचायी (सन् १९४८)
नमाॉ सॊ ङ्जिधानभापात् बायतराई गणततरात्भक याष्ड घोर्णा् २६ जनियी १९५०
बनााकङ्टरय प्रेस एक्र् ऩाङ्चयत गयी सभाचायऩरभा सेतसय रगाउॉने अॊ गेयेज शासक् रडा ङ्झरट्टन
43
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
बायतीम आतदोरनराई ङ्झसङ्झथर फनाउॉने उद्देश्मरे ल्माएको भोये रे ङ्झभतर्ो सङ्टधाय मोजना रागू् सन् १९०९
फेरामती कऩडा उद्योगराई धयाशामी फनाउॉने उद्देश्मरे भहात्भा गातधीरे चखाा आतदोरन शङ्टरु् सन् १९२०
44
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
एडोल्प ङ्जहर्रय जभानीका चातसरय् सन् १९३३
नाथङ्टयाभ गोड्सेद्राया भहात्भा गातधीको हत्मा् सन् १९४८
िाङडङ्टङ सम्भेरन् १९५५
रुसी अततयीऺमारी मङ्टयी गागङ्चयनद्राया अततङ्चयऺ मारा, हिाइ दङ्टघर् ङ्ट
ा नाभा सॊ मि याष्डसॊ घका भहासङ्ञचि ड्याग ह्याभयशोल्डको भृत्मङ्ट् सन्
१९६२
जोन एप केनेडी अभेङ्चयकाको याष्डऩङ्झत य हत्मा् सन् १९६०-१९६३
ऩङ्जहरो र्े स्र्ट्यङ्टि फेफी रङ्टइस िाउन (फेरामतभा) य दोश्रो र्े स्र्ट्यङ्टि फेफी दूगााको (बायतभा) जतभ् सन् १९७८
इङ्ञतदया गातधीको हत्मा, याजीि गातधी बायतका प्रधानभतरी, ङ्जिश्वको सफैबतदा ठू रो औद्योङ्झगक दङ्टघर्
ा ना (बोऩार ग्माॉस काण्ड): सन् १८८४
भदय र्े येसाको ङ्झनधन् सन् १९९७ सेप्र्े म्फय ५
अभेङ्चयकाको िल्डा ट्रेड सेतर्यभा आतॊ ककायी आक्रभण् सन् २००१ से प्र्े म्फय ११
श्रीरॊ काभा २५ िर्े राभो गृहय्द्द्ध सभाद्ऱ् सन् २००९
बेनेजएङ्ट राका याष्डऩङ्झत ह्यूगो चािेजको भृत्मङ्ट् २०१३ भाचा ५
'आइयन रेडी' को उऩनाभरे चङ्ञचत
ा फेरामती प्रधानभतरी भागायेर् थ्माचयको ङ्झनधन् २०१३ अङ्जप्रर ८
मङ्टयोऩेरी मङ्टङ्झनमन (EU) को २८औ ॊ सदस्म् क्रोएङ्ञशमा, २०१३ जङ्टराई १
ङ्ट याष्डसॊ घको सङ्टयऺा ऩङ्चयर्दको सदस्मता साउदी अयफद्राया अस्िीकाय (अस्िीकाय गनेभा प्रथभ भङ्टरक
सॊ मि ङ्ट ): २०१३ अक्र्ोफय १८
नोफेर ऩङ्टयस्कायफार् सभेत सम्भाङ्झनत दङ्ञऺण अङ्जफ्रकाका याष्डऩङ्झत नेल्सन भण्डेराको ङ्झनधन् २०१३ ङ्झडसेम्फय ५
ङ्ञचङ्झनमा अततङ्चयऺमान चाङ्गे-३ सन् १९७६ ऩङ्झछ चतिधयातरभा सहज अितयण गने ऩङ्जहरो मान् २०१३ ङ्झडसेम्फय ७
राङ्ञत्बमारे आङ्झधकाङ्चयक रुऩभा मङ्टयो भङ्टिा अॊ ङ्झगकाय गने ङ्झनणाम गयी मङ्टयोजोनको १८औ ॊ सदस्म् २०१४ जनियी १
ऩङ्ञश्चभ अङ्जफ्रकाभा इफोरा योगको भहाबायी् २०१४ पेिअ
ङ्ट यी
ङ्ट
सॊ मि याष्डसॊ घ साधायणसबारे ङ्चयजोरङ्टसन ६८/२६२ ऩाङ्चयत गदै जनभतसॊ ग्रहको ऩङ्चयणाभ अस्िीकाय गदै क्राइङ्झभमा मङ्टक्रेनकै अततयााङ्जष्डम
सीभाङ्झबर यहेको ङ्झनणाम् २०१४ भाचा २७ (जनभत सॊ ग्रह २०१४ भाचा १६ भा)
अभेङ्चयकी सेनाद्राया इयाकभा ISIS ङ्जििोहीङ्जिरुद्ध आक्रभण शङ्टरु् २०१४ अगष्ट ८
'ङ्झभसाइर म्मान' का उऩनाभरे ङ्ञचङ्झनने बायतका ऩूि ा याष्डऩङ्झत एङ्जऩजे अब्दङ्टर कराभको ङ्झनधन् २०१५ सेप्र्े म्फय
45
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
नेऩारको इङ्झतहास
ङ्ट
नेऩार एक प्राचीन भङ्टरक
प्राचीन बूङ्झभको रूऩभा िणान = अथिा ऩङ्चयङ्ञशष्ट, याभामण, भहाबायत आङ्छद
कयीफ १३ कयोड िर्ाअगाङ्झड = फनेका ऩिात शृङ्खराहरू य उऩत्मकाहरू
याभाङ्जऩथेकस भानिको अिशेर् = फङ्टर्िरऺेरभा एक कयोड िर्ाबतदा अगाङ्झडदे ङ्ञख नै नेऩारभा भानिको फसोफास सङ्टरू बइसकेको तथ्म
भहाबायत िनऩिाभा = नेऩारराई ङ्जिर्म (ङ्ञजल्रा) को रूऩभा िणान
जैन ग्रतथ आिश्मक सूर = नेऩारको फाये भा उल्रेख
कौङ्जर्ल्मको अथाशास्त्र (ई.ऩू. चौथो शताब्दी) = नेऩारको फाये भा उल्रेख
ङ्जि.सॊ . ५६९ को ङ्जर्स्र्ङ्ट ङ अङ्झबरेख = ऩङ्जहरोऩर्क नेऩार शब्दको उल्रेख
नेऩारराई सत्ममङ्टगभा सत्मिती, रेतामङ्टगभा तऩोिन य द्राऩयमङ्टगभा भङ्टङ्ञिसोऩान बङ्झनतथ्मो ।
46
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
गोऩारिॊशी शासकहरु
नेऩारका प्रथभ याजाहरू गोऩारिॊशी य शासनकेति भातातीथाभा ङ्झथमो ।
गोऩार बङ्ङारे गाईऩारक सभङ्टदाम बङ्ङे फङ्टङ्ञझतछ ।
र्े कङ्ट दोबानभा तऩस्मा गयी फस्ने ‘न’े भङ्टनीरे गोऩारिॊशका ब ङ्टिभान (बूङ्झभगङ्टद्ऱ) राई याजा फनाए । जो नेऩारका प्रथभ याजा हङ्टन ।
गोऩारिॊशी 8 जना शासकहरू (बूङ्झभगङ्टद्ऱ/ब ङ्टिभान, जमगङ्टद्ऱ, धभागद्ऱ
ङ्ट , हर्ागद्ऱ
ङ्ट , बीभगङ्टद्ऱ, भङ्ञणगङ्टद्ऱ, ङ्जिष्णङ्टगद्ऱ
ङ्ट य जीनगङ्टद्ऱ/मऺगङ्टद्ऱ) रे कयीफ
५०५ िर्ा ३ भङ्जहना नेऩारको शासन गये । (521 फर्ा ऩङ्झन उल्रेख)
गोऩारिॊशका अङ्ञततभ याजा मऺगङ्टद्ऱ ।
भङ्जहर्ऩारिॊशी याजाहरु
गोऩारिॊशका मऺ गङ्टद्ऱराई मङ्टद्धभा ऩयाङ्ञजत गयी भङ्जहर्ऩारहरूरे नेऩारको शासनभा ङ्झनमतरण कामभ गये ।
बैसी ऩाल्नेराई भङ्जहर्ऩार/आङ्झबय बङ्झनतथ्मो ।
मस िॊशका प्रथभ याजा ियङ्झसॊह हङ्टन ् ।
मस िॊशका अङ्ञततभ याजा ब ङ्टिन ङ्झसॉह हङ्टन ् । ङ्जमनराई ङ्जकयाॉती याजा मरम्फयरे ऩयाङ्ञजत गयी ङ्जकयाॉतकार शङ्टरु बएको ।
ङ्ट नङ्झसॊहरे क्रभश् ४९ िर्ा, ७१ िर्ा २ भङ्जहना य ४१ िर्ा गयी
गोऩारिॊशािरीअनङ्टसाय मस िॊशका तीन शासकहरू ियङ्झसॊह, जमङ्झसॊह य बि
जम्भा १६१ िर्ा २ भङ्जहना शासन गये का ङ्झथए । (१११ फर्ा ऩङ्झन उल्रेख)
ङ्जकयाॉतिॊशी याजाहरु
आङ्झबयिॊ शका अङ्ञततभ याजा ब ङ्टिनङ्झसॊहराई मङ्टद्धभा ऩयाङ्ञजत गयी ङ्जकयातिॊ शी याजा मरङ्टङ िा मरम्फयरे शासनभा ङ्झनमतरण कामभ गये का
ङ्झथए ।
द्राऩयमङ्टगको अतत्म िा कङ्झरमङ्टगको प्रायम्बङ्झतय छै ठौं शताब्दीभा घर्े को
ऐङ्झतहाङ्झसक घर्नाक्रभको सङ्टरूिात ङ्जकयाती याजाहरूफार्ै बएको भाङ्झनतछ
२९ ऩङ्टस्ताका ३२ याजाहरूरे ५०० िर्ा जङ्झत शासन चराएको
मरम्फय : ङ्जकयात याज्मका सॊ स्थाऩक जसरे ब ङ्टिनङ्झसॊहराई हयाएका
हङ्टभङ्झत : छै ठौँ ङ्जकयाती याजा, भहाबायतको मङ्टद्धकारसॉग सम्फङ्ञतधत
ङ्ञजतेदास्ती : सातौं ङ्जकयाॉती याजा, गौतभ फङ्टद्ध काठभाडौँ आएको सभम
स्थङ्टॊको : चौधौँ ङ्जकयाॉती याजा, भौमा सम्रार् अशोक नेऩार आएको सभम
गस्ती: अङ्ञततभ ङ्जकयाॉती याजा गस्तीराई ऩयास्त गयी ङ्झरच्छिी शासन शङ्टरु
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकार
बायतको िैशारीका स्िाभीहरू अथाात ् सूमि
ा ॊशी ऺेरीमहरू (ङ्झरच्छङ्जि) रे ङ्जकयात याजा ‘गङ्ञस्त’ राई ङ्ञजतेय कङ्चयफ 800 फर्ा शासन गये ,
अमोध्माका सूमि
ा ॊशी याजा दशयथका आठौं ऩङ्टस्ता हङ्टन ङ्झरच्छङ्जि
स्िततर ङ्झरच्छङ्जि याज्म स्थाऩना गना ईस्िी सॊित् २५० को आसऩासङ्झतय सपर
ङ्ट भाङ्झनएको ।
नेऩारको इङ्झतहासभा स्िणामग
ङ्ट ो अङ्झबरेख हो जसभा
ङ्झरच्छङ्जि शासनकारअततगात पेरा ऩये को ऩङ्जहरो प्रभाङ्ञणत अङ्झबरेख याजा भानदे िको सन् ४६४ को चाॉगक
भानदे िबतदाअगाङ्झडका तीन ऩङ्टस्ताको ङ्जिियण ङ्छदइएको छ ।
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन याजाहरु
सङ्टऩष्ङ्ट ऩ : ङ्झरच्छङ्जििॊशका ऩङ्जहरो याजा (जमदे ि प्रथभ) , िणा व्मिस्था कामभ, ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतको दे िर फनाउने, त्मसभा छाना हाल्ने, सहयराई
सङ्टतदय फनाउने, याज्मभा भमाादा कामभ गने तथा तमामऩूिक
ा साया प्रजाहरूको ऩारना गने, ऩशङ्टऩङ्झत भङ्ञतदयभा सङ्टनको छाना साथै गजङ्टयसभेत
थप्ने काभ गये का ।
भानदे ि : ४१ िर्ा (ङ्जि.सॊ . ५२१–५६२) सम्भ शासन गये का
प्रथभ याजदयफाय भानगृह बिनको ङ्झनभााण, ‘श्री भानाॉक’ य ‘श्री बोङ्झगनी’ अङ्जित नेऩारको प्रथभ भङ्टिा ङ्झनष्काशन, प्रथभ प्रभाङ्ञणत भहायाजा,
ङ्ट ायामणको भङ्ञतदय, गोकणाभा भानि िस्ती िसाउने, सिाप्रथभ ङ्ञशरारेखको स्थाऩना गने, नाग य िासङ्टकीको ऩूजाको चरन चराउने,
चाॉगन
फाफङ्ट धभादेफ य छोया भङ्जहदे ि
ङ्जमनको याज्म ऩूिभ
ा ा कोशी, ऩङ्ञश्चभभा गण्डकी (कारीगण्डकीऩायी भल्रऩङ्टयी) य उत्तयभा ङ्जहभारमसम्भ पैङ्झरएको ङ्झथमो । मसयी ङ्जिक्रभको
छै र्ौँ शताब्दीदे ङ्ञख नेऩारको प्राभाङ्ञणत इङ्झतहास प्रायम्ब बएको ऩाइतछ ।
47
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
प्रचण्डदे ि: ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतनाथको स्थाऩना, शाततीश्री उऩनाभ, स्िम्ब ङ्ट छोऩी चै त्म ङ्झनभााण
जमदे ि ङ्छद्रतीम : जमदे ि ङ्छद्रतीम (ई.सॊ . ७१३–७२३), कङ्जियाजाका अङ्झतङ्चयि ‘ऩयचक्रकाभ’ (अकााको दे श ङ्ञजत्ने अङ्झबरार्ा) जस्तो उऩनाभरे
ङ्जिबूङ्जर्त ङ्झथए । उनको कङ्जिता ऩशङ्टऩङ्झत ङ्ञशरारेखभा अङ्जित छ । अङ्ञततभ ङ्झरच्छङ्जि याजा ।
ङ्ट भाा :
अॊशि
ॉ याजकङ्टभायी बृकङ्टर्ीको ङ्जििाह गयाएका,
शासनकार (ङ्जि.सॊ .662-678), कैराशकङ्टर् बिनको ङ्झनभााण, ङ्झतब्फती याजा स्रोङचङगम्ऩोसग
ृ ीत’ उऩाङ्झध धायण, ‘शब्द ङ्जिद्या’ का यचनाकाय,
सिाप्रथभ ‘भहायाजाङ्झधयाज’ उऩाङ्झधप्राद्ऱ, ङ्जिङ्झधित् मङ्टियाज घोर्णा गने चरन, ‘ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतऩादानङ्टगह
फारकको सारनार काट्ने चरन, ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतराई याजभातमता ङ्छदने, ङ्जहतदङ्ट य फौद्ध दङ्टिै धभा भाङ्ङे याजा, फरम्फङ्टभा भानििस्ती फसाएका, िैंश्रिण
भङ्टिा ङ्झनष्काशन, फङ्जहङ्झनको नाभ बोङ्झगनी, भहासाभततको ऩदिी ङ्ञशिदे ि प्रथभरे ङ्छदएका, त्मसफेरा बायतका सम्रार् हर्ाफधान ङ्झथए, फोङ्झधसत्िको
अिताय भाङ्झनने, ङ्जि.सॊ . ६७८ ङ्झतय उनको भृत्मङ्ट बमो । ङ्जमनीऩङ्झछ उदमदे ि याजा बएका ।
नये तिदे ि:
शासन (ङ्जि.सॊ .702-736), ‘ऩयभ बट्टायक’ को प्रङ्झसङ्जद्ध ऩाएका, बिाङ्झधिास याजदयफाय फनाएका, यातो भङ्ञच्छतिनाथको यथमाराको चरन,
झ्यारभा फङ्टट्टा याख्ने चरन, ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन आकाशको ऩूणच
ा ति बनी ङ्ञचङ्झनने, ऩण य ऩङ्टयाण नाभक भङ्टिा चराएका, बोर्े जाराको चरन
चराएका, आसनभा ङ्झसॊहको आकृङ्झत बएकोरे ङ्झसॊहसासन प्रचङ्झरत बएको, द्रैध शासनको अतत्म गयाएका (शङ्टरु फसततदे िफार्)
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन याजाहरु
;'k'ik, hob]j k|yd, xl/bQ jdf{, j[ifb]j, z+s/b]j, wd{b]j, dfgb]j k|yd, dlxb]j, ;Gtb]j, a;Gtb]j, pbob]j, dfgb]j låtLo, lzjb]j k|yd, c+z'jdf{, g/]Gb|b]j, hob]j låtLo, lzjb]j
låtLo, hob]j t[tLo
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन ङ्जिशेर्ताहरु
साभाङ्ञजक ङ्जिशेर्ता
चाय िणा अठाय जातको प्रथा यहेको ङ्ञचरकरा, िास्तङ्टकरा य भूतॉकराको ङ्जिकास
ङ्जऩतृप्रधान सभाज बएको गोमङ्टद्ध, भल्रमङ्टद्ध तथा जाहाहरुको प्रचरन
फारङ्जििाह, फहङ्टङ्जििाह, अततयजातीम ङ्जििाह य सती प्रथाको ङ्जहतदङ्ट दशानभा आधाङ्चयत साभाङ्ञजक शासन
प्रचरन
आङ्झथक
ा ङ्जिशेर्ता
कृङ्जर्, ऩशङ्टऩारन, व्माऩाय प्रभङ्टख ऩेशा प्रभङ्टख उद्योग: भार्ा, धातङ्ट तथा ताभाका बाॉडा फनाउने, फेतफाॉस
ङ्झतब्फत य बायतसॉग व्माऩाय सञ्चारन य गरैँ चा
याडी ऩाखी, उन, गरै चा, ताभाको बाॉडा, जङ्झडफङ्टर्ी नेऩारफार् आङ्झथक
ा स्रोतको रुऩभा: ङ्झरकय
ङ्झनकासी याजऩङ्चयिाय, धाङ्झभक
ा सॊ स्था य जनताको बूङ्झभ व्मिस्था
धाङ्झभक
ा ङ्जिशेर्ता
फैष्णि, शैि य फौद्ध धभाभागॉहरु यहेको, शॊकयाचामा नेऩार आएका,
गोमङ्टद्ध, भल्रमङ्टद्धको ऩिा प्रचरन
याजनीङ्झतक ङ्जिशेर्ता
याजततरात्भक व्मिस्था
याजा सिेसिाा हङ्टने य भतरीको काभ याजाराई गोप्म रुऩभा सल्राह ङ्छदने
केतिराई ङ्झनमङ्ञतरत य साभततद्राया शाङ्झसत दङ्टई बागभा फाॉङ्झडएको
शासन सञ्चारन गना दे शराई ङ्जिङ्झबङ्ङ प्रशासङ्झनक इकाईभा ङ्जिबाजन गङ्चयएको, जस्तै: ग्राभ- सानो गाउॉ, तर- ङ्जिकङ्झसत ग्राभ िस्ती, िङ्ग –
व्माऩाङ्चयक केति, ङ्जिर्म – ङ्ञजल्राङ्ञस्थत प्रशासङ्झनक इकाई
तमाम व्मिस्था
तमाम सम्ऩादन धभाशास्त्र, नीङ्झतशास्त्र य भनङ्टस्भृङ्झतभा आधाङ्चयत
तमाम सम्ऩादनका राङ्झग कङ्टथेय, भाप्चोक, ङ्झरॉग्िर, शङ्टल्री / शोल्र जस्ता ङ्झनकाम
ससाना झगडा ङ्झभराउने ऩाञ्चारीको व्मिस्था
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन दण्डहरु:- िाकदण्ड- हप्काउने, ङ्झधकदण्ड- फेइज्जत गने, धनदण्ड- जङ्चयिाना गने य फधदण्ड- अॊ ग छे दन िा भृत्मूदण्ड
ङ्छदने
48
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन कामाारमहरु:
कङ्टथेय: याजस्ि सॊ करन गने, भारऩोत उठाउने, बूङ्झभसम्फतधी भङ्टद्दा हेने
भाप्चोक: ङ्जििाह, ऩङ्टनङ्जिि
ा ाह तथा सम्फतधङ्जिच्छे द सम्फतधी काभ गने
ङ्झरॉग्िर: मातामात, कङ्टरो य खानेऩानी सम्फतधी काभ गने
शङ्टल्री िा सोल्र: ऩञ्च अऩयाध (चोयी, जायी, ज्मान, याजिोह य ऩयस्त्रीगभन) सम्फतधी भङ्टद्दा हेने य दण्ड सजाम गने
फजाय अड्डा: बतसाय सम्फतधी कामा गने
अततयासन: तमाङ्जमक ङ्झनणाम ङ्छदनको राङ्झग याजा सङ्जहतको इजरास
ऩयभासन: ऩञ्चअऩयाध सम्फतधी भङ्टद्दा हेने अङ्झधकाय बएको अड्डा
ऩाञ्चारी: गाउॉको भङ्टद्दा भाङ्झभरा हेने य ङ्जिकास ङ्झनभााणको कामा गने
बट्टाङ्झधकयण: जात य धभाको ये खदे ख गने
ङ्जिङ्जष्ट: झाया सम्फतधी काभ गने िा श्रभको फतदोफस्त गने
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन कयहरु:
बाग: कृङ्जर् उत्ऩादनभा रगाउने कय सङ्टकय कय: सङ्टॉगयङ्ट भा रगाउने कय
बोग: ऩशङ्टऩारनभा रगाउने कय ङ्झसॉकय: काठको साभाग्रीभा रगाउने कय
कय: िाङ्ञणज्मभा रगाउने कय भल्रकय: बैँ सीभा रगाउने कय
तैरकय: तेरभा रगाउने कय आऩण कय: ऩसरभा रगाउने कय
चै रकय: कऩडाभा रगाउने कय भल्रमङ्टद्ध य गोमङ्टद्ध कय: भनोयञ्जनभा रगाउने कय
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन ऩञ्चखत
प्रभाण अनङ्टसाय प्राण दण्ड ङ्छदने
गाराभा डाभी जतभकैद गने
तल्रो जातभा झाने
जात ऩङ्झतत गयाउने
र्ङ्ट प्ऩी सभेत भङ्टडेय जात ऩङ्झतत गयी याज्मफार् ङ्झनष्काङ्ञशत गने
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन ऩदाङ्झधकायीहरु
भहासिादण्डनामक: प्रधानतमामाधीश प्रसादाङ्झधकृत: कामाारम प्रभङ्टख
सिादण्डनामक: तमामाधीश दूतक: शाही घोर्णाको प्रचाय गने
भहाफराध्मऺ: प्रधान सेनाऩङ्झत बट्टायक: याजाको ङ्झनजी सङ्ञचि
फराध्मऺ: सेनाऩङ्झत ङ्जऩठाध्मऺ: याजगद्धी ङ्झनयीऺण गने भङ्टख्म व्मङ्ञि
बट्टनामक: सेनाध्मऺ भहाप्रङ्झतहाय: याजगद्दी सम्फतधी कामा गने भङ्टख्म व्मङ्ञि
बट्: ङ्झसऩाही प्रङ्झतहाय: द्राये
गौङ्ञल्भक: सेना नामक शोङ्ञल्रक: ङ्ञजल्राभा बतसाय शङ्टल्क उठाउने व्मङ्ञि
अभात्म: भतरी
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकाङ्झरन य अतमकङ्टयाहरु
ङ्झरच्छङ्जि कङ्टरकेतङ्टको ऩदिी धायण गने याजा – ङ्ञशिदे ि प्रथभ
ङ्ञशरारेखभा “स्िङ्ञस्त नेऩारेभ्म” (नेऩारको कल्माण होस्) रेख्ने – फसततदे ि
ङ्जकतॉऩङ्टयको स्थाऩना – ङ्ञशिदे ि तृतीम
नेऩार सॊ ित् चराउन् – याघिदे ि ङ्जि.स.936 भा
गोदाियीको १२ फर्ा भेरा चराउने - ङ्झनङ्झभर्
ठकङ्टयीिॊशका प्रथभ याजा – बाष्कय दे ि
हङ्चयतताया बनेय ङ्ञचङ्झनने – बृकङ्टर्ी
बृकङ्टर्ीरे ङ्झतब्फत जाॉदा आपूसॉग रगेको ङ्झबऺङ्ट – ङ्ञशरभञ्जङ्ट
अयङ्झनकोको जतभ – ङ्जि.स.1300
49
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
८० जना कराकायको नेतत्ृ ि गये य अयङ्झनको ङ्ञचन गएका – ङ्जि.स.1317
अयङ्झनको चीन गएका फेरा त्महाॉका शासक – कङ्टब्रा खाॉ
अयङ्झनकोरे प्रमोगभा ल्माएको प्मागोडा शैरी – क्िान ल्मू नाइप, नासथङ्ट
अयङ्झनकको फाफङ्टको नाभ – फरदे ि
ङ्ट भाा
गङ्टद्ऱ सॊ ित् चराउने – अॊ शि
ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकारभा व्माऩाङ्चयक नेताराई – साथािाह य साधायण व्माऩायीराई - िङ्ञणक
ऩूिभ
ा ध्म कार
जमदे ि ङ्छद्रतीमको शासनकारऩङ्झछ उनका उत्तयाङ्झधकायीको रूऩभा यहेका (अङ्झबरेखभा उत्तयाङ्झधकायी बनी ङ्जकङ्जर्एका) ङ्जिजमदे िको शासन
ऩङ्झन नेऩारभा ङ्झनङ्ञश्चत रूऩरे चरेको बने ऩाइतछ ।
ङ्जिजमदे िऩङ्झछका शासकहरूफाये भा सिासाधयणद्राया याङ्ञखएका अङ्झबरेख, हस्तङ्झरङ्ञखत ग्रतथ, िॊशािरीअनङ्टसाय गङ्टणकाभदे ि, भानदे ि तृतीम,
फरीयाज, फरदे ि, भानदे ि चतङ्टथा (८७७ ई.) का साथै याघिदे ि (ई.स.८७९) याजा बएको ऩाइतछ
भल्रकार बतदा केही अङ्ञघको शासन कारराई ऩूि ा भध्मकार बङ्झनतछ ।
50
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
कङ्जऩरिस्तङ्टको शाय शाङ्झसत याज्म
कङ्जऩरिस्तङ्ट ङ्ञजल्राको ङ्झतरौयाकोर् कङ्जऩरिस्तङ्टको याजधानी ङ्झथमो ।
प्राचीन गणयाज्महरूभध्मे शायहरूको मो याज्म ङ्जिशेर् उल्रेखनीम ङ्झथमो, ङ्जकनबने क्रकङ्टछतद, कनकभङ्टङ्झन, ङ्झसद्धाथा गौतभरगामतका
फङ्टद्धहरूको जतभ मही स्थानभा बएको ङ्झथमो ।
रङ्टङ्ञम्फनीको अशोक स्तम्ब बायतीम गणयाज्महरूको शासन व्मिस्थाअनङ्टरूऩ नै ङ्झथमो ।
फङ्टद्धको जतभदाताका सङ्टद्धोधन कामाकायी सबाका भङ्टख्म व्मङ्ञि ङ्झथए
कङ्जऩरिस्तङ्ट याज्मको ङ्झछभेकभा ऩने कोशर याज्मका याजाङ्जिरूद्धको आक्रभणभा ऩये य कङ्जऩरिस्तङ्ट याज्मको ऩतन हङ्टन ऩङ्टग्मो ।
भध्मकार
ङ्जि.स. ९३६ भा ‘नऩ
े ार सॊ ित्’ सङ्टरू बएऩङ्झछ नेऩारको इङ्झतहासभा ‘भध्मकार’ प्रायम्ब बएको भाङ्झनएको छ ।
ङ्ट ङ्ञघसम्भको
ङ्जि.स ९३६ दे ङ्ञख नेऩारको एकीकयण बएको अिङ्झध १८२५ सम्भ य ङ्झरच्छङ्जिकारको सभाङ्झद्ऱऩङ्झछ य भल्रको ऩतन हङ्टनअ
कङ्चयफ ९०० िर्ा राभो सभमराई नेऩारको इङ्झतहासभा भध्मकार बङ्झनतछ ।
िास्तिभा भध्मकार बङ्ङारे नेऩारको सतदबाभा ‘भल्रकार’ को रूऩभा अध्ममन गने प्रचरन छ ।
मस कारका केही शताब्दीसम्भ नेऩार ऩङ्जहराको ङ्झरच्छङ्जि याज्मजरै ङ्जिशार यहे को तय ऩङ्झछ क्रभश् ठाउॉठाउॉभा साना स्िततर याज्महरू
फनेका दे ङ्ञखतछन् ।
फीच–फीचभा एकीकयणको ऩङ्टन् प्रमास य ङ्जिस्ताय ऩङ्झन बएको ङ्झथमो । तसथा भध्मकारीन नेऩारको बौगोङ्झरक ङ्ञस्थङ्झत कङ्जहरे एकीकृत,
कङ्जहरे ङ्जिखङ्ञण्डत, कङ्जहरे ङ्जिस्ताङ्चयत य कङ्जहरे सिङ्टङ्ञचत बएको ऩाइतछ ।
भल्रिॊशको शासनकार
तेह्रौँ शताब्दीभा नेऩार उऩत्मकाभा भल्रहरूको शासन व्मिस्था कामभ
मस िॊशका ऩङ्जहरो शासक = अङ्चयभल्र (ङ्जि.सॊ .1258-73)
सङ्टरूभा गण्डकी ऺेर य ऩङ्झछ उऩत्मकाभा फसोफास गये को ऩाइतछ ।
बायतको कङ्टशीनगय य त्मसको छे उछाउ भूर बएका भल्रहरू शयणाथॉहरूका रूऩभा नेऩारको गण्डकी ऺेरभा आएका ङ्झथए ।
केतिभा ङ्झरच्छङ्जि शासन कभजोय हङ्टन थारेऩङ्झछ भल्रहरूको केतिभा शासन गने आकाऺाॊ फढ्यो ।
51
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
ज्मोती भल्रका छोया,
यत्न भल्र: ताभाको भङ्टिा प्रचरन; सद्ऱङ्जर् ा य अष्टभातृकाका भूङ्झता
भङ्जहति भल्र: (1617-1631)
ङ्ट ङ्ञजक भहेतिे श्वय भहादे ि भङ्ञतदय ङ्झनभााण, श्वेत ङ्जिनामक जाराको चरन, प्रजा भदाा छाक
चाॉदीको भोहोय (भहेति भल्री) चराएका, तरे जन
छाड्ने याजा,
रक्ष्भीनयङ्झसॊह भल्र:
काष्ठभण्डऩ ङ्झनभााण
नङ्टिाकोर् बैयिी भङ्ञतदयभा ऩाॉचिर्ा सङ्टनका गजङ्टय चढाएका, भखनको ङ्ञशिारम स्थाऩना,,
भल्र याज्मको ङ्जिबाजन
काठभाडौँ उऩत्मकाका अङ्ञततभ भल्र याजा मऺ भल्र भल्रको शासनकारऩङ्झछ नेऩार उऩत्मका काङ्ञततऩङ्टय, ऩार्न य बादगाउॉका रूऩभा
ङ्जिबाङ्ञजत बए ।
काङ्ञततऩङ्टयका भल्र याजाहरू: - १) यत्न भल्र २) सूम ा भल्र ३) अभय भल्र ४) भहेति भल्र ५) ङ्ञशिङ्झसॊह भल्र ६) रक्ष्भीनयङ्झसॊह
भल्र ७) प्रताऩ भल्र ८) नृऩेति भल्र ९) ऩाङ्झथि
ा ेति भल्र १०) बूऩारेति भल्र ११) बाष्कय भल्र १२) जमज्जम भल्र १३)
जमप्रकाश भल्र
ऩार्नका भल्र याजाहरू :- १) यण भल्र २) ङ्जिष्णङ्ट भल्र ३) नयङ्झसॊह भल्र, ऩङ्टयतदयङ्झसॊह भल्र, उद्धिङ्झसॊह भल्र ४) हङ्चयहयङ्झसॊह भल्र ५)
ङ्झसङ्जद्धनयङ्झसॊह भल्र ६) श्रीङ्झनिास भल्र ७) मोगनये ति भल्र ८) रोकप्रकाश भल्र ९) इति भल्र १०) भहीति भल्र ११) िीयनयङ्झसॊह
भल्र १२) ऋङ्जद्धनयङ्झसॊह भल्र १३) बाष्कय भल्र १४) मोगप्रकाश भल्र १५) ङ्जिष्णङ्ट भल्र १६) याज्मप्रकाश भल्र १७) ङ्जिश्वङ्ञजत
भल्र १८) जमप्रकाश भल्र १९) यणङ्ञजत भल्र २०) तेजनयङ्झसॊह भल्र
बादगाउॉका भल्र याजाहरू :- १) याम भल्र २) सङ्टिणा भल्र ३) प्राण भल्र ४) ङ्जिश्व भल्र ५) जगज्मोङ्झता भल्र ६) नये ति भल्र ७)
जगतप्रकाश भल्र ८) ङ्ञजताङ्झभर भल्र ९) बूऩतीति भल्र १०) यणङ्ञजत भल्र
प्रताऩ भल्र: (1698-1731)
फाफङ्ट रक्ष्भीनयङ्झसॉह भल्रराई कैद गयी याजा बएका,
बण्डायखार फगैँचाको ङ्झनभााण,
यानीऩोखयी(ङ्जिष्णङ्टऩोखयी) को ङ्झनभााण,
भोहनचोक, सङ्टतदयी चोक, नासरचोक, हनङ्टभानढोका,
दयफायऺेरभा ङ्जिश्वरूऩको सङ्टनौरो भूङ्झता स्थाऩना,
हनङ्टभानढोका फाङ्जहय २ ओर्ा हनङ्टभानका भूङ्झता स्थाऩना,
नासरचोकभा नृङ्झसॊहको भूङ्झता स्थाऩना,
गङ्टहेश्वयी, दङ्ञऺणकारीको स्थाऩना, ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतभा कोङ्जर्ङ्झरङ्ग स्थाऩना,
नाभ अगाङ्झड कङ्जितिको उऩाङ्झध,
कङ्टचङ्जिहायफार् डोरा ङ्ञझकाइ ङ्जििाह गये का,
15 बार्ाका ऻाता,
ङ्जमनको ऩारादे ङ्ञख याजऩङ्चयिायरे फङ्टढाङ्झनरकण्ठको दशान गना छाडेका,
ताङ्ञतरक ङ्जिङ्झधद्राया कारबैयिराई हसाउने याजा,
सेतो भङ्ञच्छतिनाथको यथमाराको चरन,
जमप्रकाश भल्र: (1792-1825)
फाराजङ्टको २१ धाया ङ्झनभााण, गोकणे श्वयको भङ्ञतदय ङ्झनभााण
कङ्टभायीचोक स्थाऩना,
कङ्टभायीको यथमारा, घोडे जाराको चरन,
ङ्जिश्वकै सानो भङ्टिा जािा ङ्झनष्काशन,
सङ्टनको भङ्टिा य असपी प्रमोगभा ल्माएका,,
ङ्झसङ्जद्ध नयङ्झसॊह भल्र : 1657 दे ङ्ञख शासन
ऩार्नको कृष्ण भङ्ञतदय ङ्झनभााण,
ा नाच य नयङ्झसॉह नृत्मको चरन,
काङ्झतक
52
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
गोयखासॉग व्माऩाङ्चयक सम्फतध,
बण्डायखारको धाया ऩोखयी ङ्झनभााण,
याजगद्दी त्मागेय (श्रीङ्झनिास भल्रराई सङ्टम्ऩी) काशी तपा गएका (1717भा) य त्मही ीँ भृत्मू बएको (1732),
याजङ्जर् ा भहायाज बङ्झनने,
गभॉभा ऩञ्चाग्नी य जाडोभा ढङ्टॉ गाभा फसी तऩस्मा गने,
जगज्मोङ्झत भल्र :
बिऩङ्टयभा ङ्जिस्केर् जारा सङ्टरू गये का, हयगौयी ङ्जििाह, कङ्टतजङ्जिहायी नार्क, सॊ गीचतद तथा श्लोकसाय सॊ ग्रहका रेखक
बूऩङ्झतति भल्र:
बिऩङ्टय दयफाय ऺेरका कराकृङ्झत, ५५ झ्यारे दयफाय, भारती चोक ङ्झनभााण, तमातऩोर, उग्रचण्डदे िी, बैयिको भङ्ञतदय ङ्झनभााण, ।
रक्ष्भीनयङ्झसॉह भल्र: धोङ्झफको हातको ऩानी चराउने याजा, फौराहा याजा
मोगनये ति भल्र्
फहादङ्टय सेनाराई च ङ्टडभणी ऩदक ङ्छदने याजा, हारसम्भ जीङ्जित यहेको भाङ्झनने याजा, याजकाज छाडी चाॉग ङ्ट गएका, ङ्जमङ्झन भये ऩङ्झछ (1762 भा)
31 यानी सती गएका, तभाखङ्टभा ङ्जिर् ङ्झभराई भाङ्चयएका याजा,
ॉ ा ङ्ञझङ्जकएको
याज्म प्रकाश भल्र् ऩार्नका ६ प्रधानद्राया दङ्टिै आख
नये ति भल्र: आफ्नो भङ्टिाभा आफ्नो यानीको नाभ अङ्जित गने याजा
भल्रकाङ्झरन याजारुका कृङ्झतहरु
जगतप्रकाश भल्र: आपूराई गतधिा ङ्जिद्या गङ्टरु भाङ्ङे,
ङ्जिश्वजीत भल्र: ऩयस्त्रीसॉग अनङ्टङ्ञचत सम्फतध याखेको आयोऩभा तरेजभ
ङ्ट ा काङ्जर्ने
ङ्ञजताङ्झभर भल्र: आफ्नो नाभको अगाडी सङ्टभङ्झत रेख्ने
यणजीत भल्र: झ्यारभा यॊ गीन ङ्झससा हाल्ने
गङ्टणकाभदे ि : ङ्जि.सॊ .1241 दे ङ्ञख १८
उभाभहेश्वयको भूङ्झता स्थाऩना, ऩशङ्टऩङ्झतनाथ भङ्ञतदय ऩङ्चयसयभा यहे को इशानेश्वय भङ्ञतदयभा ताभाको छाना, सत्तर तथा सङ्टतधाया फनाएका,
काष्ठभण्डऩ, भरूसत्तर य भरूङ्जहर्ी ङ्झनभााण, कङ्टभायी ऩङ्टजाको चरन,
काङ्ञततऩङ्टयभा भानि िस्ती फसाएका कायण आधङ्टङ्झनक काठभाडौँका ङ्झनभााता (१ राख खचा गयाएका),
इतिजारा, राखेजारा, कृष्णजारा, ङ्जहरेजारा, श्रृङ्गबेयी जाराको चरन, रक्ष्भीकाभदे ि अको नाभ, बिकारी भङ्ञतदयको स्थाऩना,
भल्रकाङ्झरन ऩदहरु
चौताङ्चयमा: प्रधानभतरी जोशी: ज्मोङ्झतर्
अभात्म: भतरी साभतत: प्रशासक
ऩयभान: बायदाय काजी: बायदाय
भङ्टङ्ञखमा: गाउॉको प्रशासक उभयाि: भगय सै ङ्झनकहरुको ङ्झनमङ्टङ्ञि गने व्मङ्ञि
ङ्ञजम्िार: प्रशासकीम कभाचायी ऩञ्च थकारी: ऩञ्चहरुको भङ्टख्म व्मङ्ञि
53
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ऩृथ्िीनायामण शाहऩूिक
ा ा याजाहरू
१ िव्म शाह १६१६–१६२७ २ ऩङ्टयतदय शाह १६२७–१६६२
३ छर शाह १६६२–१६६३ ४ याभ शाह १६६३–१६९०
५ डम्फय शाह १६९०–१७०२ ६ कृष्ण शाह १७०२–१७१८
७ रूि शाह १७१८–१७३० ८ ऩृथ्िीऩङ्झत शाह १७३०–१७७३
९ नयबूऩार शाह १७७३–१७९९
ॉ शाह् इति जाराभा ङ्झरङ्गो गड्ने चरन, छोर्ो सभम याज्म गने याजा (२ फर्ा ९ भङ्जहना), ङ्छदऩेति ङ्जि सॊ १८३२ भा खासा
प्रताऩङ्झसह
सतधी
याजेतिरक्ष्भी् प्रताऩङ्झसॉहकी यानी जसरे नाफारक याजा यणफहादङ्टय शाहको नाभभा नामफी बइ ८ फर्ा शासन चराएकी
फहादङ्टय शाह् याजेतिरक्ष्भीको भृत्मूऩङ्झछ ९ फर्ा नामफी शासन, ऩङ्ञश्चभभा अल्भोडा कङ्टभाउ य गढिारसम्भ ङ्झसभाना ङ्जिस्ताय, याज्मकोर्
दङ्टरुऩमोगको आयोऩभा फतदी य त्मही ीँ भृत्मू
यणफहादङ्टय शाह् स्िाभी भहायाज, शासन छाडी काशी गएका, स्िाभी ङ्झनगङ्टण
ा ानतद, बाइ शेयफहादङ्टय शाह द्राया हत्मा,
ङ्झगिााणमङ्टद्ध ङ्जिक्रभ शाह् सफैबतदा सानो उभेयभा १ फर्ा ६ भङ्जहनाभै याजा
याजेति ङ्जिक्रभ शाह् १९०४ - १९३८ सम्भ फतदी बै भृत्मू
ॉ फहादङ्टय ङ्झथए ।
सङ्टयेतिङ्जिक्रभ शाह् ङ्जमनको अॊ गयऺक जग
मङ्टियाज रैरोय िीय ङ्जिक्रभ शाह् ङ्जिर् खङ्टिाई मङ्टियाज हङ्टॉदै भाङ्चयएका,
ऩृथ्िी िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाह् ६ फर्ाभा याजा, ३८ य ४२ सारको ऩिा
ङ्झरब ङ्टिन िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाहदे ि् सफैबतदा राभो शासन गने (४३ फर्ा), ऩङ्जहरो ऩर्क मङ्टयोऩ ऩङ्टग्ने याजा, २०११ पागङ्टन ३० भा भृत्मू, नेऩारभा
प्रजाततर ल्माउनका राङ्झग २००७ सार काङ्झतक
ा भा सऩङ्चयिाय ङ्छदल्री गएका (ऻानेतिराई छाडेय जसराई याणाहरुरे याजा फनाएका ङ्झथए)
भहेति िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाहदे ि् ङ्जिसॊ १९७७ भा जतभ २०११ चै र १ भा याजा, सफैबतदा फढी उभेयभा याजा हङ्टने (ऻानेति), ऩञ्चामती व्मिस्था
२०१७ ऩौर् २२ गते रागङ्ट गयाएका, २०२८ भाघ १७ भा ङ्ञचतिनको ङ्छदमारो फॊ गरा होर्रभा यहस्मभम भृत्मू , आधङ्टङ्झनक ऩययाष्ड
ङ्झसद्दाततका प्रङ्झतऩादक
ङ्जिये ति िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाहदे ि् २००२ ऩौर् १४ भा जतभ, २०३१ पागङ्टन १२ भा शङ्टबयाज्माङ्झबर्ेक (नेऩारराई शाङ्ञततऺेर प्रस्ताि १३
गते), २०५८ जेठ १९ गते याजदयफाय हत्माकाण्डभा भृत्मू
ङ्छदऩेति िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाह दे ि् २०५८ जेठ १९ दे ङ्ञख २२ सम्भ जम्भा ५३ घण्र्ा याजा बएका
ऻानेति िीयङ्जिक्रभ शाहदे ि् २००४ असाय २३ भा जतभ, जी शाहरे ऩङ्चयङ्ञचत, २ ऩर्क याजा हङ्टने व्मङ्ञि, ऩङ्झछल्रो ऩर्क २०५८ जेड
२२ दे ङ्ञख याजा, २०६५।२।२९ भा नायामणङ्जहर्ी छाडेका
रमी शासन् ङ्जिसॊ १८५६ भा यानीको भृत्मूऩङ्झछ शोकाकङ्टर बएका यणफहादङ्टय शाहरे दे िऩार्नफार्, नामफीको रुऩभा याजयाजेश्वयीरे
ीँ ार् शासन गये को कायण रमी शासन बङ्झनएको ।
काठभाडौँफार् य दाभोदय ऩाण्डे रे याजा ङ्झगिााणमङ्टद्धराई नङ्टिाकोर् रङ्झग त्महीफ
फासठ्ठीहयण् १८६२ भा िाह्मणहरुको ङ्जितााहयण य दे िीदे िताको गङ्टठीराई याज्मरे हयण गये को ताकी सोको आम्दानीरे गोखाारी पौजको
सङ्टदृढीकयण होस् ।
नेऩार य ङ्झतब्फतफीच ऩङ्जहरो मङ्टद्ध् ङ्जिसॊ १८४८-१८४९
ङ्झबभसेन थाऩा् १८६३ दे ङ्ञख १८९४ सम्भ भङ्टङ्ञख्तमायी बै शासन, धयहया, सङ्टतधायाको ङ्झनभााण, याहदानीको शङ्टरुिात १८६३ फार्ै , सङ्टगौरी
सतधी, ङ्जऩडादामी भृत्मू , हारऩङ्झन र्ाउको फेरामतको म्मूङ्ञजमभभा यहेको
ॉ फहादङ्टय याणा् १८७४ भा जतभ, १८९७ भा जग
जग ॉ री हात्ती सभातेऩङ्झछ मङ्टियाज सङ्टयेनिको अॊ गयऺक बै दयफाय ङ्झछये का, कोत ऩिा-
ङ्ट ी ऐन
बण्डायखार ऩिा- अरौ ऩिाका नाइके िा ङ्जिजेता, १९१३ श्रािण ५ भा कास्की य रभजङ्टङ्गका श्री ३ बएका, मङ्टयोऩ घङ्टभेका, भङ्टरक
१९१० भा ल्माएका, सतीप्रथा य फारङ्जििाहभा अॊ कङ्टश रगाएका, कौशर अड्डाको स्थाऩना, कभाण्डयी ङ्जकताफ खाना, तोऩ खाना, भङ्टरक
ङ्ट ी
ङ्ट ागी सतधी् ङ्जिसॊ १९११ भा बायतसॉग, थाऩाथरी सतधी् १९१२ चै र ३ (१८५५ भाचा
अड्डा, धभा कचहयी, सयाप खानाको स्थाऩना, सङ्टऩद
२४) भा, अॉग्रज
े ी ङ्ञशऺा ङ्झबत्र्माएका, ङ्झगद्देप्रस
े शङ्टरु
यणोङ्छद्रऩ ङ्झसॉह् तेजायथ अड्डाको स्थाऩना, ऩञ्चाङ्ग ऩारोको प्रकाशन, ४२ सारको ऩिाभा भाङ्चयएका
िीयशभशेय् धीयशभशेयका छोया, १९४२ भा प्रधानभतरी, जफया रेख्न शङ्टरु, ङ्जिदे शी फैँ कभा यकभ जम्भा गना शङ्टरु, सफबतदा शोर्क,
घण्र्ाघय, िीय अस्ऩतार, नायामणङ्जहर्ी याजदयफाय, रार दयफाय,सेतो दयफाय, गोयखा दङ्ञऺणफाहङ्टको स्थाऩना, िीय ऩङ्टस्तकाराम
दे िशभशेय् ११४ ङ्छदनभार प्रधानभतरी बएका, चतिशभशेयरे ऩदच्मूत गयी धनकङ्टर्ाभा ङ्झनिाासनभा ऩठाएका, धनकङ्टर्े भहायाज बङ्झनने,
कामाारम सभम १०-५ फनाएका, जनगङ्टनासाको राङ्झग रेर्य फक्सको व्मिस्था, गोयखाऩर प्रकाशन शङ्टरु (१९५८), ५७ िर्ा स्कूरको
स्थाऩना
चतिशभशेय् १९६२ भा ङ्झसॉहदयफाय ङ्झनभााण, १९६८ भा अभारी प्रथाको खाये ज, १९६८ भा पङ्जऩङ्ग
ा भा ङ्जिद्यङ्टत उत्ऩादन, १९६९ भा
गोयखा बार्ा प्रकाङ्ञशनी सङ्झभङ्झत, १९७० भा उऩत्मकाभा र्े ङ्झरपोनको शङ्टरुिात, १९७७ भा सतीप्रथाको उतभूरन, १९७८ भा ङ्झरचति
करेजको स्थाऩना, १९८० भा His Majesty रेख्न शङ्टरु, १९८१ भा दासत्ि भोचन, १९८२ भा सै ङ्झनक अस्ऩतार ङ्झनभााण, ङ्जिजङ्टरी फङ्ञत्त,
योऩिे, नेऩारको नक्सा ङ्झनभााण, श्री ५ राई ३१ तोऩको सराभी, खड्ग ङ्झनशान अड्डाको स्थाऩना, याणाहरुराई A,B,C िगाभा ङ्जिबाजन,
यक्सौरदे ङ्ञख अभरेखगञ्जसम्भ ये र सेिा, बीभसेना थाऩा नबएको बए नेऩार उङ्जहरे ङ्जहड्थ्मो बङ्ङे व्मङ्ञि
बीभशभशेय् शङ्झनफाय ङ्जिदा ङ्छदने चरन, उखडा जाॉच कङ्झभसन, चखाा ऩिा १९८७ भा तङ्टरसी भेमयभाथी आयोऩ रगाइएको, १९८७ भै
राइिे यी ऩिाको घर्ना जसको ऩोर याभचति अङ्झधकायीरे रगाएका कायण रक्ष्भीप्रसाद दे िकोर्ा रगामतराई जयीिाना गङ्चयएको
फसततशभशेय ऩिा् फसततशभशेय य मऻशभशेराई याजगद्दी तािे र्ड्यतरभा १२ फर्ा नजयफतद याङ्ञखएको
प्रचण्ड गोयखा ऩिा् १९८८ भा उभेश ङ्जिक्रभ साह रगामतरे प्रचण्ड गोखाा स्थाऩना गयी याणाहरुराई डाइनाभाइर्रे सखाऩ ऩाने मोजना
रक्ष्भणप्रसादफार् ऩोर खङ्टरे ऩङ्झछ असपर
जङ्टद्धशभशेय् जङ्टद्ध म्माच फ्याक्ट्री, नेऩार फैँ क ङ्झरङ्झभर्े डको स्थाऩना , नोर् ङ्झनष्काशन, ङ्जियार्नगय जङ्टर् ङ्झभर, ङ्जियार्नगय य िीयगॊज कर्न
ङ्झभर, नेऩार सािङ्टन कायखाना जस्ता २१ िर्ा ङ्झरङ्झभर्े ड खोरेका, ङ्ञचङ्झडमाखानाको स्थाऩना, गोखाा य गोखाारीका सट्टा नेऩार य नेऩारी
शब्दको प्रचाय प्रसाय, भकिानऩङ्टय य र्ोखाभा ऺमयोग अस्ऩतार केति, आभा फाफङ्ट भदाा १३ ङ्छदनबतदा फढी ङ्जक्रमा फस्नङ्ट नऩने,
कभाचायीराई ऩेतसन ङ्छदने व्मिस्था, ङ्ञचङ्छठभा ङ्जर्कर् र्ास्ने,
ऩद्मशभशेय् २००२ दे ङ्ञख २००४ सम्भ प्रधानभतरी बएका, ऩङ्जहरो सॊ ङ्जिधान फनाएका, भ याष्डको नोकय हङ्टॉ बङ्ङे, सिासाधायणराई
ङ्जिजङ्टरीको व्मिस्था, ये ङ्झडमो सेर् याख्ने छङ्ट र्, ऩद्मोदम हाइस्कूर, कतमा भाङ्जि, गोयखाऩर हद्ऱाको ३ चोर्ी प्रकाशन
भकै ऩिा् १९७७ भा, भकैको खेतीक रेखक सङ्टब्फ कृष्णरार
नेऩारका काण्ड य ऩिाहरु
कोत ऩिा: गगनङ्झसॉहको हत्माया ऩत्ता रगाउने क्रभभा ङ्जि.स.1903 आङ्ञश्वन 2 गते 400 जना बतदा फढी बायदायहरुको हत्मा बएको
ऩिा । सिाप्रथभ भाङ्चयनेभा अङ्झबभान ङ्झसॉ फस्नेत ङ्झथए । जॊ गफहादङ्टयका बाईहरुरे अतम ङ्जियोङ्झध बायदाहरुराई भायी जहानीमा याणा
शासनको जग फसारेको ऩिा हो मो ।
ा 12, सिाप्रथभ भाङ्चयनेभा ङ्जियध्िज िस्नेत (अङ्झबभान ङ्झसॉ फस्नेतको छोया), फस्नेत ऩिाको नाभरे
बण्डायखार ऩिा: ङ्जि.सॊ .1903 काङ्झतक
ङ्ञचङ्झनने ।
अरौ ऩिा: ङ्जि.सॊ . 1904 श्रािणभा ङ्झनिााङ्झसत याजा याजेति य जॊगफहादङ्टय फीच बएको, मसऩङ्झछ याजेतिराई याजफतदीको रुऩभा दयिायभा
कैद ।
प्रचण्ड गोखाा ऩिा: ङ्जि.सॊ .1988 भा याणा शासन ङ्जिरुद्धको सॊ स्थाको रुऩभा प्रचण्ड गोखाा नाभक सॊ स्थाको स्थाऩना,
जमतङ्ट सॊ स्कृतभ: ङ्जि.सॊ .2004 सारभा बएको बाङ्जर्क आतदोरन
38 सारको ऩिा: प्रधानभतरी यणोङ्छद्रऩको हत्मा गनाका राङ्झग बएको असपर मोजना जसका प्रभङ्टख ङ्झडजाइनय नये ति ङ्जिक्रभ शाह ।
42 सारको ऩिा: यणोङ्छद्रऩ ङ्झसॉहको हत्मा बएको ऩिा । धीयशभशेय य उनका 17 बाई छोयाभा सत्ता आएको ।
हिाइजहाज अऩहयण: 2030।2।25 भा रु.30 राख बारु कब्जा, ऩङ्जहरो
चौदण्डी कणासेन
ङ्झतहाङ्झसक ङ्झतङ्झथङ्झभङ्झतहरु
ऐङ्झतहाङ्झसक घर्नाक्रभ ङ्झभङ्झत/सभम
ङ्जिऩश्वी फङ्टद्धको नेऩार आगभन सत्ममङ्टग
भञ्जङ्टश्रीरे दहको रुऩभा यहे को काठभाडौँ उऩत्मकाको ऩानी कार्ी रेतामङ्टग
फगाएय फस्ती फसाएको
नेऩारका प्रथभ याजा धभााकय रेतामङ्टग
छै र्ौँ ङ्जकयाती याजा हङ्टभती भहाबायतको मङ्टद्धकार
गौतभ फङ्टद्धको नेऩार आगभन सातौँ ङ्जकयाती याजा ङ्ञजतेदास्तीका ऩाराभा
सम्रार् अशोकको नेऩारआगभन चौधौँ ङ्जकयाती याजा स्थूॊ कका ऩाराभा
ङ्झरच्छङ्जि िॊशको उदम रगबग सन् ११०
प्रथभ ङ्झरच्छङ्जि याजा जमदे िको शासनकार ईशाको सङ्टरुङ्झतय
िसततदे िको याज्मायोहण ङ्जि.स. ५६३
भानदे िको शासनकार शाके सॊ ित् ३८६ दे ङ्ञख ४१३
ङ्ट भााको उदम
अॊ शि ङ्जि.स.६६२
नगयाजद्राया खस याज्मको स्थाऩना ई.११५०
खस साम्राज्मका क्राचल्रको याज्मयोहण ङ्जि.स. १२६४
खस याजा ङ्ञजतायी भल्रद्राया काठभाडौँ उऩत्मका आक्रभण ङ्जि.स. १३४४ ऩङ्टस, १३४५ पागङ्टन, १३४६ पागङ्टन
आङ्छदत्म भल्रद्राया उऩत्मका आक्रभण ङ्जि.स.१३८४
नातमदे ि ङ्झतयहङ्टतभा (ङ्झसम्रौनगढ) कणाार्क याज्मको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.११५४
ङ्झसम्रौनगढका अङ्ञततभ याजा हङ्चयङ्झसॊहदे िभाङ्झथ ङ्छदल्रीका भङ्टसरभान ङ्जि.स.१३८१
फादशाह गमासङ्टङ्छद्दन तङ्टगरकद्राया आक्रभण कणाार्क याज्म ध्िस्त
भल्रकारको उदम ङ्जि.स.१२५७
प्रथभ भल्र याजा अङ्चयभल्रको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स.१२५७ –१२७४
यत्नभल्रको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स.१५४१–१५७७
गोखााका याजा याभ शाहको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स.१६६३–१६९०
प्रताऩ भल्रको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स.१६९८–१७३१
भहेति भल्रको याज्मायोहण ङ्जि.स.१६१७
ङ्झसङ्जद्धनयङ्झसॊह भल्रद्राया ऩार्नको कृष्णभङ्ञतदयको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स. १६९३
बूऩतेति भल्रको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स. १७५३–१७७९
मऺभल्रको याज्मकार ङ्जि.स.१४२८–१५३९
जमङ्ञस्थङ्झत भल्रको याज्मयोहण ङ्जि.स.१३८०
फॊ गारका शासक सभङ्टसङ्छङ्ट द्दन इङ्झरमासद्राया नेऩारभाङ्झथ आक्रभण ङ्जि.स.१४०६
िव्मशाहद्राया गोयखा याज्मको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.१६१६
ऩृथ्िीनायामण शाहद्राया नङ्टिाकोर्भाङ्झथ ऩङ्जहरो आक्रभण ङ्जि.स.१८००
ऩृथ्िीनायामण शाहद्राया नङ्टिाकोर्भाङ्झथ दोस्रो आक्रभण तथा ङ्जिजम ङ्जि.स.१८०१
ा यङ्ट भाङ्झथ ऩङ्जहरो आक्रभण
कीङ्झतऩ ङ्जि.स.१८१४ जेठ १९
भकिानऩङ्टयभाङ्झथ ङ्जिजम ङ्जि.स.१८१९ बाि ९
फॊ गारका निाफ ङ्झभयकाङ्झसभद्राया गङ्टयङ्झगन खाॉको नेतत्ृ िभा ऩठाइका सन् १७६३ जनियी ३०
सेनाभाङ्झथ गोयखारीको ङ्जिजम
ा यङ्ट भाङ्झथ दोस्रो आक्रभण
कीङ्झतऩ ङ्जि.स.१८२१ असोज ४
ा यङ्ट भाङ्झथ तेस्रो आक्रभण तथा ङ्जिजम
कीङ्झतऩ ङ्जि.स.१८२२ चै त ३
जमप्रकाश भल्रको सहमोगका राङ्झग ङ्जकनरकको नेतत्ृ िभा ऩठाएको ङ्जि.स.१८२४
अङ्ग्ग्रेज पौजभाङ्झथ गोयखारी आक्रभण तथा ङ्जिजम
काठभाडौँ ङ्जिजम ङ्जि.स.१८२५ बािशङ्टक्र यङ्जििाय (इतिजारा) का ङ्छदन
रङ्झरतऩङ्टय ङ्जिजम ङ्जि.स.१८२५
बिऩङ्टय ङ्जिजम ङ्जि.स.१८२६ काङ्झतक
ा शङ्टक्रद्रादशी
ऩृथ्िीनायामण शाहको ङ्झनधन ङ्जि.स.१८३१
नेऩार य ङ्झतब्फतफीच व्माऩाङ्चयक सङ्ञतध सन् १७७५ सेप्र्े म्फय
नेऩार य गढिारफीचको शाङ्ञतत सम्झौता सन् १७९१
नेऩार ङ्झतब्फतफीच ऩङ्जहरो मङ्टद्ध सन् १७८८–१७८९
नेऩार ङ्झतब्फतफीच केरुङ सङ्ञतध सन् १७८९ जङ्टन २
नेऩार य इस्र् इङ्ञतडमा कम्ऩनीफीच व्माऩाङ्चयक सङ्ञतध ङ्जि.स. १८४९ िैशाख ३
गोयखाऩर प्रकाशन ङ्जि.सॊ . १९५८
फासठ्ठीहयण िा ङ्झफतााहयण ङ्जि.स. १८६२
नेऩार–अङ्गे्यज मङ्टद्ध सन् १८१४–१८१६
सङ्टगौरी सङ्ञतध ङ्जि.स. १८७२ ऩङ्टस(३ भाचा १८१६)
बण्डायखार ऩिा सन् १८४६ अक्र्ङ्ट फय ३१, (१९०३ काङ्झतक
ा १५)
नेऩार–ङ्झतब्फतफीच दोस्रो मङ्टद्ध सन् १८५५–१८५६
कोतऩिा ङ्जि.स. १९०३ असोज २ गते
अरौ ऩिा ङ्जि.स.१९०४ िैशाख
जङ्गफहादङ्टयराई श्री ३ को उऩाङ्झध ङ्जि.स.१९१३ श्रािण
यणोङ्छद्रऩ ङ्झसॊहको हत्मा ङ्जि.स.१९४२
ङ्ट ी ऐन
नेऩारको ऩङ्जहरो भङ्टरक ङ्जि.स.२०१०
सती प्रथा उतभूरन ङ्जि.स.१९२०
भकै ऩिा ङ्जि.स.१९७७
दास प्रथा उतभूरन ङ्जि.स.१९८०
आमा प्रचायभा प्रङ्झतफतध ङ्जि.स.१९३०
राइिे यी ऩिा ङ्जि.स. १९८७
प्रचण्ड गोयखा ऩिा ङ्जि.स.१९८८
नेऩार प्रजाऩङ्चयर्द्को स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.१९९३ जेठ २०
अङ्ञखर बायतीम नेऩारी काङ्ग्ग्रेसको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.२००२ भाघ १२
नेऩारी प्रजाततर काङ्ग्ग्रेसको स्थाऩना सन् १९४९
जेगिनी सम्भेरन ङ्जि.स.२००४ जेठ
प्रथभ भजदङ्टय हड्तार ङ्जि.स.२००३ पागङ्टन ११
जमतङ्ट सॊ स्कृतभ् याणाशासनङ्जिरुद्ध सत्माग्रह ङ्जि.स.२००४ िैशाख १
नेऩारको िैधाङ्झनक कानङ्टन घोर्णा ङ्जि.सॊ . २००४ भाघ १३
नेऩार प्रजा ऩञ्चामत ङ्जि.स.२००५ आङ्ञश्वन
नेऩार कम्मङ्टङ्झनस्र् ऩार्ॊको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.२००६ बाि ३०
नेऩार–बायत भैरी सङ्ञतध ङ्जि.स.२००७ श्रािण
प्रजाततरको घोर्णा ङ्जि.स.२००७ पागङ्टन ७
नेऩारको अततङ्चयभ शासन ङ्जिधान ङ्जि.स.२००७ पागङ्टन ७
ऩङ्जहरो आभङ्झनिााचन ङ्जि.स.२०१५
ऩञ्चामती व्मिस्थाको स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स. २०१७ ऩङ्टस १
नेऩारको सॊ ङ्जिधान, २०१९ घोर्णा ङ्जि.सॊ . २०१९ ऩङ्टस १
गाउॉपका अङ्झबमान ङ्जि.स. २०२८
शाङ्ञतत ऺेर प्रस्ताि ङ्जि.स.२०३१ पागङ्टन १३
जनभत सङ्ग्ग्रहको घोर्णा ङ्जि.स.२०३६ जेठ १०
जनभत सङ्ग्ग्रह ङ्जि.सॊ . २०३७ िैशाख २०
सत्माग्रह ङ्जि.स.२०४२
ङ्ट िाभभोचााको गठन
सॊ मि ङ्जि.स.२०४६ भाघ २
फहङ्टदरीम व्मिस्थाको ऩङ्टनफाहारी ङ्जि.स.२०४६ चै र २६
नेऩार अङ्झधयाज्मको सॊ ङ्जिधान, २०४७ ङ्जि.स. २०४७ काङ्ञत्र्तक २३
नेकऩा (एभारे को स्थाऩना ङ्जि.स.२०४७ ऩङ्टस २२
प्रजाततर ऩङ्टनफ
ा हारीऩङ्झछको ऩङ्जहरो आभङ्झनिााचन ङ्जि.स.२०४८ िैशाख २९
भध्मािङ्झध ङ्झनिााचन ङ्जि.स.२०५१ काङ्ञत्र्तक २९
नेकऩा भाओिादीद्राया सशस्त्र ङ्जििोह सङ्टरु ङ्जि.स.२०५२ पागङ्टन २
आभङ्झनिााचन २०५६ ङ्जि.स.२०५६ िैशाख २ य ३
याजदयफाय हत्माकाण्ड ङ्जि.स.२०५८ जेठ १९
याजा ऻानेतिफार् शाही घोर्णा ङ्जि.स.२०६१ भाघ १९
नेऩार सयकाय य भाओिादीफीच ङ्जिस्तृत शाङ्ञतत सम्झौताभा हस्ताऺय ङ्जि.स. २०६३ भॊ ङ्झसय ५
नेऩारको अततङ्चयभ सॊ ङ्जिधान, २०६३ जायी ङ्जि.सॊ . २०६३ भाघ १
नेऩारभा ऐङ्झतहाङ्झसक सॊ ङ्जिधान सबाको ङ्झनिााचन ङ्जि.स. २०६४ चै र २८
सॊ ङ्जिधानसबाको ऩङ्जहरो फैठक/गणततरको घोर्णा शाहिॊशीम ङ्जि.स. २०६५ जेठ १५
याजततरको अतत्म
याजा ऻानेतिफार् नायामणङ्जहर्ी दयफाय छाडेको ङ्जि.सॊ . २०६५ जेठ २९
याष्डऩङ्झत य उऩयाष्डऩङ्झतको ङ्झनिााचन सम्ऩङ्ङ ङ्जि.स. २०६५ साउन ६
गणततर नेऩारका प्रथभ याष्डऩङ्झत डा.याभियण मादिको सऩथ ग्रहण ङ्जि.सॊ . २०६५ साउन ८
ने.क.ऩा. भाओिादीका नेता ऩङ्टष्ऩकभर दाहार (प्रचण्ड)को अध्मऺताभा ङ्जि.स. २०६५ बाि
ऩङ्जहरो गणताङ्ञतरक सयकाय गठन
सॊ ङ्जिधानसबाको ङ्जिघर्न ङ्जि.सॊ . २०६९ जेठ १४
अततङ्चयभ च ङ्टनािी भङ्ञतरऩङ्चयर्द्को गठन २०६९ चै र १
प्रचण्ड गोखाा ङ्झफ सॊ १९८८ उभेशङ्झफक्रभ शाह,कद्ऱान खड्गभान ङ्झसॊह,यङ्गनाथ शभाा ङ्झबभ शम्शेय रक्ष्भण याजा
राइिे यी ऩिा ङ्जि.सॊ . १९८७ बीभशम्शेय रक्ष्भीप्रसाद दे िकोर्ा रगामत ङ्झबभ शम्शेय याभचति अङ्झधकायी
३८ सारको
ङ्जि.सॊ . १९३८ प्रधानभतरी यणोङ्छद्दऩ ङ्झसॊह नये ति ङ्जिक्रभ शाह यणोङ्छद्दऩ ङ्झसॊह उत्तयध्िज खिास
ऩिा
फसतत शम्शेय उभेशङ्जिक्रभ शाह, कद्ऱान खड्गभान ङ्झसॊह, भैना फहादङ्टय, ङ्झबभशम्शेय चतिशम्शेयका ज्िाइॉ रक्ष्भण
ङ्जि.सॊ . १९८८
ऩिा यङ्गनाथ शभाा आङ्छद याजा
प्रजा ऩङ्चयर्द् ङ्जि.सॊ . १९९३ जेठ र्ॊ कप्रसाद आचामा गॊगारार, धभाबि, शङ्टक्रयाज शास्त्री जङ्टद्ध शम्शेय याभजी जोशी य भङ्टयरीधय
२० य दशयथ चतद आङ्छद ऩङ्ञण्डत
स्थाऩना
सङ्टगौरी सङ्ञतध
नेऩार य अॊ ग्रज
े िीच सन् १८१४ नोबेम्फय १ भा बएको मङ्टद्ध ऩश्चात गङ्चयएको सङ्ञतधराई सङ्टगौरी सङ्ञतध बनेय ङ्ञचङ्झनतछ । शङ्टरुभा फङ्टर्िर
स्मूयाज(ङ्ञशियाज)ऺेर रगामतको ङ्जिर्मभा ङ्जििाद बै मङ्टद्धको शङ्टरुिात बएको । मो सङ्ञतध ऩश्चात नेऩारको दङ्टई ङ्झतहाइ बाग गङ्टभेको ।
नेऩारको तपाफार् सङ्ञतधभा हस्ताऺय गने याजगङ्टरु गजयाज ङ्झभश्र ङ्झथए बने उनरे २८ नोबेम्फय १८१५ भा हस्ताऺय गये का ङ्झथए ।
अॊ ग्रज
े को तपाफार् जनयर िाडशारे २ ङ्झडसेम्फय १८१५भा हस्ताऺय गये का ङ्झथए । मो सङ्ञतध ३ भाचा १८१६ दे ङ्ञख रागू बएको ङ्झथमो
।
g]kfnsf k|d'v wd{, hfthflt, efiffefifL, / ;+:s[lt g]kfnsf k|d'v rf8 kj{, hfqf, lbjz / dxf]T;jx¿
g]kfnsf k|yfx¿
bf; k|yf
pRr ju{sf jf ;De|fGt ju{sf dflg;x¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu dflg;x¿nfO{ g} kz' nfO{ h:tf] sfo{ u/fpg] / kz'x¿sf] h:t} Ps JolQmaf6 csf]{
JolQmdf lsgj]r u/fpg] k|rngnfO{ g} bf; k|yf elgG5 .
g]kfndf k|wfgdGqL rGb| zDz]/n] lj= ;+= !(*) dª\l;/ !$ ut] bf;Tj df]rgsf] 3f]]if0ff u/]sf lyP .
bf; k|yfsf] pGd"ng lj=;+= !(*! df ePsf] lyof] . pgn] bf; bf;LnfO{ d'Qm ug]{ dflnsnfO{ d'Qm u/] jfkt Ps bf; j/fj/ ? &) If]ltk" tL{ lbg]
Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . kz'kltsf] u'7Ljf6 a]xf]l/Psf bf; bf;Lx¿nfO{ lzj eQm elgGYof] . kz'kltsf] u'7L af6 %!,&*# hgf bf; bf;LnfO{
kz'kltsf] u'7Laf6 /sd lbPsf] lyof] .
bf;d'Qm ubf{ s"n Ifltk"tL{ jfktsf] /sd #^ nfv &) xhf/ /x]sf] lyof] .
b]psL k|yf
g]kfnsf] ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn ljsf; If]qsf] 8f]6L / j}t8L lhNnflt/ cfÇgL h]7L 5f]/LnfO{ :yfgLo dlGb/ of b]jfnodf r9fpg] k|yfnfO{ b]psL k|yf
elgG5 .
;qf}F ztfAbL af6 b]psL k|yf ;'? ePsf] e]l6G5 eg] dfcf]jfbL åGå kZrft b]psL k|yf cGTo ePsf] kfOG5 .
b]psL k|yfsf] k|rng ljz]ifu/L wfdL hftLx¿df /x]sf] lyof] .
ljz]if u/L a}t8L lhNnfsf] d]nf}nL b]jLsf] dlGb/df b]psL r8fpg] k|rng 5 . b]psLn] ljjfx ug{ gx'g] t/ of}g;Dks{ /fVg x'g] ?9LjfbL k|yfn]
;+ul7t j]Zofno aGg uPsf] 5 .
b]psLx¿jf6 hGdg] 5f]/Lx¿ b]psLs} ?kdf /xG5g eg] 5f]/fx¿ b]psf jf wfdL aGb5g\ . o:tf] k|yf xfn k|rngdf kfOb}g .
bfOhf] k|yf
5f]/Lsf] laafx u/L a/ kIfnfO{ 5f]/L kIfsfn] laafxf u/L k7fpbf lbOg] rn crn ;DkltnfO{ bfO{hf] elgG5 . ;fdfGo tof bfOhf]df a/ kIfn] aw' kIfaf6
df]ndf]nfO{ u/]/ rn crn ;Dklt lng] ub{5g .
g]kfndf bfO{hf] k|yf ljz]if u/L t/fO{{sf lhNnfx¿df j9L k|rngdf kfOG5 .
;tL k|yf
>Ldfg\ sf] d[To' ePkl5 d[ts >Ldfg\ ;Fu} hLljt >LdtLn] Pp6} lrtfdf hn]/ k|f0f Tofu ug]{ k|yfnfO{ ;tL k|yf elgG5 .
hª\uaxfb'/n] ;tL k|yfdf lj= ;+= !(!) df lgDg ;'wf/ u/]sf] kfOG5 M
o !^ jif{ eGbf d'lgsf] dlxnf ;tL hfgaf6 /f]s
o % jif{ d'lgsf 5f]/f5f]/L 5f]8]/ ;tL hfg gkfOg]
o ue{jtL dlxnf ;tL hfg gkfOg]
o ;tL hfg]n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] /f]xj/df dfq} hfg kfpFg] .
lj= ;+= !(&& c;f/ @% df rGb| zDz]/n] ;tL k|yfnfO{ ;bfsf nflu cGTo u/]sf lyP .
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf] d[To'df /fgL /fh/fh]Zj/L ;lxt !% hgf /fgLx¿ ;tL uPsf lyP . /fh/fh]Zj/LnfO{ -pgL x]nDa'df lgjf{l;t lyOg_ ;tL hfg jfWo tTsflng
k|wfgdGqL led;]g yfkfn] u/]sf lyP .
/fhf of]ug/]Gb| dNnsf] d[To' x'Fbf ;a}eGbf a9L #! hgf /fgLx¿ ;tL uPsf lyP .
k|tfk dNnsf] d[To' x'Fbf ;d]t ( hgf /fgL / /Tg dNnsf] d[To' x'Fbf !) hgf /fgLx¿ ;tL uPsf] kfOG5 .
emf/f k|yf
s'g}klg e"ldklt, ;De|fGt, ;/sf/L sd{r/Lx¿n] s;}nfO{ cfÇgf] sfd nufpbf cfÇg] sfd ub]{ jfkt s'g} klg k|sf/sf] kfl/>lds gbLOsg hj/h:tL sfd ug{
nufpg'nfO{ emf/f k|yf elgG5 .
g]kfndf k|hftGqsf] :yfkgf, /fh /hf}6fsf] cGTo, z}lIfs ljsf; cflbn] ubf{ k|fo of] k|yf cGTo ePsf] 5 .
emf/f k|yf ;Dat !!( sf] /fhf lzjb]j nugsf] clen]vdf rrf{ ePsf] kfOG5 .
emf/f b'O{ lsl;dsf 5g\ M Pp6f JolStut lxtsf nflu / csf]{ /fHo ;]jfsf nflu .
cfw'lgs sfndf /f0fsf eAo b/jf/x¿ lgdf{0f ug{ emf/f p7fPsf] kfOG5 .
sd}of k|yf
cfÇgf] b}lgs hLjg ofkg ug]{ qmddf cfÇgf] hldg jf ;Dklt dflnsdf aGws u/L /fv]/ dflns ;Fu C0f lng] / ;f] C0f r'Qmf gx'Gh]n ;Dd dflnsdf sfd
u/L j:g] k|yfnfO{ sd}of k|yf elgG5 .
lj= ;+= @)%& >fj0f @ ut] z]/axfb'/ b]pjfsf] cu'jfO{df sd}of k|yfsf] cGTo eof] .
sd}of k|yfsf] cGTo ubf{ k|wfgdGqL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf x'g'x'GYof] .
8+u'jf k|yf
t/fO{{df /x]sf /fhj+zL hfltx¿df s'g} klg dlxnfn] cfÇgf] >Ldfg dl/;s]kl5 gftfgkg]{ k'¿ifnfO{ 3/df NofP/ nf]Ug] h:t} agfP/ /fVg] k|yfnfO{
8+u'jf k|yf elgG5 .
o;/L law'jf;Fu a:g] dfG5] k|fo >LdtL d/]sf] jf cfly{s cj:yf sdhf]/ ePsf x'G5g\ .
ljw'jfn] k/k'?ifnfO{ leœofpFbf /ftsf] ;dodf sfnf] sk8fn] 3'D6f]n] d'v 5f]k]/ leœofOG5 . o;/L 8+u'jf j:g] k'?ifsf] kl/jf/df cfly{s x}l;ot
gx'g'sf ;fy} ;dfhn] klg x]osf] b[li6n] x]b{5g\ .
8+u'jf af6 hGd]sf aRrfx¿nfO{ c+z lbg] glbg] eGg] clwsf/ ;d]t ;DalGwt dlxnfdf lglxt /x]sf] x'G5 .
5fpk8L k|yf
g]kfnsf] ;'b'/klZrfdf c~rn ljsf;If]q cGtu{tsf lhNnfx¿df dlxgfjf/L ePsL dlxnfn] 3/sf] cfFugdf 6]Sg gx'g], b'w bxL vfg gx'g], 3/
ldq a:g gx'g], c?nfO{ 5'g gx'g] cflb h:tf unt dfGotfsf cfwf/df /hZjnf ePsL dlxnfnfO{ uf]7df jf jflx/ em'k|f] jgfP/ /fVg] k|yfnfO{
5fpk8L k|yf elgG5 .
of] k|yf ljz]ifu/L c5fd lhNnfdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfns} b}n]v / hfh/sf]6 lhNnfdf o;nfO{ 5'Og]6L k|yf klg elgG5 .
lthf{ k|yf
/f0ffsfnLg ;dodf l;kfxL jf xflsdx¿nfO{ tnjsf] ?kdf lglZrt 7fFpsf] jfnL p7fO vfg'egL clwsf/ kq lbOg] k|yfnfO{ lthf{ k|yf elgG5 .
clwsf/ kq >fj0f ;ª\u|fGtL / >Lk~rdLsf lbg c;g ahf/df laqmL ;d]t x'g] ub{y] .
afnL3/] k|yf
g]kfnsf] ljz]ifu/L lxdfnL / kxf8L k|b]zdf n'uf l;nfO{ lbPjfkt Hofnfsf ?kdf gub gbLOsg lhlG; j:t' ljz]ifu/L cGg lbg] k|yfnfO{ afnL3/]
k|yf elgGYof] .
;dfhsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f;Fu} of] k|yf k|foM cGTo eO;s]sf] cj:yfdf 5 .
a]7L k|yf
ufFpsf dxfhg, eb|, ;e|fGt ju{, hldgbf/ x¿sf] v]tdf ljz]if pT;j x;{a8fOsf;fy afhf ahfO{ wfg /f]Kg] rngnfO{ a]7L k|yf elgG5 .
o; rngdf /f]kfFOdf ;l/s x'g] dflg;nfO{ kfl/>lds gbLO{ vfhf v'jfpg] dfq ul/G5 . of] k|yfdf ahfOg] afhf laafxdf k|of]u ul/g] k~r]afhf
h:t} x'G5g\ .
of] k|yf g]kfnsf] ljz]ifu/L k"jL{ t/fO{{sf lhNnfx¿df kfOG5 .
3f]8f e]8f k|yf
g]kfnsf] dWoklZrdfc~rn ljsf;If]q cGtu{t s0ff{nL c~rnsf] d'u' lhNnfdf of] k|yf a9L k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
of] k|yfdf ufpFsf b'O{ kIfsf lar n]gb]g, hf/L, s'6lk6, c+za08fcflb ljifodf laafb pTkGg ePdf :yflgo :t/df /x]sf eb|enfbdLn] b' a} kIfsf
JolQmx¿ lar emu8f ldnfpg] ub{5g\ .
emu8f ldnfPkl5 dWo:tstf{nfO{ e]8f sf6]/ v'jfpg] / 3/ kms{bf 3f]8fdf r8fP/ k7fpg' kg]{ rngnfO{ wf]8f e]8f k|yf elgG5 .
afFwf k|yf
o; k|yfdf ul/jx¿n] hLljsf] kfh{gsf lglDt ;fx' dfxfhg;Fu C0f lng] / C0f ltg{ g;s]kl5 cfÇgf ;Gtfgx¿nfO{ ;fx' dfxfhgx¿n] aGbsdf /fvL
sfdnufpg] k|yfnfO{ afFwf k|yf elgG5 .
of] k|yf g]kfndf k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn PsLs/0f ug'{eGbf cufl8;Dd a9L k|rngdf lyof] .
v'Nnf k|yf
s0ff{nL c+rnsf] 8f]Nkf lhNnfsf] ;ld{ ufpsf o'jtLx¿ kf}if !% ut]lb]lv r}q !% ;Dd h+undf PsfGtaf;sf nflu hfg] k|yf,
@)%# ;fndf ;'ld{ ufpsf eb|enfbdLx¿ e]nf eO{ of] k|yfsf] cGt ug]{+ lg0f{o ePklg cem}klg s]xL s]xL ;+:sf/ /x]sf] 5 .
;}/nL
ljz]if u/L ;Nofg / ;'v]{Tf lhNnfdf k|rlnt o; k|yfdf o'jfx¿sf] cfu|xdf o'jtLx¿ ;o/ ug{ hfg] ub{5g\ .
;}/nLdf o'jfx¿n] o'jtLx¿nfO{ lgdGq0ffsf ?kdf ?dfn lbg] rng 5 . ?dfn lnPdf lgdGq0ff :jLsf/ u/]sf] a'lemG5 .
ufO{ ltxf/sf] cl3Nnf] lbg o'jfx¿ ;}/nL k7fpg cg'/f]w ub{5g\ / ;}/nL cleefjssf] :jLs[lt cg';f/ g} x'g] ub{5 .
efO l6sfsf] cl3Nnf] lbg ;}/nLx¿nfO{ cfÇg} ufpFdf lkmtf{ k7fpF5g\ .
Gx]n'
d':tfªdf k|rlnt s'df/L s]6Låf/f aRrf hGdfpg] t/ ljjfx gug]{ / >Ldfg\ klg glrgfpg] rngnfO{ Gx]n' k|yf elgG5 .
ax''ljjfx
s'g} Ps hgf nf]Ug] dflg;n] b'O{ jf b'O{ hgf eGbf a9L dlxnf ;Fu ljjfx ug'{ jf Ps hgf dlxnfn] b'O{ jf ;f] eGbf a9L k'?if;Fu ljjfx ug'{nfO{ g} ax'ljjfx
elgG5 .
afn ljjfx
d'n'ssf] sfg'gn] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] eGbf sd pd]/sf afnaflnsfsf] ljjfxnfO{ jfnljjfx elgG5 .
5'jf5't k|yf
;dfhsf tyfslyt dflyNnf] hft elgg] n] tNnf] hft elgg]nfO{ JolStut jf ;fj{hlgs :yndf ul/g] e]befjk"0f{ Jojxf/nfO{ 5'jf5't elgG5 .
5'jf5't k|yfsf] cGTo lj=;+= @)@) ebf} ! ut] gofF d"n'sL P]g af6 ePsf] xf] .
g]kfnnfO{ 5'jf5't d'Qm /fi6« 3f]if0ff @)^# h]7 @! ut] ePsf] xf] .
xlnof k|yf
e"ldkltsf] hUuf plrt kfl/>lds ljgf vghf]t ug]{ / dflnsn] cGg leœofpg] a]nfdf plrt lx;fj ljgf g} nfg] rngnfO{ xlnof k|yf elgG5 .
xlnof k|yfsf] cGTo @)^% ebf} @! ut] tTsflng k|wfgdGqL k'iksdn bfxfn ‘k|r08’ n] u/]sf x'g\ .
afFs], alb{of nufPt ;"b'/klZrdsf ( lhNnfdf sl/j @) xhf/ xlnof;Fu ! nfv cfl>t hg;+Vof /x]sf] lyof] .
xlnof k|yf d'Qm ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;jf]{Rr cbfntn] @)^$ ;fndf lgb]{zg lbPsf] lyof] .
hfthflt
g]kfnsf s]xL hfthfltx¿
u'?ªM g]kfndf !=(&% u'?ª hflt /x]sf], 3fGb|'s l;:n]sdf cflbd 3gfa:tL ePsf], g]kfn / ljb]zL ;}lgs ;]gf ;]jfdf a9L ;+nUg, ljjfx dfdf
r]nfr]nL / km'k" r]nfr]nL aLr / ;f]N6L ;fOgf]df clgjfo{ ljjfx x'g], k'?ifsf] zjdf ;]tf] / :qLsf] zjdf /ftf] sfqf] /flvG5 . b]zel/ 5l/P/ /x]sf
logL bz}+, ltxf/, Nxf];f/ dfGb5g\ . logsf u'?nfO{ w\ofa|] elgG5 . ;+:s[ltsf wgL logsf] k|d'v gfr /f]bL, ;f]/7L cflb x'g . u'?ª efiffsf] klxnf]
rnlrq kft] xf] .
/fp6]M >f4 a/vL s]xL gafg]{, d/]sf] dfG5]nfO{ uf8\g], dfG5] d/]df 7fpF ;g]{, vfGrL efiff af]Ng] /fp6] hfltsf] ;ª\Vof ^!* hgf 5 . bfª, ;Nofg,
;'v]{t, hfh/sf]6df logLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . v]tL gug]{, k};f 5f]P kfk nfUb5 eg] of]] hflt nf]k x'g] cj:yfdf /x]sf] lkm/Gtf hflt xf] . o;n] hËnL
sGbd"n, kmnk"mn vfP/ hLljsf rnfpF5g\ . cfˆgf] gfOs]nfO{ …dfgaxfb'/Ú eGb5g\ . s'g} JolQmsf] d[To' ePdf afFb/ dfg]{ hfndf /fvL uf8\g] rng
5.
d]r]M emfkf lhNnfsf cflbjf;L, vf; kj{ bz}+ ltxf/ / kmfu'k"l0f{df, a'afcfdfsf] d[To' ePdf Ps 5f]/fn] dfq lqmof a;] k'Ug] logL $,*^& ;ª\Vofdf
5g\ . emfkfdf a;f]af; ePsf d]r] hflt k|s[lt, gbLgfnf, l;pF8Lsf] ¿v / db|fO b]jtfsf] k"hf ub{5g\ . tLg bzs cufl8 of] hflt lkm/Gt] cj:yfdf
lyof] .
z]kf{M ;f]n'v'Da' lhNnf d"n ynf], k|d'v k]zf kj{tf/f]x0f / kz'kfng, u'Daf / £ofª\ k'hf :yn, af}4 wdf{nDaL, k/Dk/fut kf]zfs aVv' / h'QfnfO{ bf]rf
elgG5 . ax'klt k|yf, zjnfO{ hldgdf uf8\g], >f4 sd{nfO{ 3]jf elgG5 . logsf] d':tfªsf] hf]d;f]d, dfkmf{df klg a;f]af; 5 . z]kf{ hflt g]kfnsf]
kj{tLo Onfsfdf a:b5g\ . oLgsf] k|d'v rf8kj{x¿ Nxf];f/, b'Dr], dfg]l/Db', x'g\ . u'?nfO{ nfdf eGb5g\ . kj{tf/f]x0fsf nflu ljZjk|Voft hflt xf] .
z]kf{ efiffsf] k|yd rnlrq …vf+u|LÚ xf] . hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ )=$#% z]kf{ hflt g]kfndf a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
ysfnLM ysfnL hfltnfO{ l9s'/ k|yfn] Jofkf/ Joj;fodf 7"nf] ;xof]u k'u]sf] 5 . logLx? ltAatdf k|rlnt jf]gkf] wd{ dfGb5g\=, lkt[ k"hfsf] ¿kdf
tf]/Gnx kj{ dgfpg], lkt[nfO{ lvdL lk08bfg ug]{ ysfnLsf] d':tfª -yfsvfnf_ df d'Vo a;f]af; 5 . logsf] d'Vo kj{ !@ jif{df kg]{ …Nxf km]jfÚ xf] .
7"nf] rf8 tf]/Gnx -lkt[k"hf_ xf] . !#,@!% hgf ysfnL g]kfndf a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
afx| ufpFn]M wd{ jf]gkf] dfGg] oL hfltdf ank"j{s eufP/ ul/g] ljjfx k|rngdf s]6Lsf] ;xdlt x'g'kg]{, dfOtL kIfnfO{ 5\ofª\ / ¿k}ofF rf9fP/ dfkmL
dfuL dgfpg' kb{5 . efb| k"0f{df kg]{ dft'{ kj{ dfGg] afx|ufpFn] d':tfªdf a:5g\ .
k'g]nM nfdf wfdL emfFqmLdf ljZjf; ug]{, ltAatL wd{ jf]gkf] dfGg], s]6Lsf] ckx/0f u/L ljjfx ug]{ rng, kfFr ufpFdf nfUg] 7"nf] d]nf g} k|d'v ;+:s[lt
kj{ . k'g]n d':tfªdf a:b5g\ / lognfO{ kfFr ufpFn] klg elgG5 .
/fO{M d[To'kl5 sk'/yfgdf nuL uf8\g], jif{sf] PskN6 y]dfª\jf ->f4_ ug]{, cfˆgf k"vf{sf ¿kdf ;'lDgdfª\ kf/f]xfª\ -lzjkfj{tL_ dfG5g\ . k|d'v kj{
pef}nL / pFwf}nL dgfOg] . 5f]/f hGd] $ lbgdf / 5f]/L hGd] # lbgdf rf]VofOG5 . ef]6 ad]{nL ;d'bfosf] /fO{ efiff af]Ng] . k|d'v rf8 bz}+ ltxf/
dfGb5g\ r08L k"hf 7'nf] ;f+:s[lts kj{ xf] . u'?–8=f]kf, wd{u|Gy d'Gw'd eGb5g\ . /fO{ efiffsf] k|yd 6]lnrnlrq …;fofa'ªÚ xf] . hgu0fgf @)^* df
@=#% /fO{ hflt g]kfndf a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
lnDa'M d[t cfkmGtsf] :d[ltdf …tf8lzeÚ kj{ dgfpFb5g\ . u|xb]jtfsf] ¿kdf vfdfª\ k"hf ug]{ rng, wg'wf{/L ls/ft]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] k"hf ug]{ oL wg'jf0f
rnfpg bIf dflgG5g\ . lnDa' lnDa'jfg If]q -tfKn]h'ª, kfFry/, Onfd, t]x|y'd, wgs'6f_ df a:b5g\ / logsf] k|d'v rf8 tª;Ld xf] . wfg gfr gfRg]
k|rng 5 . k|d'vnfO{ …;'AafÚ, u'?nfO{ km]bfª\jf jf ;fDaf eGb5g\ . ;'lgdfª, kf/f]xfªnfO{ k"j{h dfgL k"hf ug]{ of] hflt g]kfndf !=$^% a;f]af;
ub{5g\ .
lwdfnM lwdfn hflt cfk'mnfO{ sfzL uf]qsf] dfGb5g\, lwdfn hfltsf] cu'jfnfO{ b]plgof elgG5 . d[To' x'Fbf gbL lsgf/df uf8\g] rng 5 . lwdfn
hflt df]/ª, emfkfdf a:b5g\ / l;l/hft, gf}jËL, kvf{ cflb kj{x¿ dgfpFb5g\ . lwdfn efiffsf] klxnf] rnlrq …pgLÚ xf] . k'/f]xltnfO{ wfdL, ufpFsf]
k|d'vnfO{ …b]plgofÚ elgG5 . hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ @^,@(* hgf hg;ª\Vof /x]sf] 5 .
du/M ;hfltodf ljjfx ug]{ / dfdfr]nL km"k' r]nfaLr ljjfx x'G5, ljwjf ljjfxsf] klg k|rng, s[lif, kz'kfng / ;}lgs ;]jf k|d'v Joj;fo ug]{ of]
hflt d'Vo t k"jL{ kxf8L If]qdf a:g] eP klg b]zel/ g} 5l/P/ /x]sf 5g\ . k|d'v rf8 bz}+, ltxf/, j}zfv k"l0f{df dfGg] u'?nfO{ e'iffn eGb5g\ .
ef]6ad]{nL efiff af]Ng], efGhf jf 5f]/LHjfO{nfO{ k'/f]lxt dfGg] . hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ &=!%% -t];|f] 7"nf] ;ª\Vof ePsf] hflt_ du/ hflt g]kfndf
a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
r]kfªM vfDrL efifL r]kfª\sf] wflbª, dsjfgk'/, uf]vf{, lrtjgdf a;f]af; 5 , d'Vo rf8 rf]gfd, u'?nfO{ kfF8] / logL cfk"mnfO{ k|hf eGg
¿rfpFb5g\ . tLgk6s 6fpsf] h'wfO ljjfx ub{5g\ eg] bfOhf]sf] ¿kdf lrp/Lsf] af]6 lbG5g\ . cfk"mnfO{ >L/fdsf] ;Gtfg 7fGb5g\ . hgu0fgf @)^*
cg';/f ^*,#(( hg;ª\Vof of] hfltsf] 5 .
d';ndfgM g]kfnsf] t/fO{, sf7df8f}+, kf]v/f -sf:sL_ df a;f]af; ug]{ of] hfltsf] ;ª\Vof hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ $=$% 5 . ljjflxt dlxnfn]
…a'sf{Ú -lz/b]lv kfp;Dd 5f]lkPsf] sfnf] sk8f_ nufpF5g\, s]6fsf] of}gfËsf] dflyNnf] Tjrf ;fg}df sfl6\G5 h;nfO{ …vtgfÚ elgG5 . /h:jnf gf/Ln]
afg'{ kb{}g . wfld{s u|GynfO{ …s'/fgÚ / k|fy{gf :YfnnfO{ …dl:hbÚ elgG5 . z'qmaf/nfO{ ljz]if dxTj lbG5g\ . /dhfg dlxgfdf /f]hf -j|t_ a:g], c;xfo,
ul/a / ljkGgnfO{ bfg lbg'kg]{ lgod -hsft_, cfˆgf] hLJfgsfndf Psk6s ;fpbL c/a l:yt dSsf dlbgfdf kg]{ tLyf{6g -xh_ ug'{kg]{, Ob, jsl/b
d';ndfgsf dxTjk"0f{ rf8kj{ x'g\ . zjnfO{ hldgd'lg uf8\g] -bkmg ug]{_ ul/G5 .
yf¿M hgu0fgf @)^* cg';f/ efiffut cfwf/df %=* k|ltzt / hfltut cfwf/df ^=^% hg;ª\Vof /x]sf of] hfltsf] k|d'v k]zf s[lif / kz'kfng
xf] . u'?nfO{ u'?jf / e/f{ eGg], yf¿ efiff a]flng], df3L / kmfu" k|d'v rf8kj{ dgfpg] oL hflt clt ;/n k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ . yf¿sf] d'Vo a;f]af;
:yn ;'g;/L, af/f, gjnk/f;L, lrtgjg, pbok'/, bfª, alb{of, s}nfnL, s~rgk'/ xf] . logsf] d'Vo k]zf s[lif / kz'kfng, dfuL ljjfxsf] k|rng,
d'Vo rf8 df3L, k'/f]lxtnfO{ u'?jf, ;+o'Qm kl/jf/df a:g ¿rfpg] x'G5g\ .
g]jf/M Jofkf/ pBf]u / ;/sf/L ;]jfdf pNn]Vo ¿kdf /x]sf, zx/L If]qdf a;f]af; ePsf, cfly{s, z}lIfs, ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts b[li6n] ;DkGg of]
hflt lxGb" / af}4 b'j} wd{ dfG5g\ . logsf] cfˆgf] /~hgf lnkL 5, g]jf/L efiff af]Nb5g\ . OxL ljjfx, u'kmf a:g] rng, h+sf] gfds ;+:sf/, u7]dËn,
ufO{hfqf, OGb|hfqf, ef]6]hfqf, 3f]8]hfqf, lj:s]6 hfqf g/l;+x kj{ cflb ljleGg k/Dk/f / kj{x¿ x'g\ . lj= ;+= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfdf $=((%
g]jf/x¿ /x]sf 5g\ .
efiffefifL
efiff kl/jf/M ;+;f/df af]lng] efiffx¿nfO{ $ efiff kl/jf/df afFl8Psf] 5 . tL x'g\ M
-!_ ef/f]k]nL efiffkl/jf/
– of] ;+;f/df ;aeGbf a9L af]lng] jf km}lnPsf] efiff kl/jf/ xf] .
– ef/t]nL / o'/f]k]nL b'O{ zJbaf6 ef/f]k]nL zAbsf] k|rng ePsf] dflgG5 .
– g]kfndf ef/f]k]nL efiff kl/jf/sf w]/} efiffx¿ /x]sf 5g\ h:t} g]kfnL, d}ynL, ef]hk'/L, yf¿, cjwL, /fhj+zL, dfemL, b/}, jf]6], r'/]6L, bg'jf/L cflb .
– g]kfndf ;aeGbf a9L hg;ª\Vofn] af]lng] ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/sf] efiff g]kfnL xf] .
-@_ rLlgof ltAatL jf ef]6 ad{]nL efiff kl/jf/
– ljZjdf ef/f]k]nL kl/jf/kl5 ;a}eGbf a9L af]lng] efiff kl/jf/ ef]6\ jd]{nL efiffkl/jf/ xf] .
– o; kl/jf/sf efiffx¿ rLg, ef/t, g]kfn, adf{, e'6fg, leotgfd, yfOn}08, aª\unfb]z cflb d'n'sdf af]lnG5 .
– g]kfndf af]lng] ef]6–ad]{nL kl/jf/sf efiffx¿df tfdfª, g]jf/L, du/, u'?ª, lnDa', jfGtjf, ef]6], z]kf{, rfdlnª, ;'g'jf/, s'n'ª, bg'jf/, ysfnL cflb
x'g\ .
-#_ b|la8 efiffkl/jf/
– b|la8 Pp6f hflt xf], o; hfltn] af]Ng] ;Dk"0f{ efiff ;d"xnfO{ b|la8 efiff ;d'x elgG5 .
– o; cGtu{tsf efiffx¿ af]Ng] dflg;x¿ ;aeGbf a9L ef/tdf 5g\ . ef/tdf af]lng] tldn, t]nu', sGg8 efiffx¿ o;cGtu{t kb{5g\ .
– g]kfndf b|lj8 kl/jf/ cGt{utsf] emfFu8 efiff af]lnG5 .
-$_ cfUg]o -cfUg]nL_ efiff kl/jf/
– ef/tsf] cf;fd, aª\ufn / ljxf/df cfUg]o kl/jf/ cGtu{t ;Gyfn efiff af]Ng] hfltsf] a;f]jf; 5 .
– ef/tsf] ;Gyfn k/uGgf g} ;tf/ efiffsf] d'Vo ynf] xf] .
– g]kfndf cfUg]nL kl/jf/ cGtu{tsf] Psdfq ;Gyfn -;tf/_ efiff af]lnG5 .
;+:s[lt ;Dkbf eGgfn] k/Dk/fut dfGotf, /xg;xg, wd{ tyf dfgj lgld{t :df/s / k'/ftflTjs j:t'x¿ kb{5g\ . ;du|df ;f+:s[lts ;DkbfnfO{
ef}lts / cef}lts @ efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;+:s[lts ;Dkbfx¿ ljZj ;fd' g]kfnnfO{ lrgfpg] cd"No lglw x'g \ . ljZj ;f+:s[lts
;Dkbfdf ;"lrs[t ;DkbfnfO{ ;f+:s[lts, k|fs[lts / ldl>t u/L # efudf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
ljZj;Dkbf ;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf wfld{s :ynx¿ % j6f 5g\ .
snfsf] b[lisf]0fn] sf7df8f}+nfO{ v'nf ;+u|xfno pkgfd lbO{Psf] 5 . g]kfnsf] slknj:t'df k'/ftflTjs ;+u|xfno /x] sf] 5 . k'/ftTj ljefusf] :yfkgf
lj=;+=@))( ;fndf ePsf] xf] . ljZj ;Dkbf;"rLdf k/]sf g]kfnsf @ j6f k|fs[lts ;Dkbf ;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h / lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~ h x'g\ .
snfz}nL
snf M gfRg',ufpg',lrqagfpg',d'lt{ vf]Kg',sk8f a'Gg' cflb sfo{nfO snf elgG5 . csf]{ zAbdf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ljlz:6 t/LsfnfO snf elgG5 .
;fdfGotof snf ^$ k|sf/sf dflgG5g\ .kfiff0f o'udf snfnfO hfb' / snfsf/nfO hfb'u/ elgGYof] . snfsf] b[l:6n] dWosfn :j0f{sfn dflgG5
.cyf{t snfsf] pTsif{ !# cf} ztfJbLnfO dflgG5 . snfsf] b[l:6n] cGwsf/ o'u eg]/ /f0ffsfnnfO lrlgg] . ljZjsf] ;j}eGbf k'/fgf] snf lrq
snfnfO dflgg] .
snfsf ;Gbe{df g]kfn cf6{ :s'nsf] :yfkgf lj;=!((! ;fn r}qdf ePsf] lyof] pQm :s'nsf] gfd k/Lkj{tg u/L lj=;=!((% df h'2 snf kf7zfnf
gfdfs/0f u/LPsf] xf] . nnLtsnf dxfljBfnosf] :yfkgf @)@$ df u/LPsf] lyof] / o;nfO k/Ljt{g u/L @)#) ;fndf nnLtsnf SofDk;
gfdfs/0f u/LPsf] 5 . g]kfn /fhsLo k|1f k|lt:7fgsf] :yfkgf @)#$ df ePsf] xf] .
af:t'snfM 3/ ,dlGb/,kf6Lkf}jf,b/jf/,r}To cflb agfpg] snf , o;sf] ljsf; k|lrgsfnb]lv ePsf] dflgg] .k|flrg af:t'snfsf] lgdf{0fdf b]xfosf
ltg z}nLsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
Kofuf]8f M tn}tnf 5fgfo'Qm tn rfSnf] / dfly ;fgf] cfsf/sf] 5fgf] 3f]lK6Psf] jf le/fnf] k/]sf] 5fgf] . o;sf] ljsf; hfkfgaf6 ePsf] . g]kfndf
Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] z'?jft !# cf} ztfJbLdf ePsf] xf] .Kofuf]8f z}nLsf] pbfx/0fsf ?kdf kz'ktLgfysf] dlGb/, rfu'gf/fo0fsf] dlGb/, kf6gsf] led;]g
dlGb/, Goftkf]n, eQmk'/sf] btfq]o, kf6gsf] s'De]Zj/,lslt{k'/sf] jf3e}/j,tn]h' dlGb/,s}nf;s'6 ejg,dfgejg,eb|flwjf; ejg
lzv/M ;'n'Q k/]/ dfly r'lnb} hfg] em§x]bf{ lzv/ kxf8 h:tf]
kz'kltsf] k|fª\u0fsf] a|Xdf dlGb/
kf6gsf] dxfaf}4 dlGb/
kf6gsf] s[i0fdlGb/
eQmk'/sf] jT;nfb]jL dlGb/
:jo+e"sf] k|tfkk'/ / cgGtk'/
kf6gsf] Rofl;Fb]u
kf6g zª\vd"nsf] hut\ gf/fo0f dlGb/
nlntk'/ a'ËdtLsf] dlR5Gb|gfy dlGb/
lwd] M sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf cflbjf;L s[ifs ;d'bfo Hofk"x¿df a9L dfqfdf k\rlnt of] afhf b'j} tkm{ 5fnfn] df]l8Psf] / 5fnfsf] t'gfn] g} sl;P/
afFlwPsf] x'G5 .
Nxf M tfdfª sf] afhf xf] d'Vo afhf 8Dkm' xf] of] 3f]/nsf] 5fnfsf] x'G5 .
d[b+u / klZrdf M wfld{s ehg, lst{g cflbdf d[b+u jfB ahfO{G5 . k~rtfn / ;j} lsl;dsf nox¿ lgl:sg] of] afhf wfld{s b[li6n] ljz]if dxTjsf]
/x]sf] 5 .
=tfO{gfO{ -s}km'rf_ M g]jf/ ;d'bfodf k\rlnt of] afhf lkQnsf] afSnf] yfn agfO{ To;nfO{ em'08\ofP/ To;df uhfn] cf3ft ubf{ tfO{gfO{ h:t} cfjfh
cfpg] x'Fbf of] afhfsf] gfd tfOgfO{ /x]sf] xf] .
k|Zg M g]kfnsf] ;f+:s[lts hLjg sf af/]df pNn]v ug'{xf]; .
k|frLg sfnb]lv g} g]kfn ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;f]af; ug]{ ynf]xf] . g]kfndf d'Votof lxGb" wd{ / af}4 wd{sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 .
oLafx]s O:nfd, O;fO{, ls/fFt, jxfj, lzvnufot cGo wdf{jnDjLx¿ klgplQs} :jtGq ¿kdf /x]sf 5g\ .
lxGb" wd{cGtu{t z}j, j}i0fj, zfSt, ;f}o{cflb wd{ kb{5g\ eg] af}4 wd{df lxgofg, dxfofg, jh|ofg, tGq tyfdGqofg, ;xhofg / jf]Gkf] tyf nfdf
wd{ cflb kb{5g\ .
oL wd{x¿ ;dofg';f/ ljleGg ;Dk|bfo tyf pk–;Dk|bfodf kl/dflh{t x'Fb}uPsf] kfOG5 . g]kfnL ;dfhdf k|s[lt, lkt[ tyf cb[Zo zlQmsf] k"hf
ug]{k|rng klg /x]sf] 5 . klZrd g]kfndf di6f], k"jL{ kxf8df r08L jf b]jL,t/fO{df ;+;f/LdfO{, lxdfnL If]qdf lxGb"k|lt hgdfg;sf] cf:yf /
ljZjf;/x]sf] kfOG5 .
g]kfn ax'hftLo, ax'eflifs, ax'wfld{s Pj+ ax';fF:s[lts ljz]iftfo'Qm b]z xf] .oxfF ;fF:s[lts ljljwtfleq Pstf kfOG5 . oxfFsf ljljw
;F:s[ltx¿aLrk/fk"j{sfnb]lv g} ck"j{ d]n /xLcfPsf] 5 .
;fF:s[lts ax'njfbsf] l;4fGtaf6l;l~rt ;+:s[lt ePsf]n] oxfF ;fF:s[lts ;DaGwsf] klg cfbfgk|bfg ePsf] kfOG5 .g]kfnnfO{ ;femf ;F:s[ltsf] ljsf;
ePsf] d'n's egL ;uf}/j eGg ;lsG5 .
cGo yk ljz]iftfx? M
;+ljwfgsf] >f]t ls6fg gePsf] .
>L # / >L % sf] pQ/flwsf/L /f]nqmdsf] Joj:yf pNn]v ul/Psf] .
>L # af6 ;+s6sflng clwsf/sf] 3f]if0ff ug{;Sg] Joj:yf /flvPsf] lyof] .
;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;fw/0f sfg"g ;/x x'g] Joj:yf /flvPsf] lyof] .
ljZn]if0f M o; ;+ljwfgdf hgtfsf] k|ToIf dtflwsf/, lgoGq0f / ;Gt'ng, Goflos lgikIftf cflbh:tf k|hftGqsf ;f/e"t s'/fnfO{ ;Daf]w g ul/Psf]
lyPg . /fHosf] ;Dk"0f{ zlQmsf] >f]t /f0ff k|wfgdGqLnfO{ j}wflgs ?kdf g} :yflkt ug{ vf]lhPsf] lyof] .
g]kfndf rfn' cfGbf]ng / ef/tLo ;lqmotfsf] sf/0f / l8;]Da/ !(%) df % j6f k|:tfjx? -jflnu dtflwsf/sf cfwf/df ljwfg;ef u7g u/L gofF
;+ljwfg agfpg], cGtl/d ;/sf/ u7g ug]{, lqe'jgnfO{ g} /fhf dfGg], /fhgLlts aGbL d'Qm ug]{ / /fhg}lts ;+u7g ug]{ clwsf/ k|bfg ug]{_ ;dfj]z
ePsf] Ps :d/0fkq k7fPkl5 @))& ;fn k'if @$ ut] df]xg zdz]/n] hgtf;fd" 3'F8f 6]s]kl5 j}wflgs sfg"g, @))$ nfu" g} geO{ ;dfKt eof] .
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b]zdf ljBdfg juL{o, hftLo, n}+lus , If]qLo ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ /fHosf] s]lGb|s[t / PsfTds 9fFrfsf] k'g;+/rgf ul/g] s'/f pNn]v
ul/Psf] .
;dfj]zL nf]stGqsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTdf;ft ul/Psf] . o; qmddf g]kfnsf ;a} efiffnfO{ /fi6«« efiff dflgPsf], ljleGg ;fF:s[lts, ;fdflhs
xs clwsf/sf] k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf] .
;fj{ef}d;Qf / /fhsLo;Qf b'j} g]kfnL hgtfdf lglxt /x]sf] s'/f ;+ljwfgdf g} pNn]v ul/Psf] .
sfo{sf/L0fL clwsf/ k"0f{ ?kd dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt /x]sf] .
df}lns xsx?df lj:tf/ ul/Psf] . ;fljsdf !@ j6f df}lns xsx?sf] pNn]v ePsf]df o; ;+ljwfgdf @! j6f df}lns xsx?sf] Joj:yf
ul/Psf] .
g]kfnnfO{ wd{ lg/k]If d'n's (Secular State) sf ?kdf 3f]if0ff ul/Psf] .
/fHosf] gLlt / lgb]{zs l;4fGtsf] ;fy;fy} klxnf] k6s ;+ljwfgdf g} /fHosf] bfloTj ;d]t pNn]v ul/Psf] .
/fli6««o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] dfGotf k|bfg ul/Psf] .
/fli6««o dxTjsf ljifodf hgdt ;+u|x ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwL;, /fhb"t, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] kbflwsf/L nflu l;kmfl/; ul/Psf JolQmx?sf] lgo'lQm k"j{ ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{
ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
;+ljwfgsf] rf}yf] ;+zf]wg;Fu} g]kfnaf6 /fhtGqsf] ljlwjt cGTo u/L ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds /fHo ePsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Psf]
k|f/Dedf /fhg}lts ;xdltdf hf]8 lbOPsf]df ljleGg ;dodf ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg u/L ax'dtLo k|0ffnLtkm{ nluPsf] .
k|d'v ljz]iftf M
efu #%, wf/f #)* / cg';"rL ( /x]sf]
b]znfO{ PsfTds tyf s]lGb|s[t zf;g Joj:yfaf6 ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf ?kfGt/0f ul/Psf] .
;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq g]kfnsf] d"n ;+/rgfnfO{ ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo tx u/L tLg txdf ljefhg ul/Psf]
;++j}wflgs lgsfosf] ;+Vof lj:tf/ u/L !# k'¥ofOPsf] -clVtof/ b'?kof]u cg';Gwfg cfof]u, dxfn]vf k/LIfs, nf]s;]jf cfof]u, lgjf{rg
cfof]u, /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/ cfof]u, /fli6«o k|fs[lts ;|f]t tyf ljQ cfof]u, /fli6«o dlxnf cfof]u, /fli6«o blnt cfof]u, /fli6«o ;dfj]zL
cfof]u, cflbjf;L hghflt cfof]u, dw]zL cfof]u, yf¿ cfof]u / d'l:nd cfof]u _
df}lns xsx?df lj:tf/ ul/Psf] . ljutdf ;+j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs ;lxt hDdf @! j6f df}lns xsx?sf] pNn]v ul/Psf]df gofF
;+ljwfgdf #! j6f k'¥ofOPsf] .
;+ljwfgdf df}lns xsx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ;+ljwfg k|f/De ePsf] tLg jif{leq sfg"gL Joj:yf ug]{ s'/f pNn]v u/L df}lns xssf]
k|rngnfO{ ;'lglZrtf k|bfg ul/Psf]
j+zh, c+lus[t, ;Ddfgfy{ gful/stfsf] Joj:yf - hGdsf] cfwf/sf] gful/stfsf] Joj:yf x6fOPsf], ;fy} ;fdflhs, ;fF:s[lt tyf cfly{s
clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L u}/ cfjf;Lo g]kfnL gful/stfsf] Joj:yf _
!) pRr kb - /fi6klt, pk/fi6klt, k|wfgdGqL, k|wfgGofwL;, ;efd'v, /f=;=cWoIf, k|b]z k|d'v, d'Vo dGqL, k|b]z ;efd'v, ;'/Iff lgsfosf
k|d'v_ df lgo'Qm x'g'kg]{ j+zhsf] cfwf/df g]kfnsf] gful/s ePsf] x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf . oL afx]s cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g
j}jflxs c+lus[t gful/stf, tyf hGdsf] cfwf/sf] gful/stf kfPsfsf] xsdf % jif{ / c+uLs[t gful/stf kfPsfsf] xsdf !) jif{ Joltt
ePsf] x'g'kb{5 .
ljleGg kbx? - k|wfgGofofwL;, ;jf]{Rrsf GofofwL;, Gofokl/ifbsf] ;b:o, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k|d'v jf kbflwsf/L, /fhb't_ df lgo'lQm
x'g'k"j{ ;+;bLo ;'g'jfO{ x'g'kg]{ Joj:yf .
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cjlzi6 clwsf/ ;F3df - cg;"rL % df ;F3sf], cg';"rL ^ df k|b]zsf], cg'';"rL & df ;F3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf, cg';"rL * df :yfgLo txsf]
tyf cg';"rL ( df ;F3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf] ;femf clwsf/sf] ;"rL pNn]v ul/Psf] ._
k|ltlglw;ef ;b:osf]] pDd]bjf/ x'g @% jif{, /fli6o ;ef ;b:osf] pDd]bjf/ x'g #% jif{ / /fi6klt, pk/fi6klt kbsf] pDd]bjf/ tyf ;+j}wflg
lgsfosf] kbdf lgo'Qm x'g $% jif{ k'u]sf] x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] .
k|ltlglw ;ef ;b:osf] kbfjlw % jif{sf] x'g], /fi6klt, pk/fi6kltsf] kbfjlw % jif{sf] x'g], ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/Lsf] kbfjlw ^
jif{sf] x'g], k|wfg GofofwL;sf] kbfjlw ^ jif{sf] x'g] k|fjwfg .
;jf]{Rr cbfntdf @! hgf GofofwL; x'g], ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxt /xg] / To;df k|wfg GofofwL;sf cltl/Qm cGo $ hgf
GofofwL; x'g] .
;+ljwfgdf klxnf] k6s gful/ssf st{Jox? klg pNn]v ul/Psf] . - wf/f $* df_
ljutdf @@ j6f /fHosf gLltx? pNn]v ul/Psf]df gofF ;+ljwfgdf /fHosf gLltx?nfO{ !# j6f ;d"x (Cluster) df ljefhg u/L lj:t[tdf lbOPsf]
./fHosf lgb]{zs l;4fGt, gLlt / bfloTj sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf u/]sf sfd / k|fKt pknlAw ;lxtsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/n] /fi6«klt ;dIf
k]z ug]{5 / /fi6«kltn] To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;+3Lo ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug]{ Joj:yf . oL s'g} ljifo sfof{Gjog eP jf gePsf] ;DaGwdf s'g}
cbfntdf k|Zg p7fpg ;lsg] 5}g .
;+j}wflgs jf cf}krfl/s(Ceremonial) /fi6kltsf] Joj:yf . /fi6«klt / pk/fi6kltdWo] s'g} Ps km/s ln+u jf ;d'bfosf] x'g'kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf]
.
sfo{sf/L0fLsf] clwsf/ dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt x'g] . ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:odWo]af6 ;dfj]zL l;4fGt adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL ;lxt a9Ldf @% ;b:oLo
dlGqkl/ifb u7g ug'{kg]{ Joj:yf u/L dlGqkl/ifbsf] cfsf/ ;Lldt ul/Psf] . ;fy} ljutdf h:tf] lgjf{rgdf k/flht ePsf] JolQm dGqL kbdf lgo'lQmsf
nflu of]Uo gx'g] Joj:yf u/LPsf] .
k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o ;ef u/L b'O{ ;bgfTds Joj:yflksfsf] k|fjwfg /flvPsf] . k|ltlglw;ef @&% ;b:oLo -!^% k|ToIf lgjf{lrt / !!)
;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt_ / /fli6«o ;ef %( ;b:oLo -k|To]s k|b]zaf6 * hgfsf] b/n] lgjf{lrt %^ hgf / /fi6kltaf6 dgf]gLt # hgf_
. Joj:yflksfdf ## k|ltzt dlxnfsf] k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ul/Psf] .
s]xL ;'wf/ ;lxt ljuts} ;+;bLo Joj:yfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbOPsf] . k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ePsf] klxnf] b'O{ jif{;Dd / Ps k6s /fv]sf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj
c;kmn ePsf] Ps jif{ leq cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z ug{ g;lsg] tyf cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k]z ubf{ k|wfgdGqLsf nflu k|:tfljt ;b:osf] gfd ;d]t
pNn]v ug'{kg]{ k|fjwfg /flvPsf] .
:jtGq, lgikIf tyf ;Ifd Gofokflnsfsf] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] . g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt u/L tLg txsf cbfnt /xg]
Joj:yf ul/Psf] . ;jf]{Rr cbfnt leq g} Ps ;+j}wflgs Ohnf;sf] Joj:yf .
k|b]zsf] sfo{sf/L0fL clwsf/ k|b]z dlGqkl/ifbdf x'g] . ;+3df /fi6kltn] ug]{ ls;Ldsf ;+j}wflgs jf cf}krfl/s sfo{ ug{ x/]s k|b]zdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
k|ltlglwsf] ?kdf k|b]z k|d'v lgo'lQm ul/g] .
k|b]z Joj:yflksf Ps ;bgfTds x'g] . k|b]z ;efdf ^) k|ltzt k|ToIf lgjf{lrt / $) k|ltzt ;dfg'kflts lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 lgjf{lrt xg] u/L ;DjlGwt
k|b]zaf6 k|ltlglw ;efdf klxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g] lgjf{rg k|0ffnL adf]lhd lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:o ;+Vofsf] bf]Aa/ ;+Vofdf ;b:o /xg] .
yk ljz]iftf
g]kfndf af]lng] ;a} dft[efiffx¿ /fi6«efiff x'g\] / b]jgfu/L lnlkdf n]lvg] g]kfnL efiff g]kfnsf] ;/sf/L sfdsfhsf] efiff x'g] .
k|fb]lzs klxrfg ;lxtsf] Psn ;+3Lo gful/stfsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] .
ljleGg k|b]zdf lhNnfx? cg'';"rL $ df lbOPsf] . o; cg';f/ k|b]z g+= ! df !$, k|b]z g+= @ df *, k|b]z g+= # df !#, k|b]z g+= $ df !) /
cfwf, k|b]z g+=!! / b"O cfwf, k|b]z g+= !), k|b]z g+=& df ( lhNnf /flvPsf] . - gjnk/f;L / ?s'd nfO{ ljefhg ul/Psf] _
;+3Lo ;+;bdf ah]6 k]z ug'{kg]{ ;do h]7 !% ut] tf]lsPsf] . k|b]z / :yfgLo txn] ah]6 k]z ug]{ ;do ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd x'g] dfq
elgPsf] .
/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg ;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o dtbftf /x]sf] lgjf{rs d08naf6 x'g]5 .
b'O{ k6s /fi6«klt lgjf{lrt eO;s]sf] JolQm /fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ x'g ;Sg] 5}g .
/fi6«klt / pk/fi6«kltsf] lgjf{rg km/s km/s ln+u jf ;d'bfosf] k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L ug{' kg{] .
/fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] ;b:o gePsf] s'g} JolQmnfO{ dGqL kbdf lgo'Qm ug{ ;Sg]5 .t/ o;/L lgo'Qm dGqLn]
zkyu|x0f u/]sf] ldltn] 5 dxLgfleq ;+3Lo ;+;bsf] ;b:otf k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 .
k|wfgdGqL, pkk|wfgdGqL / dGqLn] /fi6«klt ;dIf tyf /fHodGqL / ;xfos dGqLn] k|wfgdGqL ;dIf cfkmgf]] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg' cl3 ;+3Lo
sfg"g adf]lhd kb tyf uf]kgLotfsf] zky lng' kg]{ .
k|ltlglw ;ef / /fli6«o ;ef gfdsf b'O{ ;bg ;lxtsf] Ps ;+3Lo Joj:yflksf x'g]5 h;nfO{ ;+3Lo ;+;b elgg]5 .
k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o, ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'v /x]sf] lgjf{rsd08nåf/f ;+3Lo sfg"g adf]lhd
k|b]z ;efsf ;b:o, ufpFkflnsfsf cWoIf / pkfWoIf tyf gu/kflnsfsf k|d'v / pkk|d'vsf] dtsf] ef/ km/s x'g] u/L k|To]s k|b]zaf6
sDtLdf tLg hgf dlxnf, Ps hgf blnt / Ps hgf ckf+utf ePsf JolQm jf cNk;+Vos ;lxt cf7 hgf u/L] lgjf{l rt ul/g] .
/fli6«o ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw 5 jif{sf] x'g]5 . /fli6«o ;efsf Ps ltxfO ;b:osf] kbfjlw k|To]s b'O{ jif{df ;dfKt x'g]5 .
;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo ljifosf] l;kmfl/; ug{ jf
k/fdz{ lbg Pp6f Gofo kl/ifb /xg]5, h;df b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /xg]5g\ M–
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-s_ k|wfg GofofwLz –cWoIf
-v_ ;+3Lo sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqL –;b:o
-u_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf jl/i7td GofofwLz Ps hgf – ;b:o
-3_ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df lgo'Qm u/]sf]Ps hgf sfg"gljb\ –;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn af/ P;f]l;Pzgsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltåf/flgo'Qm sDtLdf aL; jif{sf] cg'ej k|fKt jl/i7clwjQmf jf clwjQmf – ;b:o
g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3Lo Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst kbdf lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf] s'g}
sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug]{5 Gofo ;]jf cfof]udf b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿
x'g]5g\ M–
-s_ k|wfg GofofwLz –cWoIf -v_ ;+3Lo sfg"g tyf Gofo dGqL –;b:o
-u_ ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jl/i7td GofofwLz –;b:o -3_ nf]s ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf –;b:o
-ª_ dxfGofoflwjQmf –;b:o.
g]kfnsf] ;du| /fli6«o lxt, ;'/Iff / k|lt/Iff ;DaGwL gLlt th'{df ug{ tyf g]kfnL ;]gfsf] kl/rfng jf lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/,
dlGqkl/ifbnfO{ l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf / ;b:ox¿ /x]sf] Ps /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb /xg]5 M–
-s_ k|wfgdGqL – cWoIf -v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] /Iff dGqL – ;b:o
-u_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] u[x dGqL – ;b:o -3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] k//fi6« dGqL – ;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] cy{ dGqL – ;b:o -r_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] d'Vo ;lrj – ;b:o
-5_ k|wfg ;]gfklt, g]kfnL ;]gf – ;b:o
-@_ /Iff dGqfnosf] ;lrjn] /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifbsf] ;b:o–;lrj eO{ sfd ug]{5 .
g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}ldstf, ef}uf]lns cv08tf, :jfwLgtf / hgtfdf lglxt ;fj{ef}d;Qfsf] k|lts"n x'g] u/L of] ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ug{ ;lsg] 5}g
.
;lGw jf ;Demf}tf ug]{ clwsf/ ;+3df lglxt /xg]5 .
;+ljwfg adf]lhd k|wfg GofofwLz / ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] lgo'lQmsf] l;kmfl/; ug{ b]xfo adf]lhdsf cWoIf /
;b:o /x]sf] Ps ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb /xg]5 M–
-s_ k|wfgdGqL –cWoIf -v_ k|wfg GofofwLz –;b:o
-u_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;efd'v –;b:o -3_ /fli6«o ;efsf] cWoIf –;b:o
-ª_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] ljkIfL bnsf] g]tf –;b:o -r_ k|ltlglw ;efsf] pk;efd'v –;b:o
;+3Lo ;+;bsf ;b:o / k|b]z ;efsf ;b:osf] lgjf{rg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f ug{ g]kfn ;/sf/n]] b] xfosf cWoIf /
;b:o /x]sf] Ps lgjf{rg If]q lgwf{/0f cfof]usf] u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] ;]jflgj[Q GofofwLz –cWoIf -v_ e"uf]nljb Ps hgf – ;b:o
-u_ ;dfhzf:qL jf dfgjzf:qL Ps hgf – ;b:o -3_ k|zf;gljb jf sfg"gljb Ps hgf – ;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ljlzi6 >]0fLsf] clws[t –;b:o ;lrj
;+j}wflgs lgsfosf k|d'v / kbflwsf/L ;+3Lo ;+;bk|lt pQ/bfoL / hjfkmb]xL /xg' kg]{5 . k|ltlglw ;efsf ;ldltn] /fli6«o dfgj clwsf/
cfof]u afx]ssf cGo ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf] k|ltj]bg nufotsf sfd sf/afxLsf] cg'udg / d"Nof+sg u/L cfjZos lgb]{zg jf /fo ;Nnfx
lbg ;Sg]5 .
;+ljwfg adf]lhdsf ;+j}wflgs lgsfon] cfk"mn] u/]sf] sfd sf/afxLsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug{]5 / /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL
dfkm{t To:tf] k|ltj]bg ;+3Lo ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug{ nufpg]5 .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL Joj:yf
sfo{kflnsf M
ax'njfbdf cfwfl/t ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{Tds ;+3Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ;+;bLo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cjnDag ul/Psf] . g]kfnsf] sfo{sf/L0fL
clwsf/ ;+ljwfg / sfg"g adf]lhd dlGqkl/ifbdf lglxt x'g] tyf g]kfnsf] zf;g Joj:yfsf] ;fdfGo lgb]{zg, lgoGq0f / ;~rfng ug]{ cleef/f
dlGqkl/ifbdf /x]sf] . sfo{kflnsf ;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf lgDg a'Fbfx?df pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 M
sfo{kflnsfsf] u7g M
/fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ax'dt k|fKt ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ / lghsf] cWoIftfdf dlGqkl/ifbsf] u7g
x'g] .
k|ltlglw ;efdf s'g} klg bnsf] :ki6 ax'dt g/x]sf] cj:yfdf k|ltlglw ;efdf k|ltlglwTj ug]{ b'O{ jf b'O{ eGbf a9L bnx¿sf]
;dy{gdf ax'dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] k|ltlglw ;efsf] ;b:onfO{ /fi6«kltn] k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{ t/ k|ltlglw ;efsf] lgjf{rgsf]
clGtd kl/0ffd 3f]if0ff ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq o; k|fjwfg adf]lhd k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm x'g ;Sg] cj:yf gePdf jf To;/L
lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;efdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;+;bLo
bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug]{5 . o;/L lgo'Qm k|wfgdGqLn] To;/L lgo'Qm ePsf] ldltn] tL; lbgleq k|ltlglw ;efaf6
ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 .
;a}eGbf a9L ;b:ox¿ ePsf] bnsf] ;+;bLo bnsf] g]tfnfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ul/Psf] cj:yfdf lghn] #) lbgleq ljZjf;sf]
dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df s'g} klg ;b:on] k|ltlglw ;efdf ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] cfwf/ k|:t't u/]df /fi6«kltn] To:tf]
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;b:onfO{ k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm ug{] / lghn] klg #) lbgleq ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug'{ kg]{5 . ljZjf;sf] dt k|fKt ug{ g;s]df jf
k|wfgdGqL lgo'Qm x'g g;s]df k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] k|ltlglw ;ef lj36g u/L 5 dxLgfleq csf]{ k|ltlglw
;efsf] lgjf{rg ;DkGg x'g] u/L lgjf{rgsf] ldlt tf]Sg]5 .
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/fi6«klt, pk/fi6«klt, ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf GofofwL;, ;+j}wflgs lgsfosf kbflwsf/LnfO{ dxfcleof]u nufO{ b'O{ ltxfO{ ax'dtn]
kfl/t u/L kbd'Qm ug{ ;lsg] .
cfˆgf] sfd sf/jfxLdf ;+;b ljz]ifflwsf/ ;DkGg x'g] .
Gofokflnsf M
zlQm k[ysLs/0f / ;Gt'ng tyf lgoGq0fsf] l;4fGt adf]lhd Gofo ;DaGwL clwsf/ cbfnt tyf Goflos lgsfoaf6 x'g] / d'2f dfldnfsf] /f]xdf
cbfntn] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lg0f{osf] ;a}n] kfng ug'{ kg]{ k|fjwfg /x]sf] .
Gofokflnsf ;DaGwL yk ljz]iftfx? M
g]kfndf ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, pRr cbfnt / lhNnf cbfnt u/L tLg txsf cbfntx? /xg] k|fjwfg /x]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfgdf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;a} cbfnt / Goflos lgsfox¿ ;jf]{Rr cbfnt dftxt /xg] . ;+ljwfg / sfg"gsf]
JofVof ug{] clGtd clwsf/ ;jf{]Rr cbfntnfO{ x'g] .
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf g]kfnsf] k|wfg GofofwLzsf cltl/Qm a9Ldf aL; hgf GofofwLz /xg] .
;+j}wflgs kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg GofofwLzsf] / Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf cGo GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm
/fi6«kltaf6 x'g] .
;+ljwfg;Fu aflemg] u/L s'g} sfg"g agfOPdf To:tf] sfg"gnfO{ ab/ 3f]lift ug{ ;Sg] clwsf/ ;jf]{Rr cbfntdf x'g] .
;jf{]Rr cbfntdf Ps ;+j}wflgs Ohnf; /xg] . To:tf] Ohnf;df k|wfg GofofwLz / Gofo kl/ifbsf] l;kmfl/;df k|wfg
GofofwLzn] tf]s]sf cGo rf/ hgf GofofwLz /xg] Joj:yf .
;jf]{Rr cbfnt, Gofo kl/ifb / Gofo ;]jf cfof]un] k|To]s jif{ cfˆgf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg /fi6«klt ;dIf k]z ug]{5 / /fi6«kltn]
To:tf] k|ltj]bg k|wfgdGqL dfkm{t ;+3Lo ;+;b ;dIf k]z ug{] k|fjwfg /x]sf] .
Ps jif{ eGbf a9L s}b ;hfo x'g] kmf}hbf/L s;"/ ;DaGwL d'2f cbfnt jf ljlzi6Ls[t cbfnt jf ;}lgs cbfnt jf Goflos
lgsfo afx]s cGo lgsfosf] clwsf/ If]qdf gkg]{ .
;+ljwfg adf]lhd GofofwLzsf] lgo'lQm, ;?jf, cg'zf;g ;DaGwL sf/afxL, avf{;L / Gofo k|zf;g ;DaGwL cGo ljifosf]
l;kmfl/; ug{ jf k/fdz{ lbg k|wfg GofofwL;sf] cWoIftfdf Pp6f Gofo kl/ifb /xg] ;+j}wflgs Joj:yf .
g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfg"g adf]lhd ;+3Lo Gofo ;]jfsf] /fhkqf+lst kbdf lgo'lQm, ;?jf, a9'jf ubf{ jf To:tf] kbdf axfn /x]sf]
s'g} sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo ;hfo ubf{ k|wfg GofofwL;sf] cWoIftfsf] Gofo ;]jf cfof]usf] l;kmfl/; adf]lhd ug]{ .
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a|df08sf] kl/ro M
cfsfzdf /x]sf ;Dk"0f{ tf/f, u|x, pku|x, tf/fk'~hx?, tf/fd08nx? tyf gIfqx?sf] ;d"xnfO{ a|df08 elgG5 .
a|df08sf] cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{ a|df08zf:q (Cosmology) elgG5 .
cfsfzLo lk098x?sf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ zf:qnfO{ vuf]n zf:q (Astronomy) elgG5 .
a]bdf "a|df08sf] g t cflb 5 gt cGTo g} 5" elgPsf] 5 .
a|df08 k+rtTj - k[YjL, hn, t]h, jfo' / cfsfz_ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 .
tf/fk'~h (Galaxy):
a|df08df /x]sf nfvf}+ s/f]8f}+ tf/fx?sf] ljzfn ;d"xnfO{ tf/fk'~h (Galaxy) elgG5 .
a|df08df ! vj{ tf/fk'~hx? /x]sf 5g\ . h:t}M Milk-way Galaxy, Andromeda Galaxy etc.
tf/fk'~hx? tLg k|sf/sf x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M c08fsf/ (Oval), :kfO/n (Spiral) / clgoldt (Irregular).
pku|xx? M
u|xx?sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug]{, !&# eGbf a9L ;+Vofdf /x]sf cfsfzLo lk08x? k|fs[lts pku|x x'g\ .
pku|x b'O k|sf/sf x'G5g\ M !_ k|fs[lts pku|x @_ s[lqd pku|x
pku|x gx'g] u|xx? — a'w / z'qm
klxnf] s[lqd pku|x — :k'lTgs —I, h;nfO{ ?;n] ;g\ !(%& cS6'a/ $ df cGtl/Ifdf k7fPsf] xf] .
;f}o{d08ndf ;a} u|x pku|x? bL3{j[tfsf/ kydf kl/qmdf ul//x]sf x'G5g eGg] s'/f kQfnufpg] a}1flgs s]Kn/ x'g\ .
rGb|df(The Moon):
k[YjLaf6 #,*$,$)) ls=dL= sf] b"/Ldf rGb|df /x]sf] 5 .
o;sf] Aof; #,$%( ls=dL= /x]sf] 5 .
rGb|dfsf] k|sf; k[YjLdf cfOk'Ug !=# ;]s]08 nfU5 .
of] k[YjLsf] Ps dfq pku|x xf] . o;sf] ;txsf] u'?Tj an k[YjLeGbf !/^ u'0ff sd 5 .
rGb|dfn] k[YjLsf] Ps k6s kl/qmdf ug{ @& lbg * 306f nfUb5 . o;nfO{ gIfq df; (Sederal Month) elgG5 .
Ps k"l0f{dfb]lv csf]{ k"l0f{df;Ddsf] cjlw @( lbg !@ 306f nfUb5 . o;nfO{ rGb|df; (Synodic Month) elgg5
.
cd]l/sfsf lgn cfd{:6 h;n] ;g\ !(^( h'nfO @! df Apollo -11sf] dfWofdaf6 RfGb|dfsf] ;txdf klxnf]k6s
kfOnf 6]s]sf x'g\ . pgL;Fu} hfg] w/ftndf cf]ln{Psf AolQm P8\jLg cNडर्् Lर g x'g\ eg] uP/ gcf]ln{g] AolQm dfOsn
sf]lnG; x'Gf\ .
lzz'u|x
(The Asteroid):
d+un / a[x:klt u|xsf] aLrdf /xL ;"o{sf] jl/kl/ kl/qmdf ug]{ ;;fgf lk08x?nfO lzz'u|x elgG5 .
;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz'u|x ;]/; xf] eg] bf];|f] 7"nf] e]:6f xf] .
;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz'u|xsf] Aof; sl/a *)) ls=d 5 eg] ;fgf lz'z'u|xx? Aof; !=^ ls=dL=b]lv #=@ ls=dL= sf ;Dd
e]l6G5.
lzz'u|xx?sf] cfsf/ lglZrt 5}g . ;a}eGbf 7"nf] lzz' u|xsf] cfsf/ eg] uf]nfsf/ 5 .
;Dk"0f{ lzz'u|xx?sf] lk08 k[YjLsf] t'ngfdf s]xL c+zdfq x'G5 .
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s/La !^)) j6f lzz'u|xx? kQfnfu]sf 5g\ . ;a}eGbf klxnf kQf nfu]sf] ;g\ !*)! df xf] .
pNsfx? (Meteors):
/flt ;kmf cfsfzdf tf/fx? v;]h:t} b]lvg] k|sf;sf] w;f]{nfO{ pNsf elgG5 .
cfsfzdf Pp6f lbzfaf6 cfsf]{ lbzfdf tf/f l56f] v;]h:tf] b]lvg] ePsf]n] logLx?nfO{ c+u]|hLdf Shooting Starjf
Falling star klg elgG5 .
cToGt 7"nf] / rlDsnf] pNsfkft nfO{ Fire Ball klg elgG5 .
s'g}s'g} pNsfx? olt 7"nf x'G5g\ ls ltgLx? an]/ afkm x'g afFsL /x]sf] lk08 k[YjL;Dd cfOk'U5g\ h;nfO{ pNsflk08
(Meteorite) elgG5 .
k"j{ P]ltxfl;s sfndf 50,000 jif{ klxn] cd]l/sfsf] Pl/hf]gfdf Pp6f d]l6of]/fO6 v;]sf] lyof] . o;af6 ag]sf]
1275 ld6/ rf}8f / 175 ld6/ ulx/f] vfN8f] cfhsn klg b]Vg ;lsG5 .
pNsfx? ljif]z ul/ pQ/L / blIf0fL w|'jlg/ 7"nf] ;+Vofdf em5{g\ , olta]nf pNsfaiff{ b]lvG5 .
pNsflk08x? # lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . tL x'g\ M !_ 9'ª\u] (Stony), kmnfd] (Iron),b'j} ldl;Psf ldl>t (Stony Iron) .
k[YjLdf e]l6g] d]l6of]/fO6;x? k|foh;f] kmnfd] x'G5g\ .
k'R5|]|tf/fx? (Comets):
;kmf cfsfzdf pHofnf] 6fpsf] ePsf s'rf] cfsf/sf rxlsnf a:t'nfO{ k'5|]tf/f jf w"ds]t' elgG5 .
k'5|]tf/fx? jf:tjdf Uof;Lo a/kmsf 8Nnfx? x'g\ . o;sf] lk08sf] rf/}lt/ afbn h:tf] a/km / w'ns0f ldl>t Uof;Lo
afo'd08n x'G5 , h;nfO{ sf]df(Coma) elgG5 .
logLx? s]xL aif{sf] cGt/fndf ;"of]{boeGbf s]xL cl3 k"jL{ cfsfzdf jf ;"of{:t kl5 klZrdL cfsfzdf b]lvG5g\ .
k'R5|]tf/fsf] gfd klxnf]kN6 b]lvPsf] ;"o{ kl/e|d0f ;do -sl/a jif{df_
x]nL k'R5|] tf/f (Halley's comets) 240 B.C. 76
6]Dkn 66n (Temple-tutle) 1366 33
PGs] (Enke) 1786 3.3
:jf:dfog jf:dfog (Schwasman- 1927 15
Washman)
a]Gg]6 (Bennet) 1969 —
;'d]s/ n]eL (Sho'aker – Levy) 1993 *;g\ 1994df 3'Db} hfFbf a[x:klt u|xdf
7f]lsO{ rsgfr'/ eof] .
u|x0f (Eclipse) :
;"o{, rGb|df / k[YjL l;wf /]vfdf kg{ uO{ rGb|dfsf] 5fofF k[YjLdf jf k[YjLsf] 5fofF rGb|dfdf kg'{nfO{ u|x0f elgG5 .
u|x0f nfUg'sf sf/0fx? M
k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf dfq lxF8\g] x'gfn],
rGb|dfn] k[YjLnfO{ / k[YjLn] ;"o{nfO{ kl/s|df ugf{n]
;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf kgf{n]
u|x0fsf k|sf/ M
;"o{ u|x0f (Solar eclipse):
o ha ;"o{ / k[YjLsf] lardf rGb|df cfpF5, ;"o{sf ls/0fx? rGb|dfn] 5]Sg uO{ k[YjLdf 5fof kg{ hfFbf ;"o{ u|x0f nfU5
.
o ;"o{ u|x0fdf ;"o{sf] klZrdL efu klxn] 9flsG5 .
o k"0f{ ;"o{ u|x0fdf ;"o{ k"0f{ ?kdf sfnf] ePsf] b]lvG5 . k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFdf k"0f{ ;"o{ u|x0f #^) aif{df nfUg] u5{ .
clxn];Ddsf] /]s8{ cg';f/ * ldg]6;Ddsf] ;"o{ u|x0f nfu]sf] 5 .
o ano ;"o{ u|x0f k[YjLsf] Ps 7fpFdf k|To]s !))) aif{df nfU5 .
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o ;"o{ u|x0fsf sf/0fx? M
k|sfzn] l;wf /]vfdf ofqf ug'{,
rGb|dfsf] 5fofF k[YjLsf] ;txdf kg'{,
;"o{, rGb|df / k[YjL Pp6} l;wf /]vfdf dg'{,
rGb|df / k[YjLn] qmdzM k[YjL / ;"o{nfO{ cfcfˆgf] sIfdf kl/s|df ug'{ .
rGb| u|x0f (Lunar Eclipse):
o ha ;"o{ / rGb|dfsf] aLrdf k[YjL kg{ cfpF5, tj k[YjLsf] 5fofF rGb|dfdf kg{ uO{ rGb| u|x0f nfU5 .
o rGb|dfsf] ;txnfO{ k"0f{ ?kdf 5f]Kg] u|x0fnfO{ k"0f{ rGb|u|x0f elgG5 .
o cfFlzs rGb| u|x0f ! 306f $) ldg]6;Dd /xG5 .
o rGb| u|x0fdf rGb|df xNsf /ftf] /+usf] x'G5 .
o rGb| u|x0fdf rGb|dfsf] k"jL{ efu klxn] 9flsG5 .
o rGb| u|x0f nfUg'sf sf/0fx?M
k|sfz l;wf /]vfdf ofqf ug'{,
k[YjLsf] 5fof rGb|dfsf] ;txdf kg'{,
;"o{, k[YjL / rGb|df Pp6} /]vfdf kg'{,
k[YjLn] klg cfkm\g} sIfdf ;"o{sf] kl/s|df ug'{ / rGb|dfn] klg cfkm|g} sIfdf k[YjLsf] kl/s|df ug'{,
$= tfkLod08n *) ls=dL= b]lv &@) o; txdf jfo' Hofb} sd x'G5 . ;f}o{ lals/0fsf] a9L k|efj kg]{
(Thermosphere)ls=dL= ePsfn] oxfF a9L tfkqmd x'G5 .
o; rxdf Uof;sf c0f'x? cfof]gdf kl0f x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{
cfof]g tx klg elgG5 .
%= afx\o d08n &@) ls=dL= eGbf dfly b]lv jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf dflysf] tx xf] .
( Exosphere) cGtl/If;Dd km}lnPsf] o;nfO{ ;Ldf k|b]z (Fringe Region)elgG5 .
o; txdf u'?Tjfsif{0fn] klg c;/ ug{ ;Sb}g .
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@= s'g lj1fgnfO{ s] elgG5 <
Psf]l:6s WjgL, k|;f/ / u|x0faf/] cWoog
Pgf6f]dL z/L/sf] lr/kmf/ u/L o;sf] ;+/rgfsf] jf/]df cWoog
PkLsNr/ df}/Lkfng u/L dx pTkfbg ug]{ snf
cs]{nf]HfL P]ltxfl;s dxTjsf j:t'x? cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
caf]{/LsNr/ ?v lj?jfx?sf] v]tL ug]{ snfaf/] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
;]/fldS; lrgLofF df6f]sf] efF8fx? lgdf{0f ug]{ snf
lsdf]y]/fkL /f;folgs of}uLsx?4f/f pkrf/ ug]{ lrlsT;f lj1fg
s;df]nL a|df08sf] pTkltsf] af/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
qmf]gf]nf]hL sfnqmd cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
SnfOd]6f]nf]hL hnjfo'sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
8]df]u|fkmL hg;+Vof ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
Olk8]df]nf]hL /f]ux? / ltgsf] pkrf/;DaGwL lrlsT;f lj1fg
PG6f]df]nf]hL sL/f km6\ofªu|fx?sf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
OlyS; gLltzf:q;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
h]/]G6fnf]hL a[4 cj:yfsf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
ufog]sf]nf]hL :qL /f]usf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
xl6{sNr/ afujfgL ;DaGwL cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
xf]/f]nf]hL 38L lgdf{0f tyf ;do lgwf{/0f ;DaGwL lj1fg
cf]8f]G6f]u|fkmL bfFtx?sf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
clg{yf]nf]hL k+IfLx?sf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
cf]/f]nf]hL kxf8x?sf] jf/]df cWoog ug]{
lk;LsNr/ df5fkfng ug]{ ljlw
l;:df]nf]hL e"sDksf] pTklt, ult kl/jt{gaf/] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
;]nLgf]u|fkmL rGb|dfsf] cWoog ug]{ lj1fg
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$= l;4fGt / k|ltkfbs M
l;4fGt k|ltkfbs ef}lts kl/0ffd PsfO{
a+zf0f'qmdsf] l;4fGt u|]u/ d]08n b'wsf] z'4tf NofS6f]dL6/
u'?Tjjnsf] l;4fGt Go"6g cGGfsf] cfotg a';]n
SjfG6d Yof}/L d]S; Knf+s e"sDk /]S6/ :s]n
;fk]Ifjafb, kmf]6f] On]lS6«sOkm]S6 cNa6{ cfOG;6fOg WjgLsf] ltj|tf 8];Ljn
tfksf] ultjfbL l;4fGt s]lNeg an Go"6g
ljB't ck36gsf] l;4fGt dfOsn km/f8] n]G; 8fof]K6/
k|sf;sf] ult /f]d/ ;fdYo{ x;{kfj/
kfgLsf] ;+/rgf / xfO8«f]hg x]G/L s]lelG8; 3gTj s]hL k|lt 3g dL6/
;"o{ s]lGb|t l;4fGt gLsf]n; sklg{s; ljB't wf/f PlKko/
ljsf;jfbL l;4fGt rfN;{ 8flj{g cfj[lQ xh{
jg:kltsf] cg';Gwfg hubL; rGb| jf]; rfk kf:sn
sfo{ , zlQm h'n
jfo'sf] bjfa jf/
क्रम तवकासीः
क्रम तवकासीः सजीवहरुमा क्रमशीः साधारणबाट तवतभन्न प्रकारका जरटल जीबहरुको उत्पतत हुनुलाइ क्रम तवकास भतनन्छ ।
एक कोषीय जीबहरु – बहु कोतषय ढाड नभएका जनावर - बहुकोषीय तवरुवाहरु – िु ल निु ल्ने तवरुवाहरु – िु ल िु ल्ने तबरुवाहरु – ढाड भएका माछा,
उभयचर, रे प्टाइल, चरा, स्तनधारी प्राणीहरु
क्रम तवकास तसद्धान्तका के ही प्रमाणहरुीः
१. अबशेषबाट प्राप्त प्रमाणहरु ( Evidences from fossils):
पिे चट्टानमा धेरै बषय पतहले मरे का तवरुवा वा जनावरको कु नै अंश , छाप वा तचन्हलाइ अबशेष भतनन्छ ।
क्रम तवकासको सबैभन्दा बतलयो अधार नै अबशेषबाट प्राप्त प्रमाण हो ।
तजवावशेषको बारे मा अध्ययन गने शास्त्रलाई Paleontology भतनन्छ ।
२. तुलनात्मक शरीर रचनाबाट प्राप्त प्रमाण (Evidences from comparatively morphology and anatomy) :
शाररररक बनौट आफ्नै फकतसमको भएपतन के ही साझा गुणहरु हुन्छन् ।
सधमी अंगहरु (Homologous Organs) : सजीबहरुमा पाइने अंगहरु जसको उत्पतत एउटै हुन्छ तर िरक िरक काययको लातग प्रयोग गररने अंगहरुलाइ
सधमी अंगहरु भतनन्छ । जस्तैीः मातनसको हात, चराको पखेटा, घोडाको अगाडीको खुट्टा आफद । सजीबमा पाइने त्यस्ता अंगहरु जसको उत्पतत िरक हुन्छ
तर कायय भने एउटै हुन्छ भने त्यस्ता अंगहरुलाइ एनालोगस अंग भतनन्छ ।
अबशेषांगबाट प्राप्त प्रमाण (Evidences from vestigial Organs) : कु कु र दााँत, भर्षमिम एपेतन्डक्स आफद । पुवयजमा फक्रयातशल तर अतहले लुप्त एवं
तनष्कृ य अवस्थामा रहेका अंगहरुलाई अवशेषांग (Vestigial Organs) भतनन्छ ।
३. भ्रुण सम्बन्धी प्रमाण (Embryonic Evidence) : मातनस, कु खुरा, माछा, चरा आफदको भ्रुण एउटै हुनु ।
४. भौगोतलक तवतरणबाट प्राप्त म्रमाण (Evidences from distribution of Organisms) : भारतको हात्ती र ब्रातजलको हात्तीतबच िरकपना ।
५. दुई बगयको जनावरबाट प्राप्त प्रमाणहरु (Evidences from Bridge Animals) : Duck Billed Platypus: चराले जस्तै िु ल पाने र स्तनधारीले जस्तै
दुध चुसाउने । , आर्ककयोप्टेररक्स (चरा र रे प्टाइल्सको तमश्रण)
क्रम तवकासका तसद्धान्तहरुीः
१. लेमाकय को तसद्धान्त (Lemarks Theory) :
क) जीवहरुमातथ वातावरणको प्रभाव पछय ।
ख) जीवहरुका शरीरको अंग ब्यवहारमा ल्याउनु र नल्याउनुले ततनीहरुको शरीरको रुप रे खामा पररबतयन ल्याउाँ छ ।
ग) कु नै एक पुस्ताका जीवमा आर्षजत भएको गुण वा पररबतयन अको पुस्ताका सन्तानमा सदै जान्छ ।
२. डार्षवनको तसद्धान्त (Darwin's Theory) :
सन् १८५९ मा डार्षवनद्वारा तलतखत Origin of Species नामक पुस्तकमा जीव तवकास सम्बन्धी तनम्न तलतखत अवधारणा अतघ सारे का छन् :
a. अत्यातधक सन्तानोत्पादन (Enormous Fertility) :
b. बााँच्नको लातग संघषय (Struggle for Existence) :
c. पररबृतत्त र बंशज (Variation and Heredity) :
d. प्राकृ ततक छनोटको तसद्वान्त (Theory of Natural Selection) :
e. नयााँ जाततको उत्पतत (Origin of Species) :
Note: डार्षवनको तसद्धान्तको आलोचना (Criticisms of Darwinism) :
1. डार्षवनले पररवृतत्तबाट जीवको उत्पतत सम्बन्धी स्पष्ट वणयन गरे का छै नन् ।
2. प्राकृ ततक छनोटमा यफद उपयोगी तभन्नता माि छनोट भएको भए काम नलाग्ने कु राहरुको छनोट नहुनु पने हो, तर भएकै पाइन्छ ।
3. उत्पररवतयन भएर पतन जीवहरुमा तभनन्ता आएको देतखन्छ ।
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
मानव क्रम तवकासीः
एक करोड पचास लाख बषय अतघको मातनएको के न्यामा प्राप्त प्रोतप्लयोतपथेकस नमूनालाई सबैभन्दा प्राचीन मानव पूवयज मातनन्छ ।
मानव क्रम तवकासको प्राचीनदेतख हाल सम्मको सही क्रमीः रामातपथेकस – अष्ट्रेलोतपथेकस – होमोइरे क्टस –
तनयन्दरथल मानव – होमोसेतपयन्स
मान्छे जस्तै तसधा उतभएर हहड्ने मानव – होमो इरे क्टस जसलाइ उतत्थत मानव पतन भतनन्छ ।
मानव जाततको सबैभन्दा प्राचीन प्राणी रामातपथेकस हो , जसको पतहलो खोज सन् १९३० मा भारतको तसवातलक पहाडमा G.E. Lewis ले खोज गरे का
तथए ।
नेपालमा तव.सं. २०३७ सालमा जे. एच. हातचसनले बुटवल नतजक ततनाउ नदीको फकनारमा १ करोड ५० लाख बषय पुरानो मातनएको तथयो ।
बैकतल्पक प्रश्नहरुीः
१. सजीवहरुमा क्रमशीः साधारणबाट तवतभन्न प्रकारका जरटल वा तवकतसत सजीवहरुको उत्पतत हुनुलाई के भतनन्छ ? a. लेमार्ककज्म b. डार्षबतनज्म
c. क्रम तवकास d. मातथका सबै
२. क्रम तवकास तसद्धान्तको सबैभन्दा बतलयो प्रमाणको रुपमा तलका मध्ये कु नलाई तलइन्छ ? a. भ्रुण सम्बन्धी प्रमाण b. अवशेषबाट प्राप्त प्रमाण
c. भौगोतलक तवतरण सम्बन्धी प्रमाण d. कु नै पतन होइन
३. चाल्सय डार्षवनले नयााँ जाततको उत्पतत नामक पुस्तक कतहले प्रकातसत गरे का तथए ? a. 1857 b. 1859 c. 1831
d. 1959
४. क्रम तवकासका तसद्धान्तहरुमा देहायका कु न तसद्धान्तहरुलाइ बढी मान्यता फदएको पाइन्छ ? a. लेमाकय को तसद्धान्त b. डार्षवनको
तसद्धान्त c. a र b दुबै सही d. a र b दुबै गलत
वंशाणुीः
जोन ग्रेगर मेण्डललाइ बंशाणुगत तवज्ञानका तपता भतनन्छ ।
अतष्ट्रयाका नागररक हुन् । उनको जन्म १८२२ र मृत्यु १८८४ मा भएको तथयो ।
जीवहरुका सन्तानमा कसरी बंशाणुगत गुणहरु सदै जान्छन भन्ने थाहा पाउन के राउ (Pisum Sativum) को अग्लो तवरुवा र होचो तवरुवा प्रयोग गरे का
तथए ।
के राउको तवरुवा प्रयोग गदाय ७ वटा गुणहरुको अध्ययन गरे का तथए जुन देहाय बमोतजम रहेका छन्
१. तवरुवाको उचाईीः अग्ला (T) र होचो (t)
२. िू लको स्थानीः काप (A) र टु प्पो (a)
३. कोसाको रं गीः हररयो (G) र पहेंलो (g)
४. कोसाको आकारीः पुष्ट (I) र खुतम्चएको (i)
५. तवउको आकारीः गोलो (R) र चाउररएको (r)
६. िू लको रं गीः खैरो (B) र सेतो (b)
७. तवउको रङीः पहेंलो (Y) र हररयो (y)
मेण्डलले के राउको तवरुवा छान्नुका कारणहरुीः
१. तजवन चक्र छोटो भएकोले,
२. आवश्यकता अनुसार स्वपरागसेचन (Self-pollination) र परपरागसेचन (Cross-Pollination) गनय सफकने,
३. थुप्रै प्रजाततहरु हुने भएकोले ।
मेडलका तनयमहरुीः
१. प्रवलताको तनयम (Law of Dominance)
२. लैंतगक शुद्धताको तनयम (Law of Purity of Gametes)
३. स्वतन्ि गुण प्रसारणको तनयम (Law of Independent Assortment)
तवरुवामा प्रयोग गररएको मेण्डलको तनयम T.H. Morgan ले ड्रोसोफिला नामक सझगामा सिल प्रयोग गरे का तथए ।
मोनोहाईतब्रड क्रसीः
एउटा माि िरक गुण भएका तवरुवाहरु बीच परपरागसेचन गराउने फक्रयालाई मोनोहाईतिड क्रस भतनन्छ ।
मेण्डलले अग्ला र होचा के राउबीच परपरागसेचन गराउाँ दा दोस्रो बंशमा फिनोटाइतपक अनुपात ३:१ (अथायत ७५% अग्ला र २५% होचा) र तजनोटाइतपक
अनुपात १: २: १(अथायत २५% शुद्ध अग्ला, ५०% रठमाहा र २५% शुद्ध होचा ) हुन्छ ।
डाइहाइतिड क्रसीः
दुइवटा िरक गुण भएका तवरुवाहरु बीच परागसेचन गराउने फक्रयालाइ डाइहाइतब्रड क्रस भतनन्छ ।
मेण्डलले दोस्रो बंशमा गोलो पंहेलो, गोलो हररयो, चाउररएको पंहेलो र चाउररएको हररयो तबउहरुको अनुपात 9:3:3:1 पाइयो ।
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
पररवृतत्त (Variation): हरे क ब्यति वा सन्ततततपच्छे देतखने िरकपन नै पररबृतत्त हो ।
उत्पररबतयन (Mutation): कु नै बंशमा देतखएको आकतस्मक पररवतयन नै उत्पररबतय हो ।
DNA र RNA तबचको िरकीः
DNA RNA
Deoxyribo Nucleic Acid Ribo Nucleic Acid
आकार - Double Strand (दुइ त्यान्रे) Single Strand (एक त्यान्रे)
नाइट्रोजन बेस, िस्िे ट र सुगर (तडअक्सी राइबोज सुगर) तमलेर बनेको हुन्छ यो राइबोज सुगर तमलेर बनेको हुन्छ ।
चार वटा नाइट्रोजन बेस हुन्छन् : चार बटा नाइट्रोजन बेस हुन्छन्:
Adenine Adenine
Cytosine Cytosine
Guanine Guanine
Thymine Uracil
यसले बंशाणुगत गुण साछय । यसले प्रोरटन संष्लेषण गछय ।
Adenine ले Thymine र Cytosine ले Guanine संग जोडा बनाउाँ छ । Adenine ले Uracil र Cytosine ले Guanine
संग जोडा बनाउाँ छ । `
यो क्रोमोजोममा पाइन्छ। यो मुख्यरुपमा साइटोप्लाज्मका साथै क्रोमोजोम,
न्यूक्लाओलस र न्युतक्लयोप्लाज्ममा पाइन्छ ।
तडटजेन्टीः
यो हाइड्रोकावयनबाट बनाइने घुलनशील सेन्थेरटक पेट्रोतलयम रसायन हो ।
यसको सिाइ गने क्षमता सावुनको भन्दा बढी हुन्छ ।
यो सावुनभन्दा घुलनशील हुन्छ ।
यो पाउडरको रुपमा हुन्छ।
प्लातष्टकीः
ग्रीक भाषामा Plasticos भतनन्छ ।
कावयनयुि मोनोमरहरुको Polymerization प्रकृ याबाट बनेको artificial polymer हो ।
प्राकृ ततक पोतलमरहरु प्रोरटन, स्टाचय, रबर आफद हुन् ।
Artificial पोतलमरहरु पोतलतथन, PVC र नाइलन हुन् ।
PVC को पूरा रुप Poly Vinyl Chloride हो ।
प्लातष्टक बनाउन चातहने मनोमरहरु खतनजबाट प्राप्त हुन्छ ।
प्लातष्टकहरु दुइ प्रकारका हुन्छन्:
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
o थमोप्लातष्टकीः तताउाँ दा नरम हुने , तचसोमा कडा हुने, स्वरुप बदल्न सफकने, पुन प्रयोग गनय सफकने । जस्तैीः PVC, Polythene, Polypropylene,
Polystyrene आफद ।
o थमोसेरटङ प्लातष्टकीः तताउाँ दा कडा हुने, पुनीःप्रयोग गनय नसफकने, भााँतचने । जस्तैीः बेकेलाइट(Bakelite ), तबजुलीको Switch, प्रेसरकु करको ह्याण्डल
आफद ।
बेकेलाइट काबोतलक एतसड र िमायतलन तमलेर बन्छ ।
प्लातष्टकको प्रयोगीः
o भााँडाहरुको रुपमा
o इलेक्ट्रोतनक सामानहरुमा
o ग्लासको रुपमा
o गाडीको पाटपुजायहरुको रुपमा
प्लातष्टकको िाइदाीः
o नकु तहने
o पारदशी र अपारदशी दुबै स्वरुपमा प्रयोग गनय सफकने,
o हावा पानी नतछने,
o हलुका , Portable ।
o Multiuse गनय सफकने ।
रे शा (Fibre):
बतलयो र तन्कने गुण भएको धागो जस्तो बस्तु ।
यो दुइ प्रकारको हुन्छीः
o प्राकृ ततक रे शा (Natural Fibre): प्राकृ ततक रुपमा पाइने रे शा । जस्तैीः वनस्पतत, जनावरका रे शाहरु, जुट, कटन, कपास, अल्लो, रे शम धागो आफद ।
o कृ तिम रे शा (Artificial Fibre): यो पेट्रोतलयम प्रोडक्टहरुबाट बनाइन्छ । मानव तनर्षमत रे शा । जस्तैीः Nylon, Plastic, Acryline, टेररतलन, ओतलफिन,
कापेट, रे योन आफद ।
रे योनीः प्राकततक बस्तुबाट बनाइएको पतहलो कृ तिम रे शा हो । यो कपासमा हुने सेलुलोज र काठतभि हुने पल्प प्रयोग गरी बनाइन्छ । यसको प्रयोग
ब्याण्डेज, रे योनको साडी, Textile र Carpet बनाउन ।
कााँच (Glass):
Silica बाट बनाइन्छ ।
यो इ.पू. ३५०० मा इराकबाट शुरु भएको हो ।
ल्यारटन भाषामा ग्लेसम भतनन्छ ।
यसको तवशेषता सतजलै टु फक्रने र पारदशी हुन्छ ।
साधारण कााँच तसतलका ५०%, सोतडयम काबेनेट १५%, क्यातल्सयम काबोनेट १०%, अन्य कााँचका टु क्राहरु २५% तमसाएर बनाइन्छ ।
लेन्स, तवजुलीको चीम र तप्रज्म बनाउन Lead Crystal Glass प्रयोग गररन्छ ।
तवतभन्न प्रकारका कााँचहरुीः
क्र.सं. रं गीन कााँचको प्रकार कु न रसायन प्रयोग गररएको हुन्छ ?
1. रातो कााँच कपर अक्साइड
2. कालो कााँच तनके ल अक्साइड
मल (Fertilizer):
तवरुवाको बृतद्ध र माटोको उभयरा शति बढाउन प्रयोग गररने रसायनलाइ नै मल भतनन्छ ।
यो दुइ प्रकारको हुन्छीः
o जैतवक मल/ प्रांगाररक मल/ कम्पोष्ट मलीः वोटतवरुवा तथा जनावरका उत्पादनहरु कु तहएर बनेको मल ।
वाताबरण मैति हुन्छ ।
फदघयकालसम्म माटोमा असर गदैन ।
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
माटोको उभयराशति बढाउाँ छ ।
तवरुवालाई काटी जतमनमुनी सडाएर तयार गररने मललाई हररयो मललाई हररयो प्रांगाररक मल भतनन्छ ।
जनावरको मृत्यु पश्चात खाल्टामा पूरी ब्याक्टेररया र िन्जाइ मािय त कु हाएर वा सडाएर तयार गररने मललाई जनावरबाट प्राप्त प्रांगाररक मल भतनन्छ ।
o अप्राङ्गाररक मल / रासायतनक मलीः
तवषेश प्रकारको पोषक तत्व हुन्छ ।
पानीमा घुलनशील हुन्छ ।
माटो उभयराशति क्रमशीः घटाउाँ छ ।
o मलहरु सामान्यतया ३ प्रकारका हुन्छन् ।
नाइट्रोजनयुि मलीः एमोतनयम सल्िे ट, एमोतनयम नाइट्रेट, युररया (NH2-CO-NH2)
िोस्िोरसयुि मलीः एमोतनयम िोस्िे ट, क्यातल्सयम सुपर िोस्िे ट, रट्रपल सुपर िोस्िे ट, एमोिस, हड्डीको धूलो ।
पोटातसयमयुि मलीः पोटातसयम क्लोराइड, पोटातसयम सल्िे ट, पोटातसयम नाइट्रेट, पोटातसयम काबोनेट, खरानी ।
o नोटीः माटोको अम्लीयपन हटाउन माटामा कृ तष चुन (Calcium Hydroxide) प्रयोग गनुय पछय भने क्षारीयपन हटाउन क्यातल्सय सल्िे ट, क्यातल्सयम
क्लोराइड, सल्फ्युररक एतसड, हाइड्रोक्लोररक एतसड, युररया आफदको प्रयोग गनय सफकन्छ ।
o रासायतनक मलको महत्वीः
नाइट्रोजनको महत्वीः नाइट्रोजनको कमीका असरहरुीः
१. तवरुवाको ततब्र बृतद्ध गनय सहयोग गछय । १. उत्पादनमा कमी आउाँ छ ।
२. हररतकणलाई बढी संस्लेतषत गछय । २. पातहरु पाँहल
े ा हुन्छन् ।
३. उत्पादनमा बृतद्ध गनय सहयोग गछय । ३. तवरुवाको िु ल, िल र तबउको आकार सानो हुन्छ ।
४. प्रोरटन, प्रोटोप्लाज्म, क्लोरोफिलको मािा बढाउाँ छ ।
िस्िोरसको महत्वीः िस्िोरसको कमीका असरहरुीः
१. जराहरुको तनमायण र तवकासमा सहयोग गछय । १. तबरुवाको जरा राम्ररी तवकास हुन पाउाँ दैन ।
२. बालीनाली र तबउमा तछटो पररपक्वता आउाँ छ । २. कोष तवभाजनमा मन्दता आउाँ छ ।
३. रोगबाट बचाउन सहयोग गछय ।
४. दानाहरु बढी पुष्ट बनाउाँ छ ।
पोटातसयमका महत्वीः पोटातसयम मलका कमीका असरहरुीः
१. तवरुवाको काण्ड र जराहरुलाई वतलयो बनाउाँ छ । १. प्रोरटनको तनमायणमा मन्दता आउनुको साथै कोष
२. रोगहरुसाँग लड्नसक्ने क्षमतालाई बढाउाँ छ । तवभाजनमा कमी आउाँ छ ।
३. तवरुवामा िु लको तवकासमा सहयोग गछय । २. तबरुवामा पात तथा साना तवरुवाहरु सुक्ने वा मने
४. तबरुवामा स्टाचय, प्रोरटन लगायत अन्य वस्तुको तनमायणमा सहयोग गदयछन् ।
गछय ।
NPK मलीः मलमा नाइट्रोजन, पोटास र िोस्िोरस तमसाएर बनाएको मललाइ NPK मल भतनन्छ । यसलाई पूणय मल भतनन्छ ।
फकटनाशक औषधी(Insecticides):
हानीकारक फकराहरुलाई मानय प्रयोग गररने रसायनलाई फकटनाशक औषधी भतनन्छ ।
यो दुई प्रकारका हुन्छन्:
o कावोतनक फकटनाशक औषधी (Organic Insecticides):
कावयन, हाइड्रोजन र अतक्सजनबाट बनेको संश्लेतषत यौतगक हुन् ।
यो तीन प्रकारको हुन्छीः
क्लोररनयुि फकटनाशक औषतध िस्िे टयुि फकटनाशक औषधी काबायमटे युि
फकटनाशक औषतध
१. DDT - ( Dichloro Diphinyl Trichloroethane) १. पारातथयन १. बेगन
२. BHC - (Benzene Hexa Chloride) २. मालातथयन २. टर्षमक
३. एतल्ड्रन
४. डाइअतल्ड्रन
५. मेथोतक्सक्लोर
o अकाबोतनक कीटनाशक औषधी (Inorganic Insecticides):
यो खतनज पदाथयबाट बन्छ ।
यो कपास, िलिू ल, तरकारी आफदलाई फकराहरुबाट जोगाउन प्रयोग गररन्छ ।
जस्तैीः क्यातल्सयम-आसयनेट, लेड-आसयनेट, फ्लोराइड र लाइम सल्िर आफद ।
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
स्वास्थ्यीः
WHO : World Health Organization.
स्वास्थ्यीः शाररररक, मानतसक तथा सामातजक रुपले पूणयतया तन्दुरुस्त रहेको अबस्था नै स्वास्थ्य हो ।
जनस्वास्थ्यीः सामुदातयक प्रयासबाट जनताको स्वास्थ्यको हेरचाह तथा रोगहरुको रोकथाम हो जनस्वास्थ्य ।
रोगीः शररर तथा शारीररक अंगहरुको काययमा गडबडी तथा तवकृ ती आउनु रोग हो ।
रिसमूहीः मातनसको शरररमा चार प्रकारका रि समूह हुन्छन् : A, B, AB, O . प्रत्येक रि समूहको +ve र –ve blood group हुन्छ ।
Universal Receiver: AB र Universal Donor : O-ve Blood Group
मानव शरीर सम्बन्धी के ही तथ्याङ्कहरुीः
मानव शरीरमा ६६% पानी हुन्छ ।
गभय रहेको साधारणतया ४० हप्तापतछ सन्तान जन्मन्छ ।
स्वस्थ मातनसको रिचाप १२०/८० हुन्छ ।
स्वस्थ मातनसले एक तमनेटमा १४ देतख १८ पटक स्वास िे छय ।
WHO ले प्रततफदन मातनसलाई १५० देतख २०० तलटरसम्म पानी चातहन्छ ।
सामान्यतया बच्चा जन्मेको ३ मतहना पतछ बच्चाको तौल दोब्बर हुन्छ ।
मातनसको सबैभन्दा सानो हाड कानमा हुन्छ ।
मतहलामा XX र पुरुषमा XY क्रोमोजोम रहेको हुन्छ ।
अल्लारे उमेर १३ देतख १९ बषयको लाई भतनन्छ ।
पोषणीः शरीरलाई आवश्यक पने खाद्य तत्वलाई नै पोषण भतनन्छ । ती हुन् :
पोषक तत्वीः
पोषक तत्व स्रोतहरु कमी भएमा लाग्ने रोगहरु
कावोहाइड्रेट चामल, गहुाँ, मकै , कोदो, िापर, सखरसण्ड आफद कावोहाइड्रेटको कमी भएमा लाग्ने रोग - सुकेनाश
(Energy giving 1 Gram Carbohydrate ले 4 Kilo Calorie शति
food) फदन्छ ।
प्रोरटन (Body Animal sources: दूध, मासु,अण्डा, चीज, माछा बढी भएमा लाग्ने रोग – िु के नाश
building Food) Vegetable sources: दाल, गेडागुडी, तसमी, गहुाँ १ ग्राम प्रोरटनले ४ फकलो क्यालोरी शति फदन्छ ।
बोसो (Fats) Animal sources: Cheese, Butter, , ghee, egg बोसो बढी भएमा कोलेस्ट्रोल बढ्छ ।
मोटी मतहलाई स्तन क्यान्सर हनसक्छ ।
Vegetable sources: तोरी, बदाम, नरीवल
पानी (Water) पानी वा पानी जन्य खानेबस्तुबाट पाचन प्रकृ यामा भाग तलन्छ ।
शरररको तापक्रम सन्तुलन राख्छ ।
तभटातमन (Vitamin)
– Protecting food
पोषणीः
शरीरलाई आवश्यक पने खाद्य तत्वलाई नै पोषण भतनन्छ । ती हुन् :
पोषक तत्वीः
पोषक तत्व स्रोतहरु कमी भएमा लाग्ने रोगहरु / तवषेशताहरु
कावोहाइड्रेट - (Energy चामल, गहुाँ, मकै , कोदो, िापर,चीनी, िापर, कावोहाइड्रेटको कमी भएमा लाग्ने रोग - सुकेनाश
giving food) आलु, के रा, मह, गुडभेली, सखरसण्ड आफद 1 Gram Carbohydrate ले 4 Kilo Calorie
शति फदन्छ ।
प्रोरटन – बृतद्ध र तवकास गने Animal sources: दूध, दतह, मासु,अण्डा, चीज,
कमी भएमा लाग्ने रोग – िु के नाश
पोषक (Body building माछा, कलेजो, तमगौला, रगत आफद । १ ग्राम प्रोरटनले ४ फकलो क्यालोरी शति फदन्छ ।
Food)
Vegetable sources: दाल, गेडागुडी, तसमी, शारररीक बृतद्ध, तवकास र ममयत संभार गछय ।
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Vegetable sources: तोरी, बदाम, नरीवल
आफद ।
पानी (Water) पानी वा पानी जन्य खानेबस्तुबाट पाचन प्रकृ यामा भाग तलन्छ ।
शरररको तापक्रम सन्तुलन राख्छ ।
तभटातमन (Vitamin):– Protecting food
तभटातमन ६ प्रकारका हुन्छन् । ती हुन् : Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, Vitamin D, Vitamin E, Vitamin K .
तचल्लो पदाथय / बोसोमा घुल्ने तभटातमनीः A,D,E,K
पानीमा घुल्ने तभटातमनीः B र C
श्रोतहरुीः क) कृ तषजन्य स्रोतहरुीः हररया सागपात र अन्य तरकारी, टु सा उमारे का गेडागुडी, िलिू ल आफद । ख) पशुजन्य स्रोतहरुीः
दूध, दही, तचज, माछा, मासु, अण्डा आफद ।
तभटातमन श्रोतहरु कमीको कारण लाग्ने तवषेशताहरु
रोगहरु
A मखन, अण्डाको पंहेलो भाग, कलेजो, माछा, मासु, नौनी, रतन्धो, आंखा सुक्खा रासायतनक नामीः Retinol
तभटातमन A Capsule, पालुंगोको साग, गाढा पंहल
े ो रङका हुने,रे रटनामा असर, कच्चा पदाथयीः Carotene
िलिू लहरु, मेवा, गाजर, िसी र माछाको कलेजोको तेल बच्चाको बृतद्धमा असर, Anti-Infective Vitamin
सबैभन्दा राम्रो श्रोत
नोटीः ५ बषय मुतनका बच्चाहरुलाई ६/६ मतहनामा तभटातमन
क्याप्सुल तनीःशुल्क रुपमा खुवाइन्छ ।
D अण्डाको पहेंलो भाग, सुययको प्रकासको उपतस्थततमा शरीरमा ररके टस, हड्डी कमजोर यसले हाडको बृतद्ध गने र
हुने क्यातल्सयम शोषण गरे र हाड
तेल लगाएर प्राप्त गनय सफकने, जनावरजन्य खानामा माि
बतलयो बनाउाँ छ ।
पाइने
E अन्न र बनस्पततको तेल, दुध, हररयो सागपात, सबैभन्दा यसले शरररको कोषहरुलाई बतलयो
राम्रो श्रोतीः सुययमूखीको तेल बनाउाँ छ ।
C िलिू ल, कागती, सुन्तला साथै अतमलो जातका िलिू ल, हगजाबाट रगत आउने प्रततफदन मातनसलाइ ४०
सबैभन्दा राम्रो श्रोतीः अमला रोगीः स्कभी देतख ६० तमली ग्राम चातहन्छ ।
प्रोरटन बनाउन, हाड,
दााँत, कार्टटलेज, छाला र स्कार तन्तु
बनाउन मद्दत गछय ।
B B1 चामलको बातहरी भाग, गहुाँ, चना, गेडागुडी, माछा, बेरीबेरी (नसा
अण्डा झमझमाउने रोग)
B2 सागपात, माछामासु, मुख, तजब्रोमा घाउ भातमाि खाने समूदायमा यो रोग
आउने लाग्छ ।
h}ljs k|ljlw M
s'g} hLljt a:t'nfO{ sRrf kbfy{sf] ?kdf k|of]u u/L To;sf] h}j /;folgs ;+in]z0f / ljefhgaf6 lg:sg] kbfy{ dfgj
/ jftfj/0fsf] pkof]uLtfsf nflu ag]sf] k|ljlwnfO{ h}ljs k|ljlw elgG5 .
k|s[ltdf ePsf hLljt a:t'x? af]6 lj?jf, k|f0fL, ;Id hLjf0f\ cflbsf] k|of]u dfgj pkof]uL sfo{sf nflu nufpg]
k|ljlw g} h}ljs k|ljlw xf] .
pGgt hftsf kz'k+IfL pTkfbg ug{, 8]/Lsf kbfy{ pTkfbg ug{, afnLdf /f]u k|lt/f]wfTds Ifdtf ljsf; ug{ h}ljs
k|ljlwsf] pkof]u ul/G5 .
h}ljs k|ljlw zAbsf] k|of]u ;j{k|yd x+u]/Lsf OlGhlgo/ sfn{ P/]nLn] ;g\ !(!( df u/]sf lyP . o; k|ljlw rrf{df
cfPsf] eg] ;g\ !(&) sf] bzsaf6 xf] .
o;sf] k|of]u ;j{ k|yd OlhK6 -ld>_ df kfp/f]6L / hfF8 pTkfbgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf] lyof] .
dfgj hfltn] ;j{ k|yd kfn]sf] hgfj/ s's'/ xf] .
h]g]l6S; zAbsf] klxnf] k|of]u ;g\ !()^ df ePsf] xf] .
h}ljs k|ljlw b'O{ k|sf/sf] x'G5 . !_ k/D/fut Hf}ljs k|ljlw @_ cfw'lgs h}ljs k|ljlw
o k/D/fut Hf}ljs k|ljlw M bxL, u'Gb|'s, /S;L agfpg] k|s[of
o cfw'lgs h}ljs k|ljlw M Snf]lgª, Test Tube Baby, vf]k, j0f{z+s/ aLpx?, hLg y]/fkL cflb .
h}ljs k|ljlwdf k|of]u x'g] hLjf0f' DNA / RNA x'g\ .
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
जैतवक प्रतवतध भनेको प्रकृ ततमा भएका जीवजन्तुहरुको प्रयोग मानव उपयोगी काययमा लगाउने तवतध हो ।
जैतवक प्रतवतध शब्दको नामांकरण गने व्यति हङ्गेरीका इतितनयर कालय इरे की हुन् ।
जैतवक प्रतवतध शब्दको प्रयोग पतहलो पटक सन् १९१९ मा भएको हो ।
जैतवक प्रतवतधको प्रयोग इतजप्टको तमश्रमा पाउरोटी र जााँड उत्पादन गनय गररयो ।
जैतवक प्रतवतधमा धेरैजसो प्रयोग हुने जैतवक जीवाणुहरु DNA र प्रोरटन हो ।
मानव जाततले सवय प्रथम पालेको जीव कु कु र हो ।
स्कटल्याण्डमा Dolly नामक भेडाबाट Clone गरी सन् १९९७ मा जन्माइएको तथयो ।
जैतवक प्रतवतध अन्तगयत के के पदयछ ? – DNA Testing, Tissue Culture, Artificial Fertilization, Genetic Engineering,
Vegetative Propagation, Cloning.
जेनरे टक इतितनयररङीः
जीतवत प्राणीमा ल्याइने बंशाणुगत हेरिे रलाई नै जेनेरटक इतितनयररङ भतनन्छ ।
कु नै प्राणी, वनस्पतत वा सुक्ष्म जीवाणुमा कृ तिम तररकाले गररने वंशाणुगत पररवतयनलाई के भतनन्छ? – जेनेरटक इतन्जतनयरीङ
जेनेरटक इतन्जतनयररङको तवकास कतहलेदते ख शुरु भयो ? - सन् १९७० को दशकदेतख
।
जेनेरटक इतन्जतनयररङको प्रयोगको क्षेिीः कृ तष तथा खाद्य प्रतवतध, पशुपालन, तचफकत्सा क्षेि ।
जेनेरटक इतन्जतनयररङको अके नामीः DNA Technology
DNA को संरचना सन् १९५३ मा जेम्स वाट्सन र फ्रातन्सस फक्रकले पत्तालगाएका तथए ।
जेनेरटक इतितनयररङका प्रतवतधहरुीः
o तजन म्यातनपुलेसन o जेनेरटक मोतडफिके सन
o तजन क्लोतनङ o न्यू जेनेरटक्स
o ररकतम्बनेन्ट DNA Technology
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
If]lqo ;+:yfx?-Regional Organization_
lad:6]s-BIMSTEC_
lad:6]s sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !((& h'g ^ df a+unfb]z, ef/t, >Lnªsf / yfONofG8 ldnL cfk;L ;xof]u k|j4{g ug]{ p2]Zon] ePsf] xf] .
BIMSTEC– Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multisectoral, Technical and Economic Cooperation.
;+:yfks ;b:o– BISTEC– Bangladesh, India, Srilanka, Thailand x'g\ . ;g\ !((& l8;]Da/ @@ df DofGdf/ ;b:o
ePk5L o;sf] gfd lAfd:6]s (BIMSTEC) EfPsf] xf] .
o; ;+:yfsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] d'n's – YffONofG8 xf] .
g]kfn / e'6fg ;b:o– ;g\ @))$ k|m]a'c/L *, g]kfnn] ko{j]Ifs ;b:osf] dfGotf– ;g\ !((* l8;]Da/ !( b]vL
of] ;+:yfn] ;fs{ / cfl;ofg /fi6«aLr k'nsf] sfd ub{5 . xfn of] ;+:yfsf] cWoIf g]kfn /x]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf sl/j @! k|ltzt dflg;sf] a;f]af; o; If]qdf /x]sf 5 .
lad:6]s sf] klxnf] dxf;lrj >Lnªsf ;'dy gfsgbfnf x'g\ . o;sf] ;lrjfno j+unfb]zsf] 9fsfdf /x]sf] 5 . xfnsf dxf;lrj
a+unfb]zsf ;xLb'n O:nfd x'g\ . dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn # jif{sf] x'G5 .
lad:6]s ;xof]u sf If]q !^ j6f /x]sf 5g\ . $ cf}F ;Dd]ngaf6 Blue Economy and Mountain Economy yk u/LPsf] .
;of]usf d'Vo If]q / ;+of]hs /fi6«
!= ef/t– s=oftoft tyf ;~rf/ v= ko{6g u=jftfj/0f tyf k|sf]k Joj:yfkg 3= cf+tsfjfb tyf nfu' cf}ifw sf/f]af/
@=yfONofG8– s=JolQmut ;Dks{ v= hg:jf:Yo u= df5fkfng
#=a+unfb]z– s= Jofkf/ tyf nufgL v= hnjfo' kl/jt{g
$=DofDdf/– s= phf{ v= s[lif
%=g]kfn– ul/aL lgjf/0f
^= e'6fg – ;f+:s[lts ;xof]u
cfl;ofg-ASEAN_
ASEAN sf] k'/f ?k Association of South East Asian Nations xf] .
cfl;ofgsf] :yfkgf slxn] / sxfF ePsf] lyof]– ;g\ !(^& cu:6 * df, yfONofG8sf] a}+ss
cfl;ofgsf ;+:yfks % ;b:o /fi6«x?– OG8f]g]l;of, lkmlnlkG;, l;+ufk'/, dn]lzof / yfONofG8
cf;Lofgdf k5L yk ePsf % ;b:o /fi6«x?
!= a|'gfO– ;g\ !(*$ hgj/L &
@= leotgd– ;g\ !((% h'nfO{ @*
#=nfcf]; / DofGdf/– ;g\ !((& h'nfO{ @@
$ sDaf]l8of– ;g\ !((( clk|n #) df
cfl;ofgdf ;+:yfks % / kl5 yk ePsf % u/L xfn !) ;b:o /fi6« /x]sf 5g\ .
cfl;ofgsf] k|wfg sfof{no– OG8f]g]l;ofsf] hsftf{
cfl;ofgsf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] JolQm– dn]lzofsf tTsflng k|=d bft's t'ª cAb]n /xdfg
cfl;ofgsf d'n gf/f– Pp6} nIo, Pp6} klxrfg / Pp6} ;d'bfo
cfl;ofgdf ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vofsf] slt k|ltzt /x]sf] 5– *=* k|ltzt
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
cfl;ofgsf !) /fi6«dWo] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3df k|j]z ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« lkmlnlkG; xf] eg] clGtd /fi6« a|'gfO{ xf] .
cfl;ofgdf ;a}eGbf a9L ;fIf/tf ePsf] d'n's a|'gfO{ xf] eg] sd ;fIff/ ePsf] d'n's nfcf]; xf] . To:t} Psdfq e'k/Lj]li7t b]z
nfcf]; xf] .
cfl;ofgsf] ;u7gfTds ;+/rgf
s_ /fi6«fWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] a}7s –o;sf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng z'? ;'?df !).!) jif{df a:g] u/]sf]df kl5 %.% jif{df x'g] Joj:yf ul/of] eg]
xfn cfjZostf cg';f/ a}7s a:g] elgP klg cfl;ofgsf] a}7s ;fdfGoto jif{sf] @ k6s a:g] ub{5 .
cfl;ofgsf] ;jf]{Rr c+u– /fi6«WoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
cf;Lofgsf j8fkqdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldlt– ;g\ @))& gf]e]Da/ !(–@) df
cfl;ofgsf] j8fkq slxn]b]vL nfu' ePsf] xf]– ;g\ @))* l8;]Da/ !^ af6
cfl;ofgsf] klxnf] ;Dd]ng – OG8f]g]l;ofsf] afnLdf ;g\ !(&^ sf] k|m]a'c/L @#–@$
cfl;ofgsf] ## cf}F ;Dd]ng slxn] / sxfF x'g] ePsf] 5 < – ;g\ @)!* gf]e]Da/ !! b]vL !% ;Dd l;+ufk'/
v_ljb]z dGqLx?sf] a}7s – of] cfl;ofgsf] sfo{sf/L c+u xf] . o;n] ;+u7gsf] jflif{s gLlt tyf sfo{qmd to ub{5 .
ljb]zdlGqx?sf] a}7s ;fwf/0fto jif{sf] ! k6s a:g] ub{5 .
u_ ;lrjfno – k|d'v k|zf;sLo c+u xf] .
cfl;ofgsf dxf;lrjsf] sfo{sfn % jif{sf] x'g] ub{5 .
cfl;ofgsf jt{dfg dxf;lrj Lim Jock Hoi a|gfO{sf x'g\ .
cfl;ofgsf @ ko{j]Ifs /fi6« kk'jf GolugL / k'jL{ l6df]/
If]qkmnsf cfwf/df ;j}eGbf 7'nf] cfl;ofg /fi6« OG8f]g]l;of xf] ;j}eGbf ;fgf] l;+ufk'/ xf]
hg;+Vofdf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] – OG8f]g]l;of / ;fgf] a|'gfO{
cfl;ofgsf /fi6«x?dWo] ;j}eGbf w]/} k|lQJolQm cfo ePsf] d'n's l;+ufk'/ xf] eg] sd DofGdf/ xf] .
Kofs]h l8n cGtu{t g]kfn ;Fu;Fu} ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] ;b:otf lng] /fi6« s'gs'g x'g\– sDaf]l8of / nfcf];
cfl;ofgsf ;b:o dWo] g]kfn;Fu bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] klxnf] / clGtd /fi6« s'g s'g x'g \– klxnf] dn]l;of / clGtd a|'gfO{
cfl;ofg n] blIf0f k"jL{ Pl;ofnL If]qnfO{ ;g\ !(&! df zflGt, :jtGqtf / t6:ytf egL 3f]if0ff u/]sf lyP h;nfO{ ZOPEAN
elgG5 . o;sf] k'/f ?k– Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality.
cfl;ofgsf lqd'lt{ eg]/– dn]l;of, yfONofG8 / OG8f]g]l;of
cfl;ofgsf % jftf{ ;fem]bf/ d'n's eg]/ lrlgg] b]z– cd]l/sf, Sofg8f, hfkfg, ci6«]lnof, Go'lhNofG8 .
cfl;ofgsf p2]Zox?
cfly{s, ;dflhs, ;f+:s[lts / k|zf;lgs If]qdf ;xof]u lj:tf/ ug]{,
o; If]qsf] zflGt, t6:ytf / :jtGqtf sfod /fVg],
;fd'lxs ;'/IffnfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{,
l;4fGt
;+u7gsf] 9fFrfleqsf] ;xof]u ;fj{ef}d ;dgtf, If]lqo cv08tf, /fhgLlts :jflwgtf, Ps csf{sf] cfGtl/s dfldnfdf cx:tIf]k /
kf/:kfl/s lxtsf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .
o:tf] ;xof]u l4kIfLo / ax'klIfo ;xof]usf] k|lt:kwf{ geP/ To;sf] ;xof]uL x'g]5 .
o:tf] ;xof]u b'O{kIfLo tyf ax'kIfLo bfloTjsf] p2]Zo ljk/Lt x'g]5}g .
;fs{sf] j8fkq
wf/f !– ;fs{sf] p2]Zo wf/f @ – ;fs{sf] l;4fGt
wf/f #–/fi6«WoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s wf/f $– dlGqkl/ifb
wf/f %– :ofoL ;ldlt wf/f ^– k|fljlws ;ldlt
wf/f &– sfo{ ;ldlt wf/f *– ;lrjfno
wf/f (–ljQLo k|aGw wf/f !)– ;fdfGo Joj:yf
;fs{ /fi6«x?sf] If]qkmn
/fi6« / If]qkmn ju{ ls=dL /fi6« / If]qkmt ju{ ls=dL=
ef/t – #@,*&,@^# ju{ ls=dL kfls:tfg– *,)#,(#^
ckmufg:tfg–^,$&,%)) g]kfn– !,$&,!*!
a+unfb]z–!,$#,#%* >Lnªsf– ^%,^!)
e'6fg–$^, ^@) dflNbD;–@(*
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
;fs{ vr{sf] bfloTj jxg
/fi6« vr{sf] bfloTj-k|ltztdf_ /fi6« vr{ bfloTj-k|ltztdf_
ef/t #)=%@ kfls:tfg @@=%@
g]kfn !)=&@ a+unfb]z !)=&@
>Lnªsf !)=&@ ckmufg:tfg %
e'6fg % dflNbE; %
;fs{{ s]Gb|x?
s]Gb| :yfkgf ldlt cjl:ylt
;fs{ s[lif ;'rgf s]Gb| ;g\ !(** a+unfb]z, 9fsf
;fs{ Ifo/f]u tyf PrcfO{le P8\; ;g\!((@ g]kfn, eQmk'/
s]Gb|
;fs{ jftfj/0f tyf phf{ s]Gb| ;g\ @))^ kfls:tfg
;fs{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| ;g\ @))( SofG8L, >Lnªsf
;fs{ b}jL k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s]Gb| ef/t
;fs{sf dxf;lrjx?
gfd /fi6« cjlw
!= ca'n cx;g a+unfb]z !^ hgj/L!(*& b]vL !% cS6f]a/ !(*(
@= sfGtlszf]/ efu{j ef/t !& cS6f]a/ !(*( b]vL #! l8;]Da/ !((!
#= Oa|fOg x';]g hfsL dflNbE; !hgj/L !((@ b]vL #! l8;]Da/ !((#
$= ofbjsfGt l;njfn g]kfn ! hgj/L !(($ b]vL #! l8;]Da/ !((%
%=gOd o' x;g kfls:tfg ! hgj/L !((^ b]vL #! l8;]Da/ !((*
^= lgxfn /flb|uf] >Lnªsf ! hgj/L !((( b]vL !) hgj/L @))@
&=So'=P=Pd=P=/lxd a+unfb]z !! hgj/L @))@ –@* k|m]a'c/L @))%
*=5]GSofj bf]hL{ e'6fg !dfr{ @))% – @( k|]ma'c/L @))*
(= zLnsfGt zdf{ ef/t ! dfr{ @))* b]vL @* k|]ma'c/L @)!!
!)=kmlydfy lwogf ;}ob dflNbE; ! dfr{ @))! b]vL @$ hgj/L @)!@
!!= cxdb ;lnd dflNbE; !@ dfr{ @)!@ –@* k|]ma'c/L @)!$
!@=ch'{g axfb'/ yfkf g]kfn ! dfr{ @)!$ b]vL ! dfr{ @)!& ;Dd
!#+ cdhb x';]g aL l;ofn kfls:tfg ! dfr{ @)!& b]vL xfn;Dd
;fs{sf cu+x?
!= /fi6«cWoIf tyf ;/sf/ k|d'vx?sf] a}7s
o;nfO{ ;fs{sf] ;jf]{Rr c+u dflgG5 . /fi6«cWoIf jf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] a}7snfO{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf gfdn] klg lrlgG5
xfn ;Dd !* j6f ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf 5g\ .
;fs{ sf] a}7s jif{df Psk6s a:g] / ljz]if a}7s cfjZostfcg';f/ a:g] u/]sf]df !* ;fs{ ;Dd]ngn] @.@ jif{ df ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 .
!* ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DaGwL ;+lIfKt hfgsf/L
!* cf}F ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng sxfF a;]sf] lyof] < – sf7df8f}F
;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ldlt– lj=;+= @)&! d+l;/ !)–!! -;g\ @)!$ gf]e]Da/ @^ / @& _
!*cf}F ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f– zflGt / ;d[l4sf nflu uxg Pstf
zflGt / ;d[l4sf nflu uxg Pstf ;fs{sf] t];|f] gf/f xf] .
;fs{ dlGqkl/ifb / :yflo ;ldltsf] a}7s jif{sf] ! k6s tyf sfo{qmd ;ldltsf] j}7s a:g] lg0f{o u/]sf] .
;g\ @)!^ nfO{ ;fs{ ;fF:s[lts ;Dkbf jif{sf] ?kdf dgfpg] 3f]if0ff .
h'nfO{ !% nfO{ ljZj o'jf l;k lbj;sf] ?kdf dgfpg] ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] sbdsf] :jfut
;fs{ If]qLo sfof{nox? !! af6 s6f}6L u/L % j6f sfod u/LPsf] .
cfudL !( cf} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng kfls:tfg x'g] lg0f{o,
;fs{ phf{ ;Demf}tf x:tfIf/
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
xfn ;Ddsf ;fs{sf lzv/ ;Dd]ngx?
qm=;+= b]z / :yfg g]kfnaf6 ;Dd]ngdf efu ePsf dxTJfk'0f{ lg0f{ox? ;DkGg ldlt
lng] k|ltlglwsf] gfd
!= a+unfb]z, 9fsf >L % lj/]Gb| ;fs{ j8fkqdf x:tfIf/ / ;fs{sf] ;g\ !(*% l8;]Da/ &–*
:yfkgf
@= ef/t, a]ªnf]/ >L % lj/]Gb| /fhwfgL aflx/ a;]sf] ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(*^ gf]e]Da/ !&–!*
#= g]kfn, sf7df8f}F >L % lj/]Gb| ;lrjfnosf :yfkgf ;g\ !(*& gf]e]Da/ @–$
$= kfls:tfg, O:nfdfafb >L % lj/]Gb| ;g\ !(** l8;]Da/ !(–@!
%= dflNbE;, dfn] s[i0f k|;fb e§/fO{ clen]v s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ;g\ !(() gf]e]Da/ @!–@#
^= >Lnª\sf, sf]nDaf] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf Ps lbgdfq a;]sf] ;Dd]ng ;g\ !((! l8;]Da/ #!
&= a+unfb]z,9fsf lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf SAPTA sf] cjwf/0ff ;g\ !((# clk|n !)–!!
*= ef/t, gofFlbNNfL dgdf]xg clwsf/L ;g\ !((% d] @–$
(= dflNbE;, dfn] nf]s]Gb| a= rGb dxf;lrjsf] kbfjlw # jif{ sfod ;g\ !((& d] !@– !$
!)= >Lnªsf, sf]nDaf] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ !((* h'nfO{ @(– #!
!!= g]kfn, sf7df8f}F z]/ a= b]pjf ;g\ @))@ hgj/L %– ^
!@= kfls:tfg, O:nfdfjfb ;'o{ axfb'/ yfkf ;fdflhs j8fkqdf x:tfIf/ ;g\ @))$ hgj/L $– ^
!#= a+unfb]z, 9fsf >L % 1fg]Gb| zfx hnjfo' cWoog s]Gb| sf] :yfkgf ;g\ @))% gf]e]Da/ !@–!#
!$= ef/t, gofFlbNNfL lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ckmufg:tfg cf}krf/Lsf ?kdf ;g\ @))& clk|n #–$
k|j]z
!%= >Lnª\sf, sf]nDaf] lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf ;g\ @))* cu:6 @–#
!^= e'6fg, lyDk' dfwjs'df/ g]kfn cGt/ If]qLo ;Dks{ bzssf] ;g\ @)!) clk|n @*–@(
3f]if0ff
!&= dflNbE;, dfn] afa'/fd e§/fO{ ;fs{ aLpa}+ssf] :yfkgf ;g\ @)!! gf]e]Da/ !)– !!
!*= g]kfn, sf7df8f}F z'l;n sf]O/fnf ;fs{ phf{ Jofkf/ ;Demf}tf ;g\ @)!$ gf]e]Da/ @^–@&
@= dlGqkl/ifb
;fs{ dlGqkl/ifbdf ;fs{ /fi6«sf ljb]z dlGqx? /xG5g\ .
;fs{ dlGqkl/ifbsf] #& cf}F a}7s kf]v/fdf slxn] ;DkGg eof]– @)&@ r}t ! b]vL $ ut];Dd
of] kl/ifb gLlt lgb]{zs c+u xf] .
;fs{ dlGqkl/ifbsf] a}7s jif{sf] @ k6s a:g] u/]sf]df !* ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] jif{sf] ! k6s a:g] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
#= :yfoL ;ldlt
;fs{ :yfoL ;ldltdf ;fs{ /fi6«sf ljb]z ;lrjx? /xG5g\ .
of] ;fs{ sf] sfo{sf/L c+u xf] .
$ k|fljlws ;ldltx? M
o;df ;a} ;b:o /fi6«sf k|ltlglwx? x'G5g\,
;b:o /fi6«x?n] cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf] j0ff{g'qmdfg';f/ @÷@ jif{sf] cjlwsf nflu k|fljlws ;ldltx?sf] cWoIftf ug]{,
;fs{sf ;ftj6f k|fljlws ;ldltx? /x]sf 5g\ .
% sfo{;ldlt M
:yfoL ;ldltn] @ eGbf a9L ;a} ;b:o /fi6«x? ;+nUg gePsf] sfo{qmdx?sf] sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt ;b:o /fi6«x? ePsf] sfo{
;ldltx? u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^ ;lrjfno M
;fs{sf] k|d'v k|zf;sLo c+u,
lg0f{osf nflu ;j{;Ddlt cfjZos gkg]{ ;fs{sf] c+u,
;fs{sf] ;lrjfno g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+df /x]sf],
ef/tsf] a+unf]/df ePsf] ;fs{sf] bf];|f] lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno g]kfndf /fVg] lg0f{o u/]sf] .
;lrjfnosf] ;d'b\3f6g – !^ hgj/L !(*&, >L % lj/]Gb|4f/f
o;df ! hgf dxf;lrj, k|To]s /fi6«sf tkm{af6 !÷! hgf lgb]{zsx? / cGo sd{rf/L /xg],
;fs{ /fi6«x?af6 cª\u|]hL j0ff{g'qmdfg';f/ kfn}kfnf] dxf;lrj x'g] Joj:yf,
;fs{sf] gjf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ng -;g\ !((&_ b]lv dxf;lrjsf] kbfjlw @ jif{af6 # jif{ k'¥ofOPsf],
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
;fs{;DaGwL ljljw hfgsf/L M
;fs{sf k|yd cWoIf – a+unfb]zsf /fi6«klt x';]g df]xDdb P;f{b
xfn;Dd g]kfndf # j6f -t];|f], P3f/f}+ / c7f/f}+_ lzv/ ;Dd]ngx? ;DkGg ePsf,
Pslbg dfq ;~rfng ePsf] lzv/ ;Dd]ng – 5}7f}+
cfk;L ljjfbaf6 d'Qm x'g 4LkIfLo ljjfb gp7fpg] ;xdlt – klxnf] ;Dd]ngdf
rLgnfO{ ;fs{ ;+u7gdf cfj4 ug{ k|:tfj ug]{ /fi6« – g]kfn -ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ ef/t_
;fs{sf] klxnf] If]qLo s]Gb| – ;fs{ s[lif ;"rgf s]Gb|
xfn;Dd ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng cfof]hgf gu/]sf] /fi6« – ckmuflg:tfg
;x'lnotk"0f{ Jofkf/;DaGwL ;fs{ ;Demf}tf (SAPTA) :
o kfl/t – !! clk|n !((# -9fsfdf ;DkGg ;ftf}+ ;Dd]ngn]_
o nfu" – & l8;]Dj/ !((%
o cg'df]bg ug]{ klxnf] /fi6« – g]kfn, lj=;+= @)%) c;f]h !@ -clGtd–a+unfb]z_
o g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 x:tfIf/ ug]{ – dx]z cfrfo{
o SAPTA nfO{ SAFTA df kl/0ft ug]{ lg0f{o – bzf+} ;Dd]ngn]
o SAFTA df x:tfIf/ ug]{ g]kfnL – 8f= e]ifaxfb'/ yfkf
;fs{ cfly{s ;+3sf] :yfkgf – @& l8;]Dj/ !((%
;fs{ cfly{s ;+3sf] k|wfg sfof{no – sf7df8f}+
;fs{ /fi6«x?dWo] g]kfn;Fu ;aeGbf klxn] bf}To ;DaGw sfod ePsf] /fi6« – ef/t -!# h'g !($&_
e"–kl/j]li7t ;fs{ /fi6«x? – # j6f -ckmuflg:tfg, g]kfn / e'6fg_
;fs{ :yfkgf xF'bf o;sf] gfd – South Asian Regional Co-operation – SARC
;fs{sf] k|lts lrGx -nf]uf]_ agfpg] – z}n]Gb| dxh{g, g]kfn
Kflxnf]b]lv !% cf+} ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng;Dd k|ltlglwTj ug]{ Pp6} JolQm – dflNbE;sf /fi6«klt df}d'g cAb'n uo'd
;fs{n] ;Demf}tf u/]sf] klxnf] cGt/fli6«o ;+u7g – UNCTAD ;g\ !((#
g]kfnsf ;/sf/ k|d'vsf] tkm{af6 ;fs{ ;Dd]ngdf efu lng] klxnf] JolQm – s[i0fk|;fb e6\6/fO{
/fhwfgL ;x/eGbf aflx/ ;DkGg ePsf ;Dd]ng – bf];|f] / ;qf}+ -qmdzM ef/tsf] a]+unf]/ / dflNbE;sf] c8\8'_
;fs{ j8fkqdf x:tfIf/ ug]{ Ps dfq k|wfgdGqL – /fhLj ufGwL, ef/t
;fs{df hnkl/j]li7t /fi6« – @, >Ln+sf / dflNbE;
gbL g} gePsf] ;fs{ /fi6« – dflNbE;
Land of Iron egL lrlgg] ;fs{ /fi6« – ckmuflg:tfg
;j{k|yd dgfOPsf] ;fs{ /fi6« – nfu" kbfy{ b'Jo{;g tyf cf];f/k;f/ lj?4sf] ;fs{ jif{ -;g\ !(*(_
;fs{ If]qsf] ;a}eGbf klxnf] e"–pku|x – cfo{e6\6 -;g\ !(&% clk|n !( df ef/t4f/f k|If]k0f ul/Psf]_
Gff]a]n k'/:sf/ k|fKt ug]{ ;fs{ /fi6«sf klxnf] JolQm – /ljGb|gfy 6}uf]/
Knfli6ssf] k|of]udf /f]s nufpg ;'? ug]{ klxnf] ;fs{ /fi6« – a+unfb]z
g]kfn;Fu sd Jofkf/ x'g] ;fs{ /fi6« – dflNbE;
u|fdL0f ljsf; a}+ssf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] b]z – a+unfb]z
;fdflhs j8fkqdf x:tfIf/ – !@ cf}+ lzv/ ;Dd]ng
!* cf}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf ;xefuL ko{j]Ifs /fi6«÷;+3x? M
!= ci6«]lnof $= hfkfg &= Dofgdf/
@= rLg %= sf]l/of *= o'/f]k]nL ;+3
#= O/fg ^= cd]l/sf
!( cf}+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng kfls:tfgdf x'g],
;fs{ If]qdf /x]sf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] tfn – ef/tsf] lrNsf tfn
;fs{ If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] e?e"ld – yf/ d?e"ld
;a} ;fs{ d'n'sdf /fhb'tfjf; ePsf] Psdfq d'n's – ef/t
;fs{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb|sf] ;lrjfno – >Ln+sf
SAARC Award :
o ;g\ @))$ df :yflkt,
o k'/:sf/ /sd – @%))) cd]l/sL 8n/,
o xfn;Dd PshgfnfO{ dfq k|bfg ul/Psf] -a+unfb]zsf k"j{ /fi6«klt lhofp/ /xdfgnfO{ d/0ff]k/fGt_
;+o'Qm /fi6«;+3sf] j8fkqsf] wf/f %@ cg';f/ ;fs{sf] :yfkgf ePsf],
;fs{df cfkm\gf gful/snfO{ ;j{k|yd O–kf;kf]6{ pknAw u/pg] klxnf] /fi6« – dflNbE;
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
;fs{ ;lrjfnosf] efiff – cª\u|]hL
;fs{ /fi6«x?df ;a}eGbf a9L hg3gTj ePsf] b]z – dflNbE;
SAARC Day – k|To]s jif{ l8;]Da/ * df
;fs{sf] pkgfd – ul/ax?sf] Sna
s'g ;fs{ 3f]if0ffkq slt a'Fb] M
o k|yd – !$ aF'b] -g]kfn_
o kGw|f}+ – $! a'Fb] ->Ln{+sf_
o ;f]¥xf} – #& a'Fb] -e'6fg_
o ;qf}+ – @) -dflNbE;_
o c7f/f}+ – #^ a'Fb] -g]kfn_+
hg;+Vof / If]qkmnsf cfwf/df ;fs{sf /fi6«x? qmdzM 7"nf]af6 ;fgf]tkm{
qm=;+= hg;+Vofsf cfwf/df qm=;+= If]qkmnsf cfwf/df
!= ef/t != ef/t – #@,*&,@^# j=ls=ld=
@= Kffls:tfg @= Kffls:tfg – *,)#,(#^ j=ls=ld=
#= a+unfb]z #= ckmuflg:tfg – ^,$&,%)) j=ls=ld=
$= ckmuflg:tfg $= g]kfn – !,$&,!*! j=ls=ld=
%= g]kfn %= a+unfb]z – !,$#,#%* j=ls=ld=
^= >Ln+sf ^= >Ln+sf – ^%,^!) j=ls=ld=
&= e'6fg &= e'6fg – $^,^@) j=ls=ld=
*= dflNbE; *= dflNbE; – @(* j=ls=ld=
pBf]u
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd :yfkgf ePsf] pBf]u — lj/f6gu/ h''6 ldn
lj/f6gu/ h''6 ldnsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= !((#
g]kfndf pBf]u lbj; — d+l;/ (
g]kfndf pBf]u lbj; slxn]b]lv dgfpg yflnPsf] — lj=;= @)^(
cf}Bf]lus If]qx?sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ lgsfo — cf}Bf]lus If]q Joj:yfkg lnld6]8
xfn g]kfndf /x]sf cf}Bf]lus If]qx?
qm=;= cf}Bf]lus If]qsf] gfd
:yfkgf -lj=;=_ If]qkmn -/f]kgL_ cjl:yt lhNnf s}lkmot
1) afnfh'' 2016 670 sf7df8f}F klxnf] cf}Bf]lus If]q
2) x] 6 f} 8
F f 2020 2829 dsjfgk'/ ;a}eGbf a9L If]qkmndf km}lnPsf]
3) kf6g 2020 293 nlntk'/
4) w/fg 2029 ;''g;/L
5) g]kfnu~h 2030 233 afFs]
6) kf]v/f 2031 501 sf:sL
7) a' 6
' an 2032 434 ?kGb]xL
8) eQmk' / 2035 71 eQmk'/ ;a}eGbf sd If]qkmndf km}lnPsf]
9) jL/]Gb|gu/ 2038 90 ;''v]{t
10) wgs''6f 2041 202 wgs''6f xfn ;+rfngdf g/x]sf]
11) /fhlj/fh 2044 294 ;Kt/L
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
cf}Bf]lus gLlt cg';f/ lhNnfx?sf] ljefhg
cljsl;t If]q — !% lhNnf
clt cljsl;t If]q — @# lhNnf
sd ljsl;t If]q — @$
cf}Bf]lus k|j4{g af]8{sf] cWoIf M pBf]u dGqL jf /fHodGqL
Ps4f/ k|0ffnLsf] ;+of]hs M pBf]u ljefusf] dxflgb]{zs
w]/} JolQmnfO /f]huf/ k|bfg ug]{ cf}Bf]lus If]q M afnfh'' cf}Bf]lus If]q
ljleGg pBf]u / btf{ ug''{kg]{ lgsfo
;fgf pBf]u M 3/]n' tyf ;fgf pBf]u ljefu jf ljefun] tf]ss]f sfof{no
demf}nf / 7"nf pBf]u M pBf]u ljefu jf ;f] ljefun] tf]s]sf] sfof{no
bzf}F cf}Bf]lus u0fgf–@)^(
s]lGb|o tYofÍ ljefun] @)&! c;f/ !* ut] ;fj{hlgs
d'Vo hfgsf/Lx?
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf a9L pBf]u k|lti7fg ePsf] lhNnf M ¿kGb]xL -#@)_, sf7df8f}F -#!*_, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, k;f{
^$ lhNnfdf dfq pBf]u k|lti7fg /x]sf
!! lhNnf s'g} pBf]u k|lti7fg 5}gg\ .
xfn b]ze/L s'n $,)&^ pBf]u ;~rfngdf 5g\
s'n @ nfv $ xhf/ sd{rf/L pBf]u If]qdf sfo{/t 5g\
@)) eGbf a9L pBf]u ePsf lhNnf ^ j6f /x]sf
pBf]u If]qsf] k|d'v ;d:of phf{ / sRrf kbfy{sf] cefj /x]sf] k|ltj]bgn] hgfPsf]
x/]s %÷% jif{df cf}Bf]lus u0fgf x'g], lj=;= @)@@ af6 z'? ePsf]
pBf]u;Fu ;DalGwt ldltx?
pBf]u kl/ifb\sf] u7g — lj=;= !((#
lj/f6gu/ h''6 ldnsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= !((#
h''4 Dofr km\ofS6«Ls]f :yfkgf — lj=;= !((%
g]kfn sk8f / 3/]n' Ond k|rf/ c8\8fsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= !((^
g]kfn cf}Bf]lus ljsf; lgusf] :yfkgf — lj=;= @)!^
;j{k|yd cf}Bf]lus gLlt slxn] — lj=;= @)!&
cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g @)$( hf/L — lj=;= @)$( sflt{s @&
cf}Bf]lus gLlt @)^& ;fj{hlgs — lj=;= @)^& h]7 @
!% cf}F of]hgfdf pBf]u
s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg — %=$ k|ltzt
/fli6«o /f]huf/Ldf pBf]u If]qsf] of]ubfg — *=! k|ltzt
sn' u|fx{:y pTkfbgdf pBf]u If]qs]f of]ubfg slt k''¥ofpg] nIo — ^=% k|ltzt
slt pBf]u u|fd k''¥ofpg] nIo — !$) j6f
slt cf}Bf]lus If]q k''¥ofpg] nIo — !( j6f
slt ljz]if cfly{s If]q :yfkgf ug]{ — !% j6f
;fj{hlgs ;+:yfg
%) k|ltzt eGbf a9L ;/sf/L :jfldTj ePsf] :jfoQ / Jofj;flos sf/f]af/ ug]{ lgsfo
g]kfndf ;+:yfg P]g — lj=;= @)@!
ljZjsf] klxnf] ;+:yfg — Bank of north america, ;g\ !&(!
cfw'lgs k|s[ltsf] ljZjsf] klxnf] ;+:yfg — kf]6{ ckm n08g cyf]l/6L, a]nfot
;a}eGbf w]/} sd{rf/L sfo{/t /xs]f ;+:yfg — g]kfn ljB't k|flws/0f
;a}eGbf w]/} gfkmf sdfpg ;kmn ;+:yfg — g]kfn 6]lnsd
s''n u|fx{:y pTkfbgdf ;+:yfgx?sf] of]ubfg — !@=^ k|ltzt
g]kfnsf xfnsf ;+:yfg — #(
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&%.&^ cg';f/ gfkmfdf /x]sf ;+:yfg —@^
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&%.&^ cg';f/ a]afl/;] cj:yfsf ;+:yfg —@
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
cfly{s ;j]{If0f @)&%.&^ cg';f/ 3f6fdf /x]sf ;+:yfg — !!
g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfgnfO slt If]qdf juL{s/0f — ^ If]q
cf}Bf]lus, Jofkfl/s, ;]jf, ;fdflhs, hgkof]uL / ljQLo
lghLs/0f
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd lghL If]qnfO laqmL ul/Psf] ;+:yfg — r08]Zj/L 6]S;6fon
Joj:yfkg s/f/ ul/Psf] klxnf] ;+:yfg — lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldn
;a}eGbf klxn] lghLs/0f ul/Psf] ;+:yfg — afF;af/L 5fnf tyf h''Qf sf/vfgf
lghLs/0fsf] csf]{ gfd — Yofr/afb
Capitalism and Freedom gfds k'':tssf n]vs — ldN6g k|mfO8Dofg
xfn;Dd lghLs/0f ul/Psf ;+:yfgx? — #)
Jofkf/
j:t' tyf ;]jfx?s]f vl/blaqmL — Jofkf/
Jofkf/sf] k|sf/ — @ - cfGtl/s / afXo_
b]zleq ul/g] Jofkf/ — cfGtl/s
b]zaflx/ ul/g] Jofkf/ — afXo
cfoft eGbf lgof{t a9L ePsf] cj:yf — Jofkf/ art
lgof{t eGbf cfoft a9L ePsf] cj:yf — Jofkf/ 3f6f
g]kfn sdf]l8l6h P08 d]6n PS;r]Gh lnld6]8sf] :yfkgf — lj=;= @)^$
ljb]zaf6 g]kfn leq s''g} dfn;fdfg leq\ofpg' — k}7f/L
g]kfnsf ;a}eGbf a9L lgsf;L x'g] b]z — ef/t
g]kfnn] ;d'b|kf/ Jofkf/sf] nflu s'g b]zsf gfsf k|of]u ub{5 — ef/tsf gfsfx?
g]kfn ef/tlar jfl0fHo ;lGw slxn] — lj=;= @)^^ sflt{s !)
g]kfnsf] tof/L kf]zfssf] ;aeGbf 7"nf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/ s'g b]z — cd]l/sf
ef/taf6 ;fdfg cfoft ubf{ ef/tdf lt/]sf] cGtz'Ns /sd g]kfn ;/sf/n] lkmtf{ kfpg] Joj:yf
— ef/tLo cGt z'Ns lkmtf{
g]kfnaf6 lgsf;L ul/g] d''Vo b]zx? — ef/t, cd]l/sf, hd{gL, 6sL{, a]nfot
g]kfndf ;fdfg cfoft ul/g] k|d'v b]zx? — ef/t, rLg, o''PO{, k|mfG; / OG8f]g]l;of
CIP sf] k''/f ?k — Commercially Important Person
ko{6g
cfly{s ;j]{If0f )&%.&^ cg'';f/ ;a}eGbf a9L ko{6s cfpg] kfFr d''n's
— ef/t, rLg, cd]l/sf, >Ln+sf / a]nfot
xfn g]kfndf ko{6sx?sf] ;/b/ a;fO cjlw — !@=$ lbg
k|lt ko{6s vr{ — $$ cd]l/sL 8n/
;a}eGbf a9L e|d0f ul/g] uGtJo — n''lDagL
tf/] xf]6nsf] ;+Vof — !@( j6f
g]kfnn] cjnDag u/]sf] ko{6g gLlt — v'nf / pbf/ ko{6g gLlt
s'n u|fx{:y pTkfbgdf ko{6g If]qsf] of]ubfg — @=@ k|ltzt
ko{6g kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf — k|wfgdGqL
;a}eGbf a9L ko{6s s] sf] nflu cfp5g\ — dgf]/~hg
ko{6ssf] kbofqf cg'dltkq hf/L ug]{ lgsfo — cWofudg ljefu
xfO clN6Ro'8 :kf]6{ 6]«lgª ;]G6/sf] :yfkgf sxfF — bf]nvf
lehg @))% sf] cjwf/0ff Nofpg] JolQm — tfsf;L ldofxf/f, hfkfg
;a}eGbf w]/} ko{6sn] kbofqf ug]{ If]q — cGgk''0f{ ;+/If0f If]q
klxnf] cGtl/If dlxnf ko{6s M cg'';]x cG;f/L, cd]l/sf
g]kfnsf] klxnf] ufFp ko{6g s]Gb| M :ofª\hfsf] l;?jf/L
;fs{ /fi6«s} gd''gf dflgg] g]kfnsf] ufFp M 3n] ufFp, ndh''ª
xfn k|rlnt ko{6g gLlt M ko{6g gLlt @)^%
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd ko{6g u''?of]hgf M ;g\ !(&@
g]kfn e|d0f jif{ M ;g\ !((*
uGtJo g]kfn jif{ M ;g\ @))@—@))#
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
g]kfn ko{6g jif{ slxn] dgfOof] M ;g\ @)!!
ko{6g jif{ @)!! sf] gf/f M ko{6gsf nflu ;Fu;Fu}
g]kfndf ko{6s k|x/Lsf] Joj:yf M lj=;= @)#%
;j{k|yd ko{6g gLlt nfu' M lj=;= @)%@
g]kfn ko{6g af]8{sf] :yfkgf M lj=;= @)%% kf}if !^
g]kfndf xf]d:6]sf] cf}krfl/s ;''?jft M lj=;= @)^& efb| !
g]kfn ko{6g b'/b[li6 @)@) cg';f/ slt ko{6s leq\ofpg] nIo M @) nfv
oftfoft
dx]Gb| /fhdfu{
nDafO — -!)@&=^& ls=ld_
k"j{ — klZrd /fhdfu{ klg elgg] — dx]Gb| /fhdfu{
g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf nfdf] /fhdfu{ — dx]Gb| /fhdfu{
lznfGof; — lj=;= @)!( a}zfv !
lznfGof; :yn — gjnk/fzL
lznfGof; ug]{ JolQm — /fhf dx]Gb|
slt lhNnf 5f]Psf] — @@
5'g] kxf8L lhNnf — dsjfgk'/ / c3f{vfFrL
g5'g] t/fO{sf] lhNnf — k;f{
w]/} 5f]Psf] lhNnf — afFs]
sd 5f]Psf] lhNnf — c3f{vfFrL
;a}eGbf xf]rf] efu — O6x/L, ;'g;/L
;a}eGbf cUnf] efu — k'':df, afFs]
s'g v08 s'g b]zsf] ;xof]udf
d]rL — 9Ns]a/ — ef/t
9Ns]a/ — kyn}of — ?;
x]6f}F8f — gf/fo0fu9 M Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}Fs
gf/fo0fu9 — a''6an M a]nfot
a''6an — sf]xnk'/ — agjf;f M ef/t
lqe''jg /fhky
nDafO — !*( ls=ld=
:yfkgf — lj=;= @)!#
;xof]u — ef/t
;a}eGbf cUnf] efu — l;d e~Hofª
pkgfd — afO/f]8
;a}eGbf k'/fgf] /fhdfu{ — lqe''jg /fhky
oftfoft;Fu ;DalGwt g]kfnsf /fli6«o uf}/jsf cfof]hgfx?
1. dWokxf8L nf]sdfu{ — !&&^ ls=ld=
2. x''nfsL /fhdfu{ — !&(@=$ ls=ld
3. sfnLu08sL sl/8f]/ — $#% ls=ld
4. s0ff{nL sl/8f]/ — @*) ls=ld=
5. sf]zL sl/8f]/ — !^@ ls=ld=
;+rf/
/]l8of] g]kfn
:yfkgf — lj=;=@))& r}q @)
;''?sf] gfd — g]kfn k|hftGq /]l8of]
klxnf] ;dfrf/ jfrs — tfl/0fLk|;fb sf]O/fnf
xfn slt efiffdf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f — @! /
sfo{qmd k|;f/0f — !* efiff
g]kfndf Pkm Pd /]l8of]sf] ;''?jft — lj=;= @)%@
6]lnlehg
g]kfn 6]lnlehg
:yfkgf — lj=;= @)$! df3 !&
lgoldt k|;f/0f ;''? — lj=;= @)$@ >fj0f @(
e'' pku|xaf6 k|;f/0f — lj=;= @)%* c;f/ @)
Pg l6le @ dfkm{t ;xk|;f/0f — lj=;= @)^)
sflGtk'/ / d]6«f] 6]lnlehgsf] ;''?jft — lj=;= @)^)
;+:s[t efiffdf ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f ;''? — @)&% c;f]h ^
sflGtk'/ / Od]h 6]lnlehg4f/f k|;f/0f ;''? — lj=;= @)^) c;f/ @(
g]kfndf b'/;+rf/
6]lnkmf]g ;]jfs]f ;''?jft — lj=;= !(&)
b''/;+rf/ ;+:yfgsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= @)#@ c;f/ !
g]kfndf ;]n'n/ df]afOn kmf]gsf] ;''?jft — lj=;= @)%^ a}zfv !
lk|k]8 df]afOn kmf]g ;]jfsf] ;''?jft — lj=;= @)^) efb| ^
b'/;+rf/ ;+:yfg b'/;+rf/ sDkgLdf kl/0ft — lj=;= @)^! a}zfv !
l;l8Pd ;]jfsf] ;''?jft — lj=;= @)^@
g]kfnsf ;a} uf=lj=;df b'/;+rf/ ;]jf k''u]sf] — lj=;= @)^& c;f/ @(
kqklqsf tyf 5fkfvfgf
g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf — uf]/vf ef/t hLjg
g]kfnaf6 g} k|sflzt g]kfnL efiffsf] klxnf] klqsf — ;'wf;fu/, lj=;= !(%%
g]kfnsf] klxnf] b}lgs klqsf — cfjfh, lj=;= @))& kmfu''g *
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf tof/L_, gofF afg]Zj/, )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
cfjfhsf k|yd ;Dkfbs — l;l4r/0f >]i7
lghL If]qaf6 k|sflzt klxnf] klqsf — hfu/0f ;fKtflxs
OG6/g]6df /flvPsf] klxnf] klqsf — hGde"ld ;fKtflxs
klxnf] ;fKtflxs klqsf — uf]/vfkq
g]kfndf 5fkfvfgfsf] ;''?jft — lj=;= !()*
uf]/vfkq
k|ydk6s k|sflzt — lj=;= !(%* a}zfv @$
klxnf] ljz]iffÍ — lj=;= !((* efb| !&
xKtfdf @ k6s — lj=;= @)))
xKtfdf tLgk6s — lj=;= @))#
b}lgs ?kdf k|sfzg — lj=;= @)!& kmfu'g &
zlgafl/o k[i6fÍ k|sfzg — lj=;= @)@) >fj0f $
/+uLg?kdf k|sfzg — lj=;= @)%( c;f/ !
ax''efiffdf k|sfzg — lj=;= @)^$ c;f]h !
xfn;Dd slt efiffdf k|sflzt — #( efiff
clGtd efiff — df8jf/L
g]kfndf x'nfs ;]jf
x'nfs ;]jfsf] ;+rfng — lj=;= !*&%
x'nfs ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf — lj=;= @)@*
ljZjsf] klxnf] x'nfs l6s6 — k]GgL ANofs -a]nfot_
lr7Ldf l6s6 6fF:g] rng — a]nfot
ljZj x'nfs lbj; — cS6f]a/ (
g]kfnsf] x'nfs ;+u|xfno sxfF — /fli6«o ;+u|xfno 5fpgL
5fpgL ;+u|xfnosf] :yfkgf slxn] — lj=;= @)^!
g]kfndf lkmnf6]lns
lkmnf6]lns Ao''/f]sf] :yfkgf — lj=;=@)!&
lkmnf6]lns ;f];fO6Lsf] :yfkgf — lj=;= @)@#
klxnf]k6s /fli6«o lkmnf6]lns k|b;{gL — lj=;= @)@#
g]kfnsf] z}lIfs hfgsf/L
g]kfndf lzIff;DaGwL klxnf]
Jofj;flos lzIffsf] ;''?jft ug]{ M hol:ylt dNn
/fHosf tkm{af6 5fqj[lQ lbg] k|yfs]f ;''?jft ug]{ M k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx
dlxnf lzIffsf] ;''?jft ug{ k|]l/t ug]{ M u+ufjfO{, ef/t
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नेपालमा जलवायु पररवतयन बजेट संकेतको कायायन्वयनको शुरुवात १३ औं योजनाबाट शुरु भएको हो ।
नेपालले सन् २०११ बाट जलबायु पररबतयन सम्बन्धी COP सम्मेलनमा भाग हलदै आएको छ ।
सन् २०१५ को पेररस सम्झौता कायायन्वयन ४ नोभेम्वर २०१६ बाट प्रारम्भ भएको हो ।
नेपालले पेररस सम्झौतामा कतहले हस्ताक्षर गरे को हो ? - 22 April , 2016. हस्ताक्षर कताय – परराष्ट्र मन्िी कमल थापा ।
पेररस सम्झौता अनुमोदन गने साकय राष्ट्रमा नेपाल तेस्रो मुलुक हो । पतहलो माल्दभ्स र दोस्रो भारत हो ।
नेपालमा ११ तजल्लामा वातावरण मैिी स्थानीय शासन लागू भएको छ ।
चौधौं योजनामा वातावरण तथा जलवायु पररवतयन तशषयकको फदघयकालीन सोच – "स्वच्छ एवम् वातावरण मािय त फदगो तवकास" हो ।
नेपाल रातष्ट्रय अनुकुलन योजना तजुयमा प्रकृ याको लातग हररत जलवायु कोषबाट २९ लाख अमेररकी डलर अनुदान सहयोग प्राप्त गने पतहलो
राष्ट्र हुन सिल भएको छ ।
जल तथा मौसमी के न्रको स्थापना दाचुयला तजल्लातस्थत चमेतलया नदी जलाधारको उच्च पहाडी भूभागमा भएको छ ।
क्योटो अतभसतन्ध अन्तरगत अनुकुलन कोषमा तसधा पहुंच पुयायउन कृ तष तवकास बैंकलाइ रातष्ट्रय कायायन्वयन तनकायको रुपमा तवकास
गररएको छ ।
cfjZostfsf] kl/k"lt{sf] l;4fGt / ljBdfg ;|f]t ;fwgsf] plrt ;+/If0fsf]] l;4fGt g} lbuf] ljsf;sf] d"n l;4fGt x'g\ .
फदगो तवकासका महत्वीः
o स्रोतको उतचत उपयोग
o जनसहभागीमा आधाररत तवकास
o दीधयकालीन सोचाइ
o आधारभूत पक्षहरुको तवकास
o तवकासको सीमा तनधायरण
o दातयत्व बोध
lbuf] ljsf; / jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf] nflu ul/Psf k|of;x? M
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130
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तवश्व वातावरण फदवसका नाराहरुीः
Years नारा (Slogans) आयोजक राष्ट्र (Host
Country)
2017 Connecting people to nature – in the city and on land, Canada
from the poles to the equator
2016 'Zero tolerance for the illegal wild life trade' Angola
2015 Seven Billion Dreams. One Planet. Consume with Italy
Care.
2014 ` Raise Your Voice, not the sea level. Barbados
2013 Think, Eat and Save. Mongolia
2012 Green Economy; Does it Include You? Brazil
2011 Forests-Nature At Your Service. India
2010 Many Species. One Planet. One Future. Rwanda
!(&& M s]Gofsf] /fhwfgL g}/f]jLdf ;+o'Qm /fiट्;+3Lo d?e"dLs/0f ;Dd]ng -hg;+Vof ljikmf]6dfly lgoGq0f ug{ hf]8 lbOPsf]_
!(*# M UNO sf] #* cf}+ dxf;efn] gj]{sL k|wfgdGqL u|f] xfn]{d a|'6Nof08sf] cWoIftfsf] a|'6Nof08 sld;gsf] u7g .
!(*& M a|'6Nof08 sld;gn] …xfd|f] ;femf eljio (Our Common Future)' gfds k|lta]bg ४२ औं महासभामा k]z .
!((@ Mh'g # b]lv h'g !$ ;Dd a|lhnsf] l/of] b h]g]l/of]df l/of] ;Dd]ng ÷ k[YjL lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg . rf/j6f Ph]G8f kfl/t. पाररत
एजेण्डाहरुीः( A.B.C.F.)
o != Agenda – 21 : ljsf; / jftfj/0f;+u ;DalGwt ljifo . g]kfndf bfª, ;'v]{t / s}nfnL lhNnfdf Agenda 21 cGtu{t
Capacity – 3 sfo{qmd nfu" .
o @= Bio - Diversity : h}ljs ljljwtf ;DaGwL dxf;lGw kfl/t .
o #= Climate Change: hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wLo ;+/rgf dxf;lGw kfl/t .
o $= jg h+unsf] ;+/If0fsf] l;4fGt (Forest Conservation Principle) cjnDag .
सन् १९९५ बाट जलवायु पररवतयन सम्बन्धी COP – 1 सम्मेलन जमयनीमा शुरु ।
!((& M hfkfgsf] Sof]6f] zx/df Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn ;DkGg M ;g\ !(() sf] t'ngfdf xl/tu[x Uof;sf] pT;h{g ;g\ @))* b]lv ;g\ @)!@
;Ddsf] t'ngfdf %=@ Ü n] sdL Nofpg] . h; cg';f/sf xl/t u[x Uof;x? M sfa{g8fO{ cS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6«f]hg cS;fO8, xfO8«f]ˆnf]/f]
sfj{g, k/ˆnf]/f] sfj{g, ;Nkm/ x]S;fˆnf]/fO8 u/L ^ j6f . ;g\ @))% af6 nfu" ePsf] .
@))) M ;x>fAbL ljsf; nIosf] * a6f nIox? ;g\ @)!% ;Ddsf] nflu lgwf{/0f .
सहश्राब्दी तवकास लक्ष्यहरु (सन् २००० देतख २०१५ सम्म) लक्ष्यीः – ८, सुचकहरुीः – ४८, गन्तब्यीः - १८
१. अतत गररबी तथा भोकमरी अन्त्य
२. सबैका लातग प्राथतमक तशक्षा
३. लैंतगक समानता र मतहला ससतिकरण
४. बाल मृत्युदर न्यूतनकरण
५. मातृ स्वास्थ्य सुधार
६. एचआईभी एड्स, औलो तथा अन्य रोग तबरुद्ध संघषय
७. वाताबरणीय फदगोपनाको सुतनतश्चतता
८. तवकासको लातग तवश्वब्यापी साझेदारी
@))@ M lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL clk|msf ;Dd]ng .
@))% M Sof]6f] k|f]6f]sn nfu" .
@))& M OG8f]g]l;ofsf] jfnLdf afnL ;Dd]ng ;DkGg .
;g\ @))( cS6'j/ !^ M dflNbE;sf] kfgLd"gLsf] a}7s ;DkGg .
@)!) M hfkfgsf] gfof]uf zx/df ;DkGg h}ljs ljljwtf nIo cGtu{t ;g\ @)!! b]lv @)@) ;Dd @) nIox? lgwf{/0f .
d] @@ M ljZj h}ljs ljljwtf lbj; . ;g\ @)!^ sf] gf/f M Mainstreaming Biodiversity; Sustaining People and
their Livelihoods . सन् २०१७ को नारा – 'जैतवक तवतवधता र फदगो पययटन'
131
@)!% M k|mfG;sf] k]l/;df hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL COP – 21 ;Dd]ng ;DkGg h;df ;g\ @)%) ;Dd k[YjLsf] tfkdfg @) ;]N;Lo;
sfod ug]{ / ljsfl;t d'n'sx?n] hnjfo' ljQ sf]ifdf ;g\ @)@) ;Dd x/]s aif{ !)) cj{ cd]l/sL 8n/ hDdf ug]{ ;Demf}tf, ;fy} x/]s
%÷ % aif{df hnjfo' kl/jt{gdf ePsf k|of;x?sf] ;ldIff ug]{ .
;g\ @)!^ b]lv ;g\ @)#) ;Ddsf] nflu lbuf] ljsf; nIo cGt/ut !& a6f nIox? lgwf{/0f .
फदगो तवकास लक्ष्यहरु (सन् २०१६ – २०३०) : लक्ष्यहरु – १७ , गन्तब्य – १६९, सूचकहरु – २३९
संयुि राष्ट्र संघको ७० औं महासभाले २०१५ को September मतहनामा 'Universal, Integrated and
Trasformative; 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development ' भन्ने नारा तलयो ।
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) को अको नाम Transforming Our World: the 2030 Agenda for
Sustainable Development हो । यसलाई Post 2015 Development Agenda पनन भननन्छ ।
यो २५ सेप्टेम्वर २०१५ मा संयुक्त राष्ट्र संघका १९३ सदस्य राष्ट्रहरुले अंनिकार िरे का निए । ।
यो The Future we want भन्ने नसद्धान्तमा आधाररत छ ।
SDG कायाा न्वयन को लानि १९३ राष्ट्रहरु संलग्न छन् ।
'We don’t have plan B because there no planet B' यो भनाई वान नक मुनको हो ।
फदगो तवकास लक्ष्य प्रस्ताव गने राष्ट्र कु न हो ? - Colombia (2011 मा)
Riyo +20 सम्मेलन सन् २०१२ मा ब्रातजलको ररयो द जेनेररयो शहरमा भएको तथयो जसले 'The Future; We Want' तय गरेको
तथयो, जसमा SDG को बारे मा ब्यापक छलिल भएको तथयो ।
फदगो तवकासका १७ वटा लक्ष्यहरुीः
१. गररवीको अन्त्य १०. असमानता न्यूनीकरण
२. शुन्य भोकमरी, खाद्य सूरक्षा ११. फदगो शहर र सुरतक्षत मानव बसोबास
३. स्वस्थ जीवनको सूतनतश्चतता १२. फदगो उत्पादन तथा उपभोग
४. गुणस्तरीय तशक्षा १३. जलवायु पररवतयनका असरहरु न्यूनीकरण
५. लैंतगक समानता र मतहला सशतिकरण १४. सामुफरक स्रोतको उपयोग
६. फदगो सिापानी तथा सरसिाइ सेवा १५. जैतवक तवतवधताको संरक्षण
७. आधुतनक उजायमा पहुाँच १६. शातन्तपूणय र सशि समाज
८. समावेशी आर्षथक वृतद्ध तथा रोजगारी १७. फदगो तवकासको लातग साझेदारी
९. उद्योग, नवीन खोज र पूवायधार
;g\ @)!^ df df]/Ssf]sf] d/fs]zdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL COP – 22 ;Dd]ng ;DkGg . cfufdL ;Dd]ng COP – 23 ;g\ @)!&
sf] gf]e]Da/df hd{gLsf] jgdf x'g] h;sf] cWoIf /fiट्र lkmlh xf] . सन् २०१८ मा COP – 24 पोल्याण्डमा हुाँदैछ ।
पतहलो COP – 1 सन् १९९५ मा जमयनीको बर्षलनमा भएको तथयो ।
lbuf] ljsf;, jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf g]kfn M
5}7f}+ of]hgf M jftfj/0fLo gLlt / e" — pkof]u gLlt cnDag .
;ftf}+ of]hgf M x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fsf] sfo{x? ubf{ jftfj/0fLo kIfsf] k|efj d"Nof+sg (Environment Impact Assessment-
EIA) ug'{kg]{ pNn]v .
cf7f}+ of]hgfb]lv lbuf] ljsf; ;DaGwL cjwf/0ff nfu" .
lbuf] ljsf;sf nflu g]kfndf nfu" ePsf] k|yd /0fgLlt /fli6«o ;+/If0f /0fgLlt xf] . of] !((* af6 nfu" ePsf] xf] .
t]x|f}+ of]hgfdf hnjfo'kl/jt{g tyf jftfj/0f ;+/If0f ;DaGwL 5'6\6} kl/R5]bdf lb3{sfnLg ;f]r, p2]Zo, nIo , /0fgLltx? ;dfa]z .
hnjfo' ljQ k|0ffnL, hnjfo' ljQ ah]6 ;+s]t .
rf}wf}+ of]hgfdf klg lg/Gt/tf .
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df klxnf] k6s :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /flvPsf] .
g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg -@)&@_ df wf/f #) df :jR5 jftfj/0fsf] xsnfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf /flvPsf] ;fy} /fHosf gLltx? cGtu{t
k|fs[lts ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;+/If0f, ;+jw{g / pkof]u ;DaGwL gLlt cGtu{t ( j6f gLltx? /flvPsf] .
;g\ @)!! b]lv lg/Gt/ ?kdf hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljZjAofkL ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnn] lg/Gt/ ?kdf efu ln+b} cfPsf] .
;g\ !((@ df hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ;+o'Qm /fi6«;+wLo ;+/rgf dxf;lGwdf g]kfnn] x:tfIf/ u/L ;g\ !(($ af6 kIf /fi6« ePsf] .
lj=;+= @)^^ d+l;/ !( ut] ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/ lzlj/ sfnfkTy/df sfnfkTy/ a}7s ;DkGg , h;df afFs] /fli6«o lgs'~h, clkgkf ;+/If0f
If]q / uf}/Lz+s/ ;+/If0f If]q 3f]if0ff .
/fli6«o lgs'~h tyf aGohFGt' ;+/If0f P]g, @)@( / lgodfjnL, @)#), jg P]g, @)$( / lgodfjnL, @)%!, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f P]g, @)%#
/ lgodfjnL, @)%$, hnjfo' kl/jt{g gLlt, @)^&, /fli6«o cg's'ng sfo{qmd, @)^&, h}ljs ljljwtf gLlt, @)^#, cflb nfu" ul/Psf] .
/fli6«o lgs'~h — !२, -clGtdM पसाय /fli6«o lgs'~h, _, jGohGt' cf/If — #, ;+/If0f If]q — ^, dWojtL} If]q — !#
sfnfkTy/ j}7s @)^^ ÷)* ÷ !(
;+/lIft If]q — @#=@# Ü
132
;u/dfyf /fli6«o lgs'~h -!(&(_ / lrtjg /fli6«o lgs'~h - !(*$_ nfO{ ljZj ;Dkbf ;"lrdf ;"lrs[t
;Ld;f/ If]qdf ;"lrs[t :yfgx? !) j6f
ljZj l;d;f/ lbj; — km/j/L @
;+/lIft hgfj/x? M :tgwf/L — @&, peor/ — #, r/f — (
jg bzs @)&! — @)*) sf] 3f]if0ff Pj+ …;d[l4sf nflu jgÚ eGg] gf/f to ul/Psf] .
cf=j= )&#÷&$ sf] jflif{s ah]6df 'Ps k|b]z Ps k|f0fL pBfg' sf] gLlt lnOPsf] .
:6f]g SofG;/ (Stone Cancer):
cf0fjLs ad lj:kmf]6g / /f;folgs xftxltof/sf] k|of]u ePsf] 7fpFdf lgs} nfdf] ;do;Dd ?v, lj?jf tyf hLg g/xg] cj:yf,
xfnsf] lju|bf] jftfj/0f, cyf{t k|b"lift jftfj/0fsf] sf/0f x'g] cDnLo jiff{sf] sf/0fn] k|s[lthGo dfgjlgld{t 7"nf / ljzfn dxn, dlGb/
Pj+ k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbfsf P]ltxfl;s snf / ;+:s[lt gi6 x'g] cj:yf,
hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df / gfuf;fsLdf bf];|f] ljZjo'4sf] kl/0ffd :j?ksf] l:ylt .
cDnLo jiff{ M
cjwf/0ff k|:t't ug]{ ;g\ !*%@ df /f]j6{ P+u; l:dy x'g\ .
pBf]uwGbf, snsf/vfgf cflbaf6 lg:s]sf] w'jfFdf sfj{g 8fO{ cS;fO8, ;Nkm/8fO cS;fO8, gfO6; cS;fO8h:tf UofF;x? jfo'd08ndf
/x]sf] hnjfik;Fu w'Nbf sfjf]{lgs Pl;8, ;Nkm\ol/s Pl;8, gfOlट्र s Pl;8 h:tf Pl;8x? aGg hfG5g\ / ;f]xL cDn k[YjLdf kfgL jf
cl;gfsf] ?kdf a;{G5 .
o; ;DaGwL ljZj ;Dd]ng ;g\ !(%) df ePsf] lyof] .
Snf]/f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g (Chlorofloro Carbon):
cf]hf]g tx ljgfz ug]{ k|d'v cf}Bf]lus /;fog xf] .
;g\ !(#) df yf]d; ldhn] o;nfO{ kQfnufPsf lyP .
of] /]k|mh]/]6/, Po/sG8L;g/, Knfli6ssf kmf]d cflb agfpg k|of]u ul/G5 .
of] jfo'd08ndf k|j]z u/]kl5 k[YjLsf] /Iff sjrsf] ?kdf /x]sf] cf]hf]g txnfO{ ljgfz ugf{n] ;"o{jf6 cfpg] k/fj}hgL ls/0fx? k[YjL;Dd
cfO{k'U5 h;sf] sf/0f 5fnfsf] SofG;/ x'g], 5fnf rfp/L kg]{, df]tLljGb' x'g], /f]u k|lt/f]wL Ifdtf 36\g] ;d:of x'G5 .
o;sf c0f'x? $) b]lv %) jif{;Dd gi6 gx'g] ePsfn] ljls/0fn] cf]hf]g txnfO{ kftnf] agfpF5 .
Sof]6f] k|f]6f]snM(Quoto Protocal):
;g\ !((& df hfkfgsf] Sjf]6f] ;x/df ljZjsf !$! /fi6««x?4f/f xl/t u[x Uof;nfO{ Go"lgs/0f u/L hnjfo' kl/jt{g ;DaGwL k|efjnfO{
Go"gLs/0f ug{ cg'df]bg ul/Psf] cGt/fli6««o cle;lGw xf] .
of] cle;GwL ;g\ @))% km]la|j/L !^ b]lv ljZje/ sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf] 5 .
o;n] ;g\ @))* b]lv ;g\ @)!@ ;Dd xl/tu[x UofF;x?sf] pT;h{g ;g\ !(() sf] t'ngfdf %=@ k|ltztn] sd ug]{ nIo lnPsf] 5 .
xl/tu[x UofF; eGgfn] sfj{g8fO{ cS;fO8, ldy]g, gfO6««f]hg cS;fO8, xfO8««f]km\nf]/f] sfj{g, k/km\nf]/f] sfj{g, ;Nkm/ x]Shf km\nf]/fO8
a'lemG5 .
xl/t u[xमा k|efj kfg]{ Uof;x?sf] lx:;f M Carbondioxide = 57%, Methane = 12%, CFCs = 25%, Nitrous Oxide
= 6% .
cGo jftfj/0fLo ;jfnx? M
lrksf] cfGbf]ngsf cleoGtf ;'Gb/nfn ax'u'0ff x'g\ . o;sf] z'?jft !(&# dfr{ dlxgf b]lv ef/tsf] lxdf~rn / u8jfn If]qdf
ag;DaGwL cleofgsf] ?kdf ePsf] lyof] .
२०७४ साउनमा नेपालको जल तथा मौसम तवज्ञान तवभागले जलवायु पररवतयनको प्रवृतत र पररदृश्य नामक प्रततवेदन अनुसार नेपालमा
प्रत्येक बषय ०.०५६ तडग्री सेतल्सयसका दरले तापक्रम बृतद्ध भइरहेको छ । यस अतघ सन् २०१२ मा वार्षषक ०.०६ तडग्रीका दरले तापक्रम
बफढरहेको तथयो ।
af;:yfgsf] cwf/df hgfa/x?s]f auL{s/0fM
o ljnf]k M %) jif{b]lv jf;:yfgdf ge]l6Psf .
o ;+s6fkGg M at{dfg ca:yf sfod /x] nf]k x'g] k|hftL
o clt ;+j]bgzLn M plrt ;+/If0f gkfPdf ;+s6fkGg cj:yfdf k'Ug ;Sg] k|hflt
o b'ne{ M Go"g ;+Vofdf pkl:yt k|hflt
o ;De:t M s]xL :yfgdf kfOPtf klg s"n ;+Vof lgs} 36]sf] .
jftfa/0f ;DaGwL k'/:sf/x? M
Unf]jn -500 k'/:sf/ M
o ;g\ !(*& df UNEP n] :yfkgf u/]sf] cGt/fli6«o k'/:sf/ xf] .
o klxnf] k6s kfpg] 8f= s[i0f s'df/ kf08] x'g\ .
133
Blue Planet Award :
o jftfa/0f If]qsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf]] k'/:sf/ .
o :yfkgf M ;g\ !((@ sf] l/of] ;Dd]ngdf ePsf] .
o /flz M % s/f]8 hfkfgL P]g .
o k|To]s jif{ @ hgf nfO{ lbOg] .
uf]N8Dofg k'/:sf/ M
o jftfj/0f If]qsf] gf]j]n k'/:sf/ .
o k|To]s dxfb]zaf6 Ps Ps hgf u/L ^ j6f dxfb]zaf6 ^ hgfnfO{ lbOg] .
o /flzM k|ltJolQm &% xhf/ cd]l/sL 8n/ .
o ;g\ !((^df kfpg] ef/tsf dx]zrGb| d]xtf .
Galente Conservation Award:
o kfpg] k|yd g]kfnL 8f= d's]zs'df/ rfln;] . pgn] ;g\ !((* df jfFb/sf] cWoog u/] jfkt of] k'/:sf/ kfPsf x'g\ .
s]xL jftfj/0fLo ljifox? M
;+:yfx? / ;lGwx? :yfkgf ldlt k|wfg sfof{no ljz]iftf
WWF (World Wildlife ;g\ !(^! clk|n @( :jL6h/Nof08 -UNof08_ cfbz{ jfSo M For a long Planet. लोगो
Fund) पाण्डा(चीची)
aGohGt' ;+/If0f ug{ rfn]sf] cleofg – Gift to
Earth
CITES (Convention on x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldlt M :jLh/Nof08, h]g]ef aGohGt'sf] ca}w Aofkf/ ;DaGwL dxf;lGw
Intertional Trade in ;g\ !(&%
Endengered Species ) -:yfg M jfl;+6g l8l;_
M ( International Centre For ;g\ !(*# l8;]Da/ % sf7df08f}+ ;b:o /fi6«x? M ckmuflg:tfg, kfls:tfg, ef/t, g]kfn,
Integrated Mountain e'6fg, a+unfb]z, rLg, DofGdf/ - ^ ;fs{ + @ cGo_
Development) ICIMOD
/fdf;f/ dxf;lGw x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldlt M :jLh/Nof08 nfu" ePsf] ldlt M ;g\ !(&% h'nfO{ !
;g\ !(&! km/j/L @
-:yfg M O/fgsf] g]kfn ;b:o ePsf] M !(*&
/fd;f/_ ;"rLs[t ePsf b]zx?sf] ;+Vof M !^*
Internatiional Union for ;g\ !($* :jL6\h/Nof08, UNof08 k|s[ltsf] ;+/If0f If]qdf sfd ug]{ cGt/fliट्र o ;+:Yff
Conservation for Nature
(IUCN)
134
jfo'd08nLo tx ;DaGwL hfgsf/L M
qm=;+= txx? km}nfj6 ljz]iftfx?
!= lgDgtfkd08n k[YjLsf] ;txb]lv !^ jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf tNnf]tx, k[YjLsf] ;a}eGbf ghLssf] tx
(Troposphere) ls=dL=;Dd o; txsf] dflyNnf] efunfO{ Tropopause elgG5 .
jfo'd08nsf] (% k|ltzt efu cf]u6\5 .
o; txdf ! ls=dL= prfO{ a9\bf ^=%)c tfkqmd 36\5 .
prfO cg';f/ tfkqmd 36a9 x'g] x'Fbf o; txnfO{ kl/jt{g d08n
klg elgG5
cfFwL cfpg], aiff{ x'g], cl;gf kg]{ h:tf ljljw ultlalwx? x'G5g\ .
@= ;dtfk d08n!^ ls=dL= b]lv %) ls=dL= ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efunfO{ Stratospause elgG5 .
(Stratosphere) Ps}gfzsf] l:y/ tfkqmd x'G5 .
cf]hf]g tx @% b]lv $) ls=dL= ;Dd kfOG5 .
cf]hf]g tx clS;hgsf c0f'x? ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 .
! k|ltzt cf]hf]g tx lagfz x'Fbf @ k|ltzt k/fa}hgL ls/0fx?
l55{g .
#= dWod08n %) ls=dL= b]vL *) ls=dL= o;sf] ;a}eGbf dflyNnf] efunfO{ d];f]kf]h elgG5 .
(Mesosphere) pNsfx?af6 lg:s]sf tftf Uof;sf /]vfx? o; d08ndf b]lvG5g\ .
o; txdf lta|j]udf atf; rN5 .
$= tfkLod08n *) ls=dL= b]lv &@) ls=dL= o; txdf jfo' Hofb} sd x'G5 . ;f}o{ lals/0fsf] a9L k|efj kg]{
(Thermosphere) ePsfn] oxfF a9L tfkqmd x'G5 .
o; txdf Uof;sf c0f'x? cfof]gdf kl0f x'g] ePsf]n] o;nfO{ cfof]g
tx klg elgG5 .
%= afx\o d08n &@) ls=dL= eGbf dfly b]lv jfo'd08nsf] ;a}eGbf dflysf] tx xf] .
( Exosphere) cGtl/If;Dd km}lnPsf] o;nfO{ ;Ldf k|b]z (Fringe Region)elgG5 .
o; txdf u'?Tjfsif{0fn] klg c;/ ug{ ;Sb}g .
135
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 457
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
18. In the series 3, 9, 15, ........., what will be the 21st term?
a. 117 b. 121 c. 123 d. 129
19. 2,5,9,19,37 .?
a)76 b)75 c)74 d)73
20. Which term of the series 5, 8, 11, 14, ........ is 320 ?
a. 104th b. 105th c. 106th d. 64th
21) 0, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, 17, 24, 26?
a) 28 b) 30 c) 32 d) 35
22) 625, 5, 125, 25, 25, ?, 5
a) 5 b) 25 c) 125 d) 625
23) 13, 35, 57, 79, 911 ?
a) 110 b) 1112 c) 1113 d) 1315
24) 45, 54, 47, ?, 49, 56, 51, 57, 53
a) 48 b) 50 c) 55 d) None of these
25) 2, 5, 10, 50, ?
a) 450 b) 500 c) 100 d) 200
26) 4, 9, ?, 39
a) 17 b) 20 c) 29 d) 19
27) 1, 2, 6, 7, 21, 22, 66, 67, ?
a) 70 b) 134 c) 201 d) 301
28) 4, 10, ?, 82, 244, 730
a) 24 b) 28 c) 77 d) 218
29) 6, 11, 21, 36, 56, ?
a) 42 b) 51 c) 81 d) 91
30) 4, 6, 12, 14, 28, 30, ?
a) 32 b) 60 c) 62 d) 64
Answer Exercise - 1
1. d_ lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM + 8, +10, +12, + 14 …. a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 70 + 18 = 88
2. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM 12 – 1, 22 – 2, 32 – 1, 42 – 2, 52 – 1, 62 – 2, n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 52 – 1 = 24
3. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz = +4, +8, +12, +16 ….n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 41 + 20 = 61
4. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz = +11, + 22, +33, … n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof = 72 + 44 = 116
5. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M + 3, + 6, +12, + 24 …. n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 46 + 48 = 94
6. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM +1, + 3, +6 …. i.e. +1, +(1 + 2), + (1 + 2 + 3)
qmd ;+Vof 15 + (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 25
7. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M 12, 32 , 52, 72, 92,…. a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 112 = 121
8. d. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M × 3 n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 108 × 3 = 324
9. b.lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 240 1 = 240
10. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM 2, × 4, 2, × 4 …. n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 192 2 = 96
11. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM 1, 3, 9, _? ul/ b'O{ efudf 5 . 2, 6, 18, 54
klxnf] >]0fL × 3 sf b/n] 5
qmd ;+Vof 9 × 3 = 27
12. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M (22 – 1), (42 – 1), (62 – 1), (82 – 1) … n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 62 – 1 = 35
13. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM (×2 + 1), (× 2 + 1) ….n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 15 × 2 + 1 = 31
14. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM (×2 + 1), (×2 –1), (×2 + 1), (×2 – 1) ….. n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 101 × 2 + 1 = 203
15. d. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M (× 2 + 1) (× 2 +2), (× 2 + 3), (× 2 +4) ……. n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 59 × 2 + 4 = 122
16. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz dflysf] efu +2, +3, +4, +5 n] a9]s f] 5 . tnsf] efu +4, +6, +8, +10 n] a9]s f] 5 .
7
qmd ;+Vof
13
17. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz >]0fLdf ePsf gDa/x? 7 n] efu ul/ 3 z]if cfpF5 .
>[]0fLsf] qmd ;+Vof ;Fu ldNg] ;+Vof 346 xf] h;nfO{ 7 n] efu ubf{ 3 z]if cfpF5 .
18. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM 3 + 6 = 9, 9 + 6 = 15 … n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof = a + (n – 1)d
= 3 + (21 – 1) × 6
= 3 + 20 × 6 = 123
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
qmd ;+Vof 37 × 2 + 1 = 75
20. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz ;dfg cGt/n] a9]sf] 5 .
a + (n – 1)d = 320
5 + (n – 1) × 3 = 320
= 106
21. d. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdzM b'O{j6f >]0fLdf af8LPsf] 5 .
klxnf] 0, 3 , 8, 15, 24, ?
bf];|f] 2, 5 , 10, 17, 26
klxnf] >]0fL qmdz + 3, + 5, + 7 ==========n] a9]sf] 5 .
>]0fL qmd 24 + 11 = 35
22. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz b'O{ >]0fLdf afl9Psf] 5 .
klxnf] 625, 125, 25, 5
bf];|f] 5, 25, ?
bf];|f] >]0fL qmdz × 5 n] a9]sf] 5
>]0fL qmd 25 × 5 = 125
23. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz ljhf]/ ;+Vofx? ldn]/ a;]sf] 5g\ .
h:t} 1 / 3, 3 / 5, 5 / 7 …
>]0fL qmd 1113,
24. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz b'O{ >]0fLdf al9Psf] 5 .
klxnf] 45, 47, 49, 51, 53
bf];|f] 54, ?, 56, 57
bf];|f] >]0fL qmdz + 1 n] a9]sf] 5
>]0fL qmd 54 + 1 = 55
25. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz klxnf] / bf];|f], bf];|f] / t];|f] ===== ub{} u'0fg eP/ a9]sf] 5 .
>]0fL qmd 10 × 50 = 500
26. d. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz +5, +10, + 20 n] a9]sf] 5 .
>]0fL qmd 9 + 10 = 19
27. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz M klxnf] >]0fL 1, 6, 21, 66, ? n] a9]sf] 5 .
h;df qmd (+ 1 × 3), (+1 × 3), (+1 × 3)…..5 .
>]0fL qmd (66 + 1) × 3 = 201
28. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz (× 3 – 2), (× 3 – 2) ….sf b/n] a9]s]f 5 .
>]0fL qmd 10 × 3 = 30 – 2 == 28
29. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz +5, + 10, + 15, + 20, ………….n] a9]sf] 5 .
>]0fL qmd 56 + 25 = 81
30. b. lbOPsf] >]0fL qmdz klxnf] / bf];|f]df +2 n] a9L 5 / bf];|f] af6 t];|f] ×2 n] a9]sf] 5 .
qmd ;+Vof 30 × 2 = 60
Exercise – 2: Alphabet Series
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
English Alphabet ;dfj]z ePsf] cg'qmddf (IQ) ;DalGw k|Zgx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf] nfuL Alphabet nfO{ lgDg
cg';f/ n]lvG5 .
Alphabet nfO{ pN6f] qmd cg';f/ /fv]/ klg k|Zg ;f]Wg ;S5, To;}n] pN6f] qmd cg';f/ dfg lgsfNgsf] nfuL 27
af6 ;'N6f] qmdsf] dfg 36fpFbf x'G5 jf ljk/Lt Alphabet sf] dfg x]bf{ x'G5 .
h:t} pN6f] qmdaf6 (X) sf] value (27 – 24) = 3 x'G5 . jf (x) sf] ljk/Lt Alphabet (C) xf] / C sf] value 3 g}
(X) sf] pN6f] Value x'G5 .
Alphabet Series ;dfwfg ug{] s]xL (Index) x?
1. Alphabet sf] a9\bf] qmd cg';f/
A, C, E, G, ?
+2 +2 +2 +2
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] (+2) n] a9\bf] qmddf 5 .
C, D, F, I, M, R, ?
+1 +2 +3 +4 +5 +6
lbO{Psf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz + 1, +2, +3, +4, +5 ….n] a9]sf] 5 .
U , W, A , G, O , ?
+2 +4 +6 +8 +10
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz +2, +4, –6, +8, +10 n] a9]sf] 5 .
N , Q , R , U , V, ?
+3 +1 +3 +1 +3
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz +3, +1, +3, +1 ============n] a9]sf] 5 .
2. Alphabet sf] 36\bf] qmd
P, O , N , M , ?
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz -1, -1, -1 ………. n] 36]sf] 5
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
C , B , Z , W, S , ?
-1 -2 -3 -4 -5
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz -1, -2, -3, -4, -5 =========== n] 36]sf] 5 .
M , K , I , G, ?
-2 -2 -2 -2
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz -2, -2, -2, ……….n] 36]sf] 5
T, P, N , J , H , ?
-4 -2 -4 -2 -4
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz -4, -2, -4, -2 ……..n] 36]sf] 5 .
3. Alphabet sf] a9\bf] / 36\bf] qmd ;Fu} x'Fbf
A , D , C , F, E , H , G, ?
+3 -1 +3 -1 +3 -1 +3
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet sf] qmdz +3, -1, +3, -1……..n] a9bf] / 36\bf] 5 .
4. Alphabet Mixed ePsf] series
+2 +2 +2 +2
F,Z, H,W, J,T L,Q, N,?
–3 –3 –3 –3
lbOPsf] (Series) Alphabet df Pp6f +2, + 2, + 2 …………n] a9]sf] 5 .
csf{] -3, -3, -3, ………..n] 36]sf] 5 .
lbPsf] s|ddf 5'6]sf] cIf/ ktf nufpg'xf]; \ .
1. B, D, F, I, L, P, ?
a. R b. S c. T d. U
2. H, I, K, N,?
a. 0 b. Q c. R d. S
3. Z, ?, T, ?, N, ?, H, ?, B
a. W,Q, K,E b. W, R, K, E c. X, Q, K, E d. X, R, K, E
4. A, D, H, M, ?, Z
a. T b. G c. N d. S
5. Z, W, S, P, L, I, E, ?
a. B b. F c. G d. H
6. S, P, L, I, E, ?
a. B b. D c. F d. K
7. Y, B, T, G, O, ?
a. N b. M c. L d. K
8. M, N, O, L, R, I, V, ?
a. A b. E c. F d. H e. Z
9. AB, DEF, HIJK, ?, STUVWZ
a. LMNO b. LMNOP c. MNOPQ d. QRSTU
10. AZ, GT, MN, ?, YB
a. JH b. SH c. SK d. TS
11) BMX, DNW, FOV?
a) GHO b) GPS c) HPS d) HPU e) HQS
12) ajs, gpy, ?, sbk, yhq
a) dmv b) mve c) oua d) qzi
13) DF, GJ, KM, NQ, RT?
a) UW b) YZ c) XZ d) UX e) YA
14) ABD, DGK, HMS, MTB, SBL?
a) XKW b) ZAB c) ZKU d) ZKW
15) DEF, HIJ, MNO?
a) STU b) RST c) RTV d) SRQ e) TUV
16) AYBZC, DWEXF, GUHVI, YSKTL?
a) MQORN b) MQNRO c) NQMOR d) QMONR
17) WFB, TGD, QHG?
a) NIJ b) NIK c) NJK d) OIK e) PJK
18) A, D, H, M, (?), Z
a) T b) G c) N d) S
19) AI, BJ, CK?
a) DL b) DM c) GH d) LM
20) DHL, PTX, BFJ?
a) CGK b) KOS c) NRV d) RV
Alphabet series
Answer (Exercise - 2)
+2 +2 +3 +3 +4 +4
1. c. B D F I L P (T)
+1 +2 +3
2. c. H I K N +4 (R)
–3 –3 –3 –3 +3 +3 –3 –3
3. a. Z (W) (T) (Q) N (K) H (E) B
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
+3 +4 +5 +6 +7
4. d. A D H M (S) Z
–3 –4 –3 –4 –3 –4 –3
5. a. Z W S P L I E (B)
–3 –4 –3 –4 –3
6. a. S P L I E (B)
7. c. klxnf] >]0fL Y T 0 k5f8Laf6 2nd, 7th / 12th cg';f/ 5 .
bf];|f] >]0fL B G (L) cuf8Laf6 2nd, 7th / 12th cg';f/ 5 .
+2 +3 +4
8. b. klxnf] >]0fL M O R V
–2 –3 –4
bf];|f] >]0fL N L I (E)
9. c. lbOPsf] >]0fL 2 j6f, 3 j6f, 4 j6f ====== ub{} Alphabet sf] ;+Vofsf qmdn] a9]sf] 5 / k|To]s
qmdsf] k5f8Lsf] s Pp6f 5'6]sf] 5 .
+6 +6 +6 +6
10. b. klxnf] >]0fL A G M (S) Y
–6 –6 –6 –6
bf];|f] >]0fL Z T N (H) B
+2 +2 +2
11. d. klxnf] >]0fL B D F (H)
+1 +1 +1
bf];|f] >]0fL M N O (P)
–1 –1 –1
t];|f] >]0fL X W V (U)
+6 +6 +6 +6
12. b. klxnf] >]0fL a g (m) S y
+6 +6 +6 +6
bf];|f] >]0fL J p (v) b h
+6 +6 +6 +6
t];|f] >]0fL S y (e) K q
+3 +4 +3 +4 +3
13. d. klxnf] >]0fL D G K N R (U)
+4 +3 +4 +3 +4
bf];|f] >]0fL F J M Q T (X)
+3 +4 +5 +6 +3
14. d. klxnf] >]0fL A D 4 M S (z)
+5 +6 +7 +8 +9
bf];|f] >]0fL B G M T B (K)
+7 +8 +9 +10 +11
t];|f] >]0fL D K S B L (W)
+4 +5 +6
15. a. klxnf] >]0fL D H M (S)
+4 +5 +6
bf];|f] >]0fL E I N (T)
+4 +5 +6
t];|f] >]0fL F J O (U)
+3 +3 +3
16. b. klxnf] >]0fL A D G (M)
–2 –2 –2 –2
bf];|f] >]0fL Y W U S (Q)
+3 +3 +3 +3
t];|f] >]0fL B E H K (N)
–2 –2 –2 –2
rf}yf] >]0fL Z X V T (R)
+3 +3 +3 +3
kfrf}+ >]0fL C F I L (O)
–3 –3 –3
17. b. klxnf] >]0fL W T Q (N)
+1 +1 +1
bf];|f] >]0fL F G H (I)
+2 +3 +4
t];|f] >]0fL B D G (K)
+3 +4 +5 +6 +7
18. d. A D H M (S) Z
+1 +1 +1
19. a. klxnf] >]0fL A B C (D)
+1 +1 +1
bf];|f] >]0fL I J K (L)
+12 +12 +12
20. c. klxnf] >]0fL D P B (N)
+12 +12 +12
bf];|f] >]0fL H T F (R)
+12 +12 +12
t];|f] >]0fL L X J (V)
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Exercise – 3 Alpha Numerical
ALPHA NUMERICAL SERIES
Answer (Exercise - 3)
+2 +4 +6 +8
1. d. Number : 2 4 8 14 (22)
+1 +2 +3 +4
Letters : B C E H (L)
2. b. The given sequence is a combination of two series :
I. 2, 9, 6, 13, ? and II. A, B, C, D
+7 –3 +7 –3
The pattern in (I) is: 2 9 6 13 (10)
–2 –2 –2 –2
3. c. klxnf] >]0fL M K I G E (C)
+3 +3 +3 +3
bf];|f] >]0fL M M P S V (Y)
+3 +3 +3 +3
t];|f] >]0fL M 5 8 11 14 (17)
+5 +7 +9 +11 +13
4. c. klxnf] >]0fL M 2 7 14 23 34 (47)
–1 –1 –1 –1 –1
bf];|f] >]0fL M Z Y X W V (U)
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2
t];|f] >]0fL M 5 7 9 11 13 (15)
+2 +2 +2 +2
5. c. klxnf] >]0fL M Q S U W (Y)
×1+1 ×2+2 ×3+3 ×4+4
bf];|f] >]0fL M 1 2 6 21 (88)
–1 –1 –1 –1
t];|f] >]0fL M F E D C (B)
Exercise – 4 Continous pattern series lbPsf] s|ddf 5'6]sf] cIf/ ktf nufpg'xf];\ .
1. a _ ba _ b _ b _ a _ b
a. abaab b. abbab c.aabba d. bbabb
2. _ nmmn _ mmnn_mnnm _
a. nmmn b. mnnm c. nnmm d. nmnm
3. _ tu _ rt _ s _ _usrtu_
a. rtusru b. rsutrr c. rsurtr d. rsurts
4. bca _ b _ aabc _ a _ caa
a. acab b. bcbb c. cbab d. ccab
5. ab _ d _ aaba _ na _badna _ b
a. andaa b. babda c. badna d. dband
6. a _ bbc _ aab _ cca_ bbcc
a. bacb b. acba c. abba d. caba
7. cccbb _ aa _ cc _ bbbaa _ c
a. acbc b. baca c. baba d. acba
8. ac _ cab _ baca_ aba_ acac
a. aacb b. acbc c. babb d. bcbb
9. ab _ aa _bbb_ aaa_ bbba
a. abba b. baab c. aaab d. abab
10. a _ bccb _ ca _ cca _ baab _ c
a. ababc b. abcaa c. accab d. bacaa
Continous Pattern Series
Answer (Exercise - 4)
1. d. The series is abb/abb/abb/abb. thus the pattern abb is repeated.
2. c. The series is nnmm/nnmm/nnmm/nnmm. Thus the patern is repeated.
3. d. The series is rtus/rtus/rtus/rtus. thus the pattern is repeated
4. a. The series is bcaa/bcaa/bcaa/bcaa. thus the pattern is repeated
5. a. The series is abadna/abadna/abadna/abadna. thus the pattern is repeated
6. b. The series is thus aabbcc/aabbcc/aabbcc. thus the pattern is repeated
7. b. The series is cccbbbaaa/cccbbbaaa/c.thus the pattern is repeated
8 a. The series is acac/abab/acac/abab/acac. Thus the pattern is repeated
9. b. The series is abb/aaabbb/aaaabbbb/ a. Thsu the pattern is repeated
10. a. The series is aabcc/bbcaa/ccabb/aabcc/aabcc. Thus the letters move in a cyclic order and
in each group, the middle letter occurs only once.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
of] Series sf] :yfg lgsfNgsf] nfuL lgDg Formula k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
n (n + 1)
=
2
oxfF n df h:tf] Number 5fGg' k¥of] ls To;sf] Result 50 jf 50 eGbf glhssf] ;fgf] Number cfpg'
k¥of] .
dfgf} n = 9
9(9 + 1) 9 × 10
= = = 45
2 2
o; cg';f/ s] a'lemG5 eg] xfdLn] 5fg]sf] 9 df Alphabet (I) k5{ / of] series cg';f/ (I) 9 k6s bf]xf]l/G5
h;af6 clGtddf kg{] (I) series sf] z'?af6 45 cf}+ :yfgdf x'g cfpF5 .
So,
ABBCCC ……………
45 47 49
| | |
I J J J J J JJJJJ
| | |
46 48 50
ctM 50 cf}+ :yfgdf (J) k5{ .
2. AAB ABC ABCD …. 75 cf}+ :yfgdf s'g Alphabet cfpF5 .
Solution:
of] Series sf] :yfg lgsfNgsf] nflu klg dflysf] Series h:t}
n(n + 1)
Formula k|of]u ug{]
2
dfgf}+, n = 11
11(11 + 1)
=
2
11 × 12
=
2
= 66
xfdLn] 5fg]sf 11 df (K) Alphabet k5{ of] Series cg';f/ clGtd (K) 66 cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ .
So, A AB ABC ……….
66 68 70 72 74
| | | | |
K A B C D E F G H I JK L
| | | | |
67 69 71 73 75
ct M 75 cf}+ :yfgdf (I) k5{ .
3. aA abAB abc ABC ……… 50 cf}+ :yfgdf s'g cIf/ cfpF5 <
Solution:
of] Series df k|To]s Alphabet ;fgf] / 7'nf] bf]xf]l/b} cfPsf] 5 . To;}n] o:tf] Series sf] :yfg lgsfng
n(n + 1) formula k|of]u ug'{ k5{ .
n = 6 dfgf}+
6(6 + 1) = 6 × 7 = 42
xfdLn] 5fg]sf] 6 df (F) Alphabet k5{ of] Series cg';f/ clGtd (F) 42 cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ .
42 44 46 48 50
| | | | |
So, a, AabAB abcABC ……… F a b c d e f g A BCDEFG
| | | |
43 45 47 49
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
T E A C H E R C H I L D R E N
+2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2 +2
V G C E J G T E J K N F T G P
T E HK R U S
S U R K HE T
Ex. 3 CAT sf] sf]8 DBU x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd sf]8 ul/Psf] x'G5 .
Solution:
CAT sf k|To]s Alphabet (+1) Step n] cuf8L a9]sf 5g\ .
C A T
+1 + + 1 |
| 1
D B U
Ex. 4 RUSTICATE sf] sf]8 QTTUTBSD x'Fbf b]xfo adf]lhd sf]8 x'G5 .
Solution:
R U S T I C T E
–1 – 1 + 1 + 1 | | +1 | –1 | –1 |
| | |
Q T T U I D S D
Ex.5 olb POKHARA nfO{ PKAA n]lvG5 eg] BIRATNAGAR nfO{ s] n]lvG5 .
Solution:
POKHARA
| | | |
P K A A
Similarly, We have
BIRAT NAGER
| | | | |
B R T A E
So the Answer is (BRTAE)
Ex. 6. olb MANGO nfO{ OYPEQ n]lvG5 eg] ORANGE nfO{ s] n]lvG5 .
Solution:
M A N G O
+2 | –2 | + 2 | – 2 | +2 |
O Y P E Q
Similarly, we have:
O R A N G E
+2 | –2 | + 2 | – 2 | +2 | –2 |
Q P C L I C
So the answer is (QPCLIC)
Ex. 7 olb BEAT nfO{ YVZG n]lvG5 eg] MILD nfO{ s] n]lvG5 .
Solution:
B E AT
| | | |
Y V ZG
BEAT n] Alphabet sf] ;d'x 2nd, 5th , 1st , 20th :yfg xf] . eg] YVZG (Alphabet) sf] clGtd af6 2nd,
5th, 1st, 20th :yfg xf] English Alphabet.
Similarly,
M, I, L, D (Alphabet) sf] ;'?jf6 13th, 9th, 12th, 4th :yfg xf] . eg] ;f]xL :yfgdf clGtdaf6 N ROW k5{ .
So, the answer is (NROW)
CODING Exercise 1
1. SUMMER is coded as RUNNER then Code WINNER.
a) SUITER b) VIOOER c) WALKER d) SUFFER
2. MIND become KGLB is and ARGUE becomes YPESC. Then DIAGRAM becomes?
a) BGYEPYK b) BGYPYEK c) GLPEYKB d) LKBGYPK
3. SIGHT is written as FVTUG, How is REVEAL written?
a) YNRIRE b) DQHQMX c) FSJSOZ d) ERIRNY
4. BELIEF is written as AFKKDI. How is SELDOM written?
a) RDKCNL b) RFKENM c) RFKFNP d) TFKENP
5. SPRING is written as UNUFRC. How MOBILE is written?
a)KQEFPA b) OMDGNC c) OMDGPA d) OMEFPA
6. GOLD is coded as HOME, COME is coded as DONF and CORD is coded as DOSE, how
would you code of SONS?
A) TPOT b) TOOT c) TOOS d) TONT
7. POND is coded as RSTL, How is HEAR written?
a) GHIJ b) GHIZ c) JIGZ d) JCLZ
8. TELEPHONE is written as ENOHPELET. How is ALIGATOR
a) ROTAGILA b) ROTAGAIL c) ROTAGILE d) ROTEGILA
9. CAT is written as SATC and DAR is written as SARD. How would GIN?
a) SNIG b) SING c) GINS d) NONE OF THESE
10. SYSTEM is coded as SYSMET and NEARER as AENRER, Then FRACTION will be coded
as
a) CARFNOIT b) NOITFRAC c) FRACNOIT d) CARFTION
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
11. KAVERI is written as VAKIRE. How is MYSORE written as?
a) EROSYM b) MYSORE c) SYMERO d) none of these
12. kl5 MONKEY nfO{ XDJMNL n]lvG5 eg] TIGER nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. QDFHS b. SDFHS c. SHFDQ d. UJHFS
13. olb DIAMOND nfO{ VQYMKLV n]lvG5 eg] FEMALE nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. TUMYNU b. UVNZOV c. UVNYNV d. TVNYNV
14. olb FLOWER nfO{ UOLDUI n]lvG5 eg] TERMINAL nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. FLKPMROZ b. GVINRMZO c. RUNIGLKA d. MNIVGYEO
15. olb BOARD nfO{ EQBNC n]lvG5 eg] CLIMB nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. CLJKD b. DKJLF c. DNHMB d. FNJRO
16. olb MANAKAMANA nfO{ AAAAA n]lvG5 eg] POKHARA nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. AA b. OHR c. PKAA d. None of these
17. olb SURKHET nfO{ SRHT n]lvG5 eg] DAILEKH nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. ALK b. HEI c. DAILEKH d. DIEH
18. TVNDAY nfO{ SUNDAY n]lvG5 eg] NPNDAY nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. SUNDAY b. MONDAY c. FRIDAY d. TUESDAY
19. olb EFGH nfO{ ABCD n]lvG5 eg] PQRS nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. ONML b. LMNO c. NOLM d. ONLM
20. olb POPULAR nfO{ QPQVMBS n]lvG5 eg] FZLD nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. NAME b. GAME c. FAME d. SAME
21. olb BOOK nfO{ DOOM n]lvG5, eg] LOOK nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. NOOM b. MOOM c. NOON d. NOOP
22. olb ABCD nfO{ EFGH n]lvG5 eg] LMNO nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. OPQR b. QRST c. PQRS d. NOMP
23. olb FLAG nfO{ GNDK n]lvG5 eg] BOOK nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. CQRO b. CQQO c. CRQO d. COQR
24. olb SLOW nfO{ RJL5 n]lvG5 eg] LOOK nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. LMLG b. KMKG c. KMLG d. MKLG
25. olb NEPAL nfO{ PGRCN n]lvG5 eg] INDIA nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. MPFKC b. KPFKC c. HMFKD d. NMEKC
26. olb COW nfO{ BNV n]lvG5 eg] JUNGLE nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a) ITMFKD b) ITNFKD c) KVOHMF d) TIMFKD
27. obL OPERATION nfO{ NODQBUJPO n]lvG5 eg] INVISIBLE ToxL sf]8df s] n]lvG5 <
a. JOWJ TJ CMF b. JOWJTHAKD c. HMUHTHAKD d. None of these
28. FATHER nfO{ HCVJGT n]Vg] xf] eg] DULLARD sf] ;§f s] n]Vg' knf{ <
a. FWNNCTF b. WNNCTFF c. FFTNCNW d. TNNCTWW
29. MANGO nfo{ OGNAM sf]8 lbP em} PEACH nfO{ s] sf]8 x'G5<
a. AEPCH b. HCAEP c. ACHPE d. EPCHA
30. GOAT nfO{ IQCV n] sf]8 u/LG5 eg] CAT nfO{ s] n]vLG5 <
a. FCV b. DUD c. VCD d. ECV
31. s'g} sf]8df NEPAL nfO{ QHSDO n]lvG5 eg] SWAN nfO{ s] n]lvG5 <
a. VXDQ b. VZDQ c. VZCP d. UXDQ
32. FAVOUR nfO{ EBUPTS n]lvG5 eg] DANGER nfO{ s] n]lvG5<
a. CBFFDS b. CBMHDS c. EBFHDS d. EBHHFS
33. GRAND MOTHER nfO{ GRAND FATHER n] sf]8 u/LG5 eg] AUNTI s] sf] sf]8 xf] <
a. ATHER b. UNCLE c. BROTH d. ANPUG
34. obL CLASS nfo{ EPGAC df nluG5 eg] HEAR nfO{ s] df nluG5 <
a. GHIJ b. GHIZ c. JIGZ d. JHZG
35. PEN sf]8 efiffdf TIR n]lvG5 eg] CENTRAL nfO{ s] elgG5<
a. DFOUSBM b. GIRXVEP c. GJRYVEP d. GNFJKER
Answer Sheet (Coding-Decoding)
SU M MER WI N N ER
1.b. –1 | | + 1 | + 1 | | | –1 | | + 1 | +1 | | |
RU N N ER VI O O ER
M I ND ARGUE D I AGRAM
2.a. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
KGLB YPESC BGYE PYK
S I G H T R E V E A L
3.d. +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 |
| | | | +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 +13 |
| | | | |
F V T U G E R I R N Y
B E L I E F S E L D O M
4.c. –1 | +1 | –1 | –2 | +1 | +3 | –1 | +1 | –1 | +2 | –1 | +3 |
A F K K D I R F K F N P
S P R I N G M O B B I L E
5.d. +2 | –2 | +3 | –3 | +4 | –4 | +2 | –2 | +3 | +3 | –3 | +4 | –4 |
U N U F R C O M E E F P A
GO L D CO M E CO R D SO N S
6.b. +1 | | +1 | +1 | +1 | | +1 | +1 | | | +1 | +1 | | | +1 | +1 |
HO M E DO N F DO S E TO O T
P O N D H E A R
7.c. +2 | +4 | +6 | +8 | +2 | +4 | +6 | +8 |
R S T L J I G Z
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
TE L E PHONE AL I GATOR ;a} Alphabet pN6f]af6
8.a. | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | n]lvG5
ENOHPE L ET ROTAG I L A
9.b. CAT sf] SATC DAR sf] SARD G I N sf] SING S nfO{ yk]/ bf];|f] / t];|f]
:yfgsf] Alphabet
cufl8 /fv]/ klxnf]nfO{
clGtddf /fVg]
10.a. SYSTEM sf] SYSMET NEARER sf] AENRER FRACTION sf] CARFNOIT
cufl8sf] cfwfnfO{ pN6f] / k5f8Lsf] cfwfnfO{ pN6f] kl/Psf] 5 .
11.c. KAVERI sf] VAKIRE MYSORE sf] SYM ERO
S URKH ET DAILE KH
17.b. | | | | | | | |
S R H T D I E H
T VNDA Y N P NDA Y
18.b. –1 | –1 | | | | | –1 | –1 | | | | |
S UNDA Y M ONDA Y
E F G H P Q R S
19.b. –4 | –4 | –4 | –4 | –4 | –4 | –4 | –4 |
A B C D L M N O
P OP U L A R F Z L D
20.b. |
+1 +1 | | +1 +1 +1 +1 |
| | | +1 +1 +1 | +1 |
| |
Q PQ V M B S G A M E
B OO K L OO K
21.a. +2 | | | +2 | +2 | | | +2 |
D OO M N OO M
A B C D L M N O
22.c. +4 +4 | +4 | +4 |
| +4 +4 | +4 | +4 |
|
E F G H P Q R S
F L A G B O O K
23.a.+1 | +2 | +3 | +4 | +1 | +2 | +3 | +4 |
G N D K C Q R O
S L O W L O O K
24.c. –1 | –2 | –3 | –4 | –1 | –2 | –3 | –4 |
R J L S K M L G
N E P A L I N D I A
25.b. +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 |
P G R C N K P F K C
C O W J U N G L E
26.a. –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 |
B N V I T M F K D
O P E R A T I O N
27.d. –1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 |
N O D Q B U J P O
I N V I S I B L E
–1 | –1 | –1 | –1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 | +1 |
H M U H T J C M F
F AT H E R D U L L A R D
28. a. +2 | +2 | | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 |
H CV J G T F W N N C T F
MANG O P EACH
29. b. | | | | | | | | | | Alphabet pN6f] af6 n]lvPsf] 5 .
O GNAM HCA E P
G O A T C A T
30. d. +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 | +2 |
I Q C V E C V
N E P A L S W A N
31. b. +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 | +3 |
Q H S D O V Z D Q
F A V O U R D A N G E R
32.b. –1 | +1 | –1 | +1 | –1 | +1 | –1 | +1 | –1 | +1 | –1 | +1 |
E B U P T S C B M H D S
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
33.b. GRAND MOTHER sf] GRAND FATHER AUNTI sf] UNCLE
C L A S S H E A R S
34.c. +2 | +4 | +6 | +8 | +10 | +2 | +4 | +6 | +8 | +10 |
E P G A C J I G Z C
P E N C E N T RAL
35. b. +4 | +4 | +4 | +4 | +4 | +4 | +4 | | | |
T I R G I R XV E P
W E W E
(S,E)
(S,W)
S S
Third Step
Find the clockwise direction and anti clockwise direction.
Then know which direction is facing
Fourth Step
h
Know about Phythagorous Theorem p
2 2 2
h =p +b
b
h = p2 + b2
p = h2 – b2
b = h2 – p2
EXERCISE 1
!= Pshgf dflg; s'g} 7fpFaf6 # ld= blIf0flt/ hfG5 . To;kl5 p b]j|]tkm{ ^ ld= hfG5 . clxn] pm k|:yfg
ljGb'af6 s'g lbzfdf k'u]sf] 5 <
s_ blIf0f–klZrd v_ blIf0f – k"j{ u_ klZrd–k"j{ 3_ klZrd
@= ljsf; pQ/ lbzftkm{ uof] / bflxn]tkm{ kmSof] To;kl5 k'g bflxg] kms]/ Psl5g kl5 jfoff kms]{/
cufl8 a9\of] . cj ljsf; s'g lbzftkm{ hfb}5 .
s_ pQ/ v_ k"j{ u_ klZrd 3_ blIf0f
#= olb A eGg] JolQm B sf] blIf0fdf 5 / C rflxg] B sf] k"j{df 5 eg] A,C af6 s'g lbzfdf 5 <
s_ klZrd v_ pQ/–klZrd u_ blIf0f–k"j{ 3_ blIf0f – klZrd
$= dWofGg !@ ah]s]f ;dodf l;tf blIf0f lbzdf tkm{ kms]{/ a;]sL l5g eg] pgsf] 5fof s'g lbzf tkm{
xf]nf <
s_ k"j{ v_ e'O{lt/ u_ klZrd 3_ s'g}klg xf]Og
%= xl/ ljxfg ;'of]{bosf] ;dodf pQ/ lbzftkm{ plePsf] 5 eg] p;sf] 5fof s'g lbzftkm{ xf]nf <
s_ k"j{ v_ klZrd u_ pQ/ 3_ blIf0f
^= Pshgf km'Rr] s]6f k"j{ lbzftkm{ kmlsPsf] 5 . p 38L 3'Dg] lbzf tkm{ !#% 3'D5 / To; kl5 38L 3'D g]
lbzfsf] ljk/Lt tkm{ !*)_ 3'D5 eg] clxn] Tof] s]6f s'g lbzf tkm{ kms]{sf] 5 <
s_ k"j{ v_ klZrd u_ pQ/ – k"j{ 3_ pQ/ – klZrd
&= Zofd cfkm\gf] 3/af6 # ld= pQ/tkm{ nfU5 / bfofF tkm{ kmls{ $ ld= cufl8 a9L cfkm\gf] sfof{no k'Ub5
eg] 3/af6 p;sf] sfof{no ;Dd k'Ugsf] nflu slt b'/L xf]nf <
s_ !^ ld= v_ ! ld= u_ @% ld= 3_ % ld=
*= df]6' / kTn' sf] 3/x? pQ/ – blIf0f uPsf] af6f]df cfd'Gg] ;fd'Gg] 5g\ . df]6' cfkm\gf] 3/af6 lg:s]/
afof ks]{/ ^ ls=dL= lx8\5 / To;kl5 bfofF kms]{/ cufl8 * ls=ld= lx8\bf ;Nn'sf] 3/ ;fd'Gg] cufl8
k'U5 . df]6'n] h:t} kfTn' n] klg ul/ /fh];sf] 3/ ;fd'Gg] k'U5 . o;} cfwf/df ;Nn'sf] 3/ / /fh]zsf]
3/sf] b'/L slt xf]nf <
s_ !) ls=ld v_ @) ls=ld= u_ !)) ls=ld= 3_ @)) ls=ld
(_ Pp6f 38Ldf $M#) ah]sf] 5 . olb ldg]6 ;'On] k"j{ lbzfdf eP 306 ;' On] s'g lbzf b]vfp5 <
s_ pQ/ v_ pQ/ klZrd u_ blIf0f k"j{ 3_ pQ/ k"j{
!)= /lj 6fpsf]n] 6]s]/ plePsf] 5 / p;sf] cg'xf/ blIf0ftkm{ kmlsPsf] 5 eg] p;sf] jfofF xft s'g
lbzftkm{ /x]sf] 5 <
s_ pQ/ v_ blIf0f– k"j{ u_ klZrd 3_ k"j{
11) A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H Pp6f /fp08 6]andf a/fa/ b'/Ldf a;]sf 5g\ . obL E] klZrd k§L kms{]sf] 5
eg] B stf kms{]sf] xf]nf .
a. k"j{ b. klZrd c. blIf0f— klZrd d. blIf0f—k"j{
!@_ dlGb/f 10 km pQ/ uO{, 6km blIf0flt/ uO{ To;kl5 p 3 km k"j{lt/ uO{ eg] p ;'?sf] ljGb'af6 slt
6f9f / s'g lbzflt/ xf]nL <
a. 5 km klZrd b. 7 km c. 7 km k"j{ d. 5 km pQ/ — k"j{
!#_ rGb|snf 7 m pQ/ uO{ 3 m afof lx8\5], k'g 8 m afof uP/ bfof tkm{ 450 3'D5] eg] p cGTodf s'g
lbzfflt/ uO{/x]sL 5 .
a. blIf0f — klZrd b. blIf0f — k"j{ c. pQ/ — k"j{ d. pQ/ — klZrd
!$_ sd{ 20 m k"j{ uP/ bfof kmsL{ 10 m lx8]/ bfof kmsL{ 10 m xL8]/ bfof kmsL{ 9 m lx8\5 . km]/L afof
kms{]/ 5 m lx8\5, To;kl5 afof kms{]/ 12 m lx8\5 / cGTodf afof kms{]/ 6 m xL8\5 eg] p clxn]
s'g lbzf tkm{ kms{]sf] 5 <
a. k"j{ pQ/ b. k"j{ c. blIf0f —k"j{ d. klZrd
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
!%_ sdn s'g} 7fpFaf6 3 km blIf0flt/ nfU5 . To;kl5 p b]a|]tkm{ 6 km hfG5 . clxn] p ;'?sf] ljGb'af6
s'g lbzfdf k'u]sf] 5 <
a. b — k b. b—k' c. klZrd d. blIf0f
16) Y. A sf] klZrdk§L / R sf] pQ/k§L plePsf] 5 . S, R sf] klZrd / P sf] blIf0ftkm{ plePsf] 5
eg] S, A af6 s'g lbzfdf /x]sf] 5 <
a. klZrd b. blIf0f—klZrd c. blIf0f d. blIf0f — k"j{
!&_ k|]d / nIdL k"j{lt/ / klZrdlt/ k|ft e|d0fdf lg:sG5g\ . k|]d 4 km k/ k'u]kl5 afof tkm{ 3 km ;Dd
cuf8L k'U5 ptf nIdL 3 km k'u]kl5 afof tkm{ 4 km 6f9f k'U5Lg eg] pgLx? clxn] slt b'/Lsf]
km/sdf 5g\ <
a. 14 km b. 10 km c. 8 km d. 7 km
!*_ s]za / uf]df Ps} :yfgdf pelPsf 5g\ . obL s]za klZrd k§L 8 km uP/ 6 km b]a|]k§L k'Uof] t/
ptf uf]df 4 km k"j{lt/ uP/ 3 km b]j|k§L k'uLg eg] clxn] pgLx? slt b'/Ldf xf]nfg <
a. 12 km b. 9 km c. 15 km d. 18 km
!(_ rGb|z]v/ 25 km blIf0flt/ nfUof] . To;kl5 p 20Km b]j|]tkm{ uof] / k'gM b]j|] kmsL{ 25 km cuf8L
a9\of] . clg p bfof kmsL{ 15 m cuf8L a9\of] eg] clxn] p ;'?sf] :yfgaf6 slt b'/L / s'g lbzfdf
/x]sf] 5 .
a. 35 km k"j{ b. 40 m k"j{ c. 35 m klZrd d. 40 m klZrd
20. Pp6f dfG5] A :yfgaf6 3 km k"j{ uO{ B df k'Uof] To;kl5 b]j|] kms{]/ A / B sf] b'/Lsf] 3 u'0ff lx8]/
c df k'Uof] . p k'gM b]j|] kms{]/ A / B sf] b'/Lsf] 5 u'0ff lx8]/ D df k'Uof] eg] A / D sf] ;a}eGbf
;fgf] b'/L slt xf] <
a. 12 km b. 16 km c. 15 km d. 18 km
21. x/L 6fpsf]n] 6]s]/ plePsf] 5 / p;sf] cg'xf/ k"j{lt/ kmls{Psf] 5 eg] p;sf] afof xft s'g lbzflt/
x'G5 <
a. k"j{ b. klZrd c. pQ/ d. blIf0f
22. k'?iff]Qd 20 m k"j{ lbzfdf lx8\5 To;kl5 blIf0f lbzfdf 100 m lx8\5 km]/L p k"j{lt/ kms{]/ 180 m
lx8\5 eg] p klxn]sf] ljGb'af6 s'g lbzfdf xf]nf <
a. k"j{ b. klZrd c. pQ/ d. blIf0f — k"j{
23. A man is facing north west. He turns 90o in clockwise direction and then 135o in the anti
clockwise direction. Which direction is he facing now?
a. East b. West c. North d. South
24. You go North, turn right, then right again and then go to the left. In which direction are you
now?
a. North b. South c. East d. West
25. Deepak starts walking straight towards east. After walking 75 meters, he turns to the left and
walks 25 meters straight. Again he turns to the left, walks a distance of 40 meters straight,
again he turns to the left and walks a distance of 25 meters. How far is he from the starting
point?
a. 25 metres b. 50 metres c. 115 metres d. None
26. Roshan walks a distance of 3 km towards North, then turns to his left and walks for 2 km. He
again turns left and walks for 3 km. At this point he turns to his left and walks for 3 km. How
many km is he from the starting point?
a. 1 km b. 2 km c. 3 km d. 5 km
27. Namrata walks 14 metres towards west, then turns to her right and walks 14 metres and then
turns to her left and walks 10 metres. Again turning to her left she walks 14 metre. What is
the shortest distance (in metres) between her starting point and the present position?
a. 10 b. 24 c. 28 d. 38
28. A girl leaves from her home. She first walks 30 metres in North- west direction and then 30
metres in South- west direction. Next, she walks 30 metres in South- east direction. Finally,
she turns towards her house. In which direction is she moving?
a. North - east b. North -west c. South- east d. South - west e. None
29. Kalash goes 30 metres North, then turns right and walks 40 metres, then again turns right and
walks 20 metres, then again turns right and walks 40 metres, How many metres is he form his
original position?
a. 0 b. 10 c. 20 d. 40 e. None
30. I am facing South. I turn right and walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walk 10 m. Then I
turn left and walk 10 m and then turning right walk 20 m. Then I turn right again and walk 60
m. In which direction am I from the starting point?
a. North b. North - west c. East d. North - east
31. Going 50 m to the South of her house, Rita turns left and goes another 20 m. Then, turning to
the North, she goes 30 m and then starts walking to her house. In which direction is she
walking now?
a. North - west b. North c. South- east d. East
32. Rohan walks 20 m North. Then he turns right and walks 30 m. Then he turns right and walks
35 m. Then he turns left and walks 15 m. Then he again turns left and walks 15 m. In which
direction and how many meters away is he from his original position?
a. 15 metres West b. 30 metres East c. 30 metres West d. 45 metrs East
Answer (Direction & Distance)
-b - k"_
3m
6m 2. -v_ k'j{
1. -v_
3. -3_ 4. -v_ 12 ah] 6fpsf] dfly ;'o{ x'G5
B C To;}n] 5fofF e'Olt/ x'G5 .
A -b - k_
5. -v_ ljxfg ;'of{]bosf] ;dodf ;'o{ k"j{ lbzfdf x'G5 To;}n] 6. -u_ p
j:t'sf] 5fofF klZrd lbzfdf x'G5 .
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
-p - k"_
k k"
b
7. -3_ 8. -v_
4m p
sfof{no
3m 8km
6km ;Nn'
?
df]6' kfTn' 6km
3/
h2 = p2 + b2 8km /fh]z
h = p2 + b2 b
= 32 + 42 = 5
h = 62 + 82 = 10
10 + 10 = 20km
9. -3_ 10.-u_ 6fpsf]n] 6]s]/ cg'xf/ h'g lbzf
-p = k"_ tkm{ x'G5, To;sf] ljkl/t lbzf tkm{ x]g{] .
k"
B C D
{
A
H
G
F
E
{ 10km
4km
6km
3km
h2 = h2 + b2 = 32 + 42
= 5km -pQ/ – k"j{_
13. -s_ 14. -v_
3m 20m
8m 7m
12m 5m 9m
45° 10m
-b - k_ 6m
15. -v_ 16. -v_
-b - k"_ P
Y A
3m
6km
R
S
3km
3km 3km
nIdL k|]d 8km
4km 4km s]zj
4km
6m
h = p2 + b2 h = p2 + b2
5km + 5km = 10km = 32 + 42
19. -s_ = 5km
20m 15m h = p2 + b2
= 82 + 62
25m 25m = 10km
ctM 5km + 10km = 15km
h = p2 + b2
20km
= 32 + 42
20. -u_ 21. -3_ ljkl/t lbzfsf] afofF xft x]g{] .
o
15m
D 3m
C
12m
9m 9km 9m
A B
3m
h = p2 + b2 = 12 + 92 = 15 km
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
20m 23. -v_
N
N–W N–E
100m
W E
25m 25m
35m 40m
75m
26. -s_ 27. -v_
2km 10km
3km
14km
3km
14km
3km
10km 14km
28. -s_ 29. -v_
40km
30km 30km
20km 20km
40km
30km 10km
60m
10m
50m
10m
20m 30m
20m
32. -3_
30m
20m 35m
15m
15m
d) Ranking Order
Formula
T=L+R–1
hxfF,
T = hDdf ;+Vof (Total number )
L = jfofF af6 jf cuf8L af6sf] ;+Vof (Left hand side or from starting )
R = bfofF af6sf] jf 5f8L af6sf] ;+Vof (Right hand side or from ending)
Exercise 1
1) /ljg Pp6f sIffdf cuf8Laf6 & cf}F :yfgdf k5{ / 5f8Laf6 @^ cf}F :yfgdf k5{ eg] pQm sIffdf
hDdf slt ljBfyL{ xf]nfg\ <
s_ #! v_ #@ u_ ## 3_ #$
2) ljgf]b cuf8Laf6 !) cf}F :yfg / k5f8Laf6 @) cf}F :yfgdf 5g\ eg] pQm sIffdf hDdf slt hgf
ljBfyL{ xf]nfg\ <
s_ #) v_ @( u_ #! 3_ #@
3) @) hgf ljBfyL{ ePsf] sIffdf lk|of cuf8Laf6 !@cf}F :yfgdf kl5{g\ eg] k5f8L af6 sltdf kl5{g\ <
s_ !) v_ * u_ ( 3_ !!
4) ljsf; Pp6f nfO{gdf bfofF / jfofF b'j}af6 kfFrf} :yfgdf kb{5 eg] To; nfO{gdf hDdf ;+Vof slt xf]nf <
s_ ( v_ !) u_ !! 3_ *
5) Pp6f ljBfyL{x?sf] nfO{g a;]sf] 5 . pQm nfO{gdf lk|of jfofFaf6 !$ cf}F / ;'lgtf bfofFaf6 & cf}F
:yfgdf a;]sf 5g\ . olb lk|of / ;'lgtfsf lardf $ hgf 5g\ eg] ToxfF s"n slt hgf xf]nfg\ <
s_ !( v_ @! u_ @% 3_ @#
6) :ofpsf ?vx? nx/} 5g\ . Pp6f ?v z'?af6 klg / cGToaf6 klg nx/df !% cf}F :yfgdf 5 . ToxfF
slt ?v 5g\ <
s_ #! Vf_ @* u_ #) 3_ @(
7) s'g} nfOgdf x/L cuf8L / k5f8L b'j} lt/af6 !@ cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ eg] pQm nfOgdf hDdf slt hgf
dfG5] xf]nfg\ <
-s_ @$ -v_ @# -u_ @% -3_ @%
8) /fd Pp6f nfOgdf cuf8Laf6 %% cf}+ :yfgdf / x/L k5f8Laf6 ^% cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ . ljgf]b /fdsf]
k5f8L ( cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ / p /fd / x/Lsf] aLrdf k5{ eg] pQm nfOgdf s'n slt hgf ple/x]sf
xf]nfg\ <
-s_ !@( -v_ !#& -u_ !$) -3_ !#*
9) /f]lxt bfofFlt/af6 Pp6f nfOgdf !* cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ . clgn affofaf6 ## cf}+ :yfgdf k5{ . aLrdf
sdn a;]sf] 5 . / To; nfOGdf hDdf ^^ hgf 5g\ eg] sdn pQm nfOgsf] bfofFaf6 slt cf}+ :yfgdf
k5{ xf]nf <
-s_ !% cf}+ -v_ @% cf}+ -u_ @$ cf}+ -3_ @^ cf}+
10) A, B / C Pp6f Queue df pleO/x]sf 5g\ . hxf A sf] cuf8L % hgf 5g\ / A / B sf] aLrdf *
hgf 5g\ / !% hgf B / C sf] aLrdf 5g\ . C eGbf k5f8L # hgf yk cfP/ a;] eg] ca pQm
queue df hDdf –clwstd_ slt hgf dflg; 5g\ <
-s_ #$ hgf -v_ ## hgf -u_ #@ hgf -3_ #) hgf
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
11) A, B / C Pp6f Queue df pleO/x]sf 5g\ . hxf A sf] cuf8L % hgf 5g\ / A / B sf] aLrdf *
hgf 5g\ / !% hgf B / C sf] aLrdf 5g\ . C eGbf cuf8L # hgf yk cfP/ a;] eg] ca pQm
queue df Go"gtd slt hgf dflg; 5g\ <
-s_ !(hgf -v_ @) hgf -u_ @! hgf -3_ @@ hgf
12) ;Ltf / uLtf sIffdf d]l/6sf] cfwf/df !# cf}+ / ( cf}+ :yfggdf kb{5g\ pQm sIffdf hDdf #% hgf
ljBfyL{ 5g\ eg] pgLx? K5f8Laf6 qmdzM slt cf}+ qmddf k5{g\ .
-s_ @#, !@ -v_ !$, !* -u_ @#, @& -3_ @@, @^
13) Binod ranks seventh from the top and twenty–sixth from the bottom in a class. How many
students are there in the class?
a) 31 b) 32 c) 33 d) 34
14) Manik is fourteenth from the right end in a row of 40 boys. What is his position from the left
end?
a) 24th b) 25th c) 26th d) 27th
15) In a row of Girls facing the North, A is sixteenth from the left end and C is sixteenth from
the Right end. B1 who is fourth to the right of A1 is fifth to the left of C in the row. How
many Girls are there in the row?
a) 39 b) 40 c) 41 d) 42
th th
16) Ram is 16 from the left end in a row of boys and Vivek is 18 from the right end. Gagan is
11th from Ram towards the right and 3rd from Vivek towards the right end. How many boys
are there in the row?
a) 40 b) 42 c) 48 d) 41
th
17) Rohit Ranks 18 in a class of 49 students. What is his ranks from the last?
a) 18 b) 19 c) 31 d) 32
18) Manoj and Sachin are ranked Seventh and eleventh respectively from the top in a class of 31
students. What will be their respective ranks from the bottom in the class?
a) 20th and 24th b) 24th and 20th c) 25th and 21th d) None of these
19) Ravi is 7 ranks ahead of Somit in a class of 39. If Somit's rank is seventeenth from the last,
what is Ravi's ranks from the start?
a) 14th b) 15th c) 16th d) 17th
20) In a class of 35 students, Kunal is placed seventh from the bottom whereas Sonali is placed
ninth from the top. Pulkit is placed exactly in between the two. What is Kunal's position from
Pulkit?
a) 9 b) 10 c) 11 d) 13
21) In a queue, A is eighteenth from the front while B is sixteenth from the back. If C is twenty
fifth from the front and is exactly in the middle of A and B, then how many person are there
in the queue?
a) 45 b) 46 c) 47 d) 48
22) N ranks fifth in a class. S is eight from the last. If T is sixth after N and just in the middle of
N and S, then how many students are there in the class?
a) 23 b) 24 c) 25 d) 26
Ranking Order Answer Sheet
1. -v_ cuf8Laf6 jf afoFf af6 (L) = 7 2. -v_ ljgf]b cuf8Laf6 (L) = 10
k5f8Laf6 jf bfofF af6 (R) = 26 k5f8Laf6 (R) = 20
hDdf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof (T) = ? hDdf ljBfyL{ (T) = ?
T =L+R–1 T =L+R–1
= 7 + 26 – 1 = 10 + 20 – 1
= 33 – 1 = 29
= 32
3. -u_ hDdf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof (T) = 20 4. -s_ ljsf; afofFaf6 (L) = 5
lk|of cuf8L af6 (L) = 12 bfofFaf6 (R) = 5
k5f8L af6 (R) = ? hDdf ;+Vof (T) = ?
T =L+R–1 T = L+R–1
20 = 12 + R – 1 =5+5–1
R = 20 – 11 =9
=9
5. -u_
14th
lk|of
4 hgf 7th
;'lgtf
hDdf 14 + 4+ 7 = 25 hgf
6. -3_ Pp6f ?v ;'?af6 (L) = 15 7. -v_ Pp6f nfOgdf x/L cufl8af6 (L) = 12
clGtdaf6 (R) = 15 k5f8Laf6 (R) = 12
hDdf ?v T = ? hDdf dfG5]sf] ;+Vof (T) = ?
T =L +R–1 T =L+R–1
= 15 + 15 – 1 = 12 + 12 – 1
= 29 = 23
8. -v_ 9. -3_
th
/fd 55 th
ljgf]b -9 /fd eGbf k5fl8_ clgn 33th
8 8
7 7
th
65
xl/
sdn 18th /f]xLt
-lardf_
hDdf ;+Vof = 65 + 17 + 55 = 137 hDdf 66 hgf 5g\ eg] ;'?sf] 33 / clGtdsf] 18 nfO{
hDdf ;+Vof af6 36fpFbf ljrdf ePsf] ;+Vof cfpF5 .
So, ljrdf 15 hgf /x]5g\ . sdnsf] k5f8Laf6 jf
bfoFf jf6fsf] :yfg 18 + 7 + 1 = 26
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
10. -s_ 11. -v_ olb Go"gtd ;+Vof ;f]w]df ltg hgfsf]
5 hgf 8 hgf :yfg kl/jt{g ug{] .
b 15 hgf 3 hgf
a c
9 9 7th
th
ljrdf ePsf] ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 19 cfpF5, To;}n] ljrdf 25 from top
5 5
8th
Total student = 5 + 11 + 8 = 24
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
1. Dog: Bark: : Goat: ?
a. Bleat b. Howl c. Grout d. Bray
2. Mango: Fruit: : Potato:?
a. Root b. fruit c. stem d. flower
3. Aeroplane : Cockpit: : train?
a. wagon b. coach c. compartment d. engine
4. Book: publisher: : Film?
a. producer b. director c. editor d. writer
5. Radio: Listener: : Film:?
a. producer b. actor c. viewer d. director
6. Milk: Emulsion: : Butter:?
a. Aerosol b. suspension c. sol d. gel
7. Thunder: Rain: : ? : Night
a. Evening b. Dark c. Day d. Dusk
8. Mountain: Hill: : Tree:?
a. Ground b. Leaf c. forest d. Shrub
9. Doctor : Patient: : politician:?
a. Masses b. Voter c. Power d. Chair
10. Girl: Beautiful: : Boy:?
a. Smart b. Heroic c. Courageous d. Handsome
11. Boat: ore: : Bicycle?
a. pedal b. seat c. Road d. wheel
12. Horse: Jockey: : Car: ?
a. Mechanic b. Chauffeur c. Steering d. Brake
13. Air: Atmosphere: : water?
a. Hydrosphere b. Ecosphere c. Biosphere d. Stratosphere
14. Scoot: Army: : Clerk: ?
a. office b. files c. officer d. Administration
15. Energy: Joule : : volume?
a. Solid b. capacity c. kilogram d. litre
16. Electricity: wire: : water: ?
a. pipe b. River c. Jug d. Bottle
17. Drama: Stage: : Tennis: ?
a. Tournament b. Net c. Court d. Racket
18. Hot: Oven: : cold: ?
a. Ice cream b. Air conditioner c. Snow d. Refrigerator
ANALOGY EXERCISE 2
1. axL/f]nfO{ ;+uLt h:t} cGwf]nfO{ <
-s_ /]l8of] -v_ rnlrq -u_ 6]k/]s{8 -3_ 6]lnkmf]g
2. 6]lnlehgsf] bz{s x'G5 eg] rnlrqsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ xfp;km'n -v_ lx/f]–lx/f]Og -u_ bz{s -3_ >f]tu0f
3. >Ldfg\ d[To' ePsf dlxnf ljwjf elgG5 eg] >LdtL d[To' ePsf k'?ifnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ ljZjDe/ -v_ ljj]s -u_ ljjflxt -3_ ljb"/
4. lzIf0fsf] – l;sfO{ ePem} pkrf/sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ lj;]s -v_ 8fS6/ -u_ cf}iflw -3_ /f]u
5. cfuf]sf] w'Fjf h:t} kflgsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ kf]v/L -v_ lr;f]kfgL -u_ afkm -3_ lxpF
6. lstfasf] k9\g' h:t} dfbnsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ;'Gg' -v_ ahfpg' -u_ ;'gfpg' -3_ ;dfrf/
7. /]l8of]nfO{ >f]tf h:t} 6]lnlehgnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ bz{s -v_ k|;f/s -u_ jfrs -3_ ;dfrf/
8. g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}+ eP h:t} ef/tsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ sf]nsTtf -v_ gofF lbNnL -u_ d'DaO{ -3_ k~hfj
9. g'jfsf]6sf] ljb'/ eP h:t} afFs]sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ sf]xf]nk'/ -v_ g]kfnu~h -u_ afFs] -3_ lj/]Gb|gu/
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
10. kL08 (mass) sf] lsnf]u|fd eP an (Force) sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ Joule -v_ ohm -u_ Watt -3_ Newton
11. c+u'/sf] em'Kkf] (Bunch) eP h:t} km'nsf] s] x'G5 .
-s_ pQ/ -v_ cfª -u_ dfnf -3_ a's]6
12. /fdsf] l;tf h:t} nId0fsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ /fwf -v_ ;fljqL -u_ kfj{tL -3_ pld{nf
13. ef/tsf] nf]6; eP h:t} a]nfotsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ;ok1L -v_ dvdnL -u_ u'nfkm -3_ sf]dn
14. ufOsf] afR5f] eP h:t} 3f]8fsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ a5]8f] -v_ 3f]8L -u_ 3f]8]/f] -3_ an]7L
15. xfQLsf] 9f]O{ h:t} af3sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ al3gL -v_ 8d? -u_ af3 -3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
16. ls;fgsf] xnf] h:t} d'lt{sf/sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ a]Nrf -v_ v'q's] -u_ l5g' -3_ sf]bfnL
17. wfgsf] afnf eP s]/fsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ sfFOof] -v_ 3f/L -u_ sÍf] -3_ sf];f]
18. c;nsf] v/fa h:t} 8'Ag'sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ufl8g' -v_ p8\g' -u_ p8\g' -3_ t}/g'
19. cvjf/sf] 5fkfvfgf eP sk8fsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ sf/vfgf -v_ wfuf] -u_ bhL{ -3_ js{;k
20. d'l:ndsf] dl:hb eP h:t} l;vsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ clUgs'08 -v_ u'?åf/ -u_ dSsf dlbgf -3_ :ju{sf] dlGb/
21. vfgf M k]6 eP em} OGwg = ?
-s_ xjfOhxfh -v_ 6«s -u_ OlGhg -3_ c6f]df]jfOn
22. k|f]km];/ M n]Sr/ eP em} 8fS6/ = ?
-s_ xl:k6n -v_ cf}iflw -u_ lj/fdL -3_ /f]u
23. cfzfsf] lg/fzf h:t} z'4 sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ljz'4 -v_ gljz'4 -u_ cz'4 -3_ gz'4
24. /y xfFFSg] dflg;nfO{ ;f/yL eg] em}F xfQL 8'nfpg]nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ ;f/yL -v_ dfpt] -u_ ;k]/f -3_ dfemL
25. zLjsf] kfj{tL eP em} l;4fy{ uf}tdsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ozf]w/f -v_ dGbf]b/L -u_ d]gsf -3_ pdL{nf
26. gf/bsf] s'/f}6] eP em} rfkosf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ;'tfx -v_ ljBf -u_ d'v{-3_ gLltjfg\
27. afFb/sf] rsrs] eP em}+ s's'/sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ :jfdLeQm -u_ rnfv -u_ df]6f] -3_ s;}nfO{ g6]g{]
28. ;/:jtLsf] xfF; eP em} b'uf{sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ s's'/ -v_ gGbL -u_ d';f] -3_ l;+x
29. afb/sf] ;'Gb/L x'G5 eg] ljb'/ sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ >LdtL -v_ dlxnf -u_ ljwjf -3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
30. e};Lsf] kf8f] eg] em} xfQLsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ 8fFuf] -v_ 5fjf -u_ aRrf -3_ u9'
31. hxfh aGb/ufxdf h:t} sf/sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ Uof/]h -v_ kfs{ -u_ Uofn/L -3_ xofÍ/
32. ndh'Ísf] a];Lzx/ h:t} dgfÍsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ a]gL -v_ s':df -u_ rfd] -3_ td3f;
33. s's'/sf] 5fp/f] h:tf] u}8fsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ l76f] -v_ uf8" -u_ s]6f] -3_ a5]8f]
34. gfsnfO{ uGw h:t} 5fnfnfO{ s] x'G5 <
-s_ :Jfb -v_ zAb -u_ 3fp -3_ :kz{
35. n8fOnfO{ ljgfz h:t} zflGtnfO{ s] x'G5 <
-s_ ljsf; -v_ czflGt -u_ kfk -3_ cjglt
36. ;+lut alx/fnfO{ h:t} ;flxTo s;nfO{ x'G5 <
-s_ sfgf] -v_ lg/If/ -u_ u'Íf -3_ rnfv
37. xKtfsf] ;f]daf/ h:t} jif{sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ j}zfv -v_ h]7 -u_ >fj; -3_ dª\lh/
38. a'4sf] ljxf/ h:t} lqlZrogsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ u'?åf/ -v_ dl:hb -u_ rr{ -3_ ljxf/
39. sf]bfsf] gn eP h:t} ux'sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ 5\jfnL -v_ s'gfcf] -u_ gn -3_ t'n
40. e};Lsf] aRrfnfO{ kf8f] elgG5 eg] cgf{sf] aRrfnfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ kf8L -v_ lk8f -u_ kf7L -3_ 8fkL
41. tfGt'sf] er]6\g' h:t} ÇofFSg'sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ;+sng ug'{ -v_ v]Ng' -u_ pk|mg' -3_ l6Kg'
42. ;efsf] cWoIf h:t} cvaf/sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ ;Djfbbftf -v_ ljt/s -u_ d'b|s -3_ ;Dkfbs
43. gbLsf] lsgf/f h:t} ;d'Gb|sf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ t6 -v_ 5fn -u_ t/Í -3_ nf7L
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
44. sf/sf] Uof/]h eP h:t} xjfOhxfhsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ aGb/ufx -v_ x\ofÍ/ -u_ xfa{/ -3_ cfsfz
45. h'Qmfsf] 5fnf h:t} wfuf]sf] sf] x'G5 <
-s_ afF; -v_ 3fF; -u_ cg -3_ skf;
46. cGgsf] e08f/ h:t} n7\7Lsf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ d'7f] -v_ rfÍ -u_ y'k|f] -3_ /f;
47. ?aL –/ftf] h:t} lgndsf] s] x'g\ <
-s_ ;]tf -v_ lgnf] -u_ xl/of] -3_ kx]Fnf]
48. rLgL lsnf] eP t]nsf] s] x'g\ <
-s_ Uofn]g -v_ Jof/n -u_ ln6/ -3_ s?jf
49. /]guhnfO{ jiff{ h:t} ydf{]ld6/nfO{ s] elgG5 <
-s_ prfO -v_ rfk -u_ tfk -3_ k|sfzsf] j]u
50. dfbn ahfpg' h:t} lstfasf] s] x'G5 <
-s_ k9fpg' -v_ k9g\' -u_ n]Vg' -3_ ;hfP/ /fVg'
Answer Sheet: Analogy (Exercise 2)
1. -v_ 2. -u_ 3. -3_ 4. -s_ 5. -u_ 6. -v_ 7. -s_ 8. -v_ 9. -v_ 10. -3_
11. -3_ 12. -3_ 13. -u_ 14. -s_ 15. -s_ 16. -u_ 17. -v_ 18. -3_ 19. -s_ 20. -v_
21. -u_ 22. -v_ 23. -u_ 24. -v_ 25. -s_ 26. -3_ 27. -s_ 28. -3_ 29. -u_ 30. -v_
31. -s_ 32. -u_ 33. -u_ 34. -3_ 35. -s_ 36. -v_ 37. -v_ 38. -u_ 39. -s_ 40. -v_
41. -3_ 42. -3_ 43. -s_ 44. -v_ 45. -3_ 46. -s_ 47. -v_ 48. -u_ 49. -u_ 50. -v_
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
#(_ -s_ lqms]6 -v_ r]; -u_ Sof/]d af]8{ -3_ 6]a'n 6]lg;
$)_ -s_ k]6«f]n -v_ jg:ktL t]n -u_ l8h]n -3_ dl§t]n
$!_ -s_ :j0f{ -v_ /ht -u_ sf:o -3_ tfd|
$@_ -s_ ufh/ -v_ uf]ne]8f -u_ jGbf uf]eL -3_ km'6 uf]e{
$#_ -s_ O~r -v_ km'6 -u_ ld6/ -3_ dfgf
$$_ -s_ d]jf -v_ ;'Gtnf -u_ sfutL -3_ nK;L
$%_ -s_ jfOjn -v_ lutf -u_ s'/fg -3_ cfdf
$^_ -s_ yf/ -v_ b"t -u_ ;xf/f -3_ uf]aL
$&_ -s_ hd{g -v_ lrg -u_ cd]l/sf -3_ a]nfot
$*_ -s_ 8]le6 sf8{ -v_ l;dsf8{ -u_ qm]l86 sf8{ -3_ 8«fkm\6
$(_ -s_ dGh'/ x'g' -v_ cf1f dfGg' -u_ :jLsf/ ug'{ -3_ k|ltjfb ug'{
%)_ -s_ l6«Uj]nL -v_ 8\ofu Åofd/z]N8-u_ pyfGt -3_ af/fs
Classification EXERCISE 1
Answer Sheet
!=3 @=ª #=v $= ª %=3 ^=3 &=3 *=u (=u !)=s
‼=u !@=u !#=u !$=u !%=s !^=3 !&=s !*=v !(=v @)=u
@!=s @@=s @#=3 @$=s @%=u @^= 3 @&= u @*= # @(= s #)= v
#!= u #@=u ##= s #$=v #%=3 #^=v #&=u #*=u #(=s $)=v
$!=3 $@=s $#=3 $$=s $%=3 $^=v $&=s $*=v $(=3 %)=3
g) Puzzle Test
EXERCISE - 1
1) Study the following information carefully and answer the given questions:
i) B and E are good in Dramatics and Computer science
ii) A and B are good in Computer Science and physics
iii) A, D and C are good in Physics and History
iv) C and A are good in physics and mathematics
v) D and E are good in History and Dramatics.
1.1) Who is good in physics, History and Dramatics?
a) A b) B c) D d) E
1.2) Who is good in physics, history and mathematics, but not in computer science?
a) A b) B c) C d) D
1.3) Who is good in Computer science, History and Dramatics?
a) A b) B c) C d) E
1.4) Who is good in History, Physics, Computer Science and mathematics?
a) A b) B c) C d) D
1.5) Who is good in physics, Dramatics and computer science?
a) A b) B c) D d) E
2) Read the following information carefully to answer the question given below:
Nine Cricket fans are watching a match in a stadium. Seated in one row, they are J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q and R. L is at the right of M and at third place at the right of N.K is at one end of
the row. Q is seated adjacent to both O and P. O is at the third place at the left of K, J is right
next to left of O.
2.1) Who is sitting at the centre of the row?
a) I b) J c) O d) Q
2.2) Who is at the other end of the row?
a) J b) N c) P d) R
2.3) Which of the following statement is true?
a) N is two seats away from J. b) M is at one extreme end.
c) R and P are neighbors. d) There is one person between L and O.
3) Read the following information carefully and answer the question given below:
(i) A, B, C, D, E, F and G are sitting around a circle and are facing the circle.
(ii) G is second to the left of C, who is the immediate left of F.
(iii) A is third to the left of E.
(iv) B is between D and E.
3.1) Which of the following is false?
a) A is fourth to the right of E. b) G is to the immediate right of D.
c) F is third to the right of D. d) B is to the immediate left of D.
e) None of these
3.2) Which of the following is true?
a) C is fourth to the left of B. b) A is to the immediate right of G.
c) D is second to the left of E. d) B is second to the right of G.
e) None of these
3.3) Which of the following pairs has the first person sitting to the immediate left to the second
person?
a) BE b) CA c) GD d) DG e) None of these
3.4) Which of the following has the middle person sitting between the remaining two?
a) FCE b) EFB c) DEB d) GDA e) None of these
3.5) Which of the following is the position of F?
a) Fourth to the right of D. b) To the immediate left of C.
c) Between A and E d) To the immediate right of A
e) None of these
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
4) Read the following information and answer the questions given below it:
Alka is older than Mala. Gopal is older than Mala but younger than Alka. Kapil is Younger
than Ram and Mala. Mala is older than Ram.
4.1) Whose age is between Gopal and Ram?
a) Mala b) Kapil c) Alka d) None of these
4.2) Whose age is between Mala and Kapil?
a) Gopal b) Ram c) Alka d) None of these
4.3) Whose age is exactly in the middle of all the five?
a) Mala b) Gopal c) Ram d) Alka
4.4) Who is the eldest?
a) Alka b) Mala c) Kapil d) Gopal
4.5) Who is the youngest?
a) Mala b) Ram c) Alka d) Kapil
5) Read the following information carefully to answer the given question:
Six films – P, Q, R, S, T and U are to be released on consecutive Fridays. The schedule of
the release in to be in accordance with the following conditions:
i) P must be released a week before T.
ii) R must not be released immediately after the first release.
iii) Q must be released on the Friday following the Friday on which U is released.
iv) S must be released on fifth Friday and should not be immediately proceeded by Q.
v) T must not be released in the last
5.1) Which of the following films preceded T?
a) P b) Q c) S d) U
5.2) Which of the following films released immediately after Q?
a) P b) R c) T d) U
5.3) Film R cannot be released on which of the following Fridays in addition to second Friday?
a) First b) Third c) Fourth d) Fifth
5.4) In between which of the two films S is to be released?
a) Q and T b) R and T c) P and T d) T and U
5.5) Which of the following films released first?
a) P b) Q c) R d) U
6) Study the following information carefully and answer the question given below it:
From amongst six boys A, B, C, D, E and F and five Girls P, Q, R, S and T a team of six is to
be selected under the following conditions.
i) A and D have to be together. ii) C cannot go with S.
iii) S and T have to be together. iv) B cannot be teamed with E.
v) D cannot go with P. vi) B and R have to be together.
vii) C and Q have to be together.
6.1) If there be five boys in the team, the lone girl member is
a) P b) Q c) R d) S
6.2) In including P, the team has three girls, the members are:
a) B,C,F,Q,R b) A,D,E,S,T c) A,D,B,S,T d) B,F,R,S,T
6.3) If the team including C consists of four boys the members of the team other than C are
a) A,D,E,P,Q b) A,B,D,Q,R c) D,E,F,A,Q d) B,E,F,R,Q
6.4) If four members including E have to be boys, the members, other than E are:
a) A,B,C,Q,R b) A,D,F,S,T c) B,C,F,Q,R d) A,C,D,F,Q
6.5) If four members have to be girls, the members of the team are
a) B,C,P,Q,R,S b) B,F,P,R,S,T c) B,C,Q,R,S,T d) B,C,P,Q,R,T
7) Study the following information carefully to answer the given question:
M,P,D, K, R,T and W are seven members of a family. There are three female members
among them. There are two lawyers, two teachers, two engineers and one doctor among
them. none of the female members is engineers. D is one of the lawyer and is husband of P.
W is one of the teachers. D and R are children of M and K. T has the same profession as that
of his uncle R. K is grandmother of T and W. P's father is also lawyer. K is not a doctor.
7.1) How is M related to T?
a) Brother b) Father c) Uncle d) None of these
7.2) Who is the doctor?
a) P b) R c) T d) None of these
7.3) How is W related to R?
a) Nephew b) Niece c) Nephew or Niece d) None of these
7.4) How is P related to M?
a) Daughter in law b) Granddaughter c) Daughter d) Sister in law
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
@_ != afns @= hflu/ #= ljjfx $= lzz' %= lzIff
s_ !,#,%,@,$ v_ #,%,@,&,$ u_ $,&,#,%,@ 3_ $,!,%,@,#
#_ != cfdf @= afns #= b"w $= ?g] s/fpg] %= v';L
s_ !,%,@,$,# v_ @,$,!,#,% u_ @,$,#,!,% 3_ #,@,!,%,$
$_ != hrfpg] @= lj/fdL #= 8fS6/ $=pkrf/ %= lgsf] x'g'
s_ @,#,!,$,% v_ @,#,%,!,% u_ $,#,!,@,% 3_ %,!,$,#,@
%_ != e|d0f ug]{ @= uGtJo lglZrt ug]{ #= e'QmfgL ug]{ $= l6s6 lng] %= l6s6 a'lsË ug]{
s_ @,%,#,$,! v_ @,%,$,!,# u_ %,$,@,#,! 3_ %,$,#,@,!
^_= != k/LIf0f sfn @= cGt/jf{tf #= 5gf}6 $= lgo'lQm %= lj1fkg ^= b/vf:t
s_ %,^,@,#,$,! v_ %,^,#,@,$,! u_ %,^,$,@,#,! 3_ ^,%,@,#,!
&_ != n];gfos @= SofK6]g #= xjNbf/ $= hdbf/ %= s0f{n
s_ !,$,%,@,# v_ !,#,%,$,@ u_ !,#,$,@,% 3_ #,%,$,!,@
*_ != sf6\g] @= vfg] #= t/sf/L $= ahf/ %= ksfpg]
-s_ !,@,$,%,# -v_ #,@,%,!,$ -u_ $,#,!,%,@ -3_ %,#,@,!,$
(_ != cf0fljs o'u @= s[lif o'u #= 9'+u] o'u $= wft' o'u
-s_ @,!,#,$ -v_ !,@,$,# -u_ $,!,#,@ -3_ #,$,@,!
!)_ != sl6Ë ug]{ @= nufpg] #= dflsË ug]{ $= gfKg] %= l;nfpg]
-s_ $,#,!,%,@ -v_ #,!,%,$,@ -u_ $,@,!,%,%,# -3_ !,#,@,$,%
!!_ != OGb|0fL @= jiff{ #= ;'o{ $= v';L %= jfns
-s_ @,!,$,#,% -v_ @,#,!,%,$ -u_ $,@,#,%,! -3_ $,%,!,@,#
!@_ != u08sL @= ljZj #= kf]v/f $= Plzof %= g]kfn
-s_ $,@,!,%,# -v_ !,@,$,#,% -u_ !,%,#,,$ -3_ #,!,%,$,@
!#_ != hrfpFg] @= lj/fdL #= 8fS6/ $= pkrf/ %= lgsf]x'g'
-s_ @,#,!,$,% -v_ @,%,$,#,! -u_ #,%,!,@,$ -3_ %,#,$,!,@
!$_= != lhNnf @= ufpF #= ljsf;If]q $= zx/ %= b]z
-s_ %,@,!,$,# -v_ @,$,!,#,% -u_ @,%,!,#,$ -3_ $,!,%,#,@
!%_ != kf]i6aS; @= lr7L #= vfd $= 8]lne/L %= lSno/]G;
-s_ %,@,#,$,! -v_ #,@,!,%,$ -u_ $,#,!,@,% -3_ @,$,#,!,%
16) Arrange the following logical order:
1.Gold 2. Iron 3. Ambivalence 4. Platinum 5. Diamond
a. 2,4,3,5,1 b. 3,2,1,5,4 c. 4,5,1,3,2 d. 5,4,3,2,1
17) Arrange the following in a meaningful sequence :
1. Phrase 2. Latter 3. Word 4. Sentence
a. 1,2,3,4 b. 1,3,2,4 c. 2,3,4,1 d. 2,3,4,1
18) 1. Honey 2. Flower 3. Bee 4. Wax
a. 1,3,4,2 b. 2,1,4,3 c. 2,3,1,4 d. 4,3,2,1
19) 1. Country 2. Furniture 3. Forest 4. Wood 5. Tree
a. 1,3,5,4,2 b. 1,4,3,2,5 c. 2,4,3,1,5 d. 5,3,1,2,4
20) 1. Police 2. Punishment 3. Crime 4. Justice 5. Judgment
a. 1,2,3,4,5 b. 3,1,2,4,5 c. 3,1,4,5,2 d. 5,4,3,2,1
21) 1. Key 2. Door 3. Lock 4. Room 5. Switch on
a. 1,2,3,5,4 b. 3,2,5,1,4 c. 1,3,2,4,5 d. 5,4,3,1,2
22) 1. Mother 2. Child 3. Milk 4. Cry 5. Smile
a. 1,5,2,4,3 b. 2,4,1,3,5 c. 2,4,3,1,5 d. 3,2,1,5,4
Sentence formation test EXERCISE 1
Answer sheet
1.C 2.D 3.B 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.C 8.C 9.D 10.A
11.B 12.D 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.C 18.C 19.A 20.C
21.C 22.B
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
3. ljhf]/ ;+Vofsf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] ;'q
Find the Sum of even number (1 to 10)
First of all we will find the number of even number 1 to 10 then
Formula = n (n+1)
Here, n = 5
So, 5(5+1)
=5×6
= 30
4. k|fs[lts ;+Vofsf] au{sf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] ;'q
Find the Sum of the squares of first natural number (1 to 10)
Formula,
n(n + 1) (2n + 1)
6
5. k|s[lts ;+Vofsf] Cubes x?sf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] ;'q
Find the sum of the cubes of first natural number
2
Formula,
n(n + 1)
2
6. xfn ldnfpg] (Handshakes) sf] ;'q
100 hgf dflg;n] k|To]sn] Ps cfk;df xft ldnfpbf hDdf xft ldnfPsf] ;+Vof slt x'G5 <
n(n – 1)
Formula, Sn =
2
If 100 people Handshakes each other then how many times they Handshakes.
Here, n=100
100(100 – 1)
So,
2
= 50 × 99
= 4950
7. sldnfn] kvf{n r9\g] (Wall Climbing) formula
hDdf nfUg] lbgjf 306f Ö hDdf prfO{ – tn emg]{ dfg
dfly r9\g] dfg–tn eg]{ dfg
T =H–D
=S–D
Example:
One Lizard climes up a wall by 8 m in days and fall down 4 km by high. How many days it take to
reach at the top a of 24 meters wall
Pp6f @$ ld cUnf] kvf{ndf Pp6f 5]kf/f] lbgdf * ld dfly r9\g] tyf /ftdf $ ld= tn emg]{ sfd u5{ eg]
To;nfO{ @$ ld= cUnf] kvf{nsf] lzv/df k'Ug hDdf slt lbg nfU5 <
Soln
H–D
T =
S–D
24 – 4
= = 5 days
8–4
8. 6fpsf] / v'§fsf] ;lds/0f xn ug]{ tl/sf
Euation Solving method
Eg.
In a farm there are same Goats and hens. They have 96 legs and 28 heads so how many goats
are there ?
Pp6f uf]7df s]xL afv|f / s'v'/fx? /x]sf 5g\ . ToxfF hDdf (^ j6f v'§f / @* j6f 6fpsf /x]sf 5g\
eg] ToxfF hDdf afv|fsf] ;+Vof slt xf]nf <
s_ @$ v_ @@ u_ @) 3_ !@
gf]6 M o:tf] k|Zgdf pQ/nfO{ dfg /fvL l56f] ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .
afvf s'v'/f
@! &
v'§f Ö @! × $ ± & × @ Ö (* -unt_
To:t} pQ/ u
afv|f s'v'/f
@) *
v'§f Ö @) × 4 ± * × @ Ö (& -;xL_
ctM pQ/ u
EXERCISE - 1
!= !)) hgf l;kfxLn] !)) Kofs]6 rfprfp vfg !)) lbg nufpb5g\ eg] !) hgf l;kfxLn] !) Kofs]6
rfprfp vfg slt lbg nufp5g\ <
s_ !) lbg v_ !)) lbg u_@ lbg 3_ s'g] klg xf]Og
@= !%) j6f l6;6{ ;'Sgsf] nflu &% ldg]6 nfU5 eg] %) j6f l6;6{ ;'Sgsf] nflu slt ;do nfU5 <
s_ @% ldg]6 v_ %) ldg]6 u_ &% ldg]6 3_ !)) ldg]6
#= ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf] ;+Vofx?sf] of]ukmn slt x'G5 <
s_ $(%( v_%)%) u_%%%% 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
$= ! b]lv %) ;Ddsf ljhf]/ ;+Vofsf] of]ukmn sltx'G5 <
s_ ^@% v_ ^%) u_ @%)) 3_ ^))
%= ! b]lv !)) ;Ddsf hf]/ ;+Vofsf] of]ukmn slt x'G5 <
s_ %)%) v_ @%%) u_ @%)) 3_ %)))
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
^= ;'?sf % j6f ju{ ;+Vofsf] of]ukmn sltx'G5 <
s_ &% v_ ^% u_ %% 3_ $%
&= ;'?sf !) j6f 3g ;+Vofsf] of]ukmn sltx'G5 <
s_ #)@% v_ #))) u_ @%@% 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
*= Pp6f kmnfdsf] @) k|ltzt efu lxnf]df #) k|ltzt efu kfgLdf ul8Psf] 5 / !) ld6/ kflg aflx/
5 eg] pQm kmnfds]f nDjfO{ slt xf]nf <
s_ @)) ld6/ v_ $) ld6/ u_ @) ld6/ 3_ !)) ld6/
(= s'g} ;+Vof x]f h;nfO{ @) n] efu ubf{ cfpg] of]ukmndf Tolt g} hf]8bf @) x'G5 <
s_ $)) v_ @)) u_ !)) 3_ !*)
!)= !) hgf alx/f @) hgf b[li6ljlxg !% hgf czQm @% hgf s]6f @) hgf s]6L ljZjHjtL xndf lkmNd
x]g{ uP5g\ eg] slt hgfn] lx/f] b]v] xf]nfg\ <
s_ &) v_ ^) u_ () 3_ !))
!!= FIN GER, HAND NAIL df x'G5 t/ ARM df x'b}g cj eGg';f];\ sf] xf] Tof] <
s_ I v_ N u_ C 3_ R
!@= ljgf]b #) ls=ld= k|lt306fsf] b/n] bf}l8G5 eg] p;n] !) ldg]6df slt b'? kf/ u5{ <
s_ @))) ld6/ v_ !)) ld6/ u_ %))) ld6/ 3_ !))) ld6/
!#= tLg kfyL tLg dfgf cfwf kfyL gf} dfgfsf] slt x'G5 <
s_ * kfyL v_ ^ kfyL u_ % kfyL 3_ # kfyL
!$= ! b]lv !)) ;Dd ! c+s lst k6s cfp5 <
s_ @) v_ @! u_ @@ 3_ @#
!%= Pp6f s's'/sf] cufl8 @ j6f s's'/ / Pp6f s's'/sf] k5fl8 klg @ j6f s's'/ 5g\ eg] ToxfF hDdf
s's'/sf] ;Vof slt xf]nf <
s_ ^ v_ % u_ $ 3_ #
!^= nf]s;]jf tof/L sIff k9\g] sIffsf]7fdf !%) hgf ljBfyL{ lyP k9fO{ ;s]/ 3/ kmsLg] a]nf k|To]sn]
cfk;df xft ldnfP eg] ToxfF hDdf slt k6sd xfn ldnfOof] xf]nf <
s_ !!!&% v_ !!#@% u_ !!%) 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
!&= Pp6f km'6jn 6'g{d]G6df @% j6f ;xefuL l6dn] k|To]sn] k|To]s;Fu Ps Ps v]n v]Nbf hDdf v]n ;+Vof
slt xf]nf <
s_ @%) v_ #)) u_ #%) 3_ $))
!*= Psf ljxfg} xl/ kz'klt bz{g ug{ hfG5 / p;n] !) ?k}of lt/]/ dlGb/ leq l55{ / afFsL k};fsf] bf]Jj/
k};f lnP/ km]l/ !) ?k}of lt/]/ aflx/ lgl:sG5 / cj p ;Fu hDdf !) ?k}of 5 eg] xl/n] slt k};f
lnP/ dlGb/ uPsf] lyof] xf]nf <
s_ #) v_ @% u_ @* 3_ @)
!(= ;fg' / /fd' ;Fu s]xL :ofpx? 5g ;fg'n] /fd'nfO{ b'O{j6f :ofp lbof] eg] ;fg' eGbf /fd' 8jn x'G5 tLg
j6f lbof] eg] t]Jj/ x'G5 eg] z'?df ;fg' / /fd' ;Fu slt slt j6f :ofp lyP <
s_ ^,^ v_ #,% u_ ^,& 3_ *,(
@)= k|To]s cfwf 306fdf ! 6\ofjn]6 vfg]ul/ % 6\ofjn]6 cf}ifwL vfg s'n slt ;do nfU5 <
s_ !%) ldg]6 v_ @ 306f u_ !)) ldg]6 3_ ! 306f #) ldg]6
@!_ Pp6f @) ld6/ cUnf] kvf{n 5 . pQm kv{fndf Pp6f sldnf lbgdf % ld6/ dfly r9\g] / /ftdf $
ld6/ tn emg]{ ub{5, o; lx;fjn] pQm sldnf slt lbgdf ;f] kvf{nsf] 6'kf]df k'Ug ;S5 .
s_ !% lbg v_ @) lbg u_ !* lbg 3_ !^ lbg
@@= Pp6f @% ld6/ cUnf] vDjfdf Pp6f dfs'/f] lbgdf % ld6/ dfly r9\g] / /ftdf # ld6/ tn emg]{
ub{5 . kl5 ult lg/Gt/tf lbg] xf] eg] ;f] vDjfsf] 6'Kkf]df k'Ug pQm dfs'/f]nfO{ slt lbg nfUg ;S5 <
s_ @% lbg v_ @@ lbg u_ !! lbg 3_ !) lbg
@#= Pp6f dfs'/f] k|lt 306f # lkm6 dfly hfG5 / @) ldg]6 cf/fd ub{5 . cf/fds} qmddf @ lkm6 tn
cf]lnbf] /x]5 eg] To;nfO{ !) lkm6sf] vDjf kf/ ug{ slt ;Dd nfUnf <
s_ !)M#) v_ !)M@) u_ !)M!) 3_ !)M$)
@$= Pp6f rf}/df s]xL e]8f / uf]7fnx? 5g\ . ToxfF @% j6f 6fpsf] / () j6f v'§f 5g\ eg] slt j6f
e]8fx? /x]5g\ <
s_ @) v_ !) u_ !% 3_ @%
@%= Pp6f ls;fg ;Fu @) j6f uf]? lyP !! afx]s c? ;j} d/] eg] lgh;Fu sltj6f uf]? ar]sf xf]nfg <
s_ ) j6f v_ !) j6f u_ !! j6f 3_ @! j6f
@^= Pp6f lrl8ofvfgfdf s]xL afFb/ / eu]/fx? 5g\ ToxfF hDdf v'§fsf] ;+Vof 6fpsf]sf] bf]Jj/ eGbf @) n]
a9L 5 . cj eGg'xf]; ToxfF /x]sf] afFb/sf] ;+Vof slt xf] <
s_ * j6f v_ !) j6f u_ !@ j6f 3_ !% j6f
@&= Pp6f sf]7fdf lj/fnf] / dfG5]x? 5g\ h;df !)j6f 6fpsf] / #@j6f v'§fx? 5g\ eg] slt lj/fnf]
xf]nfg\ <
s_ $ v_ !) u_ * 3_ ^
@*= Pp6f 38L #) lbgdf @ ldg]6 #) ;]s]G8 l9nf hgfp5 eg] ! lbgdf slt ;do l9nf hgfp5 xf]nf <
s_ % ;]= v_ !) ;]= u_ #) ;]= 3_ ^ ;]=
@(= Pp6f lzsf/LnfO{ Ps hgfn] ;f]Wof] M ltd|f] emf]nfdf slt j6f r/fx? 5g\ < p;n] hjfkm lbof] M oxfF ^
afx]ssf] c? ;j} e+u]/f 5g\ ^ afx]ssf c? ;j} ;'Fuf 5g\ ^ afx]ssf c? ;j} xfF; 5g\ . cj eGg'xf];
p;sf] emf]nfdf hDdf slt r/fx? lyP <
s_ ( j6f v_ !* j6f u_ @& j6f 3_ #^ j6f
#)= olb Pp6f df]6/;fOsn !) ln6/ k]6«f]nn] !!) ls=ld= u'85 eg] & ln6/ k]6«f]nn] slt ls=ld= u85\ <
s_ %) ls=ld= v_ && ls=ld= u_ &) ls=ld= 3_ ^) ls=ld=
#!= dgf]h ;'l;neGbf bf]Jj/ h]7f] 5 . # aif{ klxnf dgf]hsf] pd]/ ;'l;nsf] pd/]sf] t]Jj/ lyof] . xfn
dgf]hsf] pd]/ slt 5 <
s_ ^ aif{ v_ & aif{ u_ * aif{ 3_ !@ aif{{
#@= olb Pp6f n7\7Lsf] nDjfOsf] !÷# efu lgnf] /+u / !÷$ efu /ftf] /+un] /+ufOPsf] 5 / !% ld6/ xl/of]
/+un] /+ufOPsf] 5 eg] pQm n7\7Lsf] s'n nDjfO{ slt xf]nf <
s_ #^ ld= v_ #* ld= u_ $! ld= 3_ $( ld=
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
##= /fdsf] pd]/ p;sf] h]7f] 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] bf]Jj/ 5 . !) aif{kl5 sfG5f] 5f]/fsf] pd]/eGbf afa'sf] pd/] t]Jj/
x'G5 . olb h]7f] 5f]/f / sfG5f] 5f]/fsf] pd]/sf] km/s !% aif{ 5 eg] xfn /fdsf] pd]/ slt xf]nf <
s_ %) aif{ v_ %% aif{ u_ ^) aif{ 3_ &) aif{
#$= Tof] s'g ;+Vof xf] h;sf] ^)Ü af6 ^) 36fpFbf ^) g} afFsL x'G5 <
s_ @)) v !)) u_ !$) 3_ @%)
35. A is a number having two digits. The sum of it's digits is 9. 9 is subtracted from 'A' then it
becomes revend.Find the value of 'A'.
a) 63 b) 45 c) 54 d) 27
36) A is a number having two digit. The sum of its digit is 12. The product of its 36. Find the
numbers.
a) 93 b) 84 c) 66 d) 39
37) In a football team there are 30 person. They handshake each other at once. how many hand
shake are there all together.
a) 400 b) 430 b) 435 d) 450
38) There are some children’s. They handshake each other at once. 1225 handshake are there
altogether. How many children’s are there.
a) 48 b) 50 c) 52 d) 54
39) There are some person. They handshakes each other. 190 handshakes are there altogether.
Ho many person are there.
a) 18 b) 19 c) 20 d) 21
40) A farmer fill's a basket such way that he puts double numbers of mangoes each successive
day. He get's completely filled a basket in 30 days. In how many days it was 1/4 part full?
a) 30 days b) 4 days c) 28 days d) 16 days
41) If Binod fill's a basket such was that he puts double numbers of egg's each successive days.
He gets 1/16 parts full in a basket in 20 days . In how many days basket as completely filled.
a) 20 b) 22 c) 23 d) 24
42) Sita asked the Ram "How many steps are in dharara. Ram replied that 196 steps plus half the
number of steps. how many steps are there?
a) 294 b) 392 c) 496 d) 504
43) In a university girls are double of teacher and boys are 3 times of girls. Find the total
population of university?
a) 12000 b) 10800 c) 11000 d) 15000
44) A fish has 9 inch long head.the tail is equal to the size of head plus 1/2 of the body. The body
is the head plus the tail. How long the fish?
a) 50 b) 75 c) 70 d) 72
45) A bus starts fron surkhet. The number of girls in the bus is half of the number of boys 10
boys Leave the bus and five girls enter .in the bgining .how many passengers entered in the
bus
a) 25 b) 0 c) 31 d) 45
46) If 100 Tiger kill 100 goat in 100 days then in how many days did 4 tiger would kill 4 goat.
a) 1 b) 4 c) 40 d) 100
COMMON SENSE TEST EXERCISE 1
Answer Sheet
1. v
100 hgf l;kfxL 100 Kofs]6 rfprfp 100 lbg
1 hgf l;kfxL 1 Kofs]6 rfprfp 100 lbg
10 hgf l;kfxL 10 Kofs]6 rfprfp 100 lbg
1 hgf l;kfxL 1 Kofs]6 rfprfp 100 lbg
2. u_ sk8f ;'Sg] ;do Pp6} x'G5 .
v_ n n 1 100100 1
3. 5050
2 2
4. s_ n² = (25)² = 625
5. v_ n²+n = (50)² + 50 = 2550
6. u_ ju{ ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] ;'q
n n 12n 1 55 12 5 1 5 6 11
55
6 6 6
7. s_ 3g ;ª\Vofsf] of]ukmn lgsfNg] z"q
= n n 1
2
2
= 1010 1
2
2
= (55)²
= 3025
20% 30% 10m
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
3 kfyL ± 3 dfgf ± 4 hgf + 9 hgf
3 kfyL ± 16 dfgf
3 kfyL + 2 kfyL
= 5 kfyL
14. v_ 1 b]lv 100 ;dd 1 cª\s 21 rf]6L cfpF5 .
15. 3_ III hDdf # j6f
16. s_ Ps Ps k6s xft ldnfpg] ;'q
n n 1 150150 1
75 149 11175
2 2
17. v_ k|To]sn] k|To]s;Fu v]Ng] v]n ;DaGwL ;"q M
n n 1 2525 1 25 24
= 25 12 300
2 2 2
18. 3_ ;'?df dlGb/ leq l5g{sf] nflu = 10
bf]Aa/ ePkl5 10+10 = 20 h'g bf]Aa/ x'g' eGbf klxnf = 10
20
19. s_ olb ;fg' / /fd';Fu ^, ^ j6f :ofx¿ x'g] xf] eg] ;fg'n] /fd'nfO{ @ j6f lbbL ;fg' $ / /fd' $ /
/fd' * x'G5 . ;fg'n] /fd'nfo{ # j6f lbbf ;fg' # / /fd' ( x'G5 .
20. v_ ;'?df ! 6\ofjn]6 vfG5 / To;sf] k|To]s #) ldg]6df csf{] vfb} h;cg';f/ @ 306f ;do nfU5
9m 9m 9m 9m /ft f]
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
36. u_ 66 (6 + 6 = 12) sum of two digit
6 × 6 = 36 (it's product)
n(n – 1) 30(30 – 1)
37. u_ = = 435
2 2
50(50 – 1)
38. v_ = 25 × 49 = 1225
2
20(20 – 1)
39. u_ = 10 × 19 = 190
2
40. u_ 30 days = 1 work (complete work)
1
29 days = Part full
2
1
28 days = Part Full
4
1
41. 3_ 20 days = Part Full
16
1
21 days = Part full
8
1
22 days = Part full
4
1
23 days = Part Full
2
24 days = 1 part full
42. 196 steps plus half the number of steps 196 + 196 = 392
43. v_ teacher = x
girls = 2x
boys = 6x
9x
9x = 10800
10800
x=
9
9 n] efu hfg] vf]Hg] lsg eg] dflg;sf] ;ª\Vof kf]OG6df x'Fb}g .
44. 3_ body = x
head = 9"
1
Tail = 9 + x
2
18 + x
x=9+
2
18 + 18 + x
x=
2
2x = 36 + x
x = 36
36
Tail = 9 + = 9 + 18 = 27
2
Fish = Head + body + Tai = 9 + 36 + 27 = 72
45. 3_ Let, the number of women = x, then number of men = 2x
In city Sukhet, we have
(2x – 10) = (x + 5)
2x – x = 5+10
x = 15
Total number of passenger in the beginning
= x+ 2x
= 3x
= 3×15 = 45
46. 3_ 100 Tiger kill 100 goat in 100 days
1 tiger kill 1 goat in 100 days
So, 4 tiger kill 4 goat in 100 days.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
sf/0f (R) sf]tkj{ h+uaxfb'/sf] w]/} efOx?sf] sf/0f ;Dej eof]
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
4. egfO{ (a) bf];|f] ljZj o'4 klxnf] ljZjo'4n] hGdfof] .
sf/0f (R) e;]{lnhs] c;dfg ;lGwn] hd{gLnfO{ cfwft k'¥ofPsf] lyof] .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
5. egfO{ (a) ljw'lto tf/ agfpg ;'gsf] k|of]u ul/G5 .
sf/0f (R) ;'g ljw'lto ;'rfns xf] .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
6. egfO{ (A) vf]kn]] /f]unfO{ lgoGq0f u5{ .
sf/0f (R) aRrfx?nfO{ vf]k nufpg' k5{ .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
7. egfO{ (A) lxpFb ofddf ;d'Gb|sf] kfgL hDbf ToxfFsf df5f db}{gg\ .
sf/0f (R) s]jn ;txsf] kfgL dfq hd]sf] xx'G5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
8. egfO{ (A) kfgL k/]kl5 dfq OGb|]0fL nfU5 .
sf/0f (R) kfgLsf yf]kfn] ;'o{sf] ls/0fnfO{ ;ft /+udf kl/0ft ul/lbG5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
9. egfO{ (A) u8\of}nfx? s[lifsf nflu pkof]uL x'b}gg\ .
sf/0f (R) u8\of}nfn] df6f]nfO{ ;fgf ;fgf s0fdf 6'qmfpF5g\ h'g pAhgzLn x'G5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!)= egfO{ A g]kfn nf]stflGqs d'ns xf] .
sf/0f R g]kfndf ljleGg sfnv08df ;+ljwfg hf/L ul/Psf lyP .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!!= egfO{ A j'w ;jeGbf 6f9fsf] u|x xf] .
sf/0f R ;f}od08ndf a'w ;j eGbf ;fgf] u|x xf] .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!@= egfO{ A M g]kfndf d'b|f :kmLlt lgoGq0f aflx/ 5 .
sf/0f R M cfotdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq ePsf]n] d'b|f:kmLlt a:t';Fu lelqG5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!#= egfO{ A M g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lnlR5jLsfnnfO{ :j0f{sfn dflgG5 .
sf/0f R M lnR5jLsfndf k|z:t ;'g pTkfbg ul/Psf] lyof] .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!$ egfO{ A M g]kfndf Gofokflnsf :jtGq 5 .
sf/0f R Gofokflnsf] ;/sf/L gLlt, of]hgf, sfo{qmd nfu' ug{ ;xof]u b{5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!%= egfO{ A M hf]8f] ofddf ;]tf] n'uf pko'Qm x'b}g
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
sf/0f R M ;]tf] n'ufn] tfknfO{ ;lhn} k/fjt{g ul/lbG5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
!^= egfO{ AM ?vdf kftx? xl/of x'G5g\ .
sf/0f R M Snf]/f]lkmn ePsf kftdf k|sfz ;+Zn]if0f lqmof x'G5 .
A) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) n] egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof u5{ .
B) egfO{ (A) / sf/0f (R) b'j} 7Ls 5g\ / sf/0f (R) egfO{ (A) sf] ;xL JofVof xf]Og .
C) egfO{ (A) 7Ls 5 t/ sf/0f (R) unt 5 .
D) egfO{ (A) unt 5 t/ sf/0f (R) ;xL 5 .
In each of the following question, there are two statements labeled as Assertion (A) and Reason
(R).
17. Assertion (A): most of the Himalayan rivers are perennial.
Reason (R): They are feb by melting snow.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
18. Assertion (A) : Diamond is used for cutting glass.
Reason (R) : diamond has a high refraction index.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
19. Assertion (A) : there are no vaccine for AIDs .
Reason (R) : the AIDs virus changes its genetic code.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
20. Assertion (A) : cut fruits and vegetables should not be kept in open for long.
Reason (R) : their vitamin content is ruined.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
21. Assertion (A) : an electric bulb makes a ‘bang’ when it is broen.
Reason (R) the air inside the bulb rushes out immediately on breaking.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
22. Assertion (A) : telephone wires sag more in summer.
Reason (R) : they expand due to summer heat.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
23. Assertion (A) : most of the ancient civilization grew near the rivers.
Reason (R) : the main occupation of man was Agriculture.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
24. Assertion (A) : Nepal is a democratic county.
Reason (R): Nepal has a constitution of its own.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
25. Assertion (A): we prefer to wear white clothes in winter.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Reason (R): white clothes are good reflections of heat.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
26. Assertion (A) : unpolished rice should be eaten.
Reason (R) : polished rice lacks vitamin B.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
27. Assertion (A): red colour of blood is due to hemoglobin.
Reason (R) : hemoglobin is a red pigment
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
28. Assertion (A): when the bus starts, the person inside it falls forward.
Reason (R): the bus pushes the man forward.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
29. Assertion (A): Vaccines prevent dieases.
Reason (R): vaccines must be given to children.
A) If both (A) and (R) are true and( R) is the correct explanation of (A ).
B) If both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
C) If (A) is true but (R) is false.
D) If (A) is false but (R) is true.
E) If (A) and (R) are false.
Answer Sheet
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.B 7.B 8.A 9.D 10.B
11. 12.A 13.C 14.C 15.A 16.A 17.A 18.B 19.A 20.A
21.C 22.A 23.B 24.B 25.D 26.A 27.A 28.E 29.B
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
11) Pointing towards a person in the photograph, Anjali said, “He is the only son of the father of
my sister’s brother.” How is that person related to Anjali?
a) Mother b) father c) maternal uncle d) cousin e) none of these
12) Introducing a man, a woman said, “He is the only son of my mother’s mother” How is the
woman related to the man?
a) Mother b) aunt c) sister d) niece e) none of these
13) If X is the brother of the son of Y’s son how is X related to Y?
a) Son b) brother c) cousin d) grandson e) uncle
14) If Neena says, “Anita’s father Ram is the only son of my father-in-law Subash,” Then how
Bindu, who is the sister of Anita, related to Subash?
a) Niece b) daughter c) wife d) daughter-in-law e) none of these
15) Arun said, “The girl is the wife of the grandson of my mother” Who is Arun to girl?
a) Father b) grandfather c) husband d) father-in-law
16) Pointing to a photographer, Arun said “she is the mother of my son’s wife’s daughter.” How
is Arun related to the lady?
a) Uncle b) cousin c) daughter-in-law d) none of these
17) A is B’s sister. C is B’s mother. D is C’ father. E is D’s mother. Then how is A related to D?
a) Grandmother b) grandfather c) daughter d) grand daughter
18) lutfnfO{ lrgfpb} xl/n] eGof], pgsf afa' d]/L cfdfsf] Ps dfq 5f]/f x'g . oxfF lutf xl/sf] s] gftf
kb{l5g\ <
s_ sfsL v_ 5f]/L u_ lbbL 3_ cfdf
19) Ps hgfn] Pp6f kmf]6f] b]vfpFb} eGof], pm d]/L lbbLsf] efOsf] afa'sf] Pp6f dfq} 5f]/f x] . ca eGg'xf];\
;f] kmf]6f]df ePsf] JolQm;Fu tl:a/ b]vfpg] JolQmsf] s] gftf kb{5 <
s_ afa' v_ 5f]/f u_ HjfO{ 3_ s'g} klg xf]O{g
20) Pshgf s]6f / PShgf s]6L lar s'/fsfgL x'bfF s]6fn] s]6LnfO{ eGof], ltd|f afa'sL >LdtL d]/L cfdf
x'g\ / pgsf 5f]/fx? $ hgf 5g\ . To:t} s]6Ln]] s]6fnfO{ elgg\ ltd|L cfdfsf >Ldfg d]/f afa' x'g\ /
pgsf % hgf 5f]/Lx? 5g\ . pQm s]6f / s]6Lsf @÷@hgf dfdfx? /x]sf 5g\ . ca eGg'xf];\ tL s]6f /
s]6L lar s] gftf xf]nf <
s_ bfh', alxgL v_ afa', 5f]/L u_ >Ldfgg, >LdtL 3_ dfdf, efGhL
21) s'g} s]6L s[i0fsf]] afa'sf] 7"nf] bfh'sf] gfltgL 5g\ . ltGL s]6L s[i0fsf] s] gftfdf kb{l5g\ <
s_ elthL v_ alxgL u_ sfsL 3_ ef~hL
22) A rflxF B sL lbbL 5g\ . C rfxLF B sL cfdf 5g\ . D rfxLF C sf afaf 5g\ . E rfxLF D sL cfdf
5g\ . ca eGg'xf];\ A rfxLF D sf] sf] kb{5g\ <
s_ 5f]/L v_ a'xf/L u_ gfltgL 3_ gftL
23) ljsf;n] Pp6f kmf]6f]nfO{ b]vfpFb} eGof] o;sf] afa' d]/f afa'/a'afsf] a'xf/Lsf] Psdfq gflt xf] ca
eGg'xf];\ ljsf;n] s;sf] kmf]6f] x]/L/x]sf] xf]nf <
s_ 5f]/f v_ gftL u_ a'af 3_ efO{
24) ljggf]bsf] 5f]/fn] xl/sf] gfltnfO{ afa' eGg'k5{ eg]] ljgf]b / sl/ lar s] sf] gftf k5{xf]nf <
s_ ;fnf, legfh' v_ gflt, xh'/a'af u_ 5f]/f, a'af
25) slknsf] /fx'n Psdfq efO xf] eg] ;Gtf]ifsf] ljsf; Psdfq 5f]/f xf], ;Gtf]ifsf] /fx'n gflt k5{eg]
ljsf;sf] slkn s] k5{ <
s_ efO{ v_efGhf u_ ;fnf] 3_ 5f]/f
26) /fd|f];Fu k9L pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
A+B eGgfn] A, B sf] 5f]/f xf] .
A–B eGgfn]] A, B sf] >LdtL xf] .
A*B eGgfn] A, B sf] efO xf] .
A/B eGgfn] A, B sf] cfdf xf] .
A=B eGgfn] A, B sf] lbbL xf] .
caM– P + R – Q af6 P sf] Q s] gftf k5{ <
s_ afa' v_ sfsf u_ 5f]]/f 3_ efO
Blood relationship exercise 1
Answer sheet
7.C 8.A 9.A 10.C 11.E 12.D 13.D 14.E 15.D 16.D
17.B 18.B 19.D 20.A 21.A 22.C 23.B 24.B 25.D 26.A
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
(a) Bars (b) Jailor (c) lawyer (d) Locks © Prisoners
9. A camera always has
(a) Lens (b) Reels (c) Flash (d) Photograph © stand
10. A 520ospital always has
(a) Nurse (b) Room (c) Telephone (d) Doctor © Bed
11. A school always has
(a) A principal (b) Building (c) library (d) Teacher © Classes
12. A pen always has
(a) Tube (b) Cap (c) Holder (d) Ink © Nib
13. A newspaper always has
(a) Advertisement (b) News (c) Editor (d) paper © Date
14. Cricket always has
(a) Stumps (b) Pitch (c) Glove (d) Pads © Bat
15. A man always has.
(a) Teeth (b) Feet (c) Eyes (d) Hands © Heart
16. A mountain always has
(a) Ranger (b) Peak (c) Snow (d) Valley
17. A child must have had
(a) Toys (b) Friends (c) Parents (d) Education
18. A lotus flower always has
(a) petals (b) Mud (c) Roots (d) Water
19) Atmosphere always has
a) oxygen b) Air c) Germs d) Moisture e) Dust
20) A train always has
a) Engine b) Rails c) Driver d) Guard e) Passengers
21) Which of the following a 'Drama' must have?
a) Actors b) Story c) Sets d) Director e) Spectators
22) A fan always has
a) Switch b) Blades c) Current d) Wire e) Regulator
23) A shoe always has
a) Laces b) Leather c) Design d) Sole
Answer Sheet
1. 2 3 4.A 5.C 6.E 7.E 8.D 9.A 10.D
11.D 12.E 13. B 14. D 15.E 16.B 11.D 17.C 18.A 19.B
21.B 22. E 23.D
m) Situation Judgement/Reaction Test
This test is mainly to judge a candidate ability to use his presence of mind to tackle a given
situation he may come across any time in life. The candidate is thus expected to choose the best
response which shall present him/her as a good person or a sincere professional.
Exercise 1
Select the most appropriate alternative as the answer.
1. If in an examination hall, you find that the question paper is too tough to be answer
satisfactorily by you, the best thing to do for you is to.
a) Tell the examiner that the questions are out of course.
b) Provoke the candidates to walk out of the examination hall.
c) Try to know something from your neighbor.
d) Try to solve the questions as much as you know with a cool heard.
2. Your friends like smoking and influence you to do the same. You will
a) Smoke only because your friends are smoking
b) Refuse to smoke
c) Smoke but only in their presence
d) Refuse and lie to them you have asthma
3. If on a tough day you are only person available to handle the customers, you should.
a) Ask the additional help from the boss,
b) Take leave and go back home
c) Just do your part of work
d) Try and work to the maximum of your ability to satisfy customers
4. When you get angry, you usually,
a) Throw things
b) Withdraw yourself and start crying.
c) Leave the situation and engage yourself in a different activity.
d) None of these
5. You are alone in your office and your receptionist suddenly experiencing heart pains you.
a) Would definitely get upset and do not know what is the right step
b) Go out of the office to call your family doctor
c) Walk her to the nearest hospital
d) Call an ambulance for emergency
6. You want to get married to a person of your choice but your family members give their own
reasons why you should not marry that person, which you do not find very convincing. What
would you do?
a) Try to convince your family about your choice
b) Go by what your family says
c) Become thoroughly confused and still remain undecided
d) Marry the person of your choice
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
7. When you see a blind man trying to cross the road, you..
a) Ask someone to help him
b) Go and help him
c) Wait till he crossed the road
d) Ignore and moves on
8. “No risk no gain”. You..
a) Feel that risk means no gain
b) Believe that this slogan is correct
c) Feel that risk may be taken only after judging the situation thoroughly
d) Feel it is foolish to accept unnecessary risk
9. While travelling in your car, certain person stop you on the way asking you to take an insured
child to the hospital, you would.
a) Ask them to leave your way and then drive away
b) Ask them to first call the police
c) Immediately take the child to the hospital
d) Get out of the car and ask some other person to help them
10. You are walking down the street and suddenly yu see a golden ring on the pavement. What
action will you take?
a) Pocket it yourself
b) Leave it where it is
c) Give the ring to a beggar
d) Deposit it I n the nearest police station.
11. While sitting in a park, you observe that a smart young man comes to the place on a scooter,
leaves it there and goes away with someone else on a motorbike. You would.
a) Chase the person
b) Inform the police nearby booth
c) Cal back the person
d) Remain engaged in your employment
12. While you board a bus at the station, you find a suitcase beneath your seat. you would.
a) Report the matter to the police
b) Open up the suitcase to look through its contents
c) Try to find out the address of the owner from the paper, etc. in the suitcase
d) Finding no one to claim it, take it into the own possession.
13. While firing crackers, a child gets severs burrs on the hand. What would you do?
a) Dip the child’s hands in cold water till there is no ore burning sensation
b) Wash the hands with Dettol
c) Send someone to call the doctor
d) Apply some ointment on the affected area
ANSWER SHEET (SRT)
1.D 2.D 3.D 4.C 5.C 6.A 7.B 8.C 9.C 10.D 11.B 12.A 13.A
n) Jumble Spelling Test
Exercise –1
1. If you rearrange the letters of "CIFAIPC" you would have the name of ……………………
(a) River (b) Country (c) Player (d) Ocean
2. If you replace a letter in 'COAT' you would have the name of an animal which is that letter?
(a) K (b) S (c) G (d) None of these
3. If you rearrange the letters in 'NEHAXOG', you would have the name of shape which is that?
(a) None of these (b) Rectangular (c) Circle (d) hexagon
4. If you rearrange the letters in 'AFYKISTAHWN', you would have the name of hard and soft
drinks.
(a) Fanta and Rum (b) Coke and Fanta(c) Fanta and whisky (d) No idea
5. Rearrange the letter in 'JI BEGN' to form the name of a capital city of an Asian Country.
(a) Kathmandu (b) Delhi (c) Beijing (d) Dhaka
6. Rearrange the letter in 'RTARRSIUAHIL', you would have the name of a lake and river of
Nepal.
(a) Fewa and Narayani (b) Rara and Gandaki
(c) Trisuli and Rara (d) None of these
7. If you rearrange the letter in "HRAAOPK' you would have the name of city of Nepal.
(a) Delhi (b) Pokhara (c) Kolkota (d) New York
Answer Sheet
1. d 2. c 3. d 4. c 5. c 6. c 7. b
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
A eGg] lrq To;df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ s'gfdf afl9Psf] 5 ToxL cfwf/df ca lrq D klg lrq 3 sf] ljleGg
s'gfsf cfwf/df af9Lg' k5{ < pQ/ -4_
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Fig (A) is divided into as many parts as the number of sides in the figure, to get fig. (B) similarly,
fig (4) will be obtained when fig. (C) is divided into as many parts as the number of sides in fig.
(C). Hence, fig (4) is the answer.
EXERCISE -1
1.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
2.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
3.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
4.
5.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
6.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
7.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
8.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
9.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
10.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
11.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
12.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
13.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
14.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
15.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
16.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
17.
+
+
?
-
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
18.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
19.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
20.
21.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
22.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
23.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
24.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
25.
26.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
27.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
28.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
29.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
30.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
31.
32.
?
A B C D (a) (b) (c) (d)
lbPsf] pQ/ x]/L vfnL 7fpFdf ;lx pQ/ /fVg'xf];\ .
33.
?
I II III
?
IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV
A B C D E
34.
?
I II III
?
IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV
A B C D E
35.
36.
?
I II III
?
IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV
A B C D E
37.
?
I II III
?
IV I IV I IV I IV I IV I IV
A B C D E
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
9. 5 klxnf] lrqsf] aflx/L efu 180° n] 3'd]sf] 5 / dflysf] efu ;dfg /x]sf] 5 .
10. 1 klxnf] lrqnfO{ ljleGg /]vfn] sfl6Psf] 5 .
11. b klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] leqL efu aflx/ cfpF5 .
12. b klxnf] lrqdf Pp6f circle 5 bf];|f]df Pp6f lqe'h To;}u/L 2 j6f lqe'h 2 j6f Ciicle
13. d klxnf] lrqsf] aflx/L efu hf]8\bf bf];|f] aG5 .
14. b klxnf] lrqnfO{ 90°cw 3'dfP/ ljraf6 sf6]n tn / dfly kmsf{P/ /flvPsf] 5 .
15. d klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] aflx/ lrq bf];|f]df leq uP/ aflx/ gofF lrq cfPsf] 5 .
16. a klxnf] lrqdf leq ePsf] lqe'h bf];|f] lrqdf b'O{j6f eP/ aflx/ kms]{sf] 5 .
17. a klxnf] lrq leq ePsf km/s km/s lrqx? clGtdsf] cufl8 uP/ a;]sf] 5 .
18. a klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] cfs[lt bfofF / afofF kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .
19. d klxnf] lrqdf b'O{ efu hf]l8P/ bf];|f] lrq ag]sf] 5 .
20. d klxnf] lrq 90°CW n] 3'd]sf] 5 / To;sf] dfly /x]sf] lrq tn kms]{/ b'O{j6f ag]sf] 5 eg]
tnsf] lrq dfly uP/ ;'N6f] ePsf] 5 .
21. c klxnf] lrq s'g} 7fpFdf ePsf] lrq kl/jt{g ePsf] 5}g ToxL 7fpF x]g]{ .
22. d klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] aflx/sf] lrq leq uPsf] 5 / leqsf] lrq aflx/ cfPsf] 5 .
23. b klxnf] lrqsf] tnsf] Ps nfOg sf6]/ hf]8]sf] 5 / leqL efu ljkl/t uPsf] 5 .
24. a klxnf] lrqsf b'O{ leGg efu hf]l8P/ k'/f ul/Psf] 5 .
25. c klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] ;fgf] aS; cfs[lt (CW) lt/ b'O{ step move ePsf] 5 .
26. a klxnf] lrqsf] ljkl/t lrq bf];|f] ag]sf] 5 .
27. a klxnf] lrqsf] leqL efu x6fP/ bf];|f] lrq ag]sf] 5 .
28. a klxnf] lrqnfO{ b'O{ a/fa/ efudf sf6]/ cufl8sf] efu k'/} sfnf] ul/Psf] 5 / lardf tn
lbOPsf] ;fgf] lrqnfO{ /flvPsf] 5 .
29. c klxnf] lrqdf ePsf] cfs[ltnfO{ b'O{ agfP/ Pp6f ;fgf] Pp6f 7"nf] agfP/ hf]8]/ /flvPsf] 5 .
30. c klxnf] lrq 90° (ACW) n] 3'd]sf] 5 .
31. b lbOPsf] lrq o;/L kl/jt{g ul/Psf] 5 .
Similarly
32. d klxnf] lrqsf] e'hf Ps a9]/ bf];|f] lrq ag]sf] 5 / p:t} lrqx? vlK6P/ a;]sf 5g\ .
33. a o:tf] lrqdf (III) sf] lbzfnfO{ x]/]/ (I) agfpg'k5{ / (II) sf] lbzfnfO{ x]/]/ (IV) agfpg'k5{ .
34. a (III) sf] lrq tn kms]{sf]n] klxnf] lrq tn kmsfpg' k5{ / (II) sf] lrq dfly kms]{sf]n] (IV)
dfly kmsf{pg' k5{ .
35. (III) sf] lrq x]/]/ klxnf] lrq Pp6f dfly Pp6f leqL tn kmsf{pg' k5{ / (II) sf] lrq x]/]/
(IV) nfO{ b'O{j6} lrq dfly kmsf{pg' k5{ .
b) Analytical Reasoning Test
1. -Hofldlto lrqx¿ ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg_
tn lbPsf] lrqsf] ;/n /]vf kQf nufpg'xf];\ . Find the number of straight line in the following figure
A B C
J
H D
I
G f e
Type 2.
Type 5
o:tf] lrqaf6 lqe'h kQf nufpgsf] nflu 4n formula nufpg] h;df
n = leqL efudf ePsf l;wf /]vfx¿ x'g\ .
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Type 6
Type 8
tn lbOPsf lrqdf lqe'hsf] ;ª\Vof slt x"G5 <
o:tf] lrqdf lqe'h kQf nufpgsf] nflu n n 1 3 formula k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
2
Type 9
tn lbOPsf lrqdf lqe'hsf] ;ª\Vof slt x'G5 <
n=4
Pp6f :ffO8df ePsf Point x¿
olb n hf]/ 5 eg] o:tf] lrqdf lqe'hsf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpgsf] nflu of] Formula k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
n 2n 2 n 2 42 4 2 4 2 432 6 4 26
13
8 8 8 8
Type 10
tn lbOPsf] lrqdf lqe'hsf] ;ª\Vof slt x'G5 <
olb n lahf]/ 5 eg] o:tf] lrqdf lqe'h sf] ;ª\Vof kQf nufpgsf] nflu of] Formula k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 .
(n2 – 1) (2n – 1)
8
(52 – 1) (2 × 5 – 1) (25 – 1) (10 – 1)
= =
8 8
24 × 9
= = 27
8
Formula nufpg gldNg] t/ lqe'h kQf nufpg' kg]{ lrqdf lqe'h kQf nufpg] tl/sf
B
;'?df singl Traingle uGg] = ABE, BEF, EFC, CDE & AED = 5
F ca b'O{ j6f Traingle hf]8\g] lrq uGg] = ABF + BCE + ACe & ABD = 4
E
ca tLg j6f Traingle hf]8\g] lrq uGg] = AFC + BCD = 2
A C
D ;a} hf]8\bf 5 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 12
pQm lrqdf 12 j6f 5g\
@= ju{sf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg] (Square)
lrqx¿ b'O{ lsl;dsf x'G5g\ . Regular / Non- regular
Square lrqsf] nflu
olb Row / Column a/fa/ ePsf] lrq Regular x'G5 o:tf] cj:yfdf
o:t} u/L
o:tf] lrqdf Row eGbf Column a9L x'Fbf
klxnf 3 × 3 sf] ?knfO{ k"/f ug]{
3×4 32 + 22 + 12 +( 3 + 2 + 1)×1
= 14 + 6 = 20
Non - Regular Figure df
1 1 klxnf] aflx/ lg:s]sf] lrqdf 1 + 2 hf]8\g] = 3 + 1 x'G5
2 2
bf]>f] aflx/ lg:s]sf] lrqdf 1 + 2 hf]8\g] = 3 + 1 ug]{ .
3
ca k'0f{ lrq x]g]{ h;df lrqdf 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 hf]8\g] = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
4 1
2 ca k'/} hf]8\g] 10 + 4 + 4= 18
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
Example 1: What is the number of straight lines in the following figure?
a. 10 b. 12 c. 13 d. 17
Solution: We shall label the figure as shown below:
A B C
H D
I J
O F E
a. 10 b. 11 a. 15 b. 17 a. 15 b. 18
c. 12 d. 14 c. 10 d. 12 c. 20 d. 21
4. 5. 6.
a. 5 b. 7
a. 12 b. 11
a. 10 b. 11 c. 10 d. 9
c. 10 d. 8
c. 12 d. 15
7. 8. 9.
a. 10 b. 13
a. 8 b. 20 a. 38 b. 32
c. 15 d. 17
c. 24 d. 28 c. 28 d. 44
10. 11. 12.
a. 16 b. 17 a. 7 b. 12 a. 13 b. 16
c. 18 d. 20 c. 13 d. 17 c. 18 d. 21
13. 14. 15.
a. 12 b. 10 a. 14 d. 16 a. 30 b. 40
c. 8 d. 4 c. 45 d. 48
c. 21 d. 27
a. 12 b. 16 a. 16 b. 17
c. 18 d. 20 a. 28 b. 32
c. 21 d. 18
c. 36 d. 38
19. 20.
a. 7 b. 9 a. 7 b. 8
c. 11 d. 5 c. 9 d. 11
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
a. 55 b. 40
c. 50 d. 60
a. 54 b. 50 a. 24 b. 26
c. 55 d. 60 c. 28 d. 30
4. 5. 6.
a. 14 b. 15
a. 40 b. 45 c. 16 d. 18
a. 50 b. 54
c. 44 d. 46 c. 60 d. 48
EXERCISE 1
lbOPsf] lrqdf sltj6f ;/n /]vf xf]nfg\ . Find the minimum number of straight lines.
1. 2.
(a) 16 (b) 17
(c) 18 (d) 19 (a) 11 (b) 14
(c) 16 (d) 17
3. 4.
(a) 9 (b) 11
(c) 15 (d) 16
(a) 13 (b) 15
(c) 17 (d) 19
lbOPsf] lrqdf sltj6f lqe'h xf]nfg\ . Find the number of triangles.
5. 6. 7.
(a) 5 (b) 6
(a) 4 (b) 5 (a) 16 (b) 13
(c) 8 (d) 10
(c) 6 (d) 7 (c) 9 (d) 7
8. 9. 10.
(a) 36 (b) 40
(a) 27 (b) 28 (a) 16 (b) 18
(a) 27
(c) 29 (b)3028
(d) (c) 44 (d) 48
(c) 14 (d) 15
(c) 29 (d) 30
14. 15. 16.
(a) 8 (b) 10
(c) 12 (d) 14
(a) 12 (b) 18
(c) 22 (d) 26
(a) 21 (b) 23
(c) 25 (d) 27
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
17. 18. 19.
(a) 18 (b) 20
(a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 28 (d) 34
(c) 14 (d) 15 (a) 8 (b) 10
(c) 11 (d) 12
23. 24. 25.
(a) 16 (b) 18
(a) 28 (b) 20
(a) 11 (b) 13 (c) 19 (d) 21
(c) 24 (d) 27
(c) 15 (d) 17
26. 27. 28.
(a) 23 (b) 27
(a) 20 (b) 24 (c) 29 (d) 31
(c) 28 (d) 32
(a) 10 (b) 12
(c) 14 (d) 16
29. 31.
(a) 28 (b) 32
(c) 36 (d) 40
(a) 34 (b) 36
(c) 35 (d) 32
(a) 11 (b) 21
(a) 18 (b) 19 (a) 12 (b) 13
(c) 24 (d) 26
(c) 25 (d) 27 (c) 16 (d) 17
38. 39.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
tn lbOPsf] lrqdf rt'e'hsf] ;+Vof kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
40. 41. 42.
(a) 8 (b) 9
(c) 7 (d) 5
(a) 18 (b) 17
(c) 19 (d) 20
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 501
45. In the adjoining figure, If the centre of all the circles are joined by
horizontal and vertical lines, then find the number of squares that
can be formed.
(a) 6 (b) 7
(c) 8 (d) 1
(a)27 (b) 20
(c) 21 (d) 18
(a) 12 (b) 20 (a) 21 (b) 13
(c) 22 (d) 24 (c) 15 (d) 17
In each of the following question count the number of triangles and square in the given
figure.
49. 50.
53. 54.
ANALYTICAL REASONING
EXERCISE -1 ANSWER SHEET
1.B 2.B 3.B 4.A 5.B 6.D 7.A 8.C 9.C 10.C
11. B 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.D 16.D 17.D 18.A 19.C 20.D
21.B 22.C 23.C 24.C 25.D 26.C 27.C 28.C 29.C 30.
31.B 32.C 33.B 34.C 35.D 36.D 37.C 38.B 39.C 40.A
41.B 42.C 43.B 44.A 45.C 46.C 47.A 48.A 49.C 50.A
51.C 52.C 53.C 54.A 55.C 56.D 57.A
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
504 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
4.
A F Z EN
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
5.
8.
12.
D
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
13.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
506 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
19.
1 2 3 4 5
22.
1 2 3 4 5
23.
1 2 3 4 5
24.
1 2 3 4 5
25.
1 2 3 4 5
CLASSIFICATION EXERCISE -1
Answer sheet
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.C 6.D 7.B 8.B 9.C 10.A
11.C 12.D 13.E 14.B 15.A 16.D 17.A 18.C 19.C 20.E
21. 4 22. 2 23. 5 24. 3 25. 2
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 507
d) Series Test
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
508 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
klxnf] k|Zgdf lbOPsf lrqx? qmdsf cfwf/df /flvPsf] x'G5 To;}nfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ lbOPsf ljsNkdWo] Pp6f
;xL ljsNk 5gf]6 ug]{ .
Example 1
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
Solution:
The smaller arrow rotates through 90° ACW and 45° ACW alternately while the larger arrow
rotates through 135° CW in each step. Hence, the answer is fig (4)
Example 2
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
Solution:
In each step, the circle moves to the adjacent corner (of the square boundary) in an ACW direction
while the other element moves to the adjacent corner in a CW direction. Clearly, fig. (4) is the
answer.
Exercise: 1
1.
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
2.
3.
4.
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
5. C x C = C C C C C
x = T # x
C C x C = T = = T = T =
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 509
6.
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
7. + ++ + ++ + +++
+ ++ ? ?
+ ++ ? + ++ + + ++ ? + +++
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
8.
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
9.
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
10.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
11.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
12.
13.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
14.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
510 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
15.
1 2 3 4 5
16.
1 2 3 4 5
17.
1 2 3 4 5
18.
1 2 3 4 5
19.
?
Z
A B C D 1 2 3 4
20
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
21.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
22.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
23.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 511
24.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
25. - + - + -
+ ? +
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
26.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
27.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
28. S C
?
C S C
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
29.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
30.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
31.
32.
?
A B C D 1 2 3 4 5
33.
?
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
512 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
34.
35.
?
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
36.
?
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
37.
38.
?
A B C D E 1 2 3 4 5
/
k|To]s k6s km/s tl/sfn] kl/jt{g x'Fb} ljrdf gofF lrq ylkFb} cfPsf] 5 .
6. 4 k|To]s k6s ePsf] lrq 7'nf] x'G5 / leq gofF lrq cfpF5 km]/L leqsf] lrq aflx/ cfpF5
To;kl5 Tof] lrq 7'nf] x'G5 / leq gofF lrq cfpF5 .
7. 2 k|To]s k6s ;'?sf] lrq pN6f] x'Fb} cufl8 a9]sf] 5 / '+' sf] ;+Vof a9\b} upsf] 5 eg] leqL
lrq km/s x'Fb} cfPsf] 5 .
8. 5 k|To]s k6s lbOPsf] cube sf] ;+Vof ylkFb} uPsf] 5 .
9. 4 k|To]s k6s >]0fLdf lbOPsf] Arrow ljkl/t lbzftkm{ 3'd]sf] 5 .
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 513
22. 4 lbOPsf] lrqdf ;s{n ljkl/t s'gfdf uPsf] 5 . Arrow 90° (cw) / 90° (Acw) k|To]s
k6s ju{sf] ljrsf] 58\s] /]vfdf tnb]lv dflylt/ a9\5 .
23. 5 In each step each one of the existing half pins gets rotated through 180° and one of
the existing line segments get converted to a half pin. The formation of half pins
occurs in a (cw) direction sequentially.
24. 2 lrqdf lbOPsf] rGb|df 90°(Acw) sf b/n] a9]sf] 5 / leqL lrq aflx/ cfpF5 / leq gofF
lrq cfpF5 .
25. 2 lbOPsf] lrqdf 'x' 90° (cw) n] cufl8 a9]sf] 5 / leq ePsf lrqx? k|To]s k6s z'?sf]
lrq clGtddf cfPsf] 5 .
26. 4 lbOPsf] lrqdf ePsf] lqe'h Ps Ps step n] move ePsf] 5 / k|To]s lrqdf pN6f] ePsf]
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
514 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
5 To;/L ;s{n Ps Ps step move ePsf] 5 / km/s lrqdf sfnf] / vfnL x'Fb} cufl8
a9]sf] 5 eg] ju{ Ps Ps step move ePsf] 5 .
27. 5
lbOPsf] lrqdf ePsf lrqx?n] o;/L :yfg kl/jt{g u/]sf 5g\ / afofF side sf]
dfly gofF lrq cfpF5 .
To;} u/L km]/L bf];|f] lrq o;/L kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / h;sf] dflysf] afofF side df
gofFlrq cfpF5 .
28. 4 lbOPsf] >]0fLdf klxnf] k6s lrq 45° (Acw) 3'D5 / sfnf] efu ePsf] lrq ylkG5 To;kl5
k'g lrq 45° (Acw) 3'D5 / ;]tf] efu epsf] lrq ylkG5 .
29. 4 lbOPsf] lrqsf] klxnf] k6s dflyNnf] efudf ePsf / tNnf] efudf ePsf lrqx? tn dfly
x'G5g\ / To;kl5 dflyNnf] efudf / tNnf] efudf gofF lrq ylkg cfpF5 .
30. 1 lbOPsf] >]0fLdf ePsf] klxnf] lrqdf ePsf cfs[ltx? bf];|f]df hfFbf klxnf] / bf];|f] cfs[lt
pN6f] eP/ kl/jt{g ePsf 5g\ To;/L csf]{ lrqdf hfFbf bf];|f] / t];|f] lrqdf ePsf cfs[lt
pN6f] eP/ kl/jt{g x'G5g\ .
31. 4 lrqdf (Arc.) k|To]s k6s (Acw) sf b/n] gofF ylkG5 / ePsf] (Arc) (cw) n] cufl8
a9\5 .
32. 1 lrqdf leq k6L lbOPsf ;Dk"0f{ ;fgf lrqx? 90° (cw) n] cufl8 a9]sf 5g\ .
33. 2 ylkg] 'L' cfs[ltsf] lrq 90° (Acw) sf b/n] cfpF5 / lrqdf ePsf 'L' cfs[ltx? o;/L
kl/jt{g x'G5g\ .
1 4 6
2 5 8
3 6 9
34. 4 k|To]s k6s bfofF side df ePsf] Pp6f nfOg x/fpF5 / afofF side df uP/ ylkG5 . afofF
side df kfn}kfnf] bfofF / afofFdf ylkFb} a9\5 .
35. 5 lbOPsf] lrq 90° (cw), 135° (Acw), 180° (cw), 225°Acw …. n] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .
Arrow df ePsf nfOgx? –1, +2, –3, +4 n] a9]sf 5g\ .
36. 1 hexagon df ePsf nfOgx? (cw) n] a9]sf 5g\ / aflx/ corner df ePsf] nfO{g (cw) n]
a9]sf] 5 / klxnf], t];|f] / kfFrf}df Ps Psn] a9]sf] 5 .
37. 3 lbOPsf] lrqdf leqsf] lrq aflx/ cfpF5 / 7'nf] x'G5 eg] leq gofF lrq cfpF5 olx qmdn]
cufl8 a9]sf] 5 .
e) Venn Diagrams
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 515
lbO{Psf item x? nfO{ ;d'xdf /fVg], 5'6\ofpg] ,pk;d'xx?df laefhg ug]{ ,l;knfO{ lrqsf] dfWod af6
b]vfO{G5 .
1. olb klxnf] bf];|f]sf] ;b:o xf] t/ t];|f] 5'§} 2. -olb klxnf] bf];|f]sf] ;b:o xf] t/ t];|f] b'j};Fu
ePdf o;/L b]vfOG5 _ If one item belongs s]xL cy{df ;DalGwt ePdf o;/L b]vfOG5_
to the class of second but third item is If one item belong to the class of second
entirely different from two the venn and the third item is partly related to
diagram is shown as below these two the diagram is shown as below.
B C B
A
A C
C
C
A B
Eg: Boys, Chess player, Student
A B C
A B
A B C
Eg: (a) Man (b) Cat (c) Fish
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
516 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
C
B
A
Exercise -1
b]xfosf] s'g e]glrqn] tn lbPsf] ljsNkx?nfO{ ;xL tl/sfn] a'emfpF5 M
1. Family, wife, husband
A B C D
2. Asia, Nepal, Janakpur
A B C D
3. Human, Animal, Tree
A B C D
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 517
A B C D
5. Family, Mother, Daughter
A B C D
A B C D
7. Jeep, Truck, Vehicle
A B C D
8. Men, Uncles, Father
A B C D
9. House, Bedroom, Bathroom
A B C D
10. Hospital, Nurse, Patient
A B C D
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
518 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
A B C D
12. Authors, Teachers, men
A B C D
13. Automobiles, Cars, Motorcycle
A B C D
A B C D
15. Perennial sources of water , River , Canal
A B C D
16. Girl, Student, Athletes
A B C D
A B C D
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 519
A B C D
19. Smokes, Lowers, Non smokers
A B C D
20. Human beings, Teachers, Graduate
A B C D
21. Males, Father, Lawers
A B C D
22. Nepies , Chinese , American
A B C D
23. Musicians, Men, Women
A B C D
24. Atmosphere, Nitrogen, Oxygen
A B C D
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
520 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
A B C D
26. Truck, Goods, Ship
A B C D
27. Oxygen, Air, Water
A B C D
28. Mineral, iron, Copper
A B C D
A B C D
A B C D
3. B
Human Tree 4. A
Bed Chair
Animal Furniture
5. C
Family 6. D
ck/fwL
Mother Daughter rf]/
Gofolwz
7. A
8. C Men
Vehicle Uncles
Jeep Father
Truck
9. A
10. A
House Hospital
Bedroom Nurse Patient
Bathroom
11. D
Mother 12. C Authors Teachers
Women
Child Men
13. A
Automobile
14. B Smokers Non smokers
Cars
Motorcycle
Lawers
15. D
river
16. C Girl Student
Perennial
sources of water
Athetes
canal
17. C
Table tennis fan Cricket players 18. B Flowers Cloths
Students
White
Lowers
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
522 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
21. D
Male 22. B Neplies Chinese
Father
American
Lawers
23. A
Men Women 24. A
Nitrogen Oxygen
Atmosphere
Musician
25. B
Food 26. A Truck Ship
Carrot Vegetable
Goods
27. C
Oxygen Air 28. A
Iron Copper
Water Mineral
29. D
30. B Hen Dog
Peer
Fruit
Grass Cat
f) Matrices
Find the missing figures;
1 1 1
2 2 2
2 2 2
1
2
1
2 ? ?
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
? ?
? ?
(a) (b)
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
524 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
Answer Sheet:
1. (a) 2 (a) 3 (a) 4 (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10.(d)
2.
(X)
3.
4.
5.
6.
(X)
7.
(X)
9.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
526 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
12.
6.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
528 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
14.
ANSWER SHEET -1
1.B 2.D 3.D 4.D 5.A 6.D 7.D 8.A 9.C
10.D 11.C 12.C 13.B 14.B 15.C
Type 2
EXERCISE -2
Tfn lbO{Psf A,B,C,D,E dWo s'g s'g lasNk ldndpbf lqe'h aG5 5gf]6 ug'{xf]; .
1.
3.
4.
5.
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
530 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
Exercise 2
Choose the similar alternative
1. Give Set : (9, 15, 21)
a. (10, 14, 16) b. (7, 21, 28) c. (5, 10, 25) d. (4, 8, 12)
2. Given set : (1, 8, 27)
a. (5,12, 32) b. (32, 39, 59) c. (60, 79, 86) d. (64, 125, 216)
3. Given set : (2, 14, 16)
a. (2, 7, 8) b. (2, 9, 16) c. (3, 21, 24) d. (4, 16, 18)
4. Given set (63, 49, 35)
a. (72, 40, 24) b. (72, 48, 24) c. (64, 40, 28) d. (81, 63, 45)
5. Given set (8, 3, 2)
a. (10, 6, 5) b. (63, 8, 3) c. (95, 24, 5) d. (168, 15, 4)
6. Given set: (81, 77, 69)
a. (56, 52, 44) b. (64, 61, 53) c, (75, 71, 60) d. (92, 88,79)
Answer Sheet
1( d) 2( d) 3( d) 4( d) 5(b ) 6(a)
jf}l4s k/LIff -cfO{=So"_ . . . . . 531
Type 2 Choose the number pair group which is different from other
Example 1
a. 50 - 66 b. 32 - 38 c. 64 - 80 d. 63 - 77
Clearly in each of the pair except (d), the each number is 16 move then the first.
Hence, ans (d).
Exercise 3
1. a) 21 : 24 b) 28: 32 c) 54: 62 d) 70 : 80
2. a) 4 : 16 b) 6 :42 c) 8:24 d) 17:54
3. a) 16 :64 b) 9 : 36 c) 36 : 216 d) 49 : 343
4. a) 7:26 b) 8:30 c) 10: 35 d) 13: 44
5. a) 15:63 b) 22: 91 c) 23 : 95 d) 31 : 97
6. a) 3 : 5 b) 6 : 2 c) 1 : 7 d) 7 : 3
7. a) (2, 3, 6) b) (6, 1, 6) c) (3, 3, 9) d) (6, 2, 5)
8. a) 7 - 84 b) 6 – 108 c) 5 - 75 d) 3 - 99
9. a) 21 - 49 b) 24 - 64 c). 25 - 54 d) 81 - 36
10. a) 1(9) 2 b) 3(243) 6 c). 5(854) 9 d) 4 (441) 7
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb|, gofF afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&))&, (*%!!&@!($
532 . . . . . c;O{ k/LIff bk{0f
127 31 7 9 ? 66
63
a) 2 b) 3
a) 190 b) 221 a) 11 b) 12
c) 6 d) 18
c) 22 d) 33
c) 236 d) 255
1 5. ? 8 2
4. ? 6. ?
216 27 9 3
8 2
125 64 7 4
5 3 5 5
a) 4 b) 305
a) 10 b) 12 c) 343 d) 729 a) 10 b) 11
c) 13 d) 15 c) 12 d) 13
5 8. ?
1 235 4 9.
7. 4 149 175
64 8
117 7 ? 203
2
?
15
25 59 a) 148 b) 208
29
a) 1 b) 2 c) 213 d) 233
a) 327 b) 386
c) 3 d) 4
c) 438 d) 469
22 13 ? 6561 81
26
a) 38 b) 39 a) 9 b) 18
a) 45 b) 50
c) 40 d) 44 c) 24 d) 27
c) 60 d) 63
4 9 9 16 16 ?
13.
6 12 20
a) 21 b) 25 c) 35 d) 45
14. 18 19 22 24 26 27
35 43 ?
a) 48 b) 76 c) 89 d) 49
27 54 42 84 ? 42
15.
9 14 7
a) 12 b) 21 c) 24 d) 35
2 4 3 9 1 7
16.
20 90 ?
a) 20 b) 25 c) 50 d) 75
4 3 11 9 15 6
17.
144 9801 ?
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
a) 1216 b) 2250 c) 8100 d) 11036
12 8 16 7 25 21
18.
80 207 ?
a) 184 b) 210 c) 241 d) 1425
19. 18 30 24 40 18 27
12 16 45
6 8 ?
a) 6 b) 9 c) 12 d) 18
21. 3 15
3 2 22. 36 25
20. ? 11
? 27
5 ?
22 5 7 7 33 23
21 30
13 8 a) 5 b) 12
c) 13 d) 26 a) 19 b) 22
a) 1 b) 26
c) 32 d) 35
c) 45 d) 39
? 4 7
3 24. 3 15 25.
23. 5
2 6 1 64 3
25 441
406 5
289 ? 11 27 ? 8
10 13
8 2
16
81 7 12
a) 0 b) 8
a) 1 b) a) 25 b) 125 c) 125 d) 216
731
c) 156 d) 625
c) 1625 d) 2031
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
7
26. 13 28. 1
63 27.
2 14 15 2 17
? 9 1 ? 16
30 ? 4 2 5
3 4 6
15 3 18 5
19
a) 18 b) 33 8
c) 135 d) 145 a) 13 b) 14
a) 10 b) 11
c) 20 d) 21
c) 12 d) 13
29. T S
W D
3 15
10 ?
J P
T G
a) 5 b) 9
c) 11 d) 13
1 1 1
30.
7 169 2 5 121 2 6 ? 4
3 3 5
a) 196 b) 246 c) 250 d) 256
2 2 2
31.
2 3 4 384 6 3 ? 4
48
4 8 2
a) 42 b) 44 c) 46 d) 48
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
36 9 25
32.
49 26 64 81 21 25 64 ? 144
25 16 36
a) 19 b) 23 c) 25 d) 31
25 25 25 49
33.
100 6 100 25 5 81 25 4 25 36 ? 9
25 36 25 16
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
25 4 9
34.
16 361 1 64 289 16 1 ? 81
81 9 25
a) 260 b) 269 c) 324 d) 429
2 6 4
35.
5 9 12 10 8 8 3 ? 7
6 4 1
a) 5 b) 9 c) 17 d) 18
1 3 1
36.
3 510
10 5 2 650 4 0 ? 2
4 6 8
a) 610 b) 660 c) 670 d) 690
3 6 2
37. 5 12 4 5 18 2 5 ? 2
2 3 9
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
a) 15 b) 16 c) 17 d) 18
93 27 79 38 67 16
38.
63 37 42
3 4 ?
a) 5 b) 6 c) 8 d) 9
39. 5 3 7 5 6 4
19 ? 29
4 6 5
a) 25 b) 37 c) 41 d) 47
40. 5 13 17
3 5 ?
4 12 15
a) 2 b) 6 c) 8 d) 64
41.
3 8 5 7
48 ?
4 2
a) 27 b) 35 c) 54 d) 64
42. 916 49 ?
3 4 2 3 1 5
43. 25 17 38 18 89 16
6 8 ?
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
a) 13 b) 15 c) 17 d) 19
44. 5 4 3 8 9 4
20 9 24 11 ? 13
a) 26 b) 32 c) 36 d) 117
45. 7 2 9 1 5 –2
42 3 18 2 ? –3
a) –30 b) 13 c) 18 d) 30
46.
84 81 ?
14 12 18 9 16 11
a) 16 b) 21 c) 68 d) 88
1 4 6
47. 9 5 5 3 8 3
551 246 ?
3 4 9 1
7 2
6 8 4
1 5 2 0 5 3
131 248 ?
4 8 1
2 4 7
3 6 9
a) 132 b) 262 c) 274 d) 320
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
5 3 6
49.
2 4 2 3 4 7
584 694 ?
2 2 2
2 3 1
1 2 1
a) 678 b) 769 c) 824 d) 937
15 2 9 7 13 16
50.
80 65 ?
5 6 4 6 11 8
a) 35 b) 48 c) 72 d) 120
51. 5 7 18
6 93 15 9 ? 5 4 50 1
3 6 8
a) 5 b) 19 c) 27 d) 89
52. 101 43 48 34
38 ?
35 15 56 184
5 4 6
a) 2 b) 3 c) 4 d) 5
54. 3 7 1
6 25 2 11 70 8 4 –12 5
4 6 ?
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
a) 1 b) 2 c) 6 d) 10
2 4 3
55.
1 13 3 1 ? 5 1 17 5
5 6 4
a) 21 b) 25 c) 27 d) 29
10 8 6
56.
15 14 8 9 8 5 11 ? 8
8 6 4
a) 6 b) 8 c) 9 d) 12
5 9 8
57.
7 13 4 8 5 4 9 ? 4
3 3 3
a) 12 b) 18 c) 15 d) 18
27 42 27
58.
4 13 16 13 11 65 8 ? 72
3 7 9
a) 6 b) 9 c) 12 d) 18
59. 11 44 16 40 ? 12
22 33 24 32 23 34
a) 35 b) 37 c) 45 d) 46
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
60. 3 5 4 7 3 5
39 51 ?
6 3 5 4 5 5
a) 35 b) 37 c) 45 d) 47
61. 5 3 2 7 6 7
63 41 ?
6 8 3 9 8 5
a) 26 b) 82 c) 83 d) 86
62. 2 6 3 5 2 3
168 120 ?
3 2 2 1 4 5
250 ?
8. d. We have,
4×2–1=7
7 × 2 + 1 = 15
15 × 2 – 1 = 29
29 × 2 + 1 = 59, 59 × 2 – 1 = 117, 117 × 2 + 1 = 235,
So the missing number = 235 × 2 – 1 = 469
9. d. We have,
149 + 26 = 175
175 + 28 = 203
So, the missing number = 203 + 30 = 233
10. a. We have,
9 + 22 = 13
13 + 32 = 22
So, the missing number = 22 + 42 = 38.
11. d. We have,
Moving clockwise, 13 – 1, 23 – 1, 33 – 1
So, the missing number = 43 – 1 = 63
12. a. We have,
Moving clockwise, 3, 32 = 9, 92 = 81, 812 = 6561
So, the missing number = 32 = 9
13. b. We have,
4× 9=6
9 × 16 = 12
So, the missing number 16 × x = 20, x = 5 , x = 25
14. d. We have,
(18 + 19) – 2 = 35
(22 + 24) – 3 = 43
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
So, the missing number (26 + 27) – 4 = 49
15. b. We have,
(9 × 3 = 27) (9 × 6 = 54)
(14 × 3 = 42) (14 × 6 = 84)
So, the missing number is 7 × 3 = 21
16. c. We have
22 + 42 = 20
33 + 92 = 90
So, the missing number is 12 + 72 = 50
17. c. We have,
4 × 3 = (12)2 = 144
11 × 9 = (99)2 = 9801
So, the missing number is 15 × 6 = (90)2 = 8100
18. a. We have,
(12)2 – (8)2 = 80
(16)2 – (7)2 = 207
So, the missing number is (25)2 – (21)2 = 184
19. b. We have,
12, 18, 30 ;a} tnsf] ;+Vof 6 sf u'0fg ;+Vof x'g\ .
16, 32, 40 ;a} tnsf] ;+Vof 8 sf u'0fg ;+Vof x'g\ .
So, the missing number is 36, 18, 27 ;a} 9 sf u'0fg ;+Vof x'g\ .
20. c. We have,
3×2=6–1=5
5 × 2 = 10 – 2 = 8
8 × 2 = 16 – 3 = 13
13 × 2 = 26 – 4 = 22
So, the missing number is 22 × 2 = 44 – 5 = 39
21. a. We have,
3×2+1=7
5 × 2 + 1 = 11
7 × 2 + 1 = 15
So, the missing number is 2 × 2 + 1 = 5
22. a. We have,
27 b]vL ;'? u/]/ Ps Ps :6]k 5f]8]/ Pp6f Series a9]sf] 5, 27, 30, 33, 36
To;} u/L csf{] Series ? , 21, 23, 25 n] a9]sf] 5 .
So, the missing number is 19
23. d. We have,
3 × 5 + 1 = 16
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
16 × 5 + 1 = 81
81 × 5 + 1 = 406
So, the missing number is 406 × 5 + 1 = 2031
24. d. We have,
(2 + 3)2 = 25
(15 + 6)2 = 441
(10 + 7)2 = 289
So the missing number is (12 + 13)2 = 625
25. d. We have,
(5 – 4)3 = 1
(7 – 3)3 = 64
(11 – 8)3 = 27
So, the missing number (8 – 2)3 = 216
26. c. We have
7 × 2 = 14
2 × 15 = 30
9 × 7 = 63
So, the missing number (15 × 9) = 135
27. c. We have,
5+3=8
8 + 4 = 12
12 + 1 = 13
So, the missing number is 12
28. b. We have,
;Fu}sf] ;fgf] / glhssf] 7"nf] ;+Vof afxL/ leq u/]/ /flvPsf] 5 x/]s k6s Ps rf]6L ;fgf] afxL/ csf{] rf]6L
7'nf] afxL/ u/]/ .
So, the missing number is 14.
29. b. We have,
W–T=3
S – D = 15
T – J = 10
So, the missing number is P – G = 9
30. d. We have
(1 + 2 + 3 + 7)2 = 169
(1 + 2 + 3 + 5)2 = 121
So, the missing number is (1 + 4 + 5 + 6)2 = 256
31. d. We have
2 × 3 × 4 × 2 = 48
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
8 × 6 × 4 × 2 = 384
So, the missing number is (2 × 2 × 3 × 4) = 48
32. d. We have
49 + 36 + 64 = 26
9 + 25 + 81 + 16 = 21
So, the missing number is 25 + 144 + 64 + 36 = 31
33. c. We have,
100 + 100 + 25 + 25
=6
5
25 + 25 + 36 + 81
=5
5
49 + 9 + 16 + 36
So, the missing number is =4
5
34. c. We have
( 25 + 16 + 1 + 81 )2 = 361
( 64 + 4 + 16 + 9 )2 = 289
So, the missing number is ( 9 + 81 + 25 + 1 )2 = 324
35. a. We have,
(12 + 5) – (6 + 2) = 9
(10 + 8) – (6 + 4) = 8
So, the missing number is (7 + 3) – (4 + 1) = 5
36. d. We have
52 + 32 + 42 + 12 = 51 × 10 = 510
32 + 42 + 62 + 22 = 65 × 10 = 650
So, the missing number is 82 + 22 + 12 + 02 = 69 × 10 = 690
37. d. We have,
5×4 ×3×2
= 12
10
6×5×3×2
= 18
10
9×5×2×2
So, the missing number is = 18
10
38. d. We have,
93 – (27 + 63) = 3
79 – (38 + 37) = 4
So, the missing number is 67 – (16 + 42) = 9
39. c. We have,
(5 × 3) + 4 = 19
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
(6 × 4) + 5 = 29
So, the missing number is (7 × 5) + 6 = 41
40. c. We have,
52 – 42 = 32
132 – 122 = 52
So, the missing number is 172 – 152 = 82
41. b. We have
8×3×4
= 48
2
7 × 5× 2
So, the missing number is = 35
2
42. a. We have,
32 = 9, 42 = 16, = 916
22 = 4, 32 = 9, = 49
So, the missing number is 12 = 1, 52 = 25,= 125
43. b. We have,
25 + 17
= 6,
7
38 + 18
=8
7
89 + 16
So, the missing number is = 15
7
44. c. We have,
5 + 4 = 9, 5 × 4 = 20
3 + 8 = 11, 3 × 8 = 24
So, the missing number is 9 + 4 = 13, 9 × 4 = 36
45. d. We have
7 × 2 × 3 = 42
9 × 1 × 2 = 18
So, the missing number is 5 × (-2) × (-3) = 30
46. d. We have
14 × 12 18 × 9
= 84, = 81
2 2
16 × 11
So, the missing number is = 88
2
47. b. We have,
915 – 364 = 551
789 – 543 = 246
So, the missing number is 863 – 241 = 622
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
48. b. We have,
2 –1 = 1 , 6 – 3 = 3, 5 – 4 = 1 (131)
4 – 2 = 2, 6 – 2 = 4, 8 – 0 = 8 (248)
So, the missing number is (262)
49. a. We have,
5 × 1 = 5, 4 × 2 = 8, 2 × 2 = 4 (584)
3 × 2 = 6, 3 × 3 = 9, 2 × 2 = 4 (694)
So, the missing number is 6 × 1 = 6, 7 × 1 = 7, 4 × 2 = 8 (678)
50. b. We have
(15 – 5) × (6 + 2) = 80
(9 – 4) × (7 + 6) = 65
So, the missing number is (13 – 11) × (16 + 8) = 48
51. d. We have,
(15 × 5) + (6 × 3) = 93
(18 × 1) + (4 × 8) = 50
So, the missing number is (7 × 5) + (9 × 6) = 89
52. b. We have
(101 + 15) – (43 + 35) = 38
So, the missing number is (184 + 48) – (34 + 56) = 142
53. c. We have
(2 + C + 5) × 3 – 4 = 26
(4 + H + 4) ×5 – 10 = 70
So, the missing number is (8 + J + 6) × 4 – 6 = 90
54. b. We have
(32 + 62) – (22 + 42) = 25
(72 + 112) – (62 + 82) = 70
So, the missing number is (42 + 12) – (52 + 22) = –12
55. d. We have,
(5 × 2) + (3 × 1) = 13
(3 × 4) + (5 × 1) = 17
So, the missing number is (6 × 4) + (5 × 1) = 29
56. a. We have,
(10 – 8) × (15 – 8) = 14
(8 – 6) × (9 – 5) = 8
So, the missing number is (6 – 4) × (11 – 8) = 6
57. a. We have,
(7 × 4) – (5 × 3) = 13
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
(8× 4) – (9 × 3) = 13
So, the missing number is (9 × 4) – (8 × 3) = 12
58. a. We have
(27 3) + (16 4) = 13
(42 7) + (65 13) = 11
So, the missing number is (27 9) – (72 8) = 6
59. c. We have
(11 + 44 + 33 + 22) = 110
(16 + 40 + 24 + 12) = 112
So, the missing number is (12 + 34 + 23 + 45) = 114
60. c. We have,
(6 × 5) + (3 × 3) = 39
(7 × 5) + (4 × 4) = 51
So, the missing number is (5 × 5) + (3 × 5) = 40
61. b. We have,
(6 × 8) + (5 × 3) = 63
(9 × 3) + (7 × 2) = 41
So, the missing number is (8 × 5) + (6 × 7) = 82
62. b. We have,
(6 + 2 + 2 + 3)2 – 1 = 168
(5 + 3 + 2 + 1)2 – 1 = 120
So, the missing number (2 + 3 + 4 + 5)2 – 1
63. a. (466 – 341) × 2 = 250,
So, (398 – 282) × 2 = 232
d) Common Property
o; k|sf/sf] k|Zgdf lbOPsf k|Zgsf] k|s[lt x]/L ;f]xL k|s[ltsf] ljsNk dWo] 5gf}6 ug'{k5{ .
Exercise 1
1. (5, 25)
(a) (9, 81) (b) (9, 27) (c) (4, 64) (d) (6, 216)
2. (2, 4, 8)
(a) (3, 9, 36) (b) (4, 8, 64) (c) (3, 9, 27) (d) (4, 16, 48)
3. (49, 25, 19)
(a) (40, 26, 12) (b) (64, 36, 16) (c) (36, 24, 11) (d) (81, 72, 15)
4. (9, 25, 49)
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
(a) (36, 49, 81) (b) (121, 169, 225) (c) (81, 64, 36) (d) (100, 81, 64)
5. (2, 4, 8, 16)
(a) (4, 8, 16, 64) (b) (6, 36, 216, 108) (c) (5, 25, 125, 250) (d) (3, 9, 27, 81)
6. WVU, EDC, LKY h:t} tnsf] s'g ldN5 <
(a) GHF (b) BAZ (c) PON (d) WUT
7. DFH, RTV, JLN, VXZ ;Fu ;dfg lx;fan] tnsf] dWo] s'g lsnKk ldN5 <
(a) ACD (b) NPQ (c) CFI (d) OQS
8. 6f]kL, Åof6 / ku/L h:t} tnsf] s'g ldN5 <
(a) skfn (b) x]Nd]6 (c) ;'/Iff (d) 5ftf
9. 10, 40, 160 ;Fu ldNbf] ljsNk s'g xf] <
(a) (5, 20, 160) (b) (5, 20, 80) (c) (5, 20, 90) (d) (5, 30, 80)
10. (343, 49, 7_ h:t} tnsf] s'g ljsNk ldN5 <
(a) (72, 12, 2) (b) (98, 14, 2) (c) (36, 12, 4) (d) 128, 32, 8
11. (700, 70, 7) ePh:t} tnsf] s'g ljsNk ldN5 <
(a) (500, 50, 10) (b) (600, 60, 6) (c) (1200, 600, 300) (d) (150, 90, 9)
12. ufO{, s's'/ / lj/fnf] h:tf} s'g xf] ?
(which of the following is like cow, dog and cat?)
(a) e}+;L (Buffalo) (b) 3f]8f (Horse) (c) afv|f (Goat) (d) dflysf ;a} (Above all)
Answer Sheet
1. a 2. c 3. b 4. b 5. d 6. c 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. b 11. b 12. d
e) Matrices
2. 1 4 ?
1. 6 6 8 26 18 10 3.
5 7 5 11 9 7 4 2 5
4 3 ? 5 4 1 2 2 3
4. 1 4 9 ? 5. 5 5 2 6. 28 60 48
1 2 3 4 2 4 1 5 6 7
2 4 6 ?
8 3 10 14 39 27
(a) 16, 8 (b) 25, 5 40 30 ? 7 ? 16
(c) 36, 4 (d) 49, 7
(a) 10 (b) 12 (a) 18 (b) 23
(c) 13 (d) 20 (c) 24 (d) 27
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
7. 5 6 7 8. 3 6 8 9. 3 4 5
3 4 5 5 8 4 3 7 12
9 10 11 4 7 ? 3 ? 22
10. 85 20 5 7 9 21 27 12 (47) 21
11. 12.
126 24 6 4 2 36 18 10 (52) 4
175 ? 7
9 4 54 ?
64 (?) 24
(a) 22 (b) 24
(a) 18 (b) 24
(c) 26 (d) 28 (a) 16 (b) 40
(c) 36 (d) 58
(c) 62 (d) 83
B 10 7 F I M D I N
8 C 11 ? N R I P ?
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
22. 2 5 10 23. 16 210 14 24. 23 529 1024
17 ? 87 14 156 12 21 441 144
50 65 82 12 ? 10 19 361 ?
(a) 20 (b) 26 (a) 90 (b) 100 (a) 1441 (b) 3529
(c) 27 (d) 32 (c) 110 (d) 120 (c) 8281 (d) 9861
26.
25. 2 2 256 1 3 7 27. 7 4 5
3 2 ? 5 12 14 8 7 6
4 2 46656 25 ? 28 3 3 ?
(a) 2765 (b) 3125 125 192 56 29 19 31
(c) 8796 (d) 80008
(a) 64 (b) 56 (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 48 (d) 40 (c) 5 (d) 6
29.
28. 24 144 384 11 17 58 87 30. 42 44 38
6 36 ? 88 19 61 56 23 55 28
91 22 70 50
2 12 32 37 ? 39
10 142 11 ?
1 6 16 (a) 22 (b) 33
(a) 3 (b) 6 (c) 66 (d) 77
(a) 80 (b) 85
(c) 7 (d) 9
(c) 91 (d) 96
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
7 × 3 = 21, 9 × 3 = 27
4 × 9 = 36, 2 × 9 = 18
So the missing number is 9 × 6 = 54, 4 × 6 = 24
12. d We have,
12 21
= 4, = 7, = (47),
3 3
10 4
= 5, = 2 = (52)
2 2
64 24
So the missing numbr is = 8, = 3 = (83)
8 8
13. d We have
(9 + 9 + 12) = 30
(13 + 10 + 7) = 30
So the missing number is (8 + 11 + 11) = 30
14. a We have,
D+5=I+5=N
H+5=M+5=R
So the missing Alphabet is A + 5 = F + 5 = K,
15. b We have
A + 3 = D, D + 3 = G
D + 5 = I, I + 5 = N
So the missing Alphabet is I + 7 = P, P + 7 = W
16. c We have
Z – 8 = R, R – 8 = J
G + 8 = 0, 0 + 8 = W
S – 8 = K, K – 8 = C
WKJ
17. c We have,
Putting A = 1, B = 2, C = 3 ……. Z = 26
F–A=6–1=5=E
W – J = 23 – 10 = 13 = M
O – K = 15 – 11 = 4 = D
18. a Putting A = 1, B = 2, C = 3……. Z = 26
We get the given matrix
8 11 17
3 7 15
5 10 ?
Here,
2 × (11 – 8) = (17 – 11)
6=6
So, 2 × (10 – 5) = (x – 10)
10 = 20 – 10 = 10
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
20 = T
19. c We have,
B + 5 = G, G + 7 = N
D + 6 = J, J + 8 = R
So the missing Alphabet is G + 7 = N, N + 9 = W
20.
21. d A + 1 = B, M + 1 = N
R + 1 = S, C + 1 = D
E + 1 = F, U + 1 = V
22. b We have, (12 + 1), (22 + 1), (32 + 1), (42 + 1) (52 + 1) = 26
23. c We have,
(16 × 14) – 14 = 210
(14 × 12) – 12 = 156
So the missing number is (12 × 10) – 10 = 110
24. c We have,
(23)2 = 429, (32)2 = 1024
(21)2 = 441, (12)2 = 144
So the missing number is (19)2 = 361, (91)2 = 8281
25. b We have,
2 + 2 = 4 = 44 = 256
4 + 2 = 6 = 66 = 46656
So the missing number is 3 + 2 = 5 = 55 = 3125
26. c We have,
1×5 = 5, 5 × 5 = 25, 25 × 5 = 125
7 × 2 = 14, 14 × 2 = 28, 28 × 2 = 56
So the missing number is 3 × 4 = 12, 12 × 4 = 48, 48 × 4 = 192
27. c We have,
(7 × 3) + 8 = 29
(4 × 3) + 7 = 19
So the missing number is (5 × 5) + 6 = 31
28. d We have,
1 × 2 = 2, 2 × 3 = 6, 6 × 4 = 24
6 × 2 = 12, 12 × 3 = 36, 36 × 4 = 144
So the missing number is 16 × 2 = 32, 32 × 3 = 96, 96 × 4 = 384
29. c We have
(11 + 88 + 91 + 10) = 200
(17 + 19 + 22 + 142) = 200
So the missing number is (87 + 56 + 50 + 7) = 200
30. a We have
(42 – 38) × 11 = 44
(28 – 23) × 11 = 55
So the missing number is (39 – 37) × 11 = 22
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
31. d We have
(1 × 2) + 1 = 3
(14 × 7) + 7 = 105
So the missing number is ( 9 × 12) + 9 = 117
32. c We have
(8 × 2) + 17 = 33
(12 × 2) + 5 = 29
So the missing number is (10 × 2) + 13 = 33
33. c We have
(11)2 – (1)2 = 120
(7)2 – (2)2 = 45
So the missing number is, (5)2 – (3)2 = 16
34. b we have,
(9 + 6 + 3) – (8 + 4 + 4) = 2
(4 + 6 + 4) – (9 + 0 + 3) = 2
35. a We have
(263 – 188) × 4 = 300
So the missing number is (915 – 893) × 4 = 88
f) Data Checking/Verification
-tYofª\s hfFr÷?h'_
Type 1:
tn lbOPsf ljsNkx?nfO{ ljleGg tl/sfn] ldnfOPsf] X'G5 . s'g} b'O{j6f ljsNkx? p:t} x'G5g\ . k|Zgdf lbOP
adf]lhdsf hf]8f ePsf] ljsNknfO{ 5gf}6 ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .
1. (a) 1 R Q a (b) R 1 a Q (c) 1rqa (d) 1 R Q a
(i) a&b (ii) b & d (iii) a & d (iv) None of these
2. (a) M B 2 1 (b) b 2 m 1 (c) 1M2B (d) b 2 m 1
(i) a&b (ii) c & b (iii) a & d (iv) b & d
3. (a) A B c (b) A b C (c) ABC (d) B a C (e) A B C
(i) a7e (ii) b & d (iii) b & c (iv) c & e
4. (a) 1 3 5 B (b) 1 3 5 B (c) b531 (d) 5 1 3 B (e) 35B1
(i) a&b (ii) c & d (iii) b & e (iv) None of these
5. (a) A a B b (b) B b A a (c) abAB (d) B A b a (e) abAB
(i) a&b (ii) b & c (iii) c & d (iv) c & e
6. (a) 2 5 P R (b) R 5 P 2 (c) 25PR (d) R P 5 2 (e) 2PR5
(i) a&b (ii) a & c (iii) d & e (iv) None of these
7. (a) Z 1 Y r (b) R 1 Z Y (c) 1YZR (d) R 1 Z Y (e) ZYR1
(i) a&b (ii) b & c (iii) b & d (iv) d & e
8. (a) 1 2 3 T (b) T 2 3 1 (c) 23T1 (d) T 2 3 1 (e) 31T2
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
(i) b&d (ii) a & b (iii) d & b (iv) d & e
9. (a) 8 b D E (b) D 8 E b (c) D8Eb (d) b E D 8 (e) E8DB
(i) b&c (ii) b & d (iii) c & d (iv) d & e
10. (a) a b c d (b) c d b a (c) bcda (d) b c d a (e) adcb
(i) a&b (ii) b & c (iii) c & d (iv) d & e
Type 2:
tnsf k|To]s k|Zgdf lbOPsf 4 ljsNkx? dWo] 3 j6f cz'4 5g\ / Pp6f z'4 5 . pQm z'4 ljsNk 5gf}6 ug'{xf];\ .
11. (A) Ps ;o rfln; (B) Ps rfln; ;o (C) 1 ;o 40 (D) 1 ;o rfln;
12. (A) 2345 (B) 23,45 (C) 2,345 (D) 234,5
13. (A) School (B) Schoool (C) Schol (D) Schoohl
14. (A) Two Hundred Fifty Five (B) Two Hundered Fifety Five
(C) Two Hundred Fivety Five (D) Two Hundred Fifty Fives
15. (A) 5 ;o 40 (B) 5 ;o rfln; (C) kfFr 100 rfln; (D) kfFr ;o rfln;
Answer Sheet (Data Checking)
1. iii 2. iv 3. iv 4. i 5. iv 6. ii 7. iii 8. i 9. i 10. iii
11. A 12. C 13. A 14. A 15. D
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
Perpendicualr AB
ii) tanθ = =
Base OA
Exercise 1
1. 1.6 cUnf] Pp6f dfG5]n] 20m k/ /x]sf] :tDesf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ 45o pGgtf+z sf]0f aG5 eg] :tDesf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 21.6 b) 18.4 c) 22.6 d) 19.6
2. gbLsf] Ps lsgf/fdf 20m cUnf] 6fj/ 5 / gbLsf] csf]{ lsgf/faf6 6fj/sf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 30o /x]5 eg]
gbLsf] rf}8fO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 20 3 m b) 15 3 c) 10 3 d) 25 3
3. 6m cUnf] 3/sf] 5fgfaf6 66m cUnf] dlGb/sf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ pGgtf+zsf]0f 60o kfOof] eg] 3/ / dlGb/ aLrsf] b'/L kQf
nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 20 3 b) 15 3 c) 10 3 d) 18 3
4. 1.5m cUnf] dflg;n] rf}/df /x]sf] Pp6f vDafaf6 150m sf] b'/Ldf pleP/ vDafsf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ 45o sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f
kfP5 eg] vDafsf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 151.5m b) 48.5m c) 552.5m d) 153.5
5. Pshgf dflg;n] rª\uf p8fO/x]sf] lyof] . olb wfuf]sf] nDafO{ 300m lyof] / o;n] lIflth;Fu 45o sf] sf]0f agfPsf]
lyof] eg] rª\uf lIflthaf6 slt prfO{df pl8/x]sf] lyof] <
a) 150 2 b) 100 2 c) 135 2 d) 140 2
6. Pp6f dflg;n] cfk"meGbf cufl8sf] 52m cUnf] vDafsf] 6'Kkf]df x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 30o kfP5 . olb dflg; / vDafaLrsf]
b'/L 86m 5 eg] To; dflg;sf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 2.34m b) 3.34m c) 2.9m d) 2.28m
o
7. 1.75m dL cUnf] s'g} Pp6f dfflg;n] cfÇgf] cufl8 /x]sf] Pp6f vDafsf] 6'Kkf]nfO{ 45 sf] pGgtf+z sf]0f kfP5 . olb
vDaf dflg;af6 18.25 ld= 6f9f lyof] eg] vDafsf] prfO{ kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 18.25m b) 19.25m c) 19.75m d) 20m
8. gbLsf] Ps lsgf/fdf 36 ld= cUnf] :tDe 5 . gbLsf] csf]{ lsgf/faf6 :tDesf] 6'Kkf]dff x]bf{ pGgtf+z sf]0f 60o /x]5 eg]
gbLsf] rf}8fO kQf nufpg'xf];\ .
a) 36/ 3 b) 36 3 c) 36/ 2 m d) 36 2
Answer sheet
1. a 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. a 6. 7. d 8. a
Time and Work
A. k|ToIf ljr/0f (Direct Variation)
lbOPsf b'O{j6f /flzx?dWo] olb klxnf] /fzL a9\bf bf];|f] klg a9\5 / klxnf] 36\bf bf];|f] klg 36\g] cj:yf cfpF5 eg] tL b'O{
/fzLx?sf] ;DaGwnfO{ Direct Variation elgG5 .
Expample 1
olb /fdn] @) j6f lstfa lsGbf ?= %)) lt5{ eg] p;n] $) j6f lstfasf] slt k};f lt5{ <
Solution:
20 j6f lstfa = ?= 500
500
1 cf]6f lstfa = = 25
20
40 cf]6f lstfa = 25 × 40 = 1000 k5{
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
csf]{ tl/sf
Direct Variation
lstfa d"No
20 500
40 x
20 500
or, =
40 x
or, 20x = 20000
20000
or, x=
20
or, x = 1000 k5{ .
B) ck|ToIf ljr/0f (Indirect Variation)
lbOPsf b'O{j6f /fzLdWo] olb klxnf] /fzL a9\bf bf];|f] 36\g] / klxnf] 36\bf bf];|f] a9\g] cj:yf cfpF5 eg] tL b'O{ /fzLx?sf]
;DaGwnfO{ Indirect variation elgG5 .
Example 2
@) hgf dflg;n] s'g} sfd $) lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] $) hgf dflg;n] pQm sfd slt lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ .
Solution:
20 hgf = 40 lbg
1 hgf = 40 × 20 = 800 lbg
800
40 hgf = = 20 lbg
40
Indirect Variation
dflg; lbg
20 hgf 40 lbg
40 hgf x
x 20
or, =
40 40
or, 40x = 800
800
or, x=
40
or, 20 lbg
Example 3
#) hgf dflg;n] s'g} sfd @) lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] !) lbgdf ;Sg slt dflg; yKg'knf{ <
Solution:
dflg; lbg
30 20
30 + x 10
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
30+x 20
or, =
30 10
or, 30 + 10x = 600
or, 10x = 600 – 300
300
or, x=
10
or, 30 hgf dflg; yKg'knf{
Example 4
/fdn] s'g} sfd !% lbgdf / l;tfn] #) lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] b'j} hgfn] ldln ;f] sfd slt lbgdf ;S5g\ <
Solution:
1
/fdn] 1 sfd ug{ 15 lbg (15 lbgdf /fd 1)
1 1
l l;tfn] 1 sfd ug{ lbg (1 lbgdf /fdn] 16 )
30
2+1
=
30
3
=
30
1
=
10
/fd / l;tf ldn]/ pQm sfd ug{ 10 lbg nufpF5g\ .
Example 5
A eGg] wf/fn] 1 6\of+sL kfgL 25 ldg]6df e5{ To:t} B eGg] wf/fn] ;f] 6\of+sL kfgL 20 ldg]6df vfnL u5{ eg] olb b'j}
wf/fx? Ps} ;fy vf]Ng] xf] eg] Tof] 6\of+sL slt ;dodf el/Pnf <
Solution:
1 1
= –
20 25
5–4
=
100
1
=
100
pQm Ps 6\of+sL kfgL 100 ldg]6df el/G5 .
Exercise -1
1. 20 hgf dflg;n] s'g} sfd 15 lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] 10 lbgdf ;Sg slt dflg; yKg'knf{ <
(a) 5 hgf (b) 10 hgf (c) 15 hgf (d) 20 hgf
2. A n] s'g} sfd 10 lbgdf / B n] 15 lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ eg] b'j} ldnL pQm sfd slt lbgdf ;S5g\ xf]nf <
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
(a) 5 lbg (b) 6 lbg (c) 7 lbg (d) 8 lbg
3. 10 hgf dflg;n] s'g} sfd 7 lbgdf ;S5g\ eg] 14 hgf dflg;n] slt lbgdf ug{ ;S5g\ <
(a) 2 lbg (b) 3 lbg (c) 4 lbg (d) 5 lbg
4. /ljg ljsf;n] s'g} sfd 12 lbgdf ;S5g\ olb /ljgn] ;f] sfd 30 lbgdf ;S5 eg] ljsf; PSn}n] slt lbgdf ;sfpF5
xf]nf <
(a) 30 (b) 20 (c) 15 (d) 10
5. 30 hgf dflg;n] 80 lbgdf ug{ ;Sg] sfd 20 lbgdf ug{ slt dflg; rflxG5 <
(a) 60 hgf (b) 100 hgf (c) 120 hgf (d) 80 hgf
6. Pp6f 3/ agfpg] sfd ug{ 3 hgf HofdLnfO{ 5 lbg nfU5 eg] 5 hgf HofdLn] ;f] sfo{ ug{ slt lbg nfU5 <
(a) 3 lbg (b) 5 lbg (c) 6 lbg (d) 8 lbg
7. Pipe's 'P and 'Q' can fill a tank is 5 and 6 hours respectively. Pipe 'R' can empty it in 12 hours. If all the
three pipes are opened together, then the tank will be filled in:
9 8 13 1
(a) 3 hrs (b) 2 hrs (c) 1 hrs (d) 4 hrs
17 11 17 2
8. Sonia takes 8 hrs to do a work. Gita takes 10 hrs to do the same work. How long should it take both
Sonia and Gita working together to do the same work?
40 4 2
(a) hrs (b) 4 hrs (c) 5 hrs (d) none of these
8 9 8
9. P and Q can do a piece of work in 18 days Q and R can do it in 24 days. P and R can do it in 36 days. In
how many days will P, Q and R finish it, working together?
(a) 15 days (b) 12 days (c) 17 days (d) 16 days
10. 600 l;kfxLsf] Ps 8km\kmfnfO{ 50 lbgsf] nflu vfgf k'¥ofOPsf] lyof] . olb 15 lbg kl5 180 l;kfxLn] ;f]
8km\kmfdf 5f]8]/ uP5g\ eg] afFsL vfgf slt lbgnfO{ k'Unf <
a) 35 lbg b) 40 lbg c) 45 lbg d) 50 lbg
11. Running at the same constant rate, 6 identical machines can produce a total of 270 bottles per minute.
At this rate, how many bottles could 10 such machines produce in 4 minute?
a) 648 b) 1800 c) 2700 d) 10800
12. A Fort has provided of food for 150 men for 45 days. After 10 days, 25 men left the fort the number of
days for which the remaining food will last is:
1 1
a) 29 b) 37 c) 42 d) 54
5 4
13. 39 hgf dflg;n] Pp6f /f]8 agfpg b}lgs 5 306f sf] b/n] sfd ubf{ 12 lbgdf ;S5g\ eg] ;f] sfd 30 hgf
dflg;n] b}lgs 6 306fsf] b/n] ubf{ slt lbgdf ;S5g\ .
a) 10 b) 13 c) 14 d) 15
14. In a camp, there is a meal for 120 men or 200 children. It 150 children have taken the meal how many
men will be catered to with remaining meal?
a) 20 b) 30 c) 40 d) 50
5'6
(_ 5'6 Ü Ö c=d"= × !))Ü !)_ lj=d"= -5'6 / Eof6 lbPdf_ Ö c=d'= – 5'6 ± Eof6
Exercise
!_ ?= !)) df lslgPsf] ;fdfgnfO{ @)Ü gfkmf ul/ a]Rbf sltdf a]Rg' knf{ <
s_ *) v_ !)) u_ !@) 3_ !@%
@_ s'g} ;fdfg ?= #@) df a]Rbf @)Ü gf]S;fg x'G5 eg] @)Ü gfkmf ug]{ sltdf a]Rg' knf{ <
s_ $)) v_ $$) u_ $*) 3_ %))
#_ s[i0fn] Pp6f sf]6nfO{ $%) df a]Rbf !)Ü gf]S;fg eP5 eg] To;sf] qmod"No slt xf]nf <
s_ $%) v_ %)) u_ $)) 3_ %%)
$_ ljsf;n] Pp6f ;fOsn ?= @))) df lsg]/ ?= @*)) df a]Rbf slt gfkmf x'G5 .
s_ %)) v_ *)) u_ !))) 3_ !@))
%_ /ldnfn] Pp6f ;f8L ?= %)) df lsg]/ ?= $)) df a]Rbf slt k|ltzt gf]S;fg x'G5 <
s_ !) v_ @% u_ #) 3 @)
^_ ?= $)) kg]{ Pp6f /]8Lof] !)Ü 5'6df lsg]/ @)Ü gfkmf vfO{ a]Rbf sltdf a]Rg' knf{
s_ $!) v_ $@) u_ $#@ 3_ $%)
&_ k|ltuf]6f ?= !) kg]{ snd !)Ü 5'6 lbP/ @ bh{g a]Rbf hDdf ljqmo d'No slt xf]nf
s_ !)* v_ @)) u_ @!^ 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
*_ Ps hgf ls;fgn] ?= *)) df lsg]/ v;L $ aif{ kl5 ^)Ü gfkmf vfP/ a]Rbf sltdf a]Rof] xf]n f <
s_ %)) v_ #&) u_ !@$) 3_ !@*)
(_ !%)) sf] ;fdfgdf %Ü 5'6 lbbf slt /sd ltg'{ knf{ <
s_ !$%) v_ !$@% u_ !$)) 3_ !#%)
!)_ ?= ! sf] $ cf]6f ;'Gtnf lsg]/ ?= ! sf] # cf]6fsf b/n] a]Rbf slt k|ltzt gfkmf x'G5 <
s_ @)Ü v_ #) u_ ##=## Ü 3_ #&=%#Ü
!!_ Pp6f ;fdfgsf] qmo d'No lj=d"No eGbf @)Ü tn 5 eg] gfkmf k|ltzt slt xf]nf <
s_ @)Ü v_ @%Ü u_ %)Ü 3_ #)Ü
!@_ Pp6f sk8f @)Ü 5'6kl5 ? !))) df lslgof] olb !)Ü dfq 5'6 ePsf] eP To; ;fdfgx? slt ltg'{kg]{ lyof] <
s_ !@)) v_ !!%) u_ !!@% 3_ !!))
!#_ olb !)Ü 5'6 lbP/ !) Ü Eof6 nufpbf Pp6f j:t'sf] d'No %)) eP5 eg] c+lst d"No slt xf]nf <
s_ $%) v_ $(% u_ %)) 3_ %!)
!$_ s'g} ;fdfg @)Ü gfkmf ug{ @$) df ljqmL ug'{ k5{ eg] @%Ü gfkmf ug{ sltdf a]Rg' knf{
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
s_ @%) v_ @$% u_ @$) 3_ @&)
Answer Sheet Profit and Loss
!= -u_ @= -u_ #= -v_ $= -v_ %= -3_ ^= -u_ &= -u_ *= -3_ (= -v_ !)= -u_
‼= -v_ !@= -u_ !#= -v_ !$=-s_
h) Data Interpretation
1) Charts
hDdf 360°
l8u|LnfO{ ?= df kl/jt{g ubf{ 360° x, ?= nfO{ l8u|Ldf kl/jt{g ubf{ hDdf x,
100 360°
l8u|LnfO{ Ü df kl/jt{g ubf{ 360° x, Ü nfO{ l8u|Ldf kl/jt{g ubf{ 100 x,
Example:
Pp6f ;dfx/f]df pkl:yt ePsf ()) hgf ljBfyL{x?nfO{ eljiodf s] aGg] egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgdf plgx?af6 k|fKt
k|ltlqmofnfO{ ;Fu}sf] kfOrf6{df b]vfOPsf] 5 .
Pie chart 8fS6/
90°
i) slt hgfn] …8fS6/Ú aGg] OR5f JoQm u/] . jlsn
ii) slt hgfn] …kfOn6Ú aGg] OR5f JoQm u/] . 80°
kfOn6
50°
iiii) slt hgfn] …lzIfsÚ aGg] OR5f JoQm u/] .
iv) slt hgfn] …jlsnÚ aGg] OR5f JoQm u/] . lzIfs
Solution:
900 900
i) 8fS6/ aGg rfxg] = 360 90 = 225 hgf ii) kfOn6 aGg rfxg] = 360 80 = 200 hgf
900 900
iii) lzIfs aGg rfxg] = 360 50 = 150 hgf iv) jlsn aGg rfxg] = 360 (360 – 220) = 350 hgf
2) Graphs
Histogram -:tDe lrq_
Example tn lbOPsf] :tDe lrq (Histogram) cWoog u/L lgDg k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ lbg'xf];\ .
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0 4 8 12 16 20
k|fKtfÍ
i) !@ b]lv !^ c+s k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof slt xf]nfg\ <
a) 10 b) 6 c) 8 d) 4
Soln: c) 8 hgf
ii) hDdf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof slt xf]nf <
a) 30 b) 34 c) 28 d) 32
Soln: c) 32 hgf
iii) a9L ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePsf] k|fKtfÍ ;d'x s'g xf] <
a) (0 – 4) b) 4 – 8 c) 8 – 12 d) 12 – 16
Soln: c) (8 – 12)
iv) -!@ – !^_ c+s k|fKt ug]{ ljBfyL{sf] k|ltzt slt xf]nf <
a) 40% b) 30% c) 25% d) 20%
8
Soln: 100 = 25%
32
3) Tables -tflnsf_
tnsf] tflnsf cWoog u/L ;f]lwPsf k|Zgx?sf] ;xL pQ/ lbg'xf]; \ .
jif{ 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
:ofp pTkfbg kg df 180 200 240 210 229 195 246
;'Gtnf pTkfbg kg df 185 190 170 200 215 240 250
i) @)!@ ;fnb]lv @)!* ;fn;Dd :ofp slt kg pTkfbg eP5 <
a) 1500 kg b) 1505 kg c) 1530 kg d) 1540 kg
Soln: (a) 1500 kg (180 + 200 + 240 + 210 + 229 + 195 + 246)
ii) @)!@ ;fnb]lv @)!* ;fn;Dd ;'Gtnf slt kg pTkfbg eP5 <
a) 1445 kg b) 1440 kg c) 1450 kg d) 1460 kg
Soln: (c) 1450 kg (185 + 190 + 170 + 200 + 215 + 240 + 250)
iii) @)!# ;fnsf] t'ngfdf @)!$ ;fndf :ofp pTkfbg slt k|ltztn] j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 <
a) 30% b) 20% c) 15% d) 12.5%
40
Soln: j[l4 Ü = 100 = 20%
200
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
iv) @)!@ ;fnb]lv @)!* ;fn;Ddsf] pTkfbg kl/0ffdsf] t'ngfdf :ofp / ;'Gtnf dWo s'g sd xf]nf <
a) :ofp b) ;'Gtnf c) A / B b'j} a/fa/ d) None of these
Soln: (b) ;'Gtnf
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
j[l4 5'6
#_ a[l4 Ü Ö ;'?sf] d"No × !))Ü $_ 5'6 Ü Ö ;'?sf] d"No × !))Ü
k|fKt u/]sf] c+s lt/]sf] s/
%_ k|fKtfÍ Ü Ö k"0ff{+s × !))Ü ^_ s/sf] Ü Ö s/of]Uo cfDbfgL × !))Ü
pbfx/0f
!_ !%) hgfsf] !) k|ltzt slt x'G5,
150 × 10
oxfF, ;'q cg';f/, 100
= 5 hgf
#_ /fdsf] 3/ef8f ?= %))) af6 36]/ ?= $))) eof] eg] lghsf] 3/ef8f slt k|ltztn] 36\of] .
5000 – 4000
= × 100
5000
1000 × 100
=
5000
= 20%
Exercise 1 (Percentage) k|ltzt
!_ sltsf] @%Ü n] %)) x'G5 <
s_ !%)) v_ @))) u_ @%)) 3_ #)))
@_ $%) sf] !)Ü slt x'G5 <
s_ $) v_ $% u_ %) 3_ %%
#_ %)) sf] !%Ü eg]sf] slt x'G5 <
s_ %% v_ ^% u_ &% 3_ *)
$_ !))) sf] #%Ü eg]sf] slt x'G5 <
s_ #)) v_ #@) u_ #%) 3_ %))
%_ ?= @%) sf] slt k|ltzt &% x'G5 <
s_ #)Ü v_ #%Ü u_ $%Ü 3_ @%Ü
^_ Ps rf}yfO{ eg]sf] slt x'G5 <
s_ !%Ü v_ @)Ü u_ @%Ü 3_ %)Ü
&_ ?= !) nfO{ @)Ü n] a[l4 ubf{ slt x'G5 <
s_ !@ v_ !% u_ !^ 3_ !*
*_ nf]s;]jf cfof]usf] kl/Iff b:t'/ ?= %)) af6 a[l4 eP/ ?= ^)) k'Uof] eg] slt k|ltzt n] a[l4 eof] xf]nf <
s_ @%Ü v_ @)Ü u_ #%Ü 3_ !)Ü
(_ ?= !)) df lslgPsf] ;fdfgnfO{ @%Ü gfkmf ul/ j]Rbf sltdf a]Rg' knf{ <
s_ &% v_ !)) u_ !@% 3_ !%)
!)_ ?= @$) df a}Rbf @%Ü gf]S;fg x"G5 eg] @%Ü gfkmf vfP/ a]Rbf sltdf a]Rg' knf{ <
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
s_ $)) v_ #^) u_ #*) 3_ $@)
!!_ Pp6f k;n]n] u'nfkmsf] y'ª\uffnfO{ To;sf] d'Nodf @)Ü 36fP/ a]Rbf ?= $)) x'G5 eg] ;f] km'nsf] 36fpg'
cuf8Lsf] d'Vo slt xf]nf <
s_ ?= *)) v_ ?= &)) u_ ?= &)) 3_ ?= %))
!@_ lq=lj=sf] k/LIffdf !)) hgf s]6fx?n] k/LIff lbPsf]df @) hgf dfq plt0f{ eP5g\ eg] slt k|ltzt s]6fx?
cg'lt0f{ eP5g\ <
s_ $)Ü v_ ^)Ü u_ *)Ü 3_ ()Ü
!#_ @) sf] @%Ü / #) sf] !)Ü sf] km/s slt x'G5 <
s_ ! v_ @ u_ # 3_ $
!$_ Pp6f sIffsf]7fdf ePsf ljBfyL{sf] $)Ü s]6L lyP / afsL ^) hgf s]6fx? lrP eg] hDdf ljBfyL{ slt lyP
xf]nfg\ .
s_ !)) hgf v_ !$) hgf u_ @)) hgf 3_ @$) hgf
!%_ /fdn] %)) j6f cfn' ePsf] Ps af]/f cfn' lsg]5 h;df @% a6f cfn' ljlu|Psf] kfOof] eg] slt k|ltzt /fd| f cfn'
5g\ xf]nf <
s_ @%Ü v_ !%Ü u_ *%Ü 3_ (%Ü
!^_ ljsf;n] IQ df $)Ü / lg;fn] ^)Ü c+s kfP5g\ . olb pgLx?sf] k|fKtfÍsf] cGt/ @) eP IQ ljifosf] k"0ff{Í
slt xf]nf <
s_ %) v_ *) u_ !)) 3_ @$)
!&_ olb s'g} /sdsf] @%Ü a/fj/ %)) x'G5 eg] pQm /sdsf] @÷$ efu slt x'G5 <
s_ !))) v_ !%)) u_ @))) 3_ @%))
!*_ Pp6f TV sf] d'Nodf @)Ü 5'6 lbbf /fdn] Pp6f TV lsGbf ?= !@)) ltg'{kYof] eg] TV sf] 5'6 glbbfsf] d'No
slt /x]5 <
s_ !$))) v_ !%)) u_ !*)) 3_ @)))
!(_ ;fg'n] cfkm\gf] b}lgs ks]6 vr{ ?= %)) dWo] ?= !%) vr{ u/L eg] p;n] slt k|ltzt vr{ u/L <
s_ @)Ü v_ @%Ü u_ #)Ü 3_ $%Ü
@)_ !$) sf] slt k|ltzt %)) sf] &Ü ;Fu a/fj/ xf]nf <
s_ @%Ü v_ #%Ü u_ $@Ü 3_ %)Ü
@!_ * nfO{ !) jgfpFbf slt k|ltzt a[l4 x'G5 <
s_ !%Ü v_ @)Ü u_ @%Ü 3_ #)Ü
Answer Sheet Percentage Exercise 1
!= -v_ @= -v_ #= -u_ $= -u_ %= -s_ ^= -u_ &= -s_
*= -v_ (= -u_ !)= -s_ !!= -3_ !@= -u_ !#= -v_ !$= -s_
!%= -3_ !^= -u_ !&= -s_ !*= -v_ !(= -u_ @)= -s_ @!= -u_
Fraction -leGg_
!_ leGgnfO{ bzdnjdf nfFbfx?n] c+znfO{ efu ug'{k5{ <
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
!
h:t} M @ Ö )=%,
@
$ Ö )=%
@_ leGgnfO{ k|ltztdf nfFbf !)) n] u'0ffg ul/ k|ltzt lrGx| /fVg' k5{ <
!
@
!
@ × !)) Ö %)Ü
@
% × !)) Ö $)Ü
c+s j/fj/ h:tf] ePdf ;fgf] cª\s eP ;fgf] / 7"nf] c+s ePdf 7"nf] x'G5 <
Exercise 2
!_ tn lbOPsf] leGgx? (Fraction) dWo] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] leGg s'g xf] <
s_ $÷% v_ %÷& u_ !)÷!! 3__ !@÷!#
@_ tn lbOPsf] (Fraction) dWo] ;j}eGbf ;fgf] leGg s'g xf] <
s_ $÷% v_ %÷& u_ !)÷!! 3_ !@÷!#
#_ tn lbOPsf leGgx? (Fraction) dWo] ;j} eGbf 7"nf] leGg s'g xf] <
s_ $)÷& v_ #%÷$ u_ %$÷* 3_ &@÷&
$_ tn lbOPsf leGgx? (Fraction) dWo] ;j} eGbf ;fgf] leGg s'g xf] <
s_ #%÷& v_ #%÷$ u_ #$÷* 3_ &@÷&
%_ @÷!) nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfFbf slt x'G5 <
s_ )=))@ v_ )=)@ u_ )=@ 3_ @
^_ $÷!)) nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ $ v_ )=)$ u_ )=))$ 3_ )=$
&_ %÷!))) nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfb slt x'G5 <
s_ )=)% v_ )=))% u_ % 3_ %=))
*_ #÷( nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ # v_ )=!# u_ )=## 3_ )=$
(_ $÷@% nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ !=^ v_ )=!^ u_ )=)!^ 3_ @
!)_ @÷% nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @)Ü v_ $)Ü u_ &)Ü 3_ #)Ü
!!_ #÷$ nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @%Ü v_ %)Ü u_ &%Ü 3_ ()Ü
!@_ !÷@) nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ $Ü v_ %Ü u_ &Ü 3_ !)Ü
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
!#_ ^÷@% nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ !%Ü v_ @)Ü u_ @$Ü 3_ @%Ü
!$_ !%Ü nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @÷!) v_ #÷!) u_$÷!) 3_ #÷@)
!%_ !^Ü nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @÷@) v_$÷@) u_ $÷@% 3_ @÷@%
!^_ #%Ü nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ &÷@) v_ ^÷@% u_ ^÷@) 3_ @÷@%
Answer Sheet Fraction
!= -3_ @= -s_ #= -3_ $= -u_ %= -u_ ^= -v_ &= -v_ *= -u_ (= -v_ !)=-v_
!!= -u_ !@= -v_ !#= -u_ !$= -3_ !%= -u_ !^= -s_
Decimal -bzdnj_
bzdnjnfO{ leGgdf nfFbf bzdnj lrGx| x6fpg' k5{ .
04 2 0.25 1
!_ h:t} 0.4 = 10 = 5 = 025 = 100 = 4
bzdnjnfO{ k|ltztdf nfFbf !)) n] u'0ffg ul/ Ü lrGx /fVg' k5{ .
!_ )=#
)=# × !))Ü
# × !)
#)Ü
@_ )=@%
)=@% × !))Ü
@% × !
@%Ü cflb .
k|ltztnfO{ bzdnjdf nUbf leGgdf nuL x/n] c+znfO{ efu ug'{ k5{ .
h:t} @)Ü nfO{ bzdnjdf nUbf,
20
= 0.2
100
!_ )=@% nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ !÷@ v_ !÷$ u_ !÷* 3_ !÷%
@_ )=@ nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ !÷% v_ !÷@ u_ !÷$ 3_ !÷^
#_ )=!% nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @÷!@ v_ #÷!& u_ #÷@) 3_ #÷%
$_ )=!@% nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
s_ !÷$ v_ !÷* u_ !÷% 3_ !÷!)
%= )=!@ nfO{ leGgdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ #÷@% v_ #÷@) u_ $÷#% 3_ @÷!%
^= )=% nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @%Ü v_ !%Ü u_ %)Ü 3_ &%Ü
&= )=$ nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ $)Ü v_ @)Ü u_ *)Ü 3_ !%Ü
*= )=@% nfO{ k|ltztdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ @)Ü v_ @%Ü u_ @$Ü 3_ %)Ü
(= @%Ü nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ )=@% v_ )=)@% u_ )=))@% 3_ )=))))@%
!)= @)Ü nfO{ bzdnjdf n}hfbf slt x'G5 <
s_ )=)@ v_ )=@ u_ @ 3_ )=))@
Answer Sheet Decimal
!= -v_ @= -s_ #= -u_ $= -v_ %= -s_ ^= -u_ &= -s_ *= -v_ (=-s_ !)= -v_
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
@_ @ j6f kl/df0fx? -#M$_ sf] cg'kftdf 5g olb b'j}af6 % 36fpbf gofF cg'kft %M& x'G5 eg] lt kl/df0fx? slt
slt 5g\ <
s_ @) / #) v_ #) / $) u_ $) / %) 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og .
#_ olb b'j{j6f ;+Vofx?sf] cg'kft !M@ 5 / tL b'O{ ;+Vofx?sf] of]ukmn *! x'G5 eg] tL ;+Vofx? s'g s'g x'g \ <
s_ @# / @% v_ @$ / @& u_ @& / %$ 3_ ( / @&
$_ olb b'O{ cf]6f ;+Vof?sf] cg'kft #M% 5 / tL ;+Vofx?sf] cGt/ !) 5 eg] tL ;+Vofx? s'g s'g x'g \ < kQf
nufpg'xf]; .
s_ !% / @% v_ @) / #) u_ !) / @) 3_ #% / $%
%_ /fd / xl/sf] xfnsf] pd]/sf] cg'kft #M$ 5 $ aif{Kl5 of] cg'kft &M( x'G5 eg] ltgLx?sf] xfnsf] pd]/ slt x]fnf
<
s_ !$ / @$ v_ !^ / @* u_ @$ / #@ 3_ s'g} klg xf]Og
^_ k|lt ls=u|f #) ug]{ # ls=u|f bfndf k|lt ls=u|f !% kg]{ @ ls=u|f bfn ld;fpbf To;sf] cf};t d"No slt sfod
xf]nf .
s_ @@ v_ @$ u_ @^ 3_ @*
&_ k|lt ln= @) kg]{ / k|lt ln= !) kg]{ b'O{ el/ t]n #M@ sf] cg'kftdf ld;fpbf, l;;fj6 t]nsf] k|lt ln6/ d"No slt
x'G5 <
s_ !) v_ !^ u_ @) 3_ @$
*_ & ljifosf] c+zsf] cf};t ^) 5 . olb cufl8sf $ ljifox?sf] c+ssf] cf}ift %% / k5f8Lsf $ ljifosf] c+ssf]
cf}if ^# 5 eg] rf}yf] ljifosf] c+s slt xf]nf <
s_ %$ v_ %@ u_ %$ 3_ %*
(_ !)) ljBfyL{sf] dWos $) eP5 t/ kl5 csf]{n] o; lx;fjnfO{ /fd|/L hfFr ubf{ $) c+z nfO{ *) /fv]/ lx;fj
u/]sf] 7x/ eP5 cj z'4 dWos slt xf]nf <
s_ $) v_ $)=^ u_ #$ 3_ #(=^
!)_ lgtf / lutfsf] pd]/sf] cg'kft @M# 5 . ltgLx?sf] pd]/sf] of]ukmn $) eP lutfsf] pd]/ slt xf]nf <
s_ !^ v_ @) u_ @$ 3_ #)
Answer Sheet Ratio and Average
!= -s_ @= -v_ #= -u_ $= -s_ %= -u_ ^= -v_ &= -v_ *= -v_ (= -3_ !)= -u_
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($
TYPE 2 : PROBLEM SOLVING BY SUBSTITUTION
1. If + means , means –, ÷ means + and – means ÷, then which of the following gives the result of 175
– 25 ÷ 5 + 20 3 ÷10 ?
(a) 77 (b) 160 (c) 240 (d) 2370
2. If L stands for +, M stands for –, N stands for , P stands for ÷, then
14 N 10 L 42 P 2 M 8 = ?
(a) 153 (b) 216 (c) 248 (d) 251
3. If P denotes ÷ , Q denotes , R denotes + and S denotes –, then what is the values of
18 Q 12 P 4 R 5 S 6 ?
(a) 53 (b) 59 (c) 63 (d) 65
4. If – means ÷, + means , ÷ means –, means +, then which of the following statements of correct ?
(a) 52 ÷ 4 + 5 8 – 2 = 36 (b) 43 7 ÷ 5 + 4 – 8 = 25
(c) 36 4 – 12 + 5 ÷ 3 = 420 (d) 36 – 12 6 ÷ 3 + 4 = 60
5. If '+' stands for 'division', '÷' for 'multiplication', '' stand for 'subtraction' and '–' stand for 'addition',
which of the following is correct ?
(a) 18 ÷ 6 7 ÷ 5 – 2 = 22 (b) 18 6 + 7 ÷ 5 – 2 = 16
(c) 18 ÷ 6 – 7 + 5 2 = 20 (d) 18 + 6 ÷ 7 5 – 2 = 18
sf]lzz z}lIfs s]Gb| -nf]s ;]jf cfof]u_, gofF afg]Zj/, sf7df08f}+, kmf]g g+= )!–$!)&)), (*%!!&@!($