DEVELOPMENT

OF CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY

BY

I PUTU ALIT ARSANA

FACULTY OF LAW

UNIVERSITY OF MATARAM

2018/2019
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background

Many people think that anthropologists are scientists who are only interested in the remains

of the past; Anthropology works to dig up the remains of past lives to find fragments of old jars,

stone tools and then try to give meaning to what they find. Another view associates Anthropology

with the theory of Evolution and ignores the work of the Creator in studying the emergence and

development of human beings. People who have a very hard view of the creation of man from a

religious point of view then protect and even prohibit their children from Anthropology and its

doctrines. In fact, there are still many ordinary people who think that Anthropology is working or

researching strange and exotic people who live in faraway areas where they still practice habits

that are foreign to the general public.

All of these views about Anthropology are to some extent true, but like there is a

story about some blind people who want to know how an elephant looks like where each

person only touches certain parts so that their assumptions about the shape of an

elephant vary. , also occurs in Anthropology. This view based on fragmentary information

results in a general lack of understanding of what Anthropology really is. Anthropology is

interested in the past. They are curious about human origins and development, and they

also study societies that are still simple (often referred to as primitive). But now

Anthropology also studies human behavior in public places such as in restaurants,

hospitals and other modern business places. They are as interested in modern forms of

government or state as they are when they study simple forms of government that

existed in the past or still occur in remote communities.

B. Problem Formulation

Based on the explanation on the background above, the problem to be

discussed in this paper is how the development of anthropology in relation to

cultural development.

C. Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find out how the development of

anthropology in relation to cultural development.

D. Benefits

The benefits of writing this paper are as a forum for us to develop insights

related to the development of anthropology in relation to cultural development.

 CHAPTER II

THEORY FRAMEWORK

A. Understanding Anthropology

Anthropology comes from the word anthropos which means "man", and logos

which means science. Anthropology studies humans as biological beings as well as

social beings, so anthropology is a branch of social science that studies about human

beings the culture of a society ethnicity . Anthropology was born or emerged from the

interest of people Europeans who see physical characteristics, customs, cultures that are

different from what is known in Europe. The science of anthropology was formed through

several phases. Anthropology focuses more on the population which is a single society,

single in the sense of community units living in the same area, anthropology is similar to

sociology , but in sociology it focuses more on society and its social life.

according to William A. Haviland, anthropology is the study of human beings,

seeking to make useful generalizations about humans and their behavior and to obtain a

complete understanding of human diversity. Whereas David Hunter gives his opinion that

anthropology is a science born of unlimited curiosity about mankind. Furthermore,

Koentjaraningrat stated that anthropology is a science that studies human beings in

general by studying various things color, physical shape community as well culture

resulting

From this definition, a simple understanding of anthropology can be drawn up,

which is a science that studies humans in terms of physical diversity and physical

diversity culture (ways of behaving, traditions, values) produced so that every human

being is different from one another.

B. Understanding Culture
 Culture is defined as the overall knowledge of humans as social beings which they

use to understand and interpret their environment and experiences, as well as become

the basis for their behavior. Thus, culture is a set of rules, instructions, plans, and

strategies consisting of a series of cognitive models that are owned by humans, and are

used selectively in dealing with their environment as manifested in behavior and actions.

-his actions.

Culture can be defined as the overall knowledge of humans as social beings that

are used to understand and interpret their environment and experiences, as well as guide

their behavior.

As knowledge, culture is a unit of ideas that exists in the human head and not a

symptom (which consists of behavior and the results of human behavior). As a unit of

ideas, culture consists of a set of values, norms that contain prohibitions for taking an

action in the face of a social, cultural, and natural environment, and contains a series of

concepts and models of knowledge regarding various actions and activities. behavior that

should be manifested by its supporters in the face of a social, cultural, and natural

environment. So these values ​in their use are selective according to the environment

faced by their supporters.

From several sides, culture can be seen as:

1. Knowledge that is believed to be true by people who have the culture

2. Culture is the property of human society, not areas or places that have

culture, but humans who have culture

. As knowledge that is believed to be true, culture is a comprehensive

and profound guideline for the life of the people concerned

. As a guide for life, culture is distinguished from behavior and the

results of behavior; because the behavior is manifested by referring to or

guided by the culture that is owned by the actor concerned.

C. Relationship between Anthropology and Culture

The word Culture or culture is a word that is often associated with Anthropology. To be

sure, Anthropology does not have the exclusive right to use this term. Artists such as dancers or

painters also use this term or are associated with this term, even the government has a department

for this. This concept is indeed very often used by Anthropology and has spread to the wider

community that Anthropology works or researches what is often called culture. The frequent use

of this term by anthropologists in their work does not mean that anthropologists have the same

understanding of the term. An anthropologist who tried to collect definitions that had been made

said there were about 160 definitions of culture made by anthropologists. But of the many

definitions there is a common agreement among anthropologists about the meaning of the term.

One of the definitions of culture in Anthropology was made by an expert named Ralph Linton

who gave a different definition of culture from the notion of culture in everyday life: "Culture is

the whole way of life of the people and not only about some of the ways of life which are

considered higher and higher. desired".

So, culture refers to various aspects of life. This term includes ways of acting, beliefs and

attitudes, as well as the results of human activities that are specific to a particular society or

population group.

Like all scientific concepts, the concept of culture relates to some aspect of "out there" that

a scientist wishes to investigate. The cultural concepts created help the researcher in doing his

work so that he knows what to learn. One of the things that is considered in anthropological

research is the differences and similarities between human beings and non-human beings such as

chimpanzees or orang-utans, which physically have many similarities. How does the concept of

culture help in comparing these creatures? A very important issue here is the ability to learn from

various living things. Bees carry out their activities day after day, month after month and year

after year in the same form. Each type of bee has a special job and carries out its activities

continuously regardless of changes in the surrounding environment. Worker bees are constantly
busy collecting honey for their colony. This behavior is programmed in their genes that change

very slowly in response to changes in the environment around them. Changes in bee behavior

eventually have to wait for changes in its genes. The result is the bee's behavior becomes

inflexible. Unlike humans, human behavior is very flexible. This happens because of the

extraordinary ability of humans to learn from their experiences. It is true that humans are not too

special in learning because there are other creatures that are able to learn, but the ability to learn

from humans is extraordinary and another thing that is also very important is the ability to adapt to

what has been learned.

CHAPTER III

DISCUSSION

A. The Development of Anthropology

Like Sociology, Anthropology as a science also undergoes stages in its

development. Koentjaraninggrat arranges the development of Anthropology into four

phases as follows:

1. Phase One (Before 1800's)

Approx 15th-16thcenturies, the nations of Europe began vying to explore the world.

Starting from Africa, America, Asia, to Australia. In their exploration they found many

new things. They also find a lot strangers to them. The stories of their adventures

and discoveries are then recorded in a diary or travel journal. They recorded

everything related to these foreign tribes. Starting from physical characteristics,

culture, arrangement society, or the language of the tribe. Materials that contain
descriptions of foreign tribes are then known as materials ethnography or description

of nations.

The ethnographic material attracted the attention of students in Europe. Then, at the

beginning of the 19th century, European attention to the ethnographic materials of

non-European tribes from a scientific point of view became very large. As a result,

attempts have been made to integrate the entire collection of ethnographic material.

2. Second Phase (1800s)

In this phase, the ethnographic materials have been arranged into essays based on

the way of thinking evolution of society at that time. Society and culture evolve slowly

and over a long period of time. They regard nations other than Europe as nations

primitive people who were left behind, and regarded Europe as a highly cultural

nation.

In this phase, Antopology aims at academically, they study primitive societies and

cultures with a view to gaining an understanding of the historical stages of the spread

of human culture.

3. Third Phase (early 20th century)

In this phase, countries in Europe are competing to build colonies on other continents

such as Asia, America, Australia and Africa. In order to build these colonies, various

obstacles arose such as attacks from the natives, rebellions, weather that was not

suitable for Europeans and other obstacles. In dealing with it, the colonial

governments of European countries tried to find the weaknesses of the indigenous

tribes and then conquer them. For this reason, they began to study ethnographic

materials about ethnic groups outside Europe, to study their culture and customs, for

the benefit of the colonial government.

4. Fourth Phase (after the 1930s)

In this phase, Anthropology developed rapidly. The cultures of the indigenous

peoples who were colonized by the Europeans began to disappear due to the

influence of European culture.

During this period, there was a great war in Europe. World War II. This war brought

many changes in human life and brought most of the countries in the world to total

destruction. The destruction resulted in endless poverty, social inequality, and misery.

But at that very moment, a spirit emerged nationalism of the nations colonized by

Europe to get out of the shackles of colonialism. Some of these nations succeeded

them. However, many people still hold grudges against the Europeans who have

colonized them for years.

These processes of change caused the attention of anthropology to no longer be

directed to rural populations outside Europe, but also to ethnic groups in the interior

of Europe such as the Soami, Flam and Lapp tribes.

In fact, Anthropology studies all human beings that have lived at all times and

all places on this earth. Human beings are only one of the many forms of living things

that exist on this earth which is estimated to have appeared more than 4 billion years

ago.
 CHAPTER IV

CLOSING

A. Conclusion

Anthropology as a science has gone through several stages of development. Starting

with the attention of travelers to people outside Europe, then it becomes a tendency
to collect stories about the lives of people outside Europe and they visit. The data on
people outside Europe became an academic problem when it came into contact with
the positivistic philosophical tradition in the early 19th century. It is this contact that
makes anthropology an academic science, and until now anthropology as a science
continues to develop, both academically and practically.