Author's Accepted Manuscript

Ethnobotany of medicinal Plants in the Thar

desert (Sindh) of Pakistan
Ghulam Yaseen, Mushtaq Ahmad, Shazia Sul-
tana, Ahmed Suleiman Alharrasi, Javid Hussain,
Muhammad Zafar, Shafiq Ur-Rehman

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PII: S0378-8741(14)00957-X
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.053
Reference: JEP9227

To appear in: Journal of Ethnopharmacology

Received date: 15 August 2014

Revised date: 20 December 2014
Accepted date: 24 December 2014

Cite this article as: Ghulam Yaseen, Mushtaq Ahmad, Shazia Sultana, Ahmed
Suleiman Alharrasi, Javid Hussain, Muhammad Zafar, Shafiq Ur-Rehman,
Ethnobotany of medicinal Plants in the Thar desert (Sindh) of Pakistan, Journal
of Ethnopharmacology, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.053

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Ethnobotany of Medicinal Plants in the Thar Desert (Sindh) of Pakistan

Ghulam Yaseen1, Mushtaq Ahmad1*, Shazia Sultana1, Ahmed Suleiman Alharrasi2, Javid
Hussain2, Muhammad Zafar1, and Shafiq-Ur-Rehman3
1
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid- I- Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
2
Department of Biological Sciences and Chemistry, University of Nizwa, Birkat Al- Mouz
Nizwa, Sultanate Oman

3
Department of Biological Sciences, University of Science and Technology Kohat, Pakistan

*
Corresponding author.
Email: mushtaqflora@hotmail.com (M. Ahmad)

Abstract

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The traditional use of medicinal plants in health-care practices

among the rural communities provides the basis for natural drug discovery development. To the
best of our knowledge, this is the first quantitative ethnobotanical investigation on the use of
medicinal plants in the Thar Desert (Sindh) of Pakistan.
Methods: In total, 530 local informants and traditional healers were interviewed, using
semistructured interviews. Various quantitative indices such as relative frequency of citation
(RFC), use value (UV), informant consensus factor (ICF), fidelity level (FL), relative importance
(RI), and the Jaccard Index (JI) were applied to the documented data.
Results: The traditional medical uses of 87 plant species belonging to 32 families were reported
on. Amaranthaceae was the most-frequently cited (nine species), followed by Cucurbitaceae and
Euphorbiaceae (six species each). The most dominant life form was herbs (73.56%). The most-
used plant parts were leaves, with 65 reports (28.88%), followed by seeds (16%). The common
mode of preparation reported was powder (25.75%), with 74% herbal medicines obtained from
fresh plant materials.

Conclusion: The ethnobotanical result documented in this study provides practical evidence
about the use of medicinal plants among the inhabitants of the Thar Desert. Further, the findings
revealed that the medicinal plants of the area are a major source of herbal drugs for primary
health care used among the rural communities. This survey can be used as baseline information
for further scientific investigation to develop new plant-based commercial drugs.

1
Keywords
Ethnobotany, quantitative analyses, medicinal plants, Thar Desert, Pakistan

1. Introduction
Ethnobotanical assessments of medicinal plant species are important for conservation and
protection, and useful for developing herbal drugs (Cox and Balick, 1994; Heinrich and Gibbons,
2001; Mesfin et al., 2009,Vitalini et al., 2013). Currently, ethnomedicinal studies are essential to
being able to use indigenous plant species for the discovery of new herbal drugs (Mahmood et
al., 2012, 2013). Plants have been used extensively, and their use has been documented for their
therapeutic potential in many parts of the world (Balunas and Kinghorn, 2005; Nadembega et al.,
2011). Medicinal plants are paramount to most disease cure, because a number of human
diseases are treated by herbal pharmaceuticals (Rehecho et al., 2011; Hamayun, 2005).
Moreover, ethnobotanical studies indicate the importance of medicinal species within the local
sociocultural context. These may support the socioeconomic conditions of an area, preserve the
indigenous plant-based knowledge of the local communities, and ultimately to conserve global
heritage (Lentini et al., 1995;, Sanz-Biset et al., 2009).
In Pakistan, about 400–600 medicinal plants have been identified to be in use in the
traditional health-care system (Hamayun, 2005; Shinwari and Qaiser, 2011; Nasir et al., 1972).
The traditional health-care system of Pakistan is mainly based on home-based herbal therapies.
From 2008 to date, a number of ethnobotanical investigations in various geographical regions of
Pakistan have been conducted (Qureshi et al., 2009a; Qureshi et al., 2009b; Qureshi and Raza
Bhatti, 2008; Khan et al., 2013). Pakistan is endowed with a variety of climates, ecological
zones, and topographical regions that are gifted with a diversity of medicinal plants (Hussain et
al., 2010), and the desert parts of Sindh province are said to as of yet unexplored regarding the
ethnobotanical surveys of medicinal plants. Moreover, the indigenous knowledge of locals in this
province is seriously depleted because of various conditions: deforestation, famines, long
drought conditions, migration of traditional healers, and ignorance in the past regarding
ethnobotanical documentation (Kadir et al., 2012, 2013). Thus, ethnomedicinal knowledge of
plants is under serious threat in the Thar Desert (Sindh). On the contrary, a survey of the
literature indicates that ethnobotanical research is well established in the neighboring desert
region of India. To the best of the author’s knowledge, no work has been reported and published
in the past from this region of Pakistan. However, the local people of the area use medicinal

2
plants for treating different ailments because of the lack of health facilities, less-than hygienic
conditions, and most probably because of the transfer of indigenous knowledge about plants
from generation to generation.
Thus, this ethnobotanical survey is carried out for the first time in Thar Desert of Sindh
province to document the traditional uses of medicinal plants in the region. The aims of this
study are to document the indigenous knowledge of locals regarding plants-based medicines and
to compile the profile of medicinal plants by applying quantitative indices (UV, RFC, ICF, RI,
FIV, and JI) to compare ethnobotanical data.

2. Material and methods

2.1 Study Area

The Thar Desert is the part of the larger Indian desert, ranging from the northeast into India
and in the western part of other districts of the Sindh province (Arain et al., 2007). In the
northeast, it shares the boundary with two districts of India: Barmer and Jaisalmer. In the south,
it is bordered with the Indian desert of Rannkuchh, and on the west by the watered Indus River
flood plain. It is occupied by a tract of small hills and sand dunes, generally running from east to
west, and higher in the western part than in the eastern part of the region (Arain et al., 2007). The
months of April, May, and June are the hottest ones, during the day, with an average maximum
and minimum temperatures of 41 °C and 24 °C, respectively, whereas December, January, and
February are the comparatively coldest months, with the average maximum and minimum
temperatures of 28 °C to 9 °C, respectively (Hussain, 2009; Khan et al., 2013).

From an ethnographic point of view, the region is occupied by two religious communities, with
Muslims in the majority and Hindus in the minority. The main languages spoken in the Thar
Desert include Sindhi and Dhatki. Generally, Muslim communities speak the Sindhi language,
whereas others speak Dhatki. There is a lack of satisfactory health-care facilities, thus resulting
in high maternal mortality rate (MMR) and infant mortality rate. Almost all ethnic groups use
herbal medicines as cures for different diseases, and these groups are rich with indigenous
knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants.

3
[Figure 1]

2.2 Ethnobotanical data collection

Six field trips were carried out to compile ethnobotanical data about the uses of medicinal
plants. The total duration of the field study was approximately 10 months, from June 2013 to
March 2014. The method used for data collection was based on semi-structured interviews,
group discussions, and field walks. A total of 530 informants, including 513 locals and 17
traditional healers, were interviewed. Interviews were conducted after obtaining informed
consent (IC) from the interviewees. In many cases, a variety of techniques was used for selecting
informants with traditional knowledge regarding the use of medicinal plants. The questionnaire
used during the survey consisted of two parts: the first part was about the demographic data of
the local informants, and the second part was about the medicinal plants. The ethnobotanical
inventory consists of the local name of the plants, the parts used, the method of preparation, the
mode of usage, and the diseases treated.

2.3 Botanical identifications

During field surveys, identification was mainly based on the local names of plants, with
the help of local knowledgeable informants. For taxonomic confirmation, the Flora of Pakistan
(www.eflora.com) was followed, whereas the International Plant Name Index (IPNI)
(www.ipni.org) was used to obtain the correct botanical names confirmation. Collected plant
specimens were submitted to the Herbarium of Pakistan (ISL), Quaid-I- Azam University
Islamabad, Pakistan.

2.4 Quantitative analyses of ethnobotanical data

The ethnomedicinal data documented were elucidated to define the most-cited used
species, plant parts, and preparation methods. Various quantitative indices, including value (UV),
relative frequency of citation (RFC), the informant consensus factor (ICF), and the fidelity level
(FL), were applied.

4
2.4.1 Informant Consensus Factor
ICF is calculated with the following formula, as cited in the literature (Heinrich et al.,
1998; Tabuti et al., 2003; Teklehaymanot, 2009):

ICF = (Nur − Nt) / (Nur − 1),

where “Nur” mentions the number of use reports for a particular ailment category and “Nt” refers
to the number of taxa used for a particular ailment category.
We categorize the elements into broad ailment categories. ICF is applied to highlight the
homogeneity of the information regarding particular types of ailment categories (Heinrich et al.,
1998; Canales et al., 2005). The result of this consensus ranges from zero to 1. A high value
(close to 1) specifies that taxa are used by the large proportion of the informants for a number of
conditions related to that broad category, whereas the low value (close to 0) indicates that the
plants are chosen randomly for a few or a single condition or that informants did not exchange
information about the use of plants (Akerele, 1988; Kloutsos et al., 2001; Abu-Irmaileh and
Afifi, 2003). In other words, the diseases for which medicinal plants are supposed to be nominal
have higher ICF values (Gazzaneo et al., 2005; Teklehaymanot, 2009; Sharma et al., 2012). In
addition, the informant consensus factor has been abbreviated as either “FIC” or “ICF” in
previous articles (Okello et al., 2010; Rokaya et al., 2010; Cakilcioglu et al., 2011; Upadhyay et
al., 2011).

2.4.2 Fidelity Level

FL points out the preference shown for one species over others, for treating a particular
ailment (Friedman et al., 1986). It is interesting to determine the most ideal species used in the
treatment of a specific ailment using FL (Musa et al., 2011). It is calculated by the following
formula:

FL = Ip/Iu × 100,

5
where “Ip” is the number of informants stating the use of a species for a particular ailment
category, whereas “Iu” is the number of informants stating the use of that plant for any ailment
category.

High FL value (near 100%) is obtained from plants for which almost all use reports
mention using it in nearly the same way, whereas low FL value is obtained from plants that are
used for many different purposes. Similarly, the high FL confirms high usage of the plant species
for a particular ailment, whereas low FL confirms a wide range of medicinal uses but with a low
frequency for each ailment.

2.4.3 Use value

The UV of reported species was calculated using the following formula (Tabuti et al.,
2003):

UV = U/n,

where UV is the use value of species, “U” is the total number of use reports per species, and “n”
represents the total number of informants interrogated for a given plant. UVs will be higher if
there are many use reports for a plant, implying that the plant is important, whereas they will be
near zero if there are few reports related to its use.

2.4.4 Relative Frequency Citation

The RFC was calculated using the following formula:
RFC = FC / N (0 < RFC <1).

This relation displays the local prominence of every species, and it is calculated by
dividing the FC, the number of informants reporting the use of the species) divided by the total
number of informers contributing in the survey (N), without bearing in mind the use-categories
(Vitalini et al., 2013).

6
2.4.5 Relative Importance

RI was calculated according to Bennett and Prance (2000), using the following formula:

RI = (PP + AC) × 100/2,

where PP stands for pharmacological properties, which indicate relative use reports, are
calculated by dividing the number of use reports (UR) attributed to a species by the maximum
number of use reports attributed to the most important species (the species with the highest
number of use reports), and AC stands for ailments treated, which indicates the relative body
systems treated. AC is calculated by dividing the number of body systems treated by a given
species, by the maximum number of ailment categories treated by the species that are used most
widely.

2.4.6 Jaccard Index

Ethnobotanists calculate the JI for comparison of documented data with previous

published data collected from adjoining areas (González-Tejero et al., 2008). JI is calculated
using the following formula:

JI = c×100/(a+b) − c,

where “a” is the number of species of the area A (the Thar Desert); “b” is the number of species
of the area B, which includes the Nara Desert, Sindh; the Noor Pur Thal Desert; Khushab,
Pakistan; Rajasthan, India; the Thar Desert, India; the wild sanctuary of Rajasthan, India; the
Barmer District, Rajasthan; and the Jodhpur District, Rajasthan; and “c” is the number of species
common to both A and B.

7
3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Demographic Data

Of the 530 informants, 17 were traditional healers (THs), and the rest (513) were‘‘Thari’’ and
‘‘Parker’’ indigenous people (Table 1). Most of the informants were in the age range of 40–50
years (23.03%) and 50–60 years (22.26%). The median age was 74.5 years. The majority of
informants (46.79%) were uneducated because of the lack of educational facilities in the area.
Even though they are among literate people, only few have some higher education. Most of the
participants had completed primary or secondary education and most often speak in the Sindhi
language. The majority of informants were males, while the female informants were few. This is
because only older, aged women are given access at rituals, and even then, only on celebration
days. The majority of females were not allowed to discuss or talk with outsider males. For these
reasons, the involvement of women was minimal during the ethnobotanical documentation.

[Table 1]

3.2 Medicinal plant diversity

In the study, 87 medicinal plants belonging to 33 families (Figure 2) were documented during the
ethnobotanical survey. Table 2 presents the ethnobotanical inventory with detailed information.
The highest number of ethnobotanically used species belong to Amaranthaceae (eight species),
followed by Cucrbitaceae and Euphorbiaceae (six species each). Other frequently used families
include Solanaceae and Mimosaceae (five species each) and Papilionaceae (four species). The
reason why the most-frequently used plants belong to Amaranthaceae might be because of the
arid-desert habitat and its xerophytic conditions (Ahmad et al., 2014, Abbasi et al., 2013).

[Figure 2]

[Table 2]

8
3.3 Most-frequently cited plant species

In this study, the list of the most-frequently cited species is also developed. It includes
those species having at least 33 citations or more (Table 2). These species are used by the
majority of local communities for ethnomedicinal uses. The most-cited species in this study
include Abrus precatorius, Acacia jacquemontii, Acacia nilotica, Acacia senegal, Achyranthes
aspera, Amaranthus viridis, Blepharisses sindica, Capparis decidua, Cassia angustifolia,
Citrullus colocynthis, Citrullus vulgaris, Commiphora stocksiana, Commiphora wightii,
Corchorus depressus, Cucumis melo subsp. agrestis var. agrestis, Datura inoxia, Fagonia indica
var. schweinfurthii, Ocimum americanum, Pedalium murex, Pergularia tomentosa, and Ziziphus
nummularia. These plants may be used most frequently because of their common occurrence in
the area. Other reasons why plant species are cited frequently might be: (a) the age-old
association of the community with easily available plant species and their trust in plants as
medicine and (b) the relatively meager or almost nonexistent access to other systems of
medications and the relatively high cost of synthetic drugs.

3.4 Life forms

Of the life forms cited, herbs are documented with the highest frequency (73.56%),
followed by shrubs (18.39%), (Figure 3). Most of the documented species were wild (79.02%),
followed by those cultivated (17.98%). Some were both wild and cultivated (3.00%). Possible
reasons that herbs are predominant may be because they contain rich bioactive compounds
(Mesfin et al., 2009; Teklehaymanot, 2009; Lulekal et al., 2013; Giday et al., 2009) that can be
extracted easily and herbs may grow ubiquitously (roadsides, home garden, farmland, and in
wild habitats) (Shrestha and Dhillion, 2003; Tabuti et al., 2010; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2005;
Uniyal et al., 2006; Ragupathy et al., 2008; Giday et al., 2009, 2010; Sanz-Biset et al., 2009).

[Figure 3]

9
3.5 Parts used of medicinal plants

In this survey, the plant part most often used is leaves (28.88%), followed by seeds (16%)
(Figure 4). Leaves as the dominant part used has also been reported in other ethnobotanical
studies in Pakistan, China, India, Thailand, Bangladesh, the Peruvian Amazon, and Colombia
(Singh and Singh, 2009; Kadir et al., 2012, 2013; Islam et al., 2014; Teklehaymanot, 2009; Ibrar
and Hussain, 2009; Tabuti et al., 2010; Upadhyay et al., 2010). Leaves are the predominantly
used part because they are easy to collect, requiring less effort to obtain compared with other
parts such as roots, flowers, and fruits (Giday et al., 2009)). Further, from a physiological point
of view, leaves are dynamic in photosynthesis and in the assemblage of metabolites (Ghorbani,
2005). Additionally, another significant reason that leaves are used can be the conservation of
plants, because collection of roots can kill the plant and endanger the species (Kadir et al., 2012,
2013). Similarly, many cultural populations in different parts of the world may also make the use
of leaves for the preparation of herbal medications (Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2011; Mahishi et
al., 2005; Ignacimuthu et al., 2008; Ignacimuthu and Shanmugam, 2010; Teklehaymanot, 2009;
Srithi et al., 2009; Giday et al., 2009; Cakilcioglu and Turkoglu, 2010; González et al., 2010).

[Figure 4]

3.6 Form and mode of utilization

In the survey, 786 preparations are recorded. Out of these, 733 preparations (93.23%)
were recommended for internal prescription, and 53 formulations were recommended for
external applications. Oral administration is mostly recommended by the THs because of the
ease of administration without using any costly and complex apparatus, as reported in earlier
studies (Prashanth et al., 2001; Kadir et al., 2012, 2013; Poonam and Singh, 2009; Nadembega et
al., 2011; Ayyanar and Ignacimuthu, 2011). The foremost mode of preparation was powder
(25.75%), followed by extracts (21.37%) (Figure 5). Most of the preparations are made with
water as diluents (Mood, 2008; Brandão et al., 2012; Ssegawa and Kasenene, 2007; Prashanth et
al., 2001; Lee et al., 2008; Poonam and Singh, 2009; Andrade-Cetto, 2009). In addition, some

10
people use banana pulp, orange peel, lemon, black pepper, sugar, salt, camphor, and tobacco leaf
as adjuvant with different diluents.

The majority of the herbal medicines (74%) were prepared from fresh plant materials
rather than dried parts. It is also noted that there are contradictions regarding the exact dosage of
medications among the informants because of variations in indigenous knowledge among the
informants and person-to-person experience. Local people use these formulations based on age
and the conditions of the disease treated. Some of the THs reported using herbal-mineral-based
preparations called Kushtas. Kushta herbal-mineral preparations are used in traditional systems
of medicine in the Indo-Pak subcontinent (Unani and Ayurvedic) (Teklehaymanot, 2009; Giday
et al., 2009). In the study, Kushta use was reported approximately 19 times. Some of the herbal
formulations used by the informants may have additional effectiveness, but they may have toxic
effects if used in excess.

3.7 Toxicity of medicinal plants

In this study, the documented ethnomedicinal data are generally confined to medicinal
usage, with some information on the toxicity of plants (Table 2). Only 31% of the plants were
reported as having some toxic effects. The majority of the informants stated that they use
medicinal plants based on the experience of the elders among them, so they do not believe that
the plants are toxic. According to some of the informants, plant-based recipes, when used in
excess dosage, may have some toxic effects. The reporting of toxic effects of plants may provide
useful information that should be taken into consideration by researchers in future investigation
to determine the toxic compounds of plants for safe medicinal use (Asha et al., 2001; Shrestha
and Dhillion, 2003).

3.8 Quantitative analyses of ethnomedicinal data

3.8.1 Use Value

In this study, UV ranges from 0.08 to 0.62. The species having high UV were Citrullus
vulgaris, Grewia optiva, Aerva javanica, Boerhavia procumbens, and Datura inoxia. Most of the
plants with higher UV are also used frequently in other parts of Pakistan. It is suggested that
species with higher UV should be studied further for pharmacological and phytochemical

11
screening to develop herbal drugs in the future (Qureshi et al., 2010). In some cases, UV was
lower because informants had less knowledge about the plant species, which might be of exotic
origin or uncommon availability in the study area (Rokaya et al., 2010).

3.8.2 Relative Frequency of Citation

In this study, the RFC range was from 0.039 to 0.068. The plant species with the highest
RFC were Citrullus colocynthis, Acacia senegal, Capparis decidua, Cucumis melo subsp.
agrestis var. agrestis, Daturainoxia, and Pergularia tomentosa. Our findings regarding RFC were
comparable with some previous studies (Qureshi et al., 2011; Shaheen et al., 2012; Upadhyay et
al., 2010; Kapoor and Lakhera, 2013).

3.8.3 Informant Consensus Factor

In this study, 13 major ailment categories were reported based on ICF data. The ICF
range was from 0.1 to 0.58, with an average ICF of 0.36 (Table 3). The highest ICF was reported
for gastrointestinal (GIT) disorders (0.58) and urinary disorders (0.58). It is generally observed in
the study area that because of the intake of low-quality foods and drinking water, GIT disorders
are common. Similarly, higher ICF for GIT disorders have also been reported in previous studies
in Pakistan and other parts of the world (Logan, 1986; Teklehaymanot, 2009; Rokaya et al.,
2010; Ragupathy et al., 2008). Sexual disorders with respect to ICF value ranked as the third
category. The use of these plant-based treatments is due to the cultural trend in the study area,
the local people prefer medicinal plants over allopathic drugs. Similarly, considerable consensus
was also reported for plants used against snake and scorpion bites, and this may be because of
the frequency reports about of snake, scorpion, and other insect bites in the area.
[Table 3]

3.8.4 Fidelity Level

In this study, FL varies from 50% to 100%. Out of all documented plant species, 22 were
found to have the highest FL of 100% (Table 2). Maximum FL for the species indicates the
choice of informants for treating the specific ailment (Rajakumar and Shivanna, 2009; Islam et
al., 2014). The plants with the highest FL are those reported to be most useful (Singh and
Pandey, 1998; Sridevi et al., 2009; Srithi et al., 2009; Govindan et al., 1999, 2004; Atal and

12
Chandhoke, 1980; Ignacimuthu and Shanmugam, 2010; Chattopadhyay et al., 2011; Vadnere et
al., 2010; Pandikumar et al., 2011Subbarayappa, 1997).

3.9 Comparison with other studies in neighboring regions

To compare our documented data regarding important plant species in the Thar Desert,
we cited 14 published ethnobotanical studies from our neighboring regions (Table 4). The
percentages of similarity of uses range from 11.11 % to 51.85 % of the total comparative studies,
while the percentage of dissimilar uses varies from 0 % (Kapoor and Kumar, 2013) to 21.28 %
(Bhatti et al., 2001). The highest degree of JI was found to be 85.72, followed by 58.93, whereas
the lowest JI was found in the studies of Kapoor and Lakhera (2013), followed by Kapoor and
Kumar (2013).It is concluded from this comparison that higher similarities were found between
neighboring areas, and lower similarities occur between far-away areas. In comparison with high
similarity indexes, the study findings show that a considerable similarity with respect to plant use
and modes of application among informants. The reasons may be due to the sharing of similar
flora and the cross-cultural exchange of medicinal plant knowledge in the past. However, the low
similarities with previous studies are probably due to cases of remarkable cultural adoption of
current widespread change in population and habitat structure. This could reflect the cultural loss
in the ethnobotanical and medical knowledge in neighboring areas.

[Table 4]

3.10 Important medicinal plants in the Deserts of Pakistan

The medicinal plants with higher use potential are presented in bold text in Table 2, and
these are based on comparative studies previously published from Pakistan. These plant species
have not been reported in detail in the ethnobotanical surveys of other researchers. Moreover, it
is thought that these species could have great potential for further studies.

4.0. Conclusions

The ethnobotanical findings of this study demonstrate that the traditional knowledge of
medicinal plant species in the Thar Desert is mainly retained by elders, and most of them gained

13
their knowledge from their parents and grandparents. This survey reveals that the most-used
species belong to Amaranthaceae, followed by Cucurbitaceae, and that the most-frequently used
mode of preparation was powder. Quantitative values of ICF, UV, RFC, and FL reflect that a
rich diversity of medicinal plants is still used among the local people as cures of many diseases
in the area. The comparative analysis (JI) strengthens the ethnobotanical findings and provides
new useful knowledge. Notably, this study recommends that various plants with a high
quantitative ethnobotanical index value should be studied further to isolate the bioactive
compounds, which could aid as the preliminary resources to develop plant-based medications.
Future research on the safety and efficacy of herbal drugs, as well as ecological and cultural
conservation efforts, which are needed for the sustainable growth of herbal medicines in the Thar
Desert of Sindh, Pakistan.

Acknowledgment

We are grateful to the local people of the area for allowing us to carry out the study, especially
the THs of the Thar Desert, Sindh.

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Table 1 Demographic data of informants in Thar Desert (Sindh)

S. No Variable Categories No. of Persons Percentage

1. Informant category Traditional health practitioners 17 3.20

2. Indigenous people 513 96.79

3. Gender Female 8 1.5

Male 522 98.49

4. Age Less than 20 years 57 10.75

20–30 years 53 10

30–40 years 105 19.81

40–50 years 114 21.5

50–60 years 121 22.83

More than 60 years 80 15

5. Educational background Illiterate 248 46.79

Completed five 5 years education 117 22.17

Completed eight 8 years education 84 15.84

Completed 10 years education 47 8.86

Completed 12 years education 17 3.20

Some under r grade degree 11 2.07

Graduate (higher education) 6 1.13

6. Experience of the traditional health Less than 2 years 2 11.76

practitioners
2–5 years 7 41.18

5–10 years 3 17.64

10–20 years 3 17.64

More than 20 years 2 11.76

23
 Table 2 Ethnomedicinal uses of plants in Thar Desert,- Pakistan
S.No Taxon/VSN Local Lif Habitat Part Methods Diseases Toxic F RF U R.I FL* Compar
/ Family Nname e used of treated *
ity C * C* V* *
% ative
for Pprepara studies*
m tion

1. *Abrus Chanothi Her Wild Seeds, Powder, **Stops Toxic 31 0.0 0.2 47. 90.3 1♦, 2♦,
precatorius b Fruit, Paste, pregnancy if 58 9 27 2 3♦, 4♦,
L. Leave Kushta (RS/I), used 5♦, 6▲,
s with Abortive in 7●, 8♦,
GY-64 Copper (RS/I), exces 9♦, 10●,
Sexual s 11♦,
Papilionace
disorders 12▲,
ae
(RS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Sexual tonic
for males
(RS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I)

2. Abutilon Garhparh Her Wild Leave Decoctio Diarrhea Not 29 0.0 0.2 47. 62.0 1♦, 2♦,
indicum (L.) b s, n, Paste, (DS/)I, toxic 54 9 27 7 3♦, 4♦,
Sweet Flowe Powder Gonorrhea 5♦, 6♦,
r (RS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
GY-52 Bladder-– 9▲, 10♦,
Urethra 11♦,
Malvaceae
inflammatio 12▲,
n (US/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Jaundice
(GS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Bronchitis
(RT/I),
3. Acacia Bhaori Shr Wild Leave Extract, Wounds Not 32 0.0 0.2 28. 93.7 1♦, 2♦,
jacquemont ub s, Paste, (MS/E), toxic 60 2 64 5 3♦, 4▲,
ii Benth. Flowe Powder Infections 5♦, 6♦,
r, (MS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
GY-54 Gum Teeth and 9♦, 10♦,
gum 11♦, 12♦,
Mimosaceae
disorders 13♦, 14♦,
(DS/E),
Stomach
disorders

24
 (DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Menses
problems
(RS/I),
Dysentery
(DS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I), Joint
and bone
pain (MS/I),
Body
weakness
(BS/I), GIT
problems
(DS/I),

4. Acacia Babbar Tre Wild/Culti Soft Powder, Sexual Not 34 0.0 0.2 40. 100 1●, 2♦,
nilotica (L.) e vated stem, Extract, weakness in toxic 64 9 23 3♦, 4♦,
Delile Leave Decoctio males and 5▲, 6♦,
s, n, females(RS/ 7♦, 8▲,
GY-55 Flowe Extract, I), Stomach 9▲,
rs, Kushta in problems 10▲,
Mimosaceae
Gum, Gold, (DS/I), 11▲,
Fruit, silver and Blood 12▲,
Shoot, mercury purifier 13♦, 14♦,
Root, (CS/I),
Barks, Sexual
disorders
(RS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I),
Blood
clotting
factor
(Hemophilia
) (CS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Dysentery
(DS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),
Mouth ulcer
(DS/I),

25
 Wounds
(MS/I),
Tuberculosis
(RT/I), Body
tonic (BS/I),
Vitamin
source
(BS/I), Skin
boils (MS/I),
Leucorrhea
(RS/I),
Contraceptiv
e (RS/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I), Liver
Ttonic
(GS/I),
5. Acacia Koonbhat Tre Wild/Culti Bark, Extract, Joint pain Not 36 0.0 0.3 45. 97.2 1●, 2♦,
senega l(L.) e vated Gum, Powder (MS/I), Piles Toxic 67 4 69 2 3♦, 4♦,
Willd. Seed, and 5♦, 6♦,
Leave hemorrhoids 7♦, 8●,
GY-56 s (DS/I), 9●, 10♦,
Gastric 11▲,
Leguminosa
disorders 12▲,
e
(DS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),Body
tonic(BS/I)
and brain
tonic (NS/I),
Weakness
after labor
(BS/I), Body
pain (BS/I),
Indigestion
(DS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I),
Body
weakness
(BS/I), Liver
heat (GS/I),

6. Achyranthes Ubatkandri Her Wild Leave Ash, Jaundice Toxic 34 0.0 0.2 44. 97.0 1♦, 2▲,
aspera L. b s, Extract, (GS/I), if 64 5 78 6 3▲, 4▲,
Stem, Kushta in Constipation used 5▲, 6▲,
Arsenic, (DS/I), in 7♦, 8▲,

26
 GY-06 Root Decoctio Urine exces 9▲,
n, enhancer s 10▲,
Amaranthac Poultice, (US/I), 11♦, 12♦,
eae Paste Menses 13♦, 14♦,
problems
(RS/I), Skin
allergy and
boils (MS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I),
Cough
(RT/I),
Tuberculosis
(RT/I),
Chest
disorders
(RT/I),
Scorpion
bite (CS/I),
Kidney
stones
(US/I), Skin
disorders
(MS/I)

7. Aerva Booh Her Wild Leave Decoctio Piles and Not 28 0.0 0.5 83. 78.5 1♦, 2●,
javanica b s, n, hemorrhoids toxic 53 6 86 7 3♦, 4●,
(Burm. f.) Root Powder, (DS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Juss Extract, Urine 7♦, 8▲,
Poultice enhancer 9▲,
GY-07 (US/I), 10▲,
Kidney 11♦,
Amaranthac
stones 12♦,13♦,
eae
(US/I), 14♦,
Snake bites
(CS/E),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Labor cases
ease (RS/I),
Swollen
parts
(MS/E),
Cancer
(MS/I)

27
8. Aerva Booh Her Wild Leave Decoctio Piles and Not 28 0.0 0.3 62. 71.4 1♦, 2▲,
javanica b s, n, hemorrhoids toxic 53 8 27 3 3●, 4●,
var. bovei Root Powder, (DS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Webb Extract, Urine 7♦, 8▲,
Poultice enhancer 9▲,
GY-08 (US/I), 10▲,
Kidney 11♦, 12♦,
Amaranthac
stones 13♦, 14♦,
eae
(US/I),
Snake bites
(CS/E),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Labor cases
ease (RS/I),
Swollen
parts
(MS/E),
Cancer
(MS/I)

9. Aloe vera Kunwaar Her Wild Leave Paste Spleen Not 22 0.0 0.1 16. 90.9 1♦, 2▲,
(L.) Burm. b s enlargemen toxic 42 4 59 1 3▲, 4♦,
t (GS/I), 5▲, 7▲,
GY-50 Fever (CS/I), 8▲, 9♦,
Lungs 10▲,
Liliaceae
disorders 11▲,
(RT/I), 12●, 13♦,
Diabetes 14♦,
(GS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I)
10. Amaranthus Mareero Her Wild Whole Cooked Constipatio Not 31 0.0 0.3 47. 96.7 1♦, 2♦,
graecizans b , paste, n (DS/I), toxic 59 72 7 3♦, 4♦,
L. subsp. Leave Hot paste, Liver tonic 5♦, 6♦,
silvestris s, Smoke (GS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
Stem Digestive 9♦, 10♦,
GY-09 tonic (DS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Night 13♦, 14♦,
Amaranthac
blindness
eae
(SO/I), Old
fever (CS/I),
Skin Bboils
(MS/I) , Eye
weakness
(SO/E),
Respiratory

28
 problems
(RT/I)
11. Amaranthus Mareero Her Wild Whole Cooked Constipatio Not 31 0.0 0.0 14. 96.7 1♦, 2♦,
graecizans b paste, n (DS/I), toxic 59 8 09 7 3♦, 4♦,
subsp. Smoke Liver tonic 5♦, 6♦,
Thellungian (GS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
us (Nevski) Digestive 9♦, 10♦,
Gusev tonic (DS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Night 13♦, 14♦,
GY-10 blindness
(SO/I), Eye
Amaranthac
weakness
eae
(SO/I), Old
fever (CS/I),
Skin Bboils
(MS/I),
Respiratory
problems
(RT/I)
12. Amaranthus Gadahmareer Her Wild Leave Paste, Blood Toxic 27 0.0 0.1 26. 92.5 1♦, 2♦,
spinosus L. o b s, Extract purifier if 51 8 13 9 3♦, 4♦,
Shoot (CS/I), exces 5♦, 6♦,
GY-11 Pulmonary s used 7♦, 8♦,
congestion 9♦, 10▲,
Amaranthac
(CS/I), GIT 11♦, 12♦,
eae
problems 13♦, 14♦,
(DS/I), Eyes
Sight
(SO/E)
13. Amaranthus Tandla Her Wild Leave Extract, Flu (RT/I), Not 34 0.0 0.1 26. 97.0 1●, 2▲,
viridis L. b s, Powder, Scorpion toxic 64 8 13 6 3▲, 4▲,
Flowe sting (CS/I) 5♦, 6▲,
GY-12 r, and Snake 8▲, 8♦,
Whole bite (CS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Amaranthac
plant Rheumatism 11●,
eae
(MS/I), Skin 12♦, 13♦,
allergy 14♦,
(MS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I), Gall
bladder
stones
(DS/I) and
kidney
stones

29
 (US/I),
Diarrhea
(DS/I),
Urine
problems
(US/I),
Contracepti
ve (RS/I)

14. Asparagus Kootri Her Wild Root Powder, Sexual tonic Not 31 0.0 0.2 38. 100 1♦, 2♦,
adscendens b Paste (RS/I),Sexu toxic 59 5 18 3♦, 4♦,
Roxb. al weakness 5♦, 6♦,
in males 7▲, 8♦,
GY-18 and females 9♦, 10▲,
(RS/I), 11♦,
Asparagace
Dysentery 12▲,
ae
(DS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Kidney
stones
(US/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I), Brain
tonic (NS/I),
Heart Ttonic
(CS/I), Joint
pain (MS/I),
Piles and
hemorrhoids
(DS/I), Milk
production
enhancer in
females
(GS/I)
15. Asphodelus JangliBasar Her Wild Rhizo Powder, Asthma Toxic 30 0.0 0.3 45. 100 1♦, 2●,
tenuifolius b me, Paste, (RT/I), if 57 2 68 3●, 4▲,
Cav. Leave Kushta in Snake bite used 5▲, 6●,
s Arsenic, (CS/E), in 7♦, 8♦,
GY-51 Nitric Scorpion exces 9♦, 10♦,
acid or bite (CS/E), s 11♦, 12♦,
Liliaceae
Cinnabar Sexual tonic 13♦, 14♦,
(RS/I),
Paralysis
(NS/I),
Epilepsy
(NS/I),
Headache
(NS/I),

30
 Jaundice
(GS/I), Brain
disorders
(NS/I),
Spermatorrh
ea (RS/I)

16. Azadirachta Nim Tre Cultivated Seeds, Oil, Hair tonic Not 32 0.0 0.5 76. 100 1♦, 2♦,
indica Adr. e leaves Extract, (MS/E), Lice toxic 60 2 82 3♦, 4▲,
Juss. , Infusion, killer 5▲, 5♦,
Fruit, Decoctio (MS/E), 6♦, 7▲,
GY-53 Root n, Piles and 8▲, 9♦,
Powder, hemorrhoids 10▲,
Malvaceae
Kushta in (DS/I), 11▲,
Silver Menses 12♦,
and problems 13♦, 14♦,
Copper (RS/I),
Gastric
problems
(DS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I), Eye
disorders
(SO/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I),
Fever (CS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I), Skin
disorders
(MS/I), GIT
Ulcer (DS/I),
Stomach
problems
(DS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Old
Ffever
(CS/I),
Eczema
(MS/E),
Toothache
(DS/I)
17. Barleria Kinari Her Wild Leave Powder , Cold (RT/I), Not 22 0.0 0.3 52. 77.2 1♦, 2♦,
acanthoides b s, Extract Malaria toxic 41 7 27 7 3♦, 4♦,
fever (CS/I), 5♦, 6♦,

31
 Vahl Seeds Respiratory 7♦, 8♦,
disorders 9♦, 10♦,
GY-01 (RT/I), 11♦, 12♦,
13♦, 14♦,
Acanthacea
e

18. Blepharisse Utangan Her Wild Seeds, Powder, Joint pain Not 33 0.0 0.2 26. 90.9 1♦, 2▲,
s indica b Root Extract (MS/I), Back toxic 62 14 1 3▲, 4♦,
Stocks ex T. ache (MS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Anders Sexual 7♦, 8♦,
disorders 9♦, 10▲,
GY-02 (RS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Sexual tonic 13♦, 14♦,
Acanthacea
(RS/I), Liver
e
tonic (GS/I),
Lungs
disorders
(RT/I),
Spermatorrhi
ea (RS/I),
Skin boils
(MS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Premature
ejaculation
(RS/I)
19. Boerhavia Teejhkathi Her Wild Root, Extract, Constipation Not 29 0.0 0.5 95 65.5 1♦, 2♦,
procumbens b Stem Decoctio (DS/I), toxic 55 6 2 3♦, 4♦,
Banks ex n, Paste, Respiratory 5♦, 6♦,
Roxb. Powder problems 7♦, 8♦,
(RT/I), Joint 9♦, 10♦,
GY-62 pain (MS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Paralysis 13♦, 14♦,
Nyctaginace
(NS/I), Brain
ae
disorders
(NS/I),
Spleen
enlargemen
t (GS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I)

20. C Calamintha Her 23 0.0 0.4 71. 56.5 1♦, 2♦,

debilis b Wild Leave Powder GIT 43 1 36 2 3♦, 4♦,
s, problems

32
 (Bunge) Flowe (DS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Benth. r Respiratory 7♦, 8♦,
disorders 9♦, 10♦,
GY-47 (RT/I), Skin 11♦, 12♦,
boils (MS/E) 13♦, 14♦,
Lamiaceae

21. Calotropis Akk Shr Wild Latex, Powder, Stops Toxic 32 0.0 0.4 57. 100 1▲, 2♦,
procera ub leaves Poultice, vomiting if 60 1 27 3♦, 4▲,
(Willd.) , Extract, (DS/I), used 5▲, 6♦,
R.Br. Flowe Poultice, Mouth ulcer in 7♦, 8▲,
r, Kushta (DS/I), Hair exces 9▲,
GY-17 Root, made tonic (MS/I), s 10▲,
from Earache 11▲,
Asclepiadac
Latex, (SO/I), 12♦, 13♦,
eae
Malaria 14♦,
(CS/I), Fever
(CS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I),
Respiratory
disorders
(RT/I),
Cough
(RT/I), Piles
(DS/I), Skin
disorders
(MS/I),
Diarrhea
(DS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Headache
(NS/I), Skin
Warts
(MS/I),
Gastric
condition
(DS/I),
Pimples
(MS/I),
Tuberculosis
(RT/I),
Constipation
(DS/I)

33
22. Capparis Kirar Shr Wild Stem, Powder, Bone Not 35 0.0 0.2 54. 100 1●, 2♦,
decidua ub Flowe Decoctio fracture toxic 66 9 32 3♦, 4▲,
(Forssk.) rs, n, Paste, (MS/I), 5●, 6♦,
Edgew. Leave Poultice, Asthma 7♦, 8▲,
s, Oil (RT/I), 9♦, 10▲,
GY-30 Fruit, Cough 11●, 12♦,
Seeds (RT/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Capparadac
Dysentery
eae
(DS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I), Ring
worm
(MS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Old
wounds
(MS/I)

23. Cassia Sana Maki Her Wild/ Leave Powder, Constipatio Toxic 34 0.0 0.2 54. 88.2 1♦, 2♦,
angustifolia b Cultivated s Paste, n (DS/I), if 64 9 32 4 3♦, 4♦,
Vahl Decoctio Skin boils used 5♦, 6♦,
n (MS/I), in 7♦, 8♦,
GY-27 Blood exces 9♦, 10♦,
purifier s 11♦, 12♦,
Caesalpinai
(CS/I), 13♦,
caeae
Obesity 14▲,
(MS/I),
Joint pain
(MS/I),
Spleen
disorders
(GS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I),
Brain
disorders
(NS/I),
Sexual
disorders
(RS/I)

24. Cassia Ghorawalh Her Wild Leave Powder, Constipatio Toxic 31 0.0 0.3 64. 67.7 1▲, 2♦,
occidentalis b s Extract n (DS/I), if 59 8 32 4 3●, 4♦,
L. Kushta in Joint Ppain used 5♦, 6♦,
(MS/I), in 7♦, 8♦,

34
 GY-28 mercury Stops exces 9♦, 10♦,
Ddysentery s 11♦, 12♦,
Caesalpinai (DS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
caeae Sexual tonic
(RS/I)
25. Celosia Salaaro Her Wild/Culti Leave Paste, Kidney- Not 31 0.0 0.3 52. 74.1 1♦, 2♦,
argenteaL. b vated s, Powder urinary toxic 59 7 73 9 3♦, 4♦,
Flowe problems 5♦, 6▲,
GY-13 rs, (US/I), 7▲, 8♦,
Shoot Sexual tonic 9▲, 10♦,
Amaranthac
(RS/I), 11♦,
eae
Kidney 12▲,
stones 13♦, 14♦,
(US/I), Liver
disorders
(GS/I),
Urinary
inflammatio
n (US/I),
Constipation
(DS/I), Skin
disorders
(MS/I),
Abdominal
problems
(DS/I),
Menses
excess
stoppage
(RS/I), Skin
boils (MS/I),
Stomach
stimulation
(DS/I)

26. Cenchrus Bhurt Her Wild Seeds, Powder, Sexual tonic Not 29 0.0 0.3 56. 93.1 1♦, 2♦,
biflorus b Leave Paste (RS/I), toxic 55 9 82 0 3♦, 4♦,
Roxb. s Kidney 5♦, 6▲,
stones 7♦, 8♦,
GY-70 (US/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Ureter 11♦, 12●,
Poaceae
stones 13♦, 14♦,
(US/I),
Kidney pain
(US/I),
Spermatorrh
ea (RS/I),

35
 Urethral
ulcer (US/I),
Teeth and
gum ulcer
(DS/I),
Diuretic
(US/I), Skin
allergy
(MS/I)

27. Citrullus Trooh Her Wild/ Fruit, Paste, Jaundice(G Toxic 36 0.0 0.3 54. 94.4 1▲, 2▲,
colocynthis b Cultivated Seed, Powder, S/I), if 68 8 78 4 3♦, 4♦,
(L.) Schrad. Root, Tooth Diabetes used 5▲, 6♦,
Leave brush (GS/I), in 7♦, 8●,
GY-33 s Tooth pain exces 9▲,
(DS/I), Old s 10▲,
Cucrbitacea
influenza 11▲,
e
(RT/I), 12♦, 13♦,
Asthma 14♦,
(RT/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I), Joint
pain (MS/I),
Brain
disorders
(NS/I),
Headache
(NS/I),
Paralysis
(NS/I),
Epilepsy
(NS/I), Piles
and
hemorrhoids
(DS/I),
Blood
formation
(CS/I),
Abdomen
disorders
(DS/I),
Stomach

36
 ulcer (DS/I),
Obesity
(MS/I),
Abdominal
worms
(DS/I)

28. Citrullus Chanhee Her Wild/ Fruit, Fresh, Brain tonic Not 33 0.0 0.6 81. 100 1♦, 2♦,
vulgaris b Cultivated Seed Powder, (NS/I), toxic 62 2 82 3♦,4♦,
Schrad ex Paste, Oil Urine 5♦, 6♦,
Eckl. & enhancer 7♦, 8●,
Zeyh. (US/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Kidney 11♦, 12♦,
GY-34 stones 13♦, 14♦,
(US/I),
Cucrbitacea
Jaundice
e
(GS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I), Liver
tonic (GS/I),
Old flu
(RT/I),
Digestive
Ttonic
(DS/I), Eye
sight
weakness
(SO/I), Heart
tonic (CS/I),
Blood
pressure
(CS/I)
29. Clerodendr Arni Shr Wild Leave Extract, Blood Not 28 0.0 0.4 71. 67.8 1♦, 2♦,
um ub s, Decoctio purifier toxic 53 1 37 6 3♦, 4♦,
phlomidis L. Root, n (CS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Stem, Blood 7●, 8♦,
GY-85 Flowe cancer 9♦, 10♦,
r (CS/I), Hair 11♦,
Verbenacea
tonic 12♦,
e
(MS/E), 13▲,
Asthma 14●,
(RT/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),
Urine
production

37
 (US/I), Old
fever (CS/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I), Piles
(DS/I)

30. Commiphor Chandru Shr Wild Gum, Powder, Bone Not 33 0.0 0.5 76. 100 1♦, 2♦,
a ub Stem Paste fracture toxic 62 37 3♦, 4♦,
stocksiana( (MS/I), Joint 5♦, 6♦,
Engl.) Engl pain (MS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
GY-25 Joint pain 9♦, 10♦,
Burseraceae (MS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Abortion 13♦, 14♦,
(RS/I),

31. Commiphor Googar Shr Wild Seeds, Powder, Joint pain Not 34 0.0 0.3 45. 88.2 1♦, 2♦,
a wightii ub Gum, Decoctio (MS/I), toxic 64 1 23 4 3♦, 4♦,
(Arn.) n, Body tonic 5♦, 6♦,
Bhandar Extract, (BS/ I), Piles 7●, 8♦,
Smoke (DS/I), 9♦, 10▲,
GY-26 Chest pain 11♦, 12♦,
(RT/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Burseraceae
Backache
(MS/I),
Insects and
snake
repellent (I),
GIT
problems
(DS/I),
Fever (CS/I),
Abdominal
problems
(DS/I)

32. Convolvulus Haran chapri Her Wild Leave Extract, Blood Not 28 0.0 0.2 45. 75 1●, 2▲,
arvensis L. b s, Infusion, purifier toxic 53 5 23 3●, 4♦,
Seeds Powder (CS/I), 4▲, 5▲,
GY-31 Cancer 6▲, 7♦,
(CS/I), Skin 8♦, 9♦,
Convolvula
disorders 10♦, 11♦,
ceae
(MS/I), 12♦,13♦,
Kidney- 14♦,
bladder
Sstones
(US/I),
Animal

38
 fever (CS/I),
Liver heat
(GS/I)
33. Corchorus Mundair Her Wild Leave Extract, Male sexual Not 34 0.0 0.2 45. 100 1▲, 2▲,
depressus b s, Powder, disorders toxic 64 7 23 3▲, 4▲,
(L.) Stocks Root, Decoctio (RS/I), 5♦, 6▲,
Fruit, n Sexual tonic 7♦, 8♦,
GY-82 Whole (RS/I), 9♦, 10▲,
plant Coolant 11▲,
Tiliaceae
(BS/I), 12▲,
Liver tonic 13♦, 14♦,
(GS/I),
Female
sexual
disorders
(RS/I),
Spermatorrh
oea (RS/I)
Urinary
problems
(US/I),
Kidney
stones
(US/I),
Urinary
Bladder
stones
(US/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I), Brain
tonic (NS/I),
Hair tonic
(MS/E),
Blood
purification
(CS/I),
Urethral
infection
(US/I),

34. Corchorus Nar Mundair Her Wild Leave Powder, Menses Not 29 0.0 0.4 64. 100 1♦, 2♦,
tridens L. b s, Extract, problems(R toxic 55 7 32 3♦, 4♦,
Fruit, S/I), 5♦, 6♦,
GY-83 Seeds Hepatitis 7♦, 8♦,
(GS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Tiliaceae
Itching in 11♦, 12♦,
urine and

39
 retention of 13♦, 14♦,
urine (US/I),
Male sexual
weakness
(RS/I),
Gastric pain
(DS/I),
Pneumonia
(RT/I),
Spermatorr
hoea (RS/I),
Premature
ejaculation
(RS/I),
Cooling
agent (BS/I),
Piles (DS/I),
Gonorrhea
(RS/I) and
swelling of
urinary
bladder
(US/I),
35. Cucumis Chibbar Her Wild / Leave Powder, Jaundice Not 35 0.0 0.3 43. 100 1▲, 2▲,
melo subsp. b Cultivated s, Poultice, (GS/I), toxic 66 9 18 3▲, 4♦,
agrestis var. Stem, Fresh, Digestive 5♦, 6♦,
agrestis Fruit Extract, tonic (DS/I), 7♦, 8●,
Naudin, Urine 9♦, 10●,
Ann. Sc. disorders 11♦, 12♦,
Nat. (US/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Constipatio
GY-35 n (DS/I),
Joint pain
Cucrbitacea
(MS/I),
e
Constipation
in cattle
(DS/I), Liver
tonic (GS/I),
Act as
Ddrink
powder
(DS/I), Cold
(RT/I)
36. Cyamopsis Gwar Her Cultivated Leave Paste GIT worms Not 26 0.0 0.3 61. 76.9 1♦, 2♦,
tetragonolo b s, (DS/I), toxic 49 6 82 2 3♦, 4♦,
ba (L.) Seeds, Urine 5♦, 6♦,

40
 Taubert Fruit production 7♦, 8♦,
(US/I), 9♦, 10♦,
GY-65 Constipation 11▲,
(DS/I), Milk 12♦, 13♦,
Papilionace
production 14♦,
ae
in females
(GS/I)

37. Cynodon Chabhar Her Wild / Leave Extract, Pain killer Not 26 0.0 0.3 43. 92.3 1▲, 2▲,
dactylon b Cultivated s Ash and (MS/I), toxic 49 1 18 1 3▲, 4▲,
(L.) Pers oil, Kidney 5▲, 6♦,
Powder stones 7♦, 8▲,
GY-71 (US/I), 9♦, 10▲,
Ureteral 11♦,
Poaceae
stones 12▲,
(Us/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Snake bite
(CS/I), Dog
Bbite (CS/I),
Wound
healer
(MS/I), Piles
and
hemorrhoids
(DS/I)

38. Cyperus Nangermoth Her Wild Root Powder, Brain tonic Toxic 28 0.0 0.3 43. 76.1 1♦, 2▲,
rotundus L. a b Extract, (NS/I), Piles if 39 1 18 9 3▲, 4♦,
Paste (DS/I) and used 5♦, 6▲,
GY-40 hemorrhoids in 7♦, 8▲,
(DS/I), Stop exces 9♦, 10♦,
Cyperaceae
excess of s 11♦, 12♦,
urine (US/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Hair fall
(MS/E) ,
Skin
fairness
(MS/E),
Hiccup
(DS/I),
Menses
problem
(RS/I),
Digestive
tonic (DS/I),
Heart tonic
(CS/I),

41
 Mammary
glands
enhancer
(GS/I),
Cholera
(DS/I),
Muscular
pain (MS/I)
39. Cyperus Weenjhal Her Wild Leave Decoctio Respiratory Toxic 21 0.0 0.3 59. 92.8 1♦, 2♦,
longus L. b s, n problems if 53 6 32 6 3♦, 4♦,
Whole (RT/I), used 5♦, 6♦,
GY-39 Mouth in 7♦, 8♦,
freshener exces 9♦, 10♦,
Cyperaceae
(DS/I) s 11♦, 12♦,
13♦, 14♦,

40. Datura Dhaturoo Her Wild Leave Oil-paste, Pain killer Toxic 35 0.0 0.5 72. 94.2 1♦, 2♦,
inoxia L. b s, Powder, (MS/I), if 66 6 27 8 3♦, 4▲,
Seeds, Smoke, Poisonous used 5▲, 6♦,
GY-76 Fruit, (NS/I), in 7▲, 8▲,
Root Cough exces 9▲,
Solanaceae
(RT/I), s 10▲,
Asthma 11♦,
(RT/I), 12▲,
Paralysis 13♦, 14♦,
(NS/I),
Sedative
(NS/I),
Malaria
(CS/I),
Influenza
(RT/I), Anti-
allergy
(CS/I),
Sexual
disorders
(RS/I),
Tuberculosis
(RT/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I),
Sweating
problems in
feet (MS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I),Flu
(RT/I),

42
 Anti-
Ssmoking
(NS/I), Skin
boils (MS/I),
Joint pain
(MS/I)
41. Digera Lulhar Her Wild Leave Paste, Urine Not 27 0.0 0.2 45. 92.5 1▲, 2▲,
muricata b s, Cooked, enhancer toxic 51 6 22 9 3▲, 4▲,
(L.) Mart. Stem, Decoctio (US/I), 5▲, 6▲,
Seeds n, Powder Urethral 7●, 8♦,
GY-14 ulcer (US/I), 9▲, 10♦,
Hair fall 11♦, 12♦,
Amaranthac
(MS/ E), 13♦, 14♦,
eae
Constipatio
n (DS/I),
GIT
problems
(DS/I),
Kidney-
ureter
Sstones
(US/I),
42. Euphorbia Dandathoor Shr Wild Stem Latex, Sexual tonic Toxic 28 0.0 0.3 63. 96.4 1♦, 2♦,
caducifolia ub Kushta in (RS/I), Heart if 53 3 86 3 3♦, 4♦,
Haines different tonic (CS/I), used 5♦, 6♦,
Arsenic, Paralysis in 7♦, 8♦,
GY-41 Mercury, (NS/I), exces 9▲, 10♦,
Copper, Earache s 11♦, 12♦,
Euphorbiace
Silver, (SO/I), 13♦, 14♦,
ae
Ringworm
Extract, (MS/I),
Paste Constipation
(DS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I), Joint
pain (MS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I),
Cough
(RT/I),
Blood
purifier

43
 (CS/I)

43. Euphorbia Kheerwalh Her Wild Whole Extract, Skin Toxic 25 0.0 0.5 77. 100 1♦, 2♦,
granulate b plant Paste diseases if 47 5 27 3♦, 4♦,
Forssk. (MS/E), used 5♦, 6♦,
GY-42 Scorpion in 7♦, 8♦,
Euphorbiace bite (CS/E), exces 9♦, 10▲,
ae Snake bite s 10♦,
(CS/E) 11▲,
12♦,
13♦, 14♦,

44. Euphorbia Kaazidustar Her Wild Leave Extract, Skin boils Toxic 28 0.0 0.3 52. 96.4 1●, 2♦,
hirta L. b s, Kushta in (MS/I), if 53 6 27 3 3●, 4♦,
Stem silver, Menses used 5♦, 6♦,
GY-43 Mercury disorders in 7♦, 8▲,
and (RS/I), exces 9▲,
Euphorbiace
arsenic, Sexual tonic s 10▲,
ae
Poultice, (RS/I), 11♦,
Paste Sexual 12▲,
weakness 13♦, 14♦,
(RS/I), Pain
killer (BS/I),
Premature
ejaculation
(RS/I), Liver
tonic (GS/I),
Leucorrhea
(RS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I)

45. Euphorbia Dodak Her Wild Whole Extract Liver Toxic 21 0.0 0.2 35. 61.9 1●, 2♦,
prostrate b Plant Decoctio ailments(GS/ if 39 5 68 1 3♦,4●,
Ait n, Paste I), Asthma used 4♦, 5♦,
(RT/I), Joint in 6♦, 7♦,
GY-44 pains exces 8♦, 9♦,
(MS/I), Skin s 10♦, 11♦,
Euphorbiace
eruptions 12♦, 13♦,
ae
(MS/E), 14♦,
Ringworm
(MS/E),
Chronic
fever (CS/I),
Nerve tonic
(NS/I),

44
 Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I)

46. Euphorbia Dodhwalh Her Wild Whole Latex, Diabetes Toxic 21 0.0 0.2 30. 100 1♦, 2▲,
thymifolia b Plant Extract (GS/I), if 39 3 68 3▲, 4▲,
L. Blood used 5♦, 6♦,
GY-45 pressure in 7♦, 8♦,
Euphorbiace (CS/I) exces 9▲, 10♦,
ae s 11♦, 12♦,
13♦, 14♦,

47. Fagonia Dhamao Her Wild Whole Decoctio Skin allergy Not 34 0.0 0.3 47. 100 1▲, 2▲,
indica var. b , n, (MS/I), toxic 64 3 73 3▲, 4▲,
Schwein Leave Extract, Blood 5♦, 6♦,
furthii s Decoctio purifier 7●, 8♦,
Hadidi n (CS/I), Old 9♦, 10♦,
wounds 11♦, 12♦,
GY-86 (MS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Menses
Zygophylac
problems
eae
(RS/I),
Cancer
(CS/I),
Blood
poisoning
(CS/I), Old
Fever (CS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I), Skin
boils (MS/I),
Liver tonic
(GS/I),
Eczema
(MS/I)

48. S Firmiana Karhayo Tre Wild Gum, Powder Dysentery Not 30 0.0 0.2 35. 93.3 1♦, 2♦,
simplex (L.) e Seed, (DS/I), toxic 57 5 68 3 3♦, 4♦,
W.F. Wight Stem Stomach 5♦, 6♦,
GY-81 bark ulcer (DS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
Sterculiaace Piles (DS/I), 9♦, 10▲,
ae Male sexual 11♦,
disorders 12▲,
(RS/I), Heat 13♦, 14♦,
from body

45
 (BS/I),
Blood
pressure
(CS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I)

49. Grewia Shr Wild / Root, Powder, Spermatorrh Not 29 0.0 0.6 88. 65.5 1♦, 2♦,
optiva ub Cultivated Bark Extract ea (RS/I), toxic 55 2 86 2 3♦, 4♦,
Drummond Sexual tonic 5♦, 6♦,
ex Burret (RS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
Asthma 9♦, 10♦,
GY-84 (RT/I), 11♦,
Jaundice 12▲,
Tiliaceae
(GS/I), 13▲,
Kidney 14♦,
Sstones
(US/I),
Hepatitis
(GS/I),
Diarrhea
(DS/I),
Dysentery
(DS/I),
50. Heliotropiu Kharsan Her Wild Leave Paste, Wound Toxic 29 0.0 0.1 23. 96.5 1▲, 2▲,
m b s, Decoctio inflammatio if 55 3 64 5 3▲, 4♦,
curassavicu Root n, Extract n (MS/I), used 5♦, 6♦,
m L. Skin allergy in 7♦, 8♦,
(MS/I), Skin exces 9▲,
GY-23 disorders s 10▲,
(MS/I), Skin 11♦, 12♦,
Boraginacea
boils 13♦, 14♦,
e
(MS/E),
Skin cancer
(MS/I),
Blood
purification
(MS/I),
Bone
fracture
(MS/I)

51. Heliotropiu Gorakhpaan Her Wild Leave Decoctio Liver heat Toxic 28 0.0 0.3 48. 89.2 1▲, 2▲,
m b s, n, (GS/I), if 53 7 18 8 3▲, 4♦,
europaeum Whole Extract, Jaundice used 5♦, 6♦,
L. Plant Powder (GS/I), in 7♦, 8♦,
Blood exces 9♦, 10▲,

46
 GY-24 purifier s 11♦, 12♦,
(CS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Boraginacea Malaria
e (CS/I),
Blood
producer
(CS/I),
Stomach
stimulant
(DS/I), Stop
Bbleeding
from cut part
(MS/E)
52. Ipomoea Sat gullo Shr Cultivated Leave Extract, Wound Not 21 0.0 0.3 38. 100 1♦, 2♦,
cornea ub s, Powder healing toxic 39 5 64 3♦, 4♦,
(Mart. ex Shoot (MS/E), Pain 5♦, 6♦,
Choisy) D. killer 7♦, 8♦,
Austin (BS/E), 9▲, 9♦,
Blood 10▲,
GY-32 clotting 11♦,12♦,
(CS/E) 13♦, 14♦,
Convolvula
ceae

53. Launaea Bhathar Her Wild Leave Extract, Male sexual Not 30 0.0 0.2 22. 80 1▲, 2▲,
procumbens b s Kushta in disorders toxic 57 4 05 3▲, 4♦,
Mercury, (RS/I), Liver 5♦, 6♦,
Powder disorders 7♦, 8♦,
(Roxb.) (GS/I), 9♦, 10▲,
Ramayya & Leucorrhea 11♦, 12♦,
Rajagopal (RS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Jaundice
GY-19
(DS/I), GIT

Asteraceae worms
(DS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),
Body
swellings
(MS/E),
Skin boils (
MS/E) ,
Urine
disorders

47
 (US/I),
Kidney
stones
(US/I), Eyes
infections
(SO/E)
54. Leptadenia Kheerkhip Her Wild Root, Ash-Salt, Skin allergy Not 29 0.0 0.2 38. 93.1 1▲, 2♦,
pyrotechnic b Stem, Extract, (MS/I), toxic 55 8 18 0 3♦, 4♦,
a Leave Kushta in Asthma 5♦, 6♦,
s, Arsenic (RT/I), 7♦, 8▲,
(Forssk.) Latex Sexual tonic 9♦, 10▲,
Decne. (RS/I), 11●, 12♦,
wound 13♦, 14♦,
GY-15
healing

Asclepiadac (MS/I),

eae Spines
removal
from
infected part
(MS/I),
Gums
disorders
(DS/I),
Ringworm
(MS/I), GIT
problems
(DS/I),
Urine
production
(US/I)

55. Luffa Tombrio Her Cultivated Fruit, Powder Hepatitis A Not 29 0.0 0.1 23. 96.5 1♦, 2♦,
cylindrica b Seeds and B toxic 55 5 64 5 3♦, 4♦,
(L.) Roem. (GS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Constipation 7●, 7♦,
GY-36 (DS/I), GIT 8▲, 9♦,
problems 10●, 11♦,
Cucrbitacea
(DS/I), 12▲,
e
Chest 13♦, 14♦,
problems
(RT/I), Nose
allergy
(SO/E)

56. Momordica Janglikarelo Her Wild / Fruit, Extract, Earache Not 32 0.0 0.4 75. 100 1♦, 2♦,
balsamina b Cultivated Seeds, Powder (SO/E), toxic 60 8 92 3♦, 4▲,
Constipation 5▲, 6♦,

48
 L. (DS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
Epilepsy 9▲, 10♦,
GY-37 (NS/I), 12▲,
Paralysis 13♦, 14♦,
Cucrbitacea
(NS/I),
e
Kidney
stones
(NS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I)

57. Moringa Polo Tre Wild Gum Powder, Urinary Not 32 0.0 0.2 49. 84.3 1♦, 2♦,
concanensis Saringoo e Paste bladder heat toxic 60 7 77 8 3♦, 4♦,
Nimmo ex (US/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Dalz. & Liver 7♦, 8♦,
Gibs heat(GS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Dysentery 11♦, 12♦,
GY-60 (DS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Sexual
Moringacea
disorders
e
(RS/I),
Gastric
problems
(DS/I), Joint
pain (MS/I),
Body tonic
(BS/I),
Jaundice
(DS/I),
Stomach
stimulant
(DS/I),

58. Moringa Swangno Tre Cultivated Leave Extract, Pain killer Not 26 0.0 0.1 28. 50 1♦, 2♦,
oleifera e s, Decoctio (BS/I), Eye toxic 49 9 64 3♦, 4▲,
Lam. Gum n disorders 5♦, 6♦,
(SO/I), 7♦, 8♦,
GY-61 Digestive 9♦, 10▲,
tonic (DS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Moringacea
Gastric 13♦,
e
problems 14▲,
(DS/I),

49
 Cough
(RT/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Blood
pressure
(CS/I),
Urinary
disorders
(US/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I)

59. Mukia Akhrori Her Wild Leave Paste, Sexual tonic Not 26 0.0 0.1 30. 57.6 1♦, 2♦,
b s, Powder (RS/I), Heart toxic 49 7 68 9 3●, 4♦,
Maderaspat Fruit, tonic (CS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
ina (L.) Seeds, Skin allergy 7♦, 8♦,
M.J. Roem. (MS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Wounds 11♦,
GY-38
(MS/E), 12▲,

Cucrbitacea Skin boils 13♦, 14♦,

e (MS/E)

60. Neottia Jogeero Her Wild Flowe Powder, Eyes sight Not 29 0.0 0.4 68. 89.6 1♦, 2♦,
listeroides b r, Kushta in (SO/E), Eyes toxic 54 7 86 6 3♦, 4♦,
Lindl. Leave Cinnabar, infection 5♦, 6♦,
GY-63 s, Mercury (SO/I), 7♦, 8♦,
Orchidaceae Whole and Tuberculosis 9♦, 10♦,
plant Arsenic (RT/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Jaundice 13♦, 14♦,
(GS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Extra
bone in
human
(MS/E),
61. Ocimum JangliTulsi Her Cultivated Seeds, Powder, Sexual Not 34 0.0 0.2 28. 88.2 1♦, 2♦,
americanum b Flowe Extract, disorders toxic 64 3 64 4 3♦, 4♦,
L. rs, Decoctio (RS/I), 5♦,6▲,7
Leave n Sexual ♦, 8▲,
GY-48 s infertility 9♦, 10▲,
(RS/I), Male 11▲,

50
 Lamiaceae sexual 12▲,
disorders 13▲,
(RS/I), Hair 14♦,
fall (MS/E),
Heart
Ddisorders
(CS/I),
Blood
pressure
maintenance
(CS/I),
Nervous
disorders
(NS/I),
Earache
(SO/E),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Piles
(DS/I),
Gum
strength
(DS/E),
Tonic
(BS/I),
Mouth
freshener
(DS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I), Body
pain (MS/I),
Fever (CS/I),
Headache
(NS/E),
Mosquito
repellent (E),
Leucorrhea
(RS/I),
Spermatorrh
ea (RS/I),
Epilepsy
(NS/I)
62. Ocimum Niazbo Her Cultivated Seeds, Extract, Asthma Not 32 0.0 0.2 47. 96.8 1♦, 2♦,
balsilicum b Leave Paste, (RT/I), Joint toxic 60 8 27 7 3♦, 4♦,
L. s, Decoctio pain (MS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Flowe n, Mouth ulcer 7♦, 8♦,
GY-49 r Infusion, (DS/I), 9♦, 10▲,

51
 Lamiaceae Oil, Dysentery 11♦,
Powder (DS/I), 12▲,
Stomach 13▲,
tonic (DS/I), 14♦,
Brain tonic
(NS/I), GIT
ulcer (DS/I),
Stop
vomiting
(DS/I), Old
fever (CS/I),
Pain killer
(NS/I),
Bladder heat
(US/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Earache
(SO/E), Cold
(RT/I), Flu
(RT/I), ,
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I), Heart
tonic (CS/I)
63. Pedalium Gokhroo Her Wild Leave Powder, Liver heat Not 32 0.0 0.1 26. 100 1♦, 2♦,
murex L. b s, Extract, (GS/I), toxic 60 9 13 3♦, 4♦,
stem, Jaundice 5♦, 6♦,
GY-69 Seeds (GS/I), 7▲, 8▲,
Urethra 9♦, 10▲,
Pedialaceae
inflammatio 11▲,
n (US/I), 12▲,
Digestive 13♦,
problems 14▲,
(DS/I)
Premature
ejaculation(
RS/I),
Spermatorr
hea (RS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Urinary
bladder heat

52
 (US/I),
Urethral
inflammatio
n (US/I),
Kidney and
ureter stones
(US/I),
Urine
disorders
(US/I)

64. Pennisetum Bhaajhri Her Cultivated Seeds Powder, Diabetes Not 29 0.0 0.4 61. 65.5 1♦, 2♦,
glaucum b Paste (GS/I), toxic 55 82 2 3♦, 4♦,
(L.) R. Br. Sexual tonic 5♦, 6♦,
(RS/I), Nose 7♦, 8♦,
GY-72 bleeding 9♦, 10♦,
(SO/I), Body 11♦, 12♦,
Poaceae
swellings 13♦, 14♦,
(MS/I),
Influenza
(RS/I), Body
tonic (BS/I),
Joint Ppain
(MS/I),
Dysentery
(DS/I),
Urine
production
(US/I), Piles
(DS/I), Liver
Ttonic
(GS/I),
Stomach
stimulant
(DS/I),
Gastric
problems
(DS/I), Brain
tonic (NS/I)
65. Pergularia Haathisondi Her Wild Leave Latex, Liver heat Toxic 35 0.0 0.4 61. 97.1 1♦, 2♦,
tomentosa b s, Extract, (GS/I), if 66 82 4 3♦, 4♦,
L. Shoot Powder, Jaundice used 5♦, 6♦,
Kushta in (GS/I), in 7♦, 8♦,
GY-16 Arsenic, Diabetes exces 9●, 10♦,
mercury (GS/I), s 11♦, 12♦,
Asclepiadac
and Sexual tonic 13▲,
(RS/I),

53
 eae Cinnabar Sexual 14♦,
disorders
(RS/I),
Menses
problems
(RS/I)

66. Perkinsonia Jangli Babar Shr Wild / Leave Extract Joint pain Toxic 28 0.0 0.4 57. 85.7 1♦, 2♦,
aculeate L. ub Cultivated s, (MS/I), if 53 27 1 3♦, 4♦,
Seeds Asthma used 5♦, 6♦,
GY-29 (RT/I), in 7♦, 8♦,
Gastric pain exces 9♦, 10♦,
Caesalpinai
(DS/I), Brain s 11♦, 12♦,
caeae
tonic (NS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Male sexual
disorders
(RS/I),
Leucorrhea
(RS/I),
Blood
production
(CS/I)

67. Physalis Popta Her Wild Seed, Powder, Blood Not 27 0.0 0.3 59. 62.9 1♦, 2♦,
minima b Stem Extract purifier toxic 51 8 32 6 3♦, 4♦,
Auctt. (CS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Influenza 7♦, 8♦,
GY-77 (RT/I), Cold 9♦, 10♦,
(RT/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Solanaceae
Constipation 13♦, 14♦,
(DS/I),
Digestive
tonic (DS/I),
Mammary
glands
development
in females
(GS/I), Body
tonic (BS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Bone
fracture
(MS/I), Pain
killer (BS/I)

68. Portulaca Lonak Her Wild / Leave Paste, Cold (RT/I), Not 29 0.0 0.2 47. 72.4 1♦, 2♦,
s, Extract, Kidney 55 5 27 1 3♦, 4♦,

54
 oleracea L. b Cultivated Stem, Powder, stones toxic 5♦, 6▲,
Seeds Kushta in (US/I), 7♦, 8♦,
GY-03 Cinnabar Urinary 9♦, 10▲,
and inflammatio 11♦,
Aizaoaceae
copper n (US/I), 13▲,
Liver heat 14♦,
(GS/I),
Urine
production
(US/I),
Stomach
stimulant
(DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Constipation
(DS/I),
Premature
ejaculation
(RS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I)

69. Prosopis Devi Shr Wild Leave Paste, Pain killer Toxic 28 0.0 0.3 52. 60 1♦, 2♦,
juliflora ub s, Extract (MS/I), if 47 9 72 3♦, 4♦,
(Swartz) Gum Boils used 5♦, 6♦,
DC. opening in 7♦, 8♦,
(MS/I), Eyes exces 9♦, 10♦,
GY-59 inflammatio s 11♦, 12♦,
n (SO/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Mimosaceae
Body Ttonic
(BS/I),
Muscular
pain (MS/I)
70. Prosopis Gujjo Tre Wild / Fruit Paste Tonic for Not 25 0.0 0.2 49. 82.1 1♦, 2♦,
cineraria e Cultivated body (BS/I), toxic 53 8 77 4 3♦, 4▲,
Leucorrhea 5♦, 6♦,
(L.) Druce (RS/I), 7●, 8●,
9●, 9♦,
GY-57
10▲,

Mimosaceae 11♦, 12♦,

13♦, 14♦,

71. Prosopis Devi Shr Wild Leave Paste, Pain killer Toxic 28 0.0 0.2 42. 75 1♦, 2♦,
glandulosa ub s, Extract (BS/I), Boils if 53 8 73 3♦, 4♦,
Torr. Gum opening used 5♦, 6♦,
(MS/ I), in 7♦, 8♦,

55
 GY-58 Eyes exces 9♦, 10♦,
inflammatio s 11♦, 12♦,
Mimosaceae n (SO/I), 13♦,
Body Ttonic
(BS/I),
Muscular
pain (MS/I)
72. Ricinis Hairan Shr Wild / Seeds, Oil, Constipatio Toxic 32 0.0 0.4 55. 96.8 1♦, 2♦,
communis ub Cultivated Leave Paste, n (DS/I), if 60 22 8 3♦, 4▲,
L. s Powder, Start of used 5▲, 6♦,
Extract dysentery in 7▲, 8▲,
GY-46 (DS/I), Pain exces 9▲,
killer (BS/I), s 10▲,
Euphorbiace
GIT 11●, 12♦,
ae
problems in 13♦, 14♦,
Cchildren
(DS/I), Used
in family
planning
(RS/I),
Contracepti
ve (RS/I),
Opening of
wounds
(MS/I),
Body pain
(BS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Snake bite
(CS/I),
Menses
problems
(RS/I),
Testis
swellings
(RS/I)
73. Salvadora MithoJaar Shr Wild Root, Tooth Tooth ache Not 32 0.0 0.3 47. 100 1▲, 2♦,
oleoides De ub Soft Brush, (DS/E ) , toxic 60 5 73 3♦, 4▲,
cne. bark, Ash Hair 5▲, 6♦,
Leave powder, remover 7▲, 8▲,
GY-74 s, Extract, (MS/E), 9▲,
Fruit, Decoctio Skin allergy 10▲,
Salvadorace
Seed n , Ash (MS/ E), 11▲,
ae
Constipation 12♦,
(DS/I), Old 13♦, 14♦,

56
 fever (CS/I),
Pain killer
(MS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Mouth
freshener
(DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Paralysis
(CS/I)

74. Salvadora KharoJaar Shr Wild Root, Tooth Tooth ache Not 32 0.0 0.3 49. 100 1▲, 2♦,
persica L. ub Soft Brush, (DS/E ), toxic 60 2 77 3♦, 4▲,
bark, Ash, Hair 5▲, 6♦,
GY-75 leaves powder, remover 7▲, 8▲,
, Fruit, Extract, (MS/E), 9▲,
Salvadorace
Seed Decoctio Skin allergy 10▲,
ae
n, Ash (MS/ E), 11▲,
Constipation 12♦, 13♦,
(DS/I), Old 14♦,
fever (CS/I),
Pain killer
(MS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Mouth
freshener
(DS/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Paralysis
(CS/I)

75. Sesamum Tir Her Cultivated Seed, Powder, Stop bed Not 32 0.0 0.3 59. 100 1♦, 2♦,
indicum L. b Flowe Oil, wetting toxic 60 7 32 3♦, 4♦,
rs, Poultice, (US/I), 5♦, 6♦,
GY-68 Leave Constipation 7♦, 8♦,
s (DS/I), 9▲,
Pedaliaceae
Digestive 10▲,
tonic (DS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Diabetes 13♦, 14♦,
(GS/I), Eye
sight (SO/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),

57
 Sexual tonic
(RS/I), Skin
disorders
(MS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I), Brain
tonic (NS/I),
Bladder
tonic (US/I),
Joint pain
(MS/I), Joint
dislocation
(MS/I),
Massage for
pain in body
(BS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I)

76. Solanum WaangniiDh Her Wild Fruit, Powder, Paralysis Toxic 29 0.0 0.2 35. 86.2 1♦, 2♦,
incanum L. atooro b Seeds Kushta in (NS/I), if 55 3 68 1 3♦, 4♦,
GY-78 Cinnabar Blood used 5♦, 6♦,
and purifier in 7♦, 8♦,
Solanaceae copper, (CS/I), exces 9♦, 10♦,
Extract Sexual tonic s 11♦, 12♦,
(RS/I), Piles 13♦, 14♦,
(DS/I),
Earache
(SO/E), Nail
diseases
(MS/E),
Asthma
(RT/I),
Respiratory
tract
problems
(RT/I), Skin
boils
(MS/E),
Blood
poisoning
(CS/I)

77. Solanum Kanderi Her Wild Fruit Paste Nail Toxic 26 0.0 0.2 44. 73.0 1♦, 2▲,
surattense disorders if 49 5 77 7 3●, 4▲,

58
 Burm. b (MS/E), used 5♦, 6♦,
Bumr. F Cough in 7▲, 8♦,
(RT/I), exces 9♦, 10♦,
GY-79 Asthma s 11♦, 12♦,
(RT/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Solanaceae
Fever
(RT/I), Sore
throat
(RT/I),
Purification
of blood
(CS/I)

78. Sonchus Ban gobi Her Wild Leave Extract, Male sexual Not 30 0.0 0.1 19. 50 1♦, 2♦,
asper (L.) b s Kushta in disorders toxic 57 2 09 3♦, 4♦,
Hill Mercury, (RS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Powder Liver 7♦, 8♦,
GY-20 disorders 9♦, 10♦,
(GS/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Asteraceae
Leucorrhea 13♦, 14♦,
(RS/I),
Jaundice
(DS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),
Body
swellings
(MS/E),
Skin boils (
MS/E) ,
Urine
disorders
(US/I),
Kidney
stones
(US/I), Eyes
infections
(SO/E)
79. Taraxacum Kandi Ban Her Wild Leave Extract, Male sexual Not 30 0.0 0.0 14. 53.3 1♦, 2♦,
officinale F. gobi b s Kushta in disorders toxic 57 9 09 3 3♦, 4♦,
H. Wiggers Mercury, (RS/I), Liver 5♦, 6♦,
disorders 7♦, 8♦,

59
 GY-21 Powder (GS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Leucorrhea 11♦,
Asteraceae (RS/I), 12♦,13♦,
Jaundice 14♦,
(GS/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),
Body
swellings
(MS/E),
Skin boils (
MS/E) ,
Urine
disorders
(US/I),
Kidney
stones
(US/I), Eyes
infections
(SO/E)
80. Tephrosia Drebbar Her Wild Leave Powder, Ear drop Not 24 0.0 0.1 16. 75 1●, 2●,
uniflora b s, Decoctio (SO/E); toxic 45 2 59 3●, 4♦,
(Delile) Seeds n, Extract Rheumatic 5♦, 6♦,
Link pains 7♦, 8♦,
(MS/I), 9▲, 10●,
GY-66 Stomach 11♦, 12●,
ache (DS/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Papilionace
Diarrhea
ae
(DS/I),
Asthma
(RT/I),
Urinary
disorders
(US/I),
Wounds
(MS/E)

81. Trianthema Waho Her Wild Leave Powder, Urinary Not 29 0.0 0.4 45. 93.1 1♦, 2♦,
portulacastr b s, Extract, disorders toxic 55 3 23 0 3♦, 4♦,
um L. Seeds, Kushta in (US/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Root Copper Kidney 7♦, 8♦,
and stones 9▲, 10♦,

60
 GY-04 Arsenic (US/I), 11♦, 12♦,
Indigestion 13♦, 14♦,
Aizaoaceae (DS/I), Skin
allergy
(MS/I), Eye
sight (SO/I),
Ureter
stones
(US/I),
Jaundice
(GS/I),
Menses
problems
(RS/I),
Abortion
(RS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Hepatitis
(GS/I)

82. Tribulus Tikandi Her Wild Seed, Paste, Sexual tonic Not 33 0.0 0.1 21. 93.9 1▲, 2▲,
terrestris L. b Stem, Powder (RS/I), Urine toxic 62 4 14 4 3▲, 4▲,
Leave enhancer 5▲, 6▲,
GY-87 s, (US/I), 7▲, 8▲,
Fruit Kidney- 9▲,
Zygophylac
bladder 10▲,
eae
stones 11▲,
(US/I), 12▲,
Prostate 13♦, 14♦,
problem
(US/I),
Gastric
problems
(DS/I),
Bladder heat
(US/I), Liver
tonic (GS/I),
Sexual
weakness
(RS/I),

83. Tricholepis Tilkando Her Wild Stem, Extract, Blood Not 32 0.0 0.1 24. 96.8 1♦, 2♦,
furcata b Leave Decoctio purification toxic 60 7 09 8 3♦, 4♦,
Candolle s, n, (CS/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Flowe Cancer 7♦, 8♦,

61
 GY-22 r, Powder (CS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Fruit Malaria 11♦, 12♦,
Asteraceae (CS/I), Skin 13♦, 14♦,
allergy
(MS/I),
Sciatica
(MS/I),
Brain Ttonic
(NS/I), Old
fever (CS/I),
Diabetes
(GS/I),
Influenza
(RT/I),
Liver
disorders
(GS/I),
Eczema
(MS/I), Skin
boils and
infections
(MS/I)
84. Vigna DaalMung Her Cultivated Seeds, Paste, Digestive Not 29 0.0 0.1 23. 65.5 1♦, 2♦,
radiate (L.) b Leave Powder problems toxic 55 5 64 2 3♦, 4♦,
Wilczek s (DS/I), Pain 5♦, 6♦,
killer 7♦, 8♦,
GY-67 (MS/I), 9♦, 10♦,
Abdominal 11♦, 12♦,
Papilionace
problems 13♦, 14♦,
ae
(DS/I),
Leucorrhea
(RS/I),
Stomach
stimulant
(DS/I), Brain
tonic (NS/I),
Nervous
disorders
(NS/I),
Headache
(NS/E)

85. Withania Asgand Her Cultivated Root, Powder Joint Ppain Toxic 25 0.0 0.1 21. 84 1♦, 2♦,
sominifera b Leave (MS/I), if 47 3 14 3♦, 4▲,
Dunal s Sciatica used 5▲, 6♦,
(MS/I), in 7●, 8♦,
Lungs exces 9♦, 10▲,

62
 GY-80 disorders s 11♦, 12♦,
(RT/I), 13♦, 14♦,
Solanaceae Menses
problems
(RS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),
86. Zaleya AchoWaho Her Wild Leave Powder, Urinary Not 29 0.0 0.0 14. 65.5 1♦, 2●,
pentandra b s, Extract, disorders toxic 55 9 09 2 3♦, 4♦,
(L.) Jeffrey Seeds, Kushta in (US/I), 5♦, 6♦,
Root Copper Kidney 7♦, 8♦,
GY-05 and stones 9♦, 10♦,
Arsenic (US/I), 11♦,
Aizaoaceae
Indigestion 12♦,13♦,
(DS/I), Skin 14♦,
allergy(MS/I
), Eye sight
(SO/I),
Ureter
stones
(US/I),
Jaundice(G
S/I), Menses
problems
(RS/I),
Abortion
(RS/I),
Blood
purifier
(CS/I),
Hepatitis
(GS/I)

87. Ziziphus Bair Shr Wild Bark, Powder, Dysentery Not 34 0.0 0.2 42. 73.5 1♦, 2♦,
nummularia ub Leave Decoctio (DS/I), Heart toxic 64 8 73 3 3♦, 4▲,
(Burm. F.) s, n, Ttonic 5▲, 6♦,
Wight Fruit, Powder, (CS/I), 7♦, 8♦,
&Arn Flowe Tooth Sexual 9▲, 10♦,
rs, brush disorders 11▲,
GY-73 Gum, (RS/I), Body 12♦,13♦,
Root tonic (BS/I), 14♦,
Rhamnacea
Bladder heat
e
(US/I), GIT
worms
(DS/I),
Urethral
ulcer (US/I),

63
 Obesity
(MS/I),
Cholesterol
decrease
(CS/I),
Sexual
weakness in
males and
females
(RS/I), Skin
boils (MS/I),
Tooth ache
(DS/I),
Sexual tonic
(RS/I),
Menses
problems
(RS/I)

*FC = Frequency of citation (Frequency of Citation of Plants) *RFC = Relative frequency of

citation *UV = Use Value

*R.I = Relative Importance, *FL = Fidelity level DS= Digestive System, RT = Respiratory Tract,
MS= Musculo-skeletal System,

US= Urinary System, RS= Reproductive System, GS= Glandular System, CS= Circulatory
System, SO= Sense organs, NS=Nervous System, I= Internal use, E= External use

*♦ = Plants not reported in mentioned study *▲= Plant with similar uses in mentioned study
*● = Plant with dissimilar uses
** Bold Plant Names = Plants which are more valuable to local People;
** Bold Ailments treated = Main use of Plant (IU) on which FL% is based
*1. Bhatti et al., 2001, 2. Qureshi and Raza Bhatti, 2008 3. Qureshi et al.,
2010
4. Shaheen et al., 2012 5. Qureshi et al., 2011 6. Sharma and Khandelwal,
2010 7. Katewa et al., 2004 8. Praveen, 2007 9. Jain et al., 2009
10. Upadhyay et al., 2010
11. Lakshmanan et al., 2003 12. Jain et al., 2005 13. Kapoor and
Kumar, 2013; 14. Kapoor and Lakhera, 2013;

64
Table 3 ICF value of medicinal plants used for treatment of various diseases
Category of Ddiseases Number %age of use Number %age of taxa *ICF
of use reports of taxa
reports used

GIT diseases 149 19.74 63 14.42 0.58

Respiratory diseases 60 7.95 40 9.15 0.33

Muscles and Sskeletal 80 10.63 55 12.59 0.31

disorders

Urinary disorders 82 10.86 35 8.01 0.58

Sexual diseases 111 14.71 57 13.04 0.49

Glandular disorders 74 9.81 49 11.21 0.34

Ear, Nnose, Eeyes diseases 21 2.78 19 4.35 0.1

Nail, Sskin and hair 47 6.23 29 6.64 0.39

disorders

Nervous disorders 35 4.64 20 4.58 0.44

Cardiovascular disorders 48 6.36 36 8.24 0.26

Antidote 14 1.86 8 1.83 0.46

Body energizers 14 1.86 11 2.52 0.23

Infectious diseases 20 2.64 15 3.43 0.26

*ICF = Informant Consensus Factor

65
Table 4 Comparison of medicinal plant species of Thar Desert with Allied areas

S. Area Stud FC Numbe Species Total Specie Specie Specie % of % of JI Citation

# y * r of cited per species s s s Pplan dissimil
Yyea recorde informa commo enliste enliste enliste t with ar uses
r simila
d plant nt n in d only d only d only
r uses
species both in in in
area aligne study aligne
d area d
areas areas

1. Nara 1998 97 47 0.49 26 21 61 21 34.04 21.28 46.4 Bhatti et

Desert, -– 2 al., 2001
Sindh 2000

2. Nara 1998 100 51 0.51 26 25 61 25 43.14 7.84 43.3 Qureshi

Desert -– 3 and Raza
Sindh 2001 Bhatti,
2008

3. Nara 1998 100 63 0.63 36 27 51 27 42.86 14.29 85.7 Qureshi et

Desert -– 2 al., 2010
2001
4. Noor 2010 103 54 0.52 30 26 57 26 51.85 3.70 56.6 Shaheen et
PurThal, 1 al., 2012
Desert

5. Khushab 2010 112 48 0.43 21 27 66 27 41.67 2.08 29.1 Qureshi et

, 7 al., 2011
Pakistan

6. Rajastha 2005 65 33 0.51 12 21 75 21 33.34 3.03 14.2 Sharma

n, India -– 9 and
2007 Khandelw
al, 2010

7. Rajastha 1998 11 61 5.55 24 37 63 37 26.23 13.11 31.5 Katewa et

n, India – 8 al., 2004
2002

8. Thar 2005 300 68 0.23 33 35 54 35 41.18 7.35 58.9 Praveen,

Desert, 3 2007
India

9. Rajastha 2006 100 110 1.1 28 82 59 82 22.73 2.73 24.7 Jain et al.,
n, India -– 8 2009
2008
10. Rajastha 2008 844 213 0.25 46 167 41 167 18.78 2.82 28.4 Upadhyay
n, India -– 2 et al., 2011
2009
11. Rajastha 2003 123 33 0.27 17 16 70 16 39.39 12.12 24.6 Lakshman
n, India 4 an et al.,
2003

12. Wild 2002 87 243 2.79 37 205 50 205 11.11 4.12 16.9 Jain et al.,
sanctuar – 7 2005
y 2004
Rajastha
n, India

66
13. Barmer 2013 123 15 0.122 7 8 80 8 46.67 0 8.65 Kapoor
District, and
Rajastha Kumar,
n 2013

14. Jodhpur 2013 34 10 0.29 4 6 83 6 30 10 4.71 Kapoor

District, and
Rajastha Lakhera,
n 2013

Average 157 80 0.978 24.78 50.21 62.21 50.21 34.49 7.46 33.8
7

*FC = (Frequency of Citation of Plants

67
Figure 1 Map of study area
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

Figure 2 Plant Families of medicinal plants

Trees
8%

Shrubs
18%

Herbs
74%

Figure 3 Life forms of medicinal plants

 35

Percentage of plant part used

30
25
20
15
10
5
0

Plant part used

Figure 4 Plant part used (% age)

Smoke
Kushtas
Mode of utilization

Tooth Brush
Ash
Oil
Paste
Poultice
Extract
Powder
Decoction

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Percentage of mode of utilization

Figure 5 Mode of utilization of medicinal plants in Thar Desert