MODULE 4. CRIMINALISTICS PART 1- PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION DACTYLOSCopy, identification P="! Methods of Identifies Science of Fingerprints = wt"? 1. Tattoo Maris 2. Sear Mare + Anthropometry ~ the frst sclemine meaning esas measuring various bony structure ofthe human body devised by Alphonse Bertillon, ibis ‘Alphonse Bertillon - Father af Scene. Identification 7 GEANERD are the ones noted tobe the frst User of Fingerprint. + use fingerprints as symbolism in the early part of their rituals until they utilize it in the signing of a contract on the part of the illiterate. + in China fingerprint is called “(a GD Emperor Te’in Shi (246-210 BC}- first Chinese ruler who devised a seal carved from ‘white jade; on one side of it was the name of the owner, and on the other side the thumb mark of the destitute FINGERPRINT #178 DISCOVERY AND DEVELOPMENT | 1 1686 ~ Malpight in 1686, Marcello Malpighi, a professor of tinatomy at the University of Bologna, noted in Hs treat; ages, pal ana onan fngerpriats. He made no mention oftheir Teigerns a tool for sndvidal identification. A Vero slan was named after him: "Malpight (Berm is approsimately Luan bic ~ an Italian Anatomist, who published his sen eetaemno Tactus Organo” depicting mers gnstruction of the layer ofthe hua 2 as the { PATH i} lanown 8 he Ae Dr Edmond Locard Ne de ‘scribed the ridges found on the palmar urface of the hand which course in diverse sat designe and the pores which served as the fouth ofthe sweat gands. snout oe aor the discovery of the Inner ad outer structure ofthe ski: . oon permis — inner a "Biidesaia outer layer YER; he pupilsheda,book 2.4788 Ch May ep anatamicalMustrations wen was je remarie conan a of Fngerprns elcaly pronounced oe o the 2.1788 -JCA fundamental principles of Fingerprint Science although the arrangement ofthe skin, ridges 18 never duplicated in two persons, nevertheless the similarities are closer among some individuals, * = He was the first to state that the prints of two different persons are never alice, 3, 1823 - Purkinje (Father of Dactyloscopy) in 1825, oun Eeanacat buskni, professor of agatomy at the University of Breslau, published his thesis discussing 9 fingerprint Patizms, but he too made no mention of the fale of fingerprint for personal kdentieation. it publlahed his book" Commentane athe Bhyslogeal Eramintion ote Orgs of Vist and the Cutaneous System describ Tee a nd establishing certain rules of classification (nine groups) = he discovered in his study of physiology that the skin onthe inner surface ofthe hands bore pattems 4, 1856 - Herman Weleker ~ He tog the prints of his own palms and after {orz-oneyears (1879) he printed the same palms to prove that prints do not change except for some scratches due to old age. 6, 1888 - Heracel Guiher of CaaS 5, 2680, Sache Gatie of cuore ay eres setae seas a eames ce Ree oes cores oa ae Someones ema eaten ee eee seca! 1280 - Br, Henry Faulds - his ane on “The Si Furevs ofthe ond pols out is oe aR Se a Ita in sue of teenie mosld ode enlistees crane Paar “feared te ve agers inthe cea - Faulds forwarded an explanation of his asaieaoa yeien andameceer ae fernshe had demereangs came of he impressions, to it Chavis Darwin, Darwin, in advanced age and ill health, formed Dr. Fal hath onl bean sony i, but pomisrd to pase the aed to his cousin, Francis Galton, eee too ean tn idea, Gibch Mompson othe Geological Survey in New Meade hig ov thurs prion ac ee forgery. Te ee ee terpanteta the Une 88 - Galton Sirk Sir Francis Galton, a Bri ‘observations of fingerprints as a. ana of Scanned with CamScannerSom- Practical system of filing based on the ridge Patterns. J RENAS able to discover the three families of fingerprint patterns ~ Arch, Lagp & Whorl « credited for being the first scientist of friction skin identification who established the first Civil Bureau of Personal Identification in London, England. Lio, 1991 -Gaseticd) jan Vucetich, an Argentine Police Official, began the first fingerprint fics based os Galton pattern types. He developed his own system of classifying prints that was officially adopted na and was used in most Spanish Speaking Country. 1897 - Haque & Bose On 12 June 1897, the Council of the Governor General of India approved a committee report that fingerprints should be used for classification of criminal records. Later that year, the Calcutta (now Kolkata) Anthropometric Bureau became the world's first Fingerprint Bureau, Working in the Calcutta Anthropometric Bureau (before it became the Fingerprint Bureau) were Azizul Haque and Hem Chandra Bose. Haque and Bose are the two Indian fingerprint experts credited with primary development of the Henry System of fingerprint classification (named for their supervisor, Edward Richard Henry). The Henry classification system is still ‘used in all English-speaking countries (primarily as the manual fling system for accessing paper archive files that have not been scanned and computerized). 1900 Gir Edward Richard Henrg\father o * inspired by various predecessors inthe study of fingerprints, he developed his awn siszm of lassification while . OFFICIAL USE OF FINGERPRINTS IN USA 1902 ~The New York Civil Service Commission required all applicants to be fingerprinted. 7 Chief Medical Examiner of New York Civil Service Commission and an American Preacher in fingerprint science in the US for the New York Civil Srevice Commission to prevent applicants from having better-qualified persons to take the test for them. 1903°-The New York State Prison system began the first systematic use of fingerprints in US. for criminals 1905 -U.S. Army begins using fingerprints. U.S. Department of Justice forms the Bureau of Criminal Identification in Washington, DC to provide a centralized reference collection of fingerprint cards ; 1907 -.S. Nav: begins using fingerprints. US. Departnert of usties Bureau of Criminal Jdentification moves to Leavenworth Federal Penitentiary where it is staffed at least partially by inmates. i 908 - U.S. Marine Corps begins using fingerprints. 1911" Firsi Criminal Convition was based solely upon fingerprint evidence, Illinois USA (People vs. Jennings) 1915 - Inspector Harry H. Caldwell of the Oskland, California Police Department's, Bureat of Identiication wrote numerous lettefs to "Criminal Identification Operators” in August 1915, asking them to meet in Oakland for the purpose of forming an organization to further the aims of the identification profession. in October 1915, a group of {wenty-two identification personnel met and initiated the “International Association for Criminal Identification” in 1918: the organization was renamed the Tateraational tion for ldeatifieation (IAI due wo the volume of nonacuiminal identification work Performed by members. Sir Francis Calton's Fight index finger appears inthe IAl loge, tae IAT official publication is the Journal ot Forensic identification, A916 First organized schoo! for teachin fingerprint (Institute of Applied Science = Chicago), 4918 - Edmond Loccard wrote that it Points (Calton's betas) were? between two fingerprints een s | on an unscienti provement over the eleven ania ent, inegsurements (arm length, height 7 to "identify" crimi ete.) used ngage, Cminale Before the adoption of 1924 The dentteaton Divi was eatalished alters, Baga tg the EB! agate! Director eal an act of Henan ees sinha te alowal Bureau of cami et the US Justice Departnal Scanned with CamScannerCriminal Identification consolidated to form the nucleus of the FBI fingerprint files. 1946 - By 1946, the FBI had processed 100 million fingerprint cards in manually maintained files; and by 1971, 200 cards. With the introduction of automated fingerprint identification system (AFIS) technology, the files were split into computerized eriminal files and manually maintained civil files. Many of the manual files were duplicates though, the Fecords actually represented somewhere in the neighborhood of 25 to 30 million criminals, and an unknown number of individuals in the mn 1974 - In 1974, four employees of the Hertfordshire (United Kingdom) Fingerprint Bureau contacted fingerprint experts throughout the UK and began organization of | that country’s first professional fingerprint organization, the National Society of Fingerprint Officers, ‘The organization initially consisted of only UK experts, but quickly ‘expanded to international scope and was renamed int Society in 1977. .F.S. used Behind a fingerprint expert's name indicates they are recognized as a Fellow of the Fingerprint Society. The Society hosts annual educational conferences with speakers ‘and delegates attending from many countries. 1977 - At New Orleans, Louisiana on 1 August 1977, delegates to the 62nd Annual Conference of the International Association for Identification (IAl) voted to establish the world's first certification program for fingerprint experts. Since 1977, the IAI's jon Board has proficiency tested thousands of applicants, ‘and periodically proficiency tests all IAT Certified Latent Print Examiners (CLPEs). IAI CLPE status is considered by many identification professionals to be a ‘measurement of excellence. During the past. three decades, CLPE status has become a prerequisite for journeyman fingerprint expert positions in many US state and federal ‘government forensic laboratories. 2007 = The largest AFIS repository in America is operated by the Department of Homeland ‘Security's US Visit Program, containing over ‘74 million persons’ fingerprints, primarily in the form of two-finger records. The index finger records are non-compliant with FBI and Interpol standards, but sulficient for positive identification and valuable for forens because index fingers are the most commonly identified crime scene fingerprints, The US, Visit Program is migrating from two flat (not rolled) fingerprints to ten flat fingerprints during 2007. "Fast capture’ research funded by the US government will enable implementation of ten "rolled print equivalent" fingerprint recording (within 15 seconds per person fingerprinted] in future years, —the Philips ‘The FBI's Integrated APIS (AFI) in Clarksburg, WV has more than 54 million individual Computerized fingerprint records 10° jnown criminals, Old paper fingerprint cards forthe cil es are stil manually maintained ina warehouse fcliy rented shopping center Space in Fairmont, WY, though most enlisted Tilltry service member fingerprint cards Fecelved after 1990, and al itary related fingerprint sardareceved after 19 May, 2000, have dow been computeried and can be Searched internally by te FBI. In the "Next Generation” of nF¥S, the FBI may make cv He AMS sarees arable US aw tnforement agencies through remo their eutomated identification activites f0 include other biometrics such as palm, irs and face. AILUS states and many large cities have their ‘own AFIS databeses, each with a subset of fingerprint records that is not stored in any other database. Thus, law enforcement fingerprint interface standards are very important to enable sharing records and reciprocal searches for identifying criminals. PINGERPRINTS.IN'THE PHILIPPINES Mr, Jones —otie wha first taught fingerprint in fe Constabulary in the year 1900. Bureawef Prison ~ Records show that in 1918, CARPETAS (Commitment and Conviction Records) already used fingerprint. Ut. Aa and N. Darby ~ established a modern and complete fingerprint lle for Philippine Commonwealth during the reoceupation of the Philippines by te Amprican Forces pt Flip Fingerprint iiian ea oped by the Phlipping Constabulary.— a aie Tested Bernales -ffirst Filipina Fingerprint Cept. Thomas Dugan, Now York Police Department and Flaviano Guerrero, FL Washington gate ine ft examination in ingerprsitning in 1927 and Agustin Paticio ot _| the Philippines Top the Examinations People of the Philippines vs. Medina — first Conviction based on fg tan — first decision inthe Phitppine bargpe ee eaical LEGALITY OF FINGERPRINT People vs. J (1911, Mlinois) — pass ibility of fing int evic State ve. Ceriello few Jersey) eee evidence was idence was 0 be introduced, was held competent to balcony post of a h qengerrints uy pct ag secret i People ws. Coral (Calter) settled law that fin, ria) ~ it is complet Sue tag ce mtetty Scanned with CamScannerRiser” fingerprint evidence isthe strongest evidence of identity and is ordinarily sufficient aid to identify the defendants er Bilangaws vs. Amador (Philippines) ~ a int expert and constabulary sergeant testified and successfully defended fingerprint evidence based on eight identical ridge points Feeple vs. Median - the fst leading dial lecision in the Philippine jurisprudence science of fingerprinting. ae DACTYLOSCOPY — thd sgience which d ¥ ience which deals, path study of Sagerorinis.os ‘means of nae BAS. 2Greek Words: ——_Daclyt~a fi Skopein -to examine = DACTYLOGRAPHY. tes of fngerrints 1e PUTPOSE OF identification. DACTYLOMANCY — an atigmpt at character Teading through the pattern of finge ( are the lines, tracings DERMATO« and designs on the skin of fingers, palins and soles. “7 5 ROLYDACTSE = ‘a hund having more than. the required numbers of fingers“ ‘Three Allied or Related Sciences within the Scope i BOP atletifc examination of tie gaiee rms hand Greek words: 5% Cheir-palm/hand — skopein ~ to examine 2, PODOSCOPY - scientific examination of the Sole of the foot. Greek words: Bado~ sole/{oot 3. POROSCOPY - scientific examins sweat pores/glands. Greek words: Poros ~a pare skopein ~ to examine skopein - to examine moc raNC8 2 a e acthmace Botan oP aiaauat ae, aNone or the neighboring fingers-ot the Pomme persorr have ever ‘een found oe eae cane a Sateen aa ee ay Coin a SEM este hm ‘ tae el lary ridge a a Sr the a EES om tne SacieDth OF ‘embryonic ‘while the ne 5 St eee eters womb 2 te Bo sees of destroyind Ridges ent * “ed to gemave his “enemy No. 1 we tas pao fos, ni it eas een en sao ot by EBL agents P was Dillenger- ROBERT JAMEs PITTS - gained fame as the man without fingerprints knowing from an inmate pose deste ‘possible destruction of erprints, He contacted a doctor. He femoved the skin up to the ‘generative layer afid served thin into incisions on each’side of Pitts chest, Scar tissue was developed. Almost a year later, he was picked up and police amazed to find that he hid no fingerprints. The Texas Department of Public Safety was able to alfect identificatior. out ofthe second joints of his fests Es a are ° + LOCARD AND WITKOWSJI of Lyons, who performed rather painful experiments on themselves by burning their fingerprints with boiling water, hot oil and hot metal had shown that after the healing of the epidermis, the original patterns of fingerprints reappeared. PRINCIPLE OF INFALLIBILITY ~ this states that the fingerprint can never be forged. Fingerprint is reliable means of identification, FING} {fT LABORATORY EQUIPMENT 1 refers to an instrament ysed for spreading the jnk into the ink slab or 2 (dnking Biad — refers to a piece ‘of metal oF" plane glass with as much as, 114 thick and 6 oF more inches long ‘where the fingerprint ink is distributed for Tingerntinding a. refers toa gadget used for Sipping the fingerprint card to avola méverent of thé card during printing. 4, Gaserpaati print ih - refers to a especially "manufactured ink for purposes of taking fingerprint. 5. fying glaBs- refers to an instrument "ised Tor examiiation of developed prints. 6. Gingerprint powers) refers to the powder EE era the scens =. They are normally found in two, the black and the white or ‘which is applied depending upon the Contrasting background. t refers to an Tastrument used for powdering latent pints. There are ions of Brrshes used: th zt ber aso, age af fe ‘Sperslass, magnetic serpin >; Hefers to a tapes eles latent prints which is quite hagder than an ordinary tapes. 9. Ge Rasa aED- refers to a card ues BESS Ue esr latent prints whieh i eer white oak in 10) refers toa piece of card used Tor recor fingerprints foe eos the ten sieisgrear OMPAtSON. The usual ee ‘Scanned with CamScannerWn Geisson- refers to a simple instrument ‘or Cutting latent print tapes and for other uTposes. a aa 12 Gabe Sire to protect the Inician’s fingers from lez ing hisqwn | the object or on cance refers to a set of equipment consisti : isting of hypodermis syringe, spoon, tissue builder solvent, tissue cleaner, etc. used for taking prints of dead person, 14.Gingerprint TabIp ~ a table intended for * taking Ingerprints 1S, Fingerprint Pointers ~ use for pointing the ridges in the conduct of ridge counting 16. Fingerprint cameras - use in photographing the developed latent prints. 17, Forensic Optical Comparator - use to ‘compare two fingerprints at the same time “FINGERPRINT.- the distinctive ridge outline , Which appears on the bulb of fingers. isan impression design by the ridges on the inside of the Tast foint of the finger or thumb on ny smooth surface through the media of an jnk, sweat, or any reagents capable of prédyeing visibility. SERICTION SKIN ~ epidermal hairless skin found on the ventral lower surfate of the hands and feet Covered with minute ridges and furrows and without pigment ahd coloring matters, Siar athghveriobatind Plaga linnds and the soles of feet. ~ are strips of skin on the ingle ofthe end joints of our fingers and thussbs by whi! fingerprints are made. Saar Ee oa eenet fe ‘an Skin that actually forms the fingerprint ingress ; ji tion or hill like 1 RIDGES - are ny elevation or ; ae ag Beeps ager ot win an inked impression. Sirunmows are tn canl ike fgeasion of a depression found between the ridges Ginich faybe compare with the 1ow tire thread. SWEAT PORES“ is a pall apening found anywhere accoss the ridge surface Put eee found near He CED F DUCT is 2 ae for the sweat that serves as the pagsage Way that exits at its mouth, the Po ve glands found in the SWEAT GLANDS 7 that Bt ponsible rs ayer ofthe SD : ert layer ton of ue act (¥ALETY substance). nit THE "AL LAYERS OF ring of the skdn- ompaamnn a ToS ep 2 Mein Layers of the Epler, 1. Stratum Corr rn - immediately tum Mucuso™ = my 2, Strate coverine 1 the particular bone | Fem peas bes | that is covered wi a eee 5 the different types of pattern and located near the tip ofthe finger. ee: FIVE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE STRATUM CORNEUM, — 1, Comeous Layer ——~ 2. Transparent Layer — 3.Granucar Layer 7 4, Malphigian Layer. « 5. Cenerating Layer“ 2. DERMIS ¢ the inner layer of the ski cota a er pon lands and nerags tis where Te dermal pape are found. ‘CRaGE FORMATION = *+ Ridges begin to form on the human fetus sug tne Seg thon of te ls DERMAL PAPILLA Sara far-blunt pegs composed of delicate constectve tissues, protruding and fotming the ridges of the sin, each containing a small opening or poresy -ROLLED IMPRESSION ~ an impression made or place in the fingerprint card which is taken individually by rolling the ten fingers of the subject 180 degrees from tip to the second Joints. PLAIN IMRESSION — an impression made simultaneously that serves as a reference SONS FOR POOR IMPRESSION: ink - resulting in the 7 ing, top. it to count or trace ee er Sr equipment — presence of foreign materials: which may result from failure to clean thoroughly the inking equipment or the fingers, may cause false markings, distorted ridges or disappearance of characteristics, 3. Improper rolling — failure to roll the fingers fully from one side to the other resulting in incomplete prinis which may cannot be fully identified. 4 Rolling more than once 5, Too much pressure 6. Slippage~ ths happens when the fingers are allowed t slip or twist resulting in smears, blurs ard false patterns, 7 7 Over inleing - using of too much ink. resulting obliteration of the thin layer with the roller. 8, Incomplete Inking - failure to ink the entire bulb of the finger, fo i side to side of nal, resulting ie the ee resulting in t omission of deltas and core." Ne Possible MACERATED FINGERS-Partially rotten and hat the end joints hours. When the de obtained, the fingers sired dee ~ eight 's should be Scanned with CamScanner‘warm water and then dried by being dipped in acetone. ‘MUMMIFIED FINGERS-Usually hard and shrunken mummified fingers can be restored and the skin made pliable by being soaked i @ 1-3% solution of potassium hydroxide. TISSUE BUILDER - Use to take the fingerprints of wrinkled fingers (ex. With a mummified body or one that has been immersed in water for sometime). This can be used to expand the finger to the normal volume. It is injected under the skin above the first joint of the fingers to be printed. Tissue builder solvent is used as cleaning solvent and as diluents. POST MORTEM FINGER STRAIGHTENERS - Made to fit a variety of finger sizes, these steel tools are specifically designed to straighten the clenched fingers of the deceased. A re ZL ‘TYPES OF FINGERPRINT PATTERNS: 6° ARCH (5%) LOOP (60%) WHORL (35%) Plain Arch Radial Loop Plain Whorl~ ‘Tented Arch Uinar Loop Central Pocket ~ Loop Whorl Double Loop Whorl ‘Accidental Whorl- 1. Plain Arch a patter in which the ridges flows from oné side to the other without Fecurving, usually having a slightupward cute in the center, malking the pattern like an | afch. 2. Tented Arch « a pattern where gne ormare | ic or make Fges at the center forms an up trust or mak ecient rise giving the pattem OT “Tent le of 90-dearees or less. a core: io core * b, Nodelta “ ee ¢. Norecurving ridge . Loop ~ a loop in which the Jona ope or the sleting es suns tauards the direction of the thumb. + Re the jpner bone of the fgaearm that Jot on the gide where the ted op in which the dopnward OF oa rans towarde the lage or the E ateSvon of te Rede peed B the wrist * vina'Bone - the bone running (0 located or situated on the little finger lates of cLoap pattsrar Ttmusthavesdeia 7 \ 2:tt must have a core 2 femuet ver eg deta! rassen | between the delta and the core oa sone *Citonust ave a lage count of teat one 5 musts noni pater consisting oF 0 Gein’ and which at CegsL abe ridge mi turn through one ompete Ae lien ftaaginaeline drawn between the two ‘must touch or eross at least one ofthe in the pattern area. recurying-cidges within the pattern a Elements of a Plain Whorl: 1. A complete circuit 2. Two deltas 3. At least one circuiting ridge is touched oF ‘crossed by an imaginary line traversing between the two deltas, a pattern which possesses two deltas with core or mone ridges forming a compre ciscliit which may Beovel, spit circulator any variant of @ cirgle ae ; Elements of a Central Pocket Loop Whorl: 1, Atleast one recurving or obstruction at right angle - 2. Two deltas - | 3. No recurving ridges within the pattern area are touched or cross by an imaginary line a nw Qdeltas.- 7.Qouble Loop Whos) a pattern consisting of two separate and distinct loop formations, Bets oT shoulder and two deltas. Elements of a double loop whorl: 1, Two separate loop formation 2. Two separate and distinct shoulders 3. Two deltas 8, Accidental Whorl ~ a pattern consisting of ‘a combination of two different types of pattern such as a loop ad a whorl, a loop and a central pocket loop whorl, or any combination of two different loop and whorl type pattern but it cannot be a combination of a plain arch with any other pattern. It can have two or more deltas. Elements: 1. Combination of two different type of pattern with the exceptions of the plain arch. 2. Two or more deltas RIDGE COUNTING - the process of counting _ thazidgrs that touch te imaginary lie dav betwWeerrth€ delta and the core of a loop. RULES GOVERNING THE CHOICE BETWEENIWQ OR MORE POSSIBLE DELTAS '. A bifurcation may not be selected as a delta ifit does not open towards the core. A bifureation shoud be the first ridge formation in front of the divergence of the typelines and itimust open towards the pattern area. . when there is a choice between two or more ssible delta, the one nearest possible \e Nearest to the core be c. When there is a choice betw possiliedelta one of which isa bina ne the bifurcation should be selecteds toe 4d. The delta may not be _ toc af the ridge running between the ‘ypelings towards the core, but at the ie e. When a pattern shows. pani rots opening towards the core atthe creat ge cr oe pa of nearest the eqee a f.In case of ridge nee oe” 28 the delta. ¢ Near the hie anne ont ge ening to Core, the delta ig located Scanned with CamScannerat the point of the first bifui ion ofthe vergence of the yes est fant maleonans pout coven ri euzcron op ridge farther from the delta. * When an innermost recurving ridge contains sna alee ii she : of the recurving b, When the innermost recurving ridge contains an uneven number of rods rising as high as the shoulder line or even higher the core is placed upon the end of the.center ridge whether it touches the récurve or not. c. When the innermost recurve contains an even number of ridges which are rising as high or higher, than its shaulder line, the core is” placed upon the end of the center ridge whether it touches the innermost recyrve or not. if 4. When the innermost recurve contains an even number of ridges which are rising as, higher than its shoulder line, of the two central ridges, the core is placed upon the end | of the second ridge which is farther from the delta, oves SDS SOUT | a a cra cia b, Count all the ridges which touch or cross an imaginasline drawn between the core aid the onal idges are never counted no matter Sinere they appear, dhe general rule fs that in order to be counted, the width of the ridge must be equal to the width of the other ridges in the pattega under consideration. nupors suByecr To Soas.counsme i Tid or a dot gives one ridge count , 2A ghee gldge is given one fidge count, 5. Ameige inven one ridge count ~ Sr ngs ven one ge Sak sage i given two odge Ut Sean teopenmeoral tie | Sf the ofurcaton. : Fie cpsiogare is counted as two rises the proces of tising the a is SS SLE ROE ND ora he in ‘owards the front of the right delta. se ee enn, ‘rop to the next ridge just right below the original tracing ridge and continue the tracing ‘until itreaches the opposite side, i £3. When the dgita isa dot, same thing shou! ¢ in number 2 procedure, Ye fame in cures 2 enced fo a bpreaion always fallow the lower branch until tracing is completed a ; 5. Determine whether the tacing-ridge flaws ipside oF utsige the Fight delta. y <€@. SECONDARY CLASSIFICATIO: 6. Count the nu mber of the intervening ride (between the tracing ridge and the right delta. Tyres ox GHORL TRAGINE> CANNER (1 horl patirn whereby the acing ridge nins or goes (gside or ahave the a for more intervening ridges going pside the sight dela) / OUTER (8) -a whorl pattern whereby @ tracing ridge runs or goes pelow or outside the ‘Fight delta, (3.3: more intervening Fidges going ‘QUISHIE The right delta} 7 MEETING (a) - whorl pattern having LD OF Jess intervefing ridges regardless of whethe ee ee delta. (2 or less intervening ridgés either it oes in Or oUt the right delta ) LASSIFICATICWN - it refers to the sorting of ‘things into division or so that they can Gt later time Be quickly located. ‘THE HENRY SYSTEM CLASSIFICATION BORMULA, - ‘The original MEATY System as it was,adopted by Scoil i convened dae? patteins on all TO fingers into a sefies of fetters and numbers arranged in the form of a fractions J. PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION - the siummation ofall the numerical values assigned to whorls appearing in a fingerprint card which are expressed as numerator and denontfhator plus the pre-established fraction of 1/1. * Assigning numerical value to whorl only. erical value __ ng numerical value 1, 3, 5, 7, 9=Denominator_> 2,4,6. tis obtain by writing the capital letter’ taken from thadades ages ane the smal eter sme : leer rou front he thu mide, ie and "It appears just to the right of the fra which represents the primary. NU" SAPITAL LETTER GROUP! all ters ‘appeatring at the igidex finger - the numesator and letkinde os Bees denominator, > SEas the SMALL-LETTER GROUP — on} : only letters a (pla eet tented arce (adil Toop) Plain ‘a type OT pattern inte : does not belong tothe simul erga tech guns fpr According GICATION ~ the § 0 the tide so, BS. “ROHS and Te Fake tracing of wage UAT CQ ot whorls Scanned with CamScanner* It is placed on the classification line immediately to the right of the secondary classification * The result of the ridge caunt must be written on the right upper cagner of the frame in number and fgter on converted into symbol and wate it on the-rightmost portion of the classification line.” nipae CGURERGFOR TSOP Ink aes INDEX FINGERS 1 MIDDLE FINGERS Gio RING FINGERS Told 10 or more~ 11 or more ~ 14 or more C | RIDGE TRACING “the result of the ridge trace must be witten | on the t ofthe frame automatically irr symbol and re-exhibit on the rightmost portion of the classification line, INNER: - 3 or mare intervening ridges going je the Gi erie Sor Tess intervening ridges ether itgoes ip apes THe DUTER- jore intervening ridges going bebo the SYMBOL THAT WILL BE USED FOR ARCHES - (-) -to be exhibited only in tiie classification line. 4CMAJOR CLASSIFICATION ~ this is similar to the previous classification though, s om fhuynbs. Loops are ridge counted ‘and whorls are ridge traced. * itis written on the leftmost part of the classification line before the primary classification. =~ ‘SYMBOLS FOR LOOPS SMALL-S MEDIUM-MLARGE-L | YonP PATTERNS IN BOTHLTHUMES in 2 ‘set of prints having lodp patterns in both hands, the ridge count of the governs the syinbol Tor the right thumb. RIDGE COUNT RIGHT LEFT THUMB e ‘COUNT 41-1ISMALL (S)_ (1-11 SMALL (S)-~ ‘42 ~ 16 MEDIUM ( M17 or more LARGE (1) {12 — 16 MEDIUM ( M1 - 11 SMALL (S) j12 — 16 MEDIUM (M }\17 or more LARGE ( L) 1 “O17 or more LARGE ( L.) 1-17 SMALLS) ” 43 “22 MEDIUM ( M//23 or more LARGE (1) THER THUMB MISSING - when the thumb Is missing, the missing one acqulres the same aller, ridge count, or ridge gracing as the thumb oft opmosite hand. LOOP AND WHORL IN MAJOR - When the \WEgetappears in one thumb and a logp in the other, a specific sequence is used. 7 8 Arches are represented by « dash in the classification line only A®KaY cLassiFIcATion— represents the ridge count of the frst loop appearing in 0.8 of prints, beginning with the right thumb but excluding the itl fn “itis always viften at the extreme left of the numerator IF NO LOOP PATTERNS APPEAR IN A SET OF FINGERPRINT - make ridge t of whorl appearing at the thuntb of the sight at he extreme left delta, MEY 16 NoT POSEIBLE if the emit st of Mates conpoed at plain archer and feted Bien he ep sannek be obtined _ Dori, exaboiricanion= the eggs sere noprenng re gat e ge. hibited or place at the extreme right of the fenon ke is exh clas: + If there is THE RIGHT LITTLE FINGER — a loop in the left litle finger may be ted. The lite finger position in the formula Remains unchanged, except that the ridge count is noted as a denominator rather than asanumerator. * If ARCH OR TENTED ARCH appears in the it is indicated itis represented by sae (+) at the classification Jine. Final laseiicaton Is not obtainable it appears in both litte fingers. “BOTH LITTLE FINGERS ARE USED—In, some vases Dott litte fingers are considered 7 by some bureaus arid the ridge counts of both are recorded. However, the count of the right litle finger governs the sequence for filing +1 WHORLAFPEARS tHE LirrLE EINGERS ~ no Jaops-dppearin the fttle fingers but awhorl appears instead. A final classification may be obtained by a ridge count of the whorl. of origin 2. Double Toa is ridge counted be dge counted to.an upright \_ SRT the : Irom leftdelta ofthe right nage unt is made of the tkhand tothe gain eet umber of ridge distant from the delta St CLASSIFICATION OF ampuT, I Won Gnger is ampatteyfeor SERS . Wh "ore figgers of pe missing, the said same ergo, both hands, arbitrarily be interpresed es e g. 3. When-all fingers they are all to:be con Mecting Tracing both hand Considered Pian a, sing, Scanned with CamScannerFILING - is an orderly mapner of starting the card and grouping each cap and filing in a specific sequence according to the figal classification formula. SEARCHING ~ means an attempt to locate in the file a print identical to the current print and thus established identification, PRIMARY CLASSIFICATION - the denominator remains constant untill numerator figures have been exhausted from 1 1932. Eventually, through the use of each denominator, the 32 over 32 primary classification will be reached. Ex. 2 3 4 eeNe 1 Webs 2 4 ( up to 32 numerator, then proceed with 2 denominator,} SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION - the denominator still remains constant until all Possible combinations have been used based on the symihols in the index fingers as A, T, R, U, W, C, DX. Rm AT RB YU ww RIN RR (Then proceed with T as denominator) When smglletters are present, the following method are ised as foliows: a. The denominator, by... 1, Count of the small letters (lesser preceding the greater) ta 2 ‘Pelton of the smal letters those tothe let proceeding to the right ~ 3. Type of small letter ( sequence a, t=) b. The numerator, by. 1. Count + 2! Position ~ 3.Type — Fes A precedes zr A = = A A precedes A rat 3t A precedes A aA Aa A precedes A At ar aa precedes ‘alg aAr alr aAtat precedes aMtar tase tA3r ‘SUB-SECONDARY CLASSIFICATION For 1G5P group combinations: m “to “000 m 000 Ex: uo iol m LO mom om mom Mm no lof m wo 10 10 19 10 10 10 lo Proceed until each numerator becomes the denominator for the complete sequence of numerators. For Whorl group combinations Ex: ll uM OQ IMI IMM IMO 1 om om om om om 101 10M 100 MI MIM MIO mt om om om MMI MMM MMO Mol MOM MoO om om om om om ol OM O10 om! oMM oma, com om om om om 901 90M 900 1 om in MAJOR CLASSIFICATION ‘Wheti lodps appear in, 8 ML 8.68. -.8 ‘When whorls appear in both thumbs: Lom oo LT When a rl appears in the gig ale in the ke b I oM cel Moo Be t MOM Mp Scanned with CamScannerWhen a oop appears inthe right thum hor! inthe let thumb, the sequence won ® M Ss oM y Ss M Los 1 1 1 MoM i Moo FINAL CLASSIFICATION — it must be filed in numerical sequence from 1 out, oa KEY CLASSIFICATION ~ al prints appear in a designated nal group are anraneed tone key in nymerical sequeiice. > LATENT PRINTS - it has been defined as the markings of oly matter or persysenon faxn the skin glands left upon surface atch ie hands and fingers may have touched. tis best described as a combination of | chemleals whichis exuded by the pores onthe surtice of the skin, vane pore CHANCE IMPRESSIONS - these are impfessions left by chance at the crime scene Types oF ATEN PRITE T.GISIDLE PRINS often imporss on dus, blood oil or grease. made due othe svat present in the fingers and thuumb of a person thEt is trangterfed to any object that he holds. *SMUDGE PRINTS ~'those prints that are indistint due to lida SiG Hie Paints — prints formed on plastic TEE SSTeRTES mochied eran tom a ch, paste on uipe and tape LATENT PRINT DEVELOPMENT th ert meet omszon rer ready aralae mechs or the developmefT of latest Snghed one eet of a ee Spun ae ror pot depends rsh che moweh eng Saas ae gsr popces Ne ae ee cain ee ease (CHEMICAL DEVELOPMENT OF LATENT FRICTION RIDGE IMPRESSIONS ‘visual chemical reaction between the reagent and one or more of the constituents of human Perspiration, to yield to a colored, é luminescent, or radioactive product. In this manner the ridge detail becomes visible and the prints can be photographed and further ‘manipulated. IE FUE ncn preset Boiron tigi 1 lin pasa a {a capable of fuming to gas without passing 10 the liquid state, thus it is subjected to heat the Process of sublimation becomes faster and Such will liberates a violet iodine vapor which I be absorbed by the fingerprint secretion esidues producing a yellow brown prints. (7 CYANOACRYLATE FUMING - successfully “used for the dévelopiient of latent prints on surfaces as diverse as plastics, electrical tape, garbage bags. Styrofoamn_cafbon’ paper , etc. ‘yanoacrylate vapor MevETopS fingerprints on a Wide range of surface. It produces a white deposit as a result of polymerization with the latent fingerprint, Water acts as a catalysts for the polymerization. IODINE DUSTING METHOD - iodine crystals ‘are found into fine grain powder and dusted onto the surface containing latent fingerprints with a fingerprint brush. IODINE FUMING GUN METHOD - can be ‘made from either a glass of hard plastic tube. Fresh calcium chloride crystals should be used as a drying agent. SILVER NITRATE REAGENT - Can be used in raw wood surfaces. Silver nitrate reacts with chlorides contained in latent fingerprints producing silver chloride, which when exposed to light turns to-a dark gray. PHYSICAL DEVELOPER — physical development is s photographic process that is based on the formation of silver and ferrous/ferric redox couple and the deposition of metal slats onto a latent fingerprints image. ‘SMALL PARTICLE REAGENT (SPR) ~ consist of suspension of fine molybdenum, disulfide particles in detergent solution. The particles adhere to fatty constituents of latent print residues and form a gray molybdenum disulfide deposit NINHYDRIN ‘The reaction of amines with ninhydrin to form the colored reaction produict known as Ruhemann's purple was discovered by Siegiried Ruhemann in 1910. Ninhydrin, as well as its analogues, reacts with the amine acid compound of the latent fingerprint deposit (eccrine secretion) to give the dark, purple product known gs Ruhemann' pap wnown 92 's purple DFO is an amino acid sensitive re i ; nt thi gives a pale pikish-purpe escrito Mighter in color than that obtained with ninhydrin), The advantage of the reagent that, without any secondary treatmese © developed prints show a strong rose” temperature luminescence. In aday are obtained within a very short ts (less than 30 minutes). at OSMIUM TETROXIDE; that reacts with the ae the unsaturated organic comen’® Singerprint deposit (eetage sear a blank product. the tr imple expo sven offby the ene sO enclosed glass containcy Secretion) ntis by vay Scanned with CamScanner‘may be from one to 12 hours and dark grey- black fingerprint images are formed. OPTICAL DETECTION TECHNIQUES Optical detection methods have the advantage of being completely non-destructive with respect to the latent fingerprint deposit. As a result, these techniques do not preclude the Jater application of conventional fingerprint development procedures. The simple observation of an object under whit disclose a visible fingerprint that ean fen | photographed without any further treatment, RADIOACTIVE METHODS of fingerprint detection present several disadvantages which ‘are inherent to the use of radioactive materials, the reagents are expensive and specific safety measures must be taken, The use of such techniques is therefore restricted to specialized laboratories. MULTIMETAL DEPOSITION This technique combines the principles of a ‘small particle reagent and of a physical developer and was developed under the name of "Multimetal Deposition’ (MMD). The development is achieved in two steps, the first being immersion of the object to be treated in a solution of tetrachloroauric acid (gold chloride) where the active constituent is colloidal gold, The use of colloidal gold is an established technique in biochemistry for the detection of proteins, peptides and, by extension, amino acids. It is now known that colloidal gold, at a certain pH (2.5 and 3.9), binds to the amino acids, peptides, and proteins in the latent fingerprint deposit to give a weakly gold metallic outline of the Tidges. In some cases, identifiable prints are obtained after this first step. ‘The second step involves the treatment of prints developed by the “colloidal gold” process with a modified Physical Developer solution. The bound colloidal gold provides a nucleation site around which silver precipitates from the PD solution. This step greatly amplifies the visibility of the print which, after this second treatment, can vary in color from light grey to almost black. One advantage of the Multimetal Deposition technique is that it can be incorporated into fingerprint reagent sequences, as will be discussed later. DNA FINGERPRINTING rT Iboraton.peoweare that can be done In six steps. DNA must be recovered from the cells of tissues othe body. Restriction enzymes are used to cut the DNA | at specific locations according to the DNA sequence arthat location. The DNA pects are sorted according to size through a process cae sstteaarels in whlch te parten ‘are passed through seaweed agarose to determine particle sizes. The DN twansferred to nylon by pl fe sheet on the gel and letting then’ soak. Radioactive or colofed probes are added to the nylon sheet ‘nd a pattern is produced. This pajtern is called’a DNA fingerprint and is formed nn because each of the colored probes sticks in specific places on the nylon sheet. A final DNA Tngerprint is mede througrmé use of several robes at the same time to form a code. METHODS OF FINGERPRINT COMPARISON ORDINARY METHOD)- characterized by the marking of the points, of identity, one after another, by means of lines drawn from them to the margin and in clockwise direction. 1. Glmple method)- the identical poists of idei i largements are drawn with a straight lines (ip_red ink) to the margin. Begin the numbering from any of the focal points until you have numbered all the identical points in both enlargements. 2, Modified Mettiod - in the lines preceding the numbers are names of the corresponding _ ridge characteristics or their equivalent abbreviations are written. 8. Drawa Method=The numbers are placed about one centimeter immediately at the end of the lines. Circles are drawn at the end of the lines on the margin of the photograph, then inside the said circles are drawn the corresponding ridge characteristics. 4. Osborn Method — the two enlarged photographs are divided each into squares, both exactly alike, with the squares occupying identical positions on each and then ‘examining them in their order, squares for squares, designating the identical points in each square. 5, Seymour Method - make first a skeleton tracing f the questioned print and that of the standard print of the suspect by making ‘comparison by placing them together and holding them near a reflector or sidelight. 6. Pricking Method — make enlargement of the same size of the chance impression and the suspect's standard print. Place the standard print over the chance impression in the same position, With the use of a needle prick the identical points to determine if they coincide with one another. ° IDENTICAL POINTS NECESSARY TO BE ADMITTED AS FINGERPRINT EVIDENCE IN courr 1, When there are more than ints tind the impression is clears Teac is absolute. sates 2, When there are between 8 and 12 evident points, identification certainly depends ures ~ clearness of the NY Groen pons = rarity of the type" 3. Presence of the Gore and delta in the par the part that is acceptable, cee wo 18 an 2 Ai eaper te acience, rade, or occupation, Beeatise chant arcu hnowtege he eves ‘analyze oF compare a stated set of facts ana” tender an opisou based pares ‘This opinion is'permitted because of ‘eco emi enue fenerultf docs nat possess Wi 18 A FINGERPRINT Fingersint exper is «pert wh ch gh Scanned with CamScanner