Unit 1 Important

Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering &Technology (Autonomous),
RVS Nagar, Chittoor

ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES (17AHS05)
Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi
Unit I. Natural Resources

Environment – sum total of all the living and non-living things around us influencing one
another.
Environmental science – study of the environment, its biotic and abiotic components and
their interrelationship.
Environmental studies – the process of educating the people for preserving quality
environment.
Types of environment – Natural envt – soil, water, noise, trees, radiations etc ;
Man made envt - House, road, schools, park etc.
Components of the environment – 1. Abiotic component
2. Biotic component
3. Energy component
Abiotic / Non living / Physical components:
Sub divided into 3 categories – Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere
1. Atmosphere: - cover of air – extends up to 500kms from earth’s surface

a) Troposphere (0-18 km) – lower portion of atmosphere, contains 75% of
atmospheric air, temp from 15 to 56 C
b) Stratosphere ( 18-50km) – temp -2 to -56 C, main constituent is ozone
c) Mesosphere (50 – 85 km) – lies above stratosphere, temp drops to about -95
C. Main constituents are N2, O2, O2+, and NO+
d) Thermosphere / ionosphere (85 – 500 kms) – temp raises upto 1200 C. it
contains charged particles like O2+, O+, NO+ etc.
e) Exosphere – uppermost layer of the atmosphere – extends upto 1600 kms.
The temp is very high due to direct solar radiation. The chemical constituents
are only H2, He.
Functions of the atmosphere:
• It maintains heat balance on the earth by absorbing the IR radiations.

• Gaseous constituents play an important role in sustaining life on earth.
O2 – supports life of living organisms
CO2 – essential for photosynthesis
N2 – essential nutrient for plant growth.
Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 1

RVS Nagar, Chittoor
2. Lithosphere – soil and rock components of the earth is called lithosphere
Functions:
Home for human beings and wild life
Storehouse for minerals and organic matter
3. Hydrosphere – the aqueous envelope of the earth is called hydrosphere.

Oceans, lakes, streams, rivers make hydrosphere.
Functions: supports aquatic life, used for drinking, irrigation, industries, power production,
transport.
BIOTIC /LIVING COMPONENTS
The living components of the environment is called biotic component. Eg: plants, animals,
micro organisms.
Functions: plants produce oxygen by photosynthesis, animals inhale oxygen and exhale
CO2, which is again utilised by plants.
ENERGY COMPONENTS
The components of energy flows across biotic and abiotic components. Eg: solar energy,
nuclear energy, geochemical energy.
SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
1. To get an awareness and sensitivity to the total environment and its related
problems.
2. To motivate active participation in environmental protection and improvement.
3. To develop skills for identifying and solving environmental problems.
4. To know the necessity of conservation of natural resources.
5. To evaluate environmental programmes in terms of social, economic, and
aesthetic factors.
IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
The air we breathe, the water we drink and the food we eat are all contaminated by the
industrial activities. There is no zero pollution industry. Because of lack of self discipline and
not worrying about our future generation, the valuable resources are polluted.

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To solve the above problems, the knowledge of environmental studies is very

important.
1. By environmental studies, people will understand the concept of need of

development without destruction of environment.
2. Through environmental studies, people can gain the knowledge of different
types of environment and the effects of different environmental hazards.
3. ES inform the people about their effective role in protecting the environment
by demanding changes in laws and enforcement systems.
4. ES have a direct relation to the quality of life we live.
5. ES develop a concern and respect for the environment.
NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS
Increasing population, urbanization and poverty have generated pressure on the natural
resources and lead to a degradation of the environment. To protect or prevent the
environment from pollution, Supreme court has ordered and initiated the environmental
awareness to the public through Govt and Non govt agencies to take part to protect the envt.
Natural Resources
Natural resources are the sources which are useful to man or can be transformed into a
useful product. Natural resources are classified into two types.
1. Renewable resources
2. Non renewable resources
Renewable resources – These resources are capable of being regenerated time period.
They have the potential to renew themselves. Eg: soil, water, air, wildlife, natural vegetation.
Non renewable resources - These resources are not capable of being regenerated by
ecological processes. Eg: Minerals, coal, oil, natural gas, ground water.
FOREST RESOURCES
Types of forests:
Evergreen forests – found in equatorial region, rainfall is very high. Eg: silent valley, kerala
Deciduous forests – tropical and temperate deciduous forests. Egf: teak, sandal wood.
Coniferous forests - snow slides down the sloping slides of the trees. The needle typed
leaves preserve the moisture.
Functions of forests:
1. Forests perform very important functions both to humans and to nature.

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2. They are habitats to millions of plants, animals and wildlife.

3. They recycle rainwater and remove pollutants from air.
4. They control water quality and quantity.
5. They moderate temp and weather, and to maintain humidity.
6. They influence soil conditions and prevent soil erosion and perform watershed
functions.
7. They promote tourism and contribute aesthetic beauty.
⚫ Important natural resource on earth
⚫ provide innumerable material goods & several environmental services
⚫ 1/3 of world’s land area is forested – declining.
⚫ USSR, Canada, USA, Brazil account for about 5 to7%
Uses or Benefit of forests:
1. COMMERCIAL USES:
⚫ Timber, firewood, pulp, food, gums, resins, fibre, non edible oils, rubber, bamboo
canes, medicine & many more.
⚫ ½-timber for fuel
⚫ 1/3- building material
⚫ 1/6th pulp for paper industry
⚫ Forest land used for mining, agriculture, grazing, dams & recreation.
2. ECOLOGICAL USES:
⚫ Production of O2– earth’s lungs
⚫ Reducing global warming-sink for CO2
⚫ Wild life habitat- for millions of animals & plants
⚫ Regulation of hydrological cycle-50 to 80 % of the moisture in the air above the

forests from transpiration
⚫ Soil conservation
⚫ Pollution moderators- absorb toxic gases, purifies air and absorbs noise.

RVS Nagar, Chittoor
OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS:
⚫ From time immemorial, humans depend on forests for food , medicine, shelter, wood
& fuel
⚫ With growing civilization, the demands for raw materials have gone up
⚫ Expansion of urban & industrial areas
⚫ Nigeria has the world's highest deforestation rate.
⚫ Brazil loses the largest area of forest annually.
INDIAN FORESTS:
⚫ About 67,701,000 hectares—of India is forested.
⚫ Biodiversity and Protected Areas: India has some 2356 known species of amphibians,
birds, mammals and reptiles according to figures from the World Conservation
Monitoring Centre. Of these, 18.4% are endemic, meaning they exist in no other
country, and 10.8% are threatened.
⚫ India is home to at least 18664 species of vascular plants, of which 26.8% are
endemic. 4.9% of India is protected under IUCN categories I-V.
⚫ IRREPAIRABLE LOSS: While good progress is being made in many places,

unfortunately forest resources are still being lost or degraded at an alarmingly high
rate, said FAO forestry specialist
⚫ In India - Target set by national forest policy = 33%, achieved only 19.27%- satellite
data.
Deforestation is the process of removal of (or) elimination of forest resources due to

many natural or man made activities.
CAUSES OF DEFORESTATION:
• 1.Shifting cultivation- A.P, M.P, Bihar- nomads- slash and burn process
⚫ 2.Fuel requirement- 65 million tons in 1950, 300- 500 million tons in 2001- increasing
pressure on forests
⚫ 3. Raw materials for industrial use- furniture, railway sleepers, paper industry, match
boxes
⚫ Fir tree - packing apples
Plywood- packing tea in Assam

RVS Nagar, Chittoor
⚫ 4. Development projects- hydro electric projects, big dams, road construction, mining
etc
⚫ 5. Growing food needs- main problem in developing countries
⚫ 6. Over grazing- by cattle.
MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION
⚫ Threatens existence of many wild life species due to destruction of natural habitat.
⚫ Bio-diversity is lost.
⚫ Hydrological cycle is affected.
⚫ Leads to soil erosion, loss of soil fertility.
⚫ Leads to land slides in hilly areas.
CASE STUDIES: Desertification in major hilly regions of the Himalayas- khasi hills,
Meghalaya, Ladakh, Kumaon, Garhwal face serious problems.
⚫ Disappearing tea gardens in chota nagpur
⚫ Waning rainfall in Ooty – declining forests in the last 20 yrs.
ACTIVITIES IN FORESTS
⚫ Timber extraction
1. laying roads
2. trees – interlocked- so loss is more
⚫ Mining- surface,sub surface-80000 ha of under mining
⚫ Near goa in the yr 1961, 50000 ha destroyed by mining
⚫ Coal mining in Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli
Almore mining for soap stones, gems,magnesite.
Radioactive minerals in Karnataka, kerala, T.N. Cu, bauxite, chromite – from forests in
w.ghats.
DAMS & THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS & PEOPLE:
⚫ India- 1550 large dams- many in Maharastra, Gujarat, M.P
⚫ Highest dam -Theri dam- Rr.Bhagirathi, Uthrakand

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⚫ Longest, largest dam- Bakranangal dam- Rr. Sutluj,H.P
⚫ Cause ecological damage and deforestation
⚫ Large scale devastation takes place, loss of many species.
⚫ Floods, droughts more common in such regions.
Case study- Sardar Sarovar Dam project-56,500 ha of forest land would be submerged by
Narmada dam.
WATER RESOURCES
• Indispensible water resource
• 97% of earth’s surface – covered by water.
• Unique features: exists as a liquid over a wide range of temp. 0 – 1000c
• Highest sp. Heat- warms up and cools down very slowly – supports aquatic life.
• Excellent solvent
• High surface tension – sequioa – tall tree
• Expansion behaviour- while freezing it expands instead of contracting and thus

becomes lighter, keeps floating whereas bottom water remain at a higher temp. and
the aquatic animals can survive even in extreme cold conditions.
• Water keeps on cycling endlessly – hydrological cycle.
HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
On earth – 1404 million Km3
• Water from moist surfaces evaporates and falls again on the earth in the form of rain
or snow and passes through living organisms and ultimately returns to the oceans.
• Every year ~ 1.4 inch thick layer of water evaporates from the oceans, more than
90% of which returns to the oceans through the hydrological cycle.
• Solar energy drives the water cycle by evaporating it from various water bodies and
return as snow or rain.
• Plants – important role – evapotranspiration from crop lands.
• Global distribution of water is uneven – geographic factors.
• Tropical rain forests – receive maximum rainfall.

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• Water withdrawal increased
- population growth
- rapid development
- anthropogenic activities
• 4%- Kuwait- on agriculture- water poor country.
WATER – USE AND EXPLOITATION
• Water – precious resource.
• 97% is salty, 3% is fresh water –locked up in polar ice caps, 0.003% - very little is
available as surface or ground water.
• Over use – drinking, irrigation, and domestic purposes-rapid depletion of water –

lowering of water table and drying of wells.
• Rivers and streams have long been used for discharging the wastes. Most of the
civilisations have grown and flourished on the banks of rivers – in turn responsible for
pollution of the rivers.
• Aquifer - A layer of sediment or rock – highly permeable & contains water.
• Layers of sand and gravel are good aquifers while clay and crystalline rocks are not.
• Ground water is not static but moving- 1m or so in a year.
• Unconfined aquifers – overlaid by permeable earth materials – recharged by water

seeping down from above in the form of rainfall and snow melt.
• Confined aquifers - sandwiched between two impermeable layers of rock or

sediments and are recharged only in those areas where the aquifer meets the land
surface.
• Water from precipitation which does not percolate into the ground and does not
return to the atmosphere as evaporation or transpiration loss – assumes the form of
streams, lakes, ponds – surface water.
• A country’s economy is largely dependent upon its rivers.
• WATER RICH COUNTRIES
Iceland, Surinam, Guyana, New Guinea, Gabon, Solomon Islands, Canada, Norway,
Panama, Brazil

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• WATER POOR COUNTRIES
Kuwait, Egypt, UAE, Malta, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Israel, Oman, Maldonia
FLOOD
A flood is an overflow of water, whenever the magnitude of flow of water

exceeds the carrying capacity of the channel within its banks.
Causes of floods:
• Heavy rainfall, melting of snow, sudden release of water from dams – causes floods
in the low-lying areas.
• Prolonged downpour – over-flowing of rivers and lakes – results in floods.
• Reduction in carrying capacity of the channel, due to accumulation of sediments on

flood way.
• Deforestation, overgrazing, mining, rapid industrialization, global warming → sharp

increase in the incidence of floods – otherwise is a natural disaster.
• Removal of dense forest cover over the hilly zones leads to floods.
Effect of floods:
• Water spreads in surrounding areas and submerge them.
• Plain surface get eroded and silted with mud and sand, thus cultivable land area gets
affected.
• Extinction of civilisation in some coastal areas also occur.
Flood management
• Floods can be controlled by constructing dams and reservoirs.
• Encroachment of flood ways should be banned.
• Flood hazard – reduced by forecasting and warning.
• Appropriate afforestation in the catchment areas.
• Net working of rivers – ultimate solution.

RVS Nagar, Chittoor
DROUGHT
Drought means scarcity of water, which occurs due to inadequate rainfall , late
arrival of rains and excessive withdrawal of ground water.
• About 80 countries- drought every year – lying in arid and semi arid regions.
• When annual rainfall is below normal and less than evaporation, drought conditions
are created.
Causes:
• Meteorological phenomenon, yet - overgrazing, deforestation, mining etc, increase

drought.
• High population.
• India - last 20 years – experiences more and more desertification. Eroded soil exhibit
droughty tendency.
• Erroneous and intensive cropping pattern. Eg. Maharashtra – sugarcane crop – high
water demands last 30 years- no recovery from drought.
Effects of drought:
• Hunger, malnutrition and scarcity of drinking water and also changes the quality of
water.
• Widespread crop failure, shortage of food.
• Degradation of natural resources.
• Drought leads to migration of people and urbanization.
Drought management:
• Rain water harvesting programme.
• Drip irrigation.
• Mixed cropping and dry farming.
• Construction of reservoirs in drought area.
BIG DAMS – BENEFITS AND PROBLEMS:
• Benefits:
• Symbol of national development.

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• Employment to tribals.
• Tremendous potential for economic growth and upliftment and raising the standard
and quality of life.
• Help in checking floods and famines, generate electricity and reduce water and
power shortage, provide drinking water in remote areas and promote navigation,
fishery etc.
• Environmental problems:
• Impacts of big dams- subject of controversy – upstream as well as downstream.
• Displacement of tribal people.
• Loss of forests.
• Loss of non-forest land.
• Changes in fisheries.
• Stagnation and siltation and water logging.
• Breeding of vectors and outbreak of vector borne diseases.
• Seismicity induced.
• Growth of weeds.
• Loss of land fertility.
Considering all these serious side effects - Shift towards construction of small dams and
mini hydel projects.
ENERGY RESOURCES
Solar
Renewable Wind
tidal
Energy
resources
Coal,
Non-
ores,
renewable
petroleum

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RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
⚫ Sources which are being continuously produced in nature and non-exhaustible.
⚫ Example: wind energy, tidal energy, solar energy, wood, ocean currents, gobar gas,
veg. refuse, etc.
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
⚫ Cannot be replaced when exhausted.
⚫ Once consumed cannot be replaced.
⚫ Example: coal, ores, petroleum, timber, natural gas, lignite, uranium, etc.
SOLAR ENERGY
⚫ Ultimate source of energy- nuclear fusion reactions.
⚫ Solar energy received by earth= 1.4 KJ/s/m2
⚫ Harvesting devices:- solar heat collectors, solar cells, solar cooker, solar water
heater, solar furnace, solar power plant.
SOLAR COOKER
⚫ Black insulated box.

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⚫ Raw food is kept inside.
⚫ Covered by glass sheet.
⚫ Sun’s rays are focussed onto a mirror are reflected to the glass sheet covering the
black box.
⚫ Slow heating, food is nutritious.
⚫ Direction of cooker can be adjusted according to the sun’s rays.
SOLAR WATER HEATER
⚫ Additional copper coil, bent at various places to increase the surface area for
absorption of heat.
HYDROPOWER
⚫ Water flowing in a river is collected by constructing a dam where it is stored and

allowed to fall from a height.
⚫ The blades of the turbine located in the bottom of the dam move with the fast moving
water, in turn rotate the generator and produces electricity.
⚫ Mini hydel power plants on the rivers in hilly regions for harnessing the hydro energy
on a small scale.
⚫ Minimum height of the water falls = 10m
⚫ The hydropower potential of India = 4* 10 11 kw hours
No pollution, renewable- used in controlling floods.
TIDAL ENERGY
⚫ Tides are produced by gravitational forces of sun and moon and contain large
amounts of energy.
⚫ High and low tide refer to rise and fall of water in oceans.
⚫ A difference of several meters- required between high and low tide to spin the
turbines.
⚫ During high tide, the sea water flows into the reservoir, turns the turbine.
⚫ During low tide when sea level is low, the sea water stored in the barrage, reservoir
flows out into the sea and again turns the turbines.
⚫ Bay of Fundy, Canada, 17-18m high tides

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⚫ First modern tidal power mill- France
⚫ Gulf of cambay, gulf of kutch, the sunderban deltas are tidal power sites.
WIND ENERGY
⚫ Energy possessed by moving wind. Does not cause harm to the atmosphere.
⚫ No raw materials, does not give off waste gases.
⚫ Environment friendly, technologically simple.
⚫ Wind farm – wind mill
⚫ Average wind intensity = 3 kw / m2/ day-suitable in India
⚫ Gujarat, western Ghats, parts of central India.
⚫ WIND Potential in India = 20,000 MW, but we generate only 1020 MW.
⚫ Striking blowing wind over specially designed blades of a wind mill’s rotor.
⚫ Wind speed for a wind turbine = 4 to 25 m/sec.
⚫ Kanyakumari generates 380 MW of electricity.
⚫ A large number of wind mills are installed in clusters – produce large amount of
electricity – wind farm
GEO THERMAL ENERGY
⚫ Kernal of the earth possess heat energy from deep within the earth. Temp. of
3000 c occurs at depths of about 10 km.
⚫ Geothermal energy is used to heat up houses in Iceland.
⚫ Geothermal electricity meets the electricity needs of 6 million Americans.
⚫ India – thermal springs – west coast, Narmada valley and Himalayan region –
37-900c.
OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY
⚫ OTEC power plants
⚫ India is graphically well placed

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⚫ Temp. differences {~ 20 0C} between warm surfaces and cold deep waters can
generate OTEC.
Liquid ammonia is made to boil and the pressure of the vapour is used to rotate the
turbines to produce electric power.
BIOMASS ENERGY
⚫ Plant materials and animal wastes are used as sources of energy.
⚫ They can be burnt as solid fuel{ cause air pollution, ash } or converted into gaseous
or liquid bio fuels { more useful if converted }.
⚫ Biofuels: Biomass can be fermented to alcohols like ethanol, methanol which can be
used as fuel, solvent.
⚫ Ethanol from carbohydrate rich substances like sugarcane, sugar beet, potatoes,
cereals.
⚫ Gasohol: Mixture of ethanol and gasoline – fuel used in Brazil and Zimbabwe – for
running cars and buses.
⚫ Petro crops: Latex containing plants like Euphorbia, oil palms, and nuts are rich in
hydrocarbons and can yield an oil under pressure&temp. used in diesel engines or
can be formed into gasoline.
⚫ Biogas energy is a mixture of CH4,CO2,H2S etc.
⚫ 65 % CH4 = very good fuel.
⚫ Biogas is obtained by anaerobic fermentation of wastes (animal dung or plant

wastes) in the presence of water.
⚫ Rural areas, environment friendly, replace kerosene, more than 3,30,000 gas plants
in India.
2 types – floating gas holder type biogas plant and fixed dome type

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HYDROGEN GAS AS A FUEL
⚫ Liquid hydrogen is used in space ship.
⚫ Light weight, highly inflammable, safe handling required and explosive in nature.
⚫ Formed by thermal dissociation of water or electrolytic dissociation by flow of current.
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES
1. COAL
⚫ Formed 250-350 million years ago in the hot damp regions of the earth.
⚫ 3 types – anthracite, bituminous, lignite.
⚫ Most abundant fossil fuel on the earth.
⚫ At the present usage – will last for 200 years TO 65 yrs.
⚫ Ranikanj, Jharia, Bokaro- major coal fields.
⚫ Coal states – Orissa, W.B, A.P, M.P, Maharashtra, J&K.
⚫ About ¼ th of oil reserves are in Saudi Arabia.
2. PETROLEUM
⚫ Crude petroleum – complex mixture of alkanes, HC – purified and refined by

fractional distillation – different products separate at different heights and temp.

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Sri Venkateswara College of Engineering &Technology (Autonomous),

RVS Nagar, Chittoor

Unit I. Natural Resources

Components of the environment – 1. Abiotic component

Abiotic / Non living / Physical components:

Sub divided into 3 categories – Atmosphere, Lithosphere, Hydrosphere

1. Atmosphere: - cover of air – extends up to 500kms from earth’s surface

Functions of the atmosphere:

• It maintains heat balance on the earth by absorbing the IR radiations.

CO2 – essential for photosynthesis

N2 – essential nutrient for plant growth.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 1

2. Lithosphere – soil and rock components of the earth is called lithosphere

Home for human beings and wild life

Storehouse for minerals and organic matter

3. Hydrosphere – the aqueous envelope of the earth is called hydrosphere.

BIOTIC /LIVING COMPONENTS

CO2, which is again utilised by plants.

SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

IMPORTANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 2

To solve the above problems, the knowledge of environmental studies is very

1. By environmental studies, people will understand the concept of need of

NEED FOR PUBLIC AWARENESS

1. Forests perform very important functions both to humans and to nature.

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 3

2. They are habitats to millions of plants, animals and wildlife.

⚫ Important natural resource on earth

⚫ provide innumerable material goods & several environmental services

⚫ 1/3 of world’s land area is forested – declining.

⚫ USSR, Canada, USA, Brazil account for about 5 to7%

Uses or Benefit of forests:

⚫ ½-timber for fuel

⚫ 1/3- building material

⚫ 1/6th pulp for paper industry

⚫ Production of O2– earth’s lungs

⚫ Reducing global warming-sink for CO2

⚫ Wild life habitat- for millions of animals & plants

⚫ Regulation of hydrological cycle-50 to 80 % of the moisture in the air above the

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 4

OVER EXPLOITATION OF FORESTS:

⚫ Expansion of urban & industrial areas

⚫ Nigeria has the world's highest deforestation rate.

⚫ Brazil loses the largest area of forest annually.

⚫ About 67,701,000 hectares—of India is forested.

⚫ IRREPAIRABLE LOSS: While good progress is being made in many places,

Deforestation is the process of removal of (or) elimination of forest resources due to

⚫ Fir tree - packing apples

Plywood- packing tea in Assam

Dr.V.L.Nirmal Bhargavi Page 5

⚫ 5. Growing food needs- main problem in developing countries

⚫ 6. Over grazing- by cattle.

MAJOR CONSEQUENCES OF DEFORESTATION

⚫ Hydrological cycle is affected.

⚫ Leads to soil erosion, loss of soil fertility.

⚫ Leads to land slides in hilly areas.

⚫ Disappearing tea gardens in chota nagpur

⚫ Waning rainfall in Ooty – declining forests in the last 20 yrs.

2. trees – interlocked- so loss is more

⚫ Mining- surface,sub surface-80000 ha of under mining

⚫ Near goa in the yr 1961, 50000 ha destroyed by mining

⚫ Coal mining in Jharia, Raniganj, Singrauli

Almore mining for soap stones, gems,magnesite.

DAMS & THEIR EFFECTS ON FORESTS & PEOPLE: