Digital Communication Waveform Coding Techniqu (ii) To obtain transmission bandwidth (By) Transmission bandwidth is given as, By = vW = 6x4 kHz = 24 kHz Review Questions 1. With the help of neat diagrams, explain the transmitter and receiver of pulse code modulation. 2. What is uniform (linear) quantization ? 3. Expalin quantization error and derive an expression for maximum signal to noise ratio in PCM system that uses linear quantization. 4. Derive the relations for signaling rate and transmission bandwidth in PCM system. 5. What is the necessity of nonuniform quantization and explain companding ? | 6. Explain robust quantization. [Dec.-2012, 4 Marks} Unsolved Examples 1, A 40 MB hard disk is used to store PCM data. The signal is sampled at 8 kHz and the encoded PCM is to have an average signal to noise ratio of atleast 30 dB. For how many minutes the PCM data can be stored on the hard disk ? [Ans. : 133 min} 2. In the binary PCM system, find out the minimum number of bits required so that quantizing noise is less than +k percent of the analog level. [Ans. : v 2 1og,(50/k)) of uniform quantizer. (a) What is the probability that the amplitude of this input lies outside the range #4 ? | 3. The Gaussian distributed random variable with zero mean and unit variance is applied to the input ' (b) Using the result of past (a), find out the signal to quantization noise ratio, fAns. : (a) 1 in 10* (b) (S/N) dB = 60 -7.24B] 2.6 Virtues, Limitation and Modifications of PCM Advantages of PCM (i) Effect of channel noise and interference is reduced. (ii) PCM permits regeneration of pulses along the transmission path. This reduces noise interference. (iii) The bandwidth and signal to noise ratio are related by exponential law. (iv) Multiplexing of various PCM signals is easily possible. (v) Encryption or decryption can be easily incorporated for security purpose.Digital Communication 2-59 Waveform Coding Techniques Limitations of PCM () PCM systems are complex compared to analog pulse modulation methods. (ii) The channel bandwidth is also increased because of digital coding of analog pulses. Modifications of PCM (i) PCM can be modified to delta modulation. It is more simplified method of implementation. (i) The PCM can be used in wideband communications channels to overcome the bandwidth problem. (ii) With the help of data comparison along with PCM, the redundancy can be removed and data rate can be reduced. 27 Applications : Digital Multiplexers Digital signals are the sequences of binary 1 and 0 symbols. Digital multiplexing ‘technique simultaneously transmits the symbols from many channels by interleaving them. This is very much similar to time division multiplexing. In digital multiplexing there are ‘to constraints like periodic sampling and waveform preservation. The digital multiplexing ses a binary multiplexers and their hierarchies. A binary multiplexer merges input bit from different sources into one signal for transmission via a digital communication system. The multiplexing of various digital signals can be bit by bit or by words or by tharacters. Additional pulses are inserted in the multiplexed data stream to identify the different channels or frames. These are called control bits. The multiplexer performs following operations. 1. Establish the frame as the smallest time interval containing atleast one bit from every input. 2. Assign to each input a number of unique bit slots within the frame. 3. Insert control bits for frame identification and synchronization. 4. Make allowance for any variations of the input bit rates. 27.1 Types of Digital Multiplexers There are following types of digital multiplexers. Synchronous multiplexers : When single master clock governs all sources synchronous multiplexers are used. Since a single master clock is used there are no bit rate variations. Synchronous multiplexing has highest throughput efficiency. Synchronous multiplexer have the increased complexity because of master clock signal. Asynchronous multiplexers : Asynchronous multiplexers are used for digital data sources that operate in a start/stop mode producing bursts of characters with variableDigital Communication 2-60 Waveform Coding Techniai spacing between the bursts. Buffering and character interleaving makes it possible merge these sources into a synchronous multiplexed bit stream. Quasi synchronous multiplexers : Quasi synchronous multiplexers are used wi input bit rates have the same nominal value but vary within specified bounds, multiplexers arranged in a hierarchy of increasing bit rates, constitute the building blo of interconnected digital communication system, 2.7.2 Multiplexing Hierarchies Fig. 2.7.1 shows the multiplexing hierarchy for digital communication. Voice 1.5 Mois PCM Second 64 kbis level Voice — : PCM hd 74 Mois vfs ae a | Ce Fig. 2.7.1 Multiplexing hierarchy for digital communication In this hierarchy the third level is used, for multiplexing purposes and other thre levels are designed for point to point transmission and multiplexing. The bit rate at th next level is more than the sum of all the channels multiplexed at the input of that level Table 2.7.1 shows inputs and rates for a typical digital multiplexer, Levels Number of inputs Output bit rate or bits per sec. | First level 24 15x 108 Second level 4 6x 108 - Third level 44x 108 Fourth level 274 x 10° Table 2.7.1 Inputs and rates of digital multiplexers for AT and T systemnication 2-61 Waveform Coding Techniques the Table 2.7.1 we can see that fourth level of the multiplexer has total number as, Multiplexed inputs to 4" level = 24x4x7x6 = 4032 Voice PCM signals 4M level is the last level, the digital multiplexer multiplexes total 4032. voice PCM The bit rate of the fourth level is 274x10° bits per second. That is, it is the final signaling rate, r = 274x106 We know that transmission channel bandwidth B, should be, By 2r/2 > 137 MHz 3 PCM TDM System 131 Multiplexing Hierarchy The PCM-TDM system uses many codecs as shown in Fig, 2.7.2 (See Fig. 2.7.2 on next ). The codec is basically a PCM encoder (transmitter) and decoder (receiver). Codec tes serial stream of PCM data. At the receiver side, codec receives serial PCM data given to the codec. One codec per channel is used. The outputs from various codecs combined by the multiplexer into single bit stream. This bit stream is converted to id waveform by line waveform generator. The low pass filter (LPF) bandlimits the and signal. The waveform regenerator is used at the receiver to construct the input waveform to clear digital signal. The Demux then detects individual channel signals separates them. The codecs then recover the required analog signal. '32 Multiple Channel Frame Alignment For TDM / PCM ('T, System) “duly/Ang!-2005) The multiple channel alignment is very important in TDM/PCM system. Fig. 2.73 s the TDM frame format of most widely used Tl system, As shown in the Fig. 2.7.3, this system contains a multiframe of 12 frames. The iwration of the multiframe is 1.5 msec. Each frame consists of samples from 24 channels. the samples of 24 channels are Time Division Multiplexed. Each channel sample is coded into 8 bits. Thus the total bits of 24 channels will be 24x 8=192 bits. This indicate fie start of the next frame, the frame syne bit or 'S' bit is transmitted at the begining of frame. Thus the total bits in one frame are (24x 8) +1=193 bits.Digital Communication 2-62 Waveform Coding Techni Analog input Multiplexed PCM data Line waveform generator Channel Fig. 2.7.2 TDM/PCM system 1.5ms ‘atten CEPT E EET] eal sync bit Cempret Cham ha anne! Geel =) | Ul Frame IPODOOUOOOSUSORONAECECU rovesao00o FEEEEEDEREREEETE Ten 259 193 digits Fig. 2.7.3 Multiple channel frame alignment in T1 systemWaveform Coding Techniques channel is normally sampled at 8 KHz rate. Thus the time between any two samples of single channel will be wom microseconds. In the TDM the samples from each channel is transmitted in each successive frame. Hence the of the frame will also be 125 microseconds. This is shown in Fig. 2.7.3. Bits per frame = 24 channels/frame x 8 bits/channel + 1 frame sync bit = 193 bits . Bit rate R, = Number of bits per frame _ 193 bits e rate Sb = “Time of one frame ~ 395 10-® seconds = 1.544x10° bits/sec ignaling information is transmitted by replacing the 8" bit (ie. LSB) in each by signaling bit in every sixth frame. Thus, Signaling period = Period of the signaling bit = 125x10%x6 750x 10 sec 1 Signaling period ——t__ 750x106 + Signaling rate = = 1.3333 kbps. ing in T, System : * The data, which is transmitted by a T, frame is companded using piece-wise linear characteristics to approximate p-law. * The endpoints of each segment lie on the compression curve and their projections on the vertical axis are uniformly spaced. : + There are typically 15 segments as shown in Table 2.7.2.Digital Communication 2-66 Waveform Coding Techi Frames are transmitted at the nyquist rate. Hence bit rate at the output of mul will be, Bit rate = Number of bits/frame x Number of frames/sec. = 193 x 8000 = 1.544 x 10° bits/sec. Thus the bit rate is 1.544 Mbps. mm Example 2.7.3 : Describe the digital multiplexing of number of telephone channel channels, TV channels. Draw an appropriate diagram showing different multiplexing of either AT and T or CIT standard. Solution : Fig. 2.7.4 shows the configuration of digital multiplexer of AT & T si In the first level PCM voice channels and digital daia channels are multiplexed. second level multiplexes T, signal and visual telephone data. The maximum bit rate forth multiplexing level can be 274x 10° bits per second. A 1.5 Mb/s telephone channels Tg 6.3 Mb/s Digital data channels Visual telephone TV pom | 13 channel Fig. 2.7.4 Digital multiplexing of voice telephone channels, digital data, TV for AT & T standard Review Questions 1. Which are the types of digital multiplexers? 2. Explain the frame structure of T1 system in detail. 3. With the help of block diagram explain PCM/TDM system 4. Explain T, carrier system with its companding characteristics, (uly-2013, 5 Mau