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Early Detection of Poisonous Gas Leakage in Pipelines in An Industrial Environment

Using Gas Sensor, Automated with IoT(Internet of Things)
Abstract: -Toxic fumes possess tremendous environmental and life-threatening impacts.
People are undergoing several diseases due to these and few lost their life as well.
Proper detection of toxic fumes leakage is important for the industries which are within
our localities. With this respect, we propose a prototype for sensing the toxic fumes
leakage in the industry. Gas leakage can be easily be detected and controlled by using
the Internet of Things.

This project is proposed to avoid industrial mishaps and to monitor harmful fumes and
chemicals, switch off the mainline when leakage is found, and generate alarm messages
to the director of the industry in real-time using recent technology the Internet of
Things. NODEMCUESP8266 Wi-Fi Module is used as a primary microcontroller that is
attached to the sensors, such as temperature and variety of fumes sensors, which can
continuously monitor leakage. A warning alarm is generated immediately if any leakage
is found in either pipeline of the system and the main gas knob is turned off
immediately.

Data collected by the sensors is saved in the database which can be utilized for further
processing and it can be analyzed for developing security management, and monitoring
application (Website or Android App) can be used as safety care for
workers. Keywords— Gas detection, monitor, poisonous gas, real-time, alert, Arduino,
sensors, safety, motor, LPG, Internet of Things, Android app. INTRODUCTION
Industries only concentrate on profits without focusing on the health of workers and the
environment. Generally, industries are located in outsidecities in the developing
countries do not give much attention to safety and security.

Talking about the industries, which are situated amid the city, for the raw materials
needs to be stricter because many people will be affected if any accident takes place.
Accidents can occur in industries because of no proper maintenance, individual fault,
components malfunction, etc. This project is proposed to avoid technical accidents and
to monitor harmful fumes and chemicals, switch off the mainline when leakage is
detected, and generate alarm notification to the supervisor of the industry during
real-time using recent technology named the Internet of Things. As it is considerably
frequent that we listened about numerous accidents like an explosion or toxic gas
release that are being happened due to flammable fumes, i.e., LPG, LNG, NH3, and other
ignitable fumes.

Numerous people have been harmed and some died too. So,this project is proposed
here, using new technology that is being used to make every current system more
active. It provides real-time information available on the internet for faster accessing
with a gas sensor that can recognize different other dangerous fumes. So, this will
ensure the safety of people working in the factory and the people living in the
surroundings of the industry.

The dangerous fumes and pollution monitoring system realized the real-time detection
and control of the deadly fumes and radiation advanced the ability of the self-regulation
and the intelligence of the poisonous fumes detection monitoring. Fig 1: Block Diagram
of the prototype. Fig.2: Circuit Diagram of the system PROPOSED METHODOLOGY The
requirement of poisonous fumes detection is not only to detect hazardous gases but
also to monitor the surroundings continuously to prevent further leakage of gas in the
environment to minimize the chances of different kinds of accidents. The IoT based
system is designed in such a way that the sensors are active throughout until switched
off.

These sensors sense the surrounding gases and constantly send the reading to the
server, as the reading crosses the threshold of any hazardous gas leakage or sudden rise
of temperature in the surrounding the buzzer or alarm rings. The servo motor then
comes to underplay and shuts the gas knob off to ensure safety and stop further
leakage. Additional gears are installed in the knob and servo motor such that the
mechanism works when there is gasoline leakage. A notification is sent to the
administrator that there was a gas leakage in the workplace of installation; still, if the
leakage exists the device will prompt the user to call an emergency number so that
experts deal with the situation.

In the future, smart building infrastructure will support bi-directional communication

standards, which will allow continuous interaction between the utility, the consumer, and
the controllable device that we install. For the project, this was possible by the means of
Android application which helps the user facilitate the near surroundings of the device.
The application moreover consists of buttons for switching the device on and off,
information about the threshold in every time interval, Emergency contact numbers for
any threat.

The application will generate a notification when there is a gas leakage even if the
phone is in flight mode to ensure protective measures beforehand. MATERIAL
PROPERTIES AND DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS Hardware Components: NODEMCU
ESP8266 (Microcontroller) - We have used NODECU ESP8266 as our project
microcontroller to integrate all the sensors that have been used. It is a well-known
microcontroller for Arduino projects because of its embedded Wi-Fi [14] services to
establish a wireless connection between server and client, more flash memory, bigger
Ram, and a dual-core processor which makes this microcontroller a compact and precise
one to be used in our project. Sensors: DHT 22- The sensor is capable of determining
the temperature and humidity of the surrounding atmosphere with its nodes.

The sensor consists of capacitive nodes of humidity and a thermistor for temperature
readings with the help of which we have used it to determine the temperature in the
factories. This sensor will help us to know the temperature around the machine if heated
more chances of malfunctioning and poisonous smoke leading to an accident can be
avoided. GAS SENSORS: The MQ9 is an easy-to-use LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)
sensor, which is mainly composed of butane and propane, concentrations in the air and
carbon monoxide sensor.

Gas concentrations of anywhere from 200 to 10000ppm can be detected by the MQ9
sensor. The MQ135 sensor is highly sensitive to Ammonia, Sulfide, and Benzene steam.
All the sensors come with very high sensitivity and fast response time. The output of this
sensor is an analog resistance. You only have to power the heater coil with 5V, add a
load resistance, and connect the output to an ADC, which makes the drive circuit very
easy. DC MOTOR: A DC motor is a motor that allows precise control of angular or linear
position, velocity, and acceleration. It generally consists of a suitable motor coupled with
some wires so that we can connect with the Arduino system.

It is connected with several gears to get grip on the object being used. 2. Software
Components: a. Arduino Software- To get started with the NODEMCU
microcontroller we need an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to process the
running state of the sensor. This software is open source and can work on Mac,
Windows, and Linux. The environment of the system is scripted in java which makes it
platform-independent. This software is independent of any Arduino board. The basic
programming language or you call it the Arduino language is embedded C++ or C.

An IDE normally consists of a source code editor, build automation tools, and a
debugger. Most modern IDE’s have intelligent code completion. b. MySQL
Database- Storing sensors extracted data to MySQL database and retrieving that data to
the dashboard so that operations can be performed on them. Discussed later in this
report.
c. Wireless Communication- Establishment of remote connection with the server taking
the help of TCP/IP and HTTP/HTTPS protocol. Discussed later in this report.

Fig 3: Data flow diagram Fig4: Pinouts of NODEMCU ESP8266 WORK PROCESS System
Hardware: Independent systems have different designs and are based on different
functionalities. In this project, the design includes a single microcontroller, various types
of sensors, internet connectivity for the prototype, and a laptop. Apart from the server,
the entire unit will be placed wirelessly at a distance of the pipeline which will track the
leakage or abnormal rise in temperature.

In the current working process, the microcontroller is configured with some of the
sensors namely MQ9, DHT22, and MQ135 sensor to get the readings of gas and
temperature in the surrounding. The system generates an output which is then sent to
the remote server with the help of wireless connection, TCP/IP, and HTTPS protocol. The
server is connected to the cloud (Database) and the data is stored in the cloud itself This
output is also reflected in the dashboard that is fetching the data from the database and
helps the user to keep an eye on any kind of leakage or rise in temperature.

Connections and Circuitry: NODEMCU ESP8266: To operate the microcontroller power

source needed is 3.3V- 4.7V which is given through USB port via Laptop or with the help
of batteries. DHT 22 (Temperature and Humidity): Data pin of sensor is connected to the
microcontroller with the digital output pin D5. MQ2:Sampling Rate: To upload the code
it requires a sampling rate of 9600- 15200 bps. MQ135:Sampling Rate: To upload the
code it requires a sampling rate of 9600- 15200 bps Fig5: Connection Fig6: Circuitry
Creation of Database and Website Hosting PHP Application and creation of MySQL
Database.

The goal here is to create a database along with the website for the project such that
sensors data can be stored and analyzed as per requirements. For this, we need to have
the domain name of this project and hosting account which will allow the user to store
sensor readings from the microcontroller i.e. NODEMCU ESP8266 so that one can
visualize the readings from anywhere in the world by accessing the server name and
domain address [25-27]. Creation of API (Application Programming Interfaces) key.

An API is a tool that makes a website’s data digestible for a computer. Through it, a
computer can view and edit data, just like a person can, by loading pages with sensors
data and submitting forms and many other things. When systems link up through an
API, we say they are integrated. One side the server that serves the API, and the other
side the client that consumes the API and can manipulate it. Here API key value is
generated from the GoDaddy developers page and then used to link both the PHP code
and ESP8266 code as well so that the data can be transferred from NODEMCU to the
website. $api_key_value= "3mM44UaC2DjFcV_63GZ14aWJcRDNmYBMsxceu"; Here API
key value is generated from Google’s cloud platform for using maps services such as
src=https://maps.googleapis.com/maps/api/js?key=AIzaSyAk4BBCmeZuWv0oV_uTjF9w
BeW9YocUbOc&callback=myMap Preparing Mysql Database Creation of database,
username, password and SQL table.

$dbname = "Data_Final1"; $username = "project"; $password =

"project@123"; Structured Query Language (SQL) Structured Query Language is a
standard Database language that is used in this project to create, maintain, and retrieve
the relational databases. Creating a SQL table After creating database and User account
info, with the help of cPanel and “PhpMyAdmin” the creation of a database table is done
for the project. To create the table following code snipped is required. CREATE TABLE
SensorData ( id INT (10) UNSIGNED AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, value1
VARCHAR (10), value2 VARCHAR (10), value3 VARCHAR (10), value4 VARCHAR
(10), reading_time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP ON UPDATE
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP Value insertion into the database $sql = "INSERT INTO
SensorData (id, value1, value2, value3, value4) VALUES ('" . id. "', '" . $value1 . "',
'" . $value2 . "', '" . $value3 . "', '" . $value4 .

"')"; Displaying the data on the website: $sql = "SELECT id, value1, value2, value3,
reading_time FROM SensorData ORDER BY ID DESC LIMIT 1"; Use of HTTP (Hypertext
Transfer Protocol) in posting request The Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is
designed to enable communications between clients and servers. HTTP works as a
request-response protocol between a client and a server. Here, when the client submits
the HTTP request to the server, the server returns the response to the client. This
response contains the data displayed from the sensors which are the requested content.
This is how it works. POST is used to send data to a server to create/update a
resource. Function in PHP for taking the input: $value1 = test_input($_POST["value1"]);
Preparing HTTP POST request data (The code snippet is from Arduino IDE) String
httpRequestData = "api_key=" + apiKeyValue + "&value1=" +
String(dht.readTemperature()) + "&value2=" + String(dht.readHumidity()) +"&value3="
+ String(gps.location.lat(),8) +"&value4=" + String(gps.location.lng(),8)+ "&value5=" +
String(analogRead(Vib))+”; Serial.println(httpRequestData); Sending an HTTP POST
request Int httpResponseCode = http.POST(httpRequestData); 5.2.5 Adding Dynamic
Graph to the Website: The website is linked with another page that displays the graphs
of the sensor data for the whole day.

Here we are displaying the graph of temperature, humidity, vibration, and oxygen data
values. Below is the code snippet for the creation of graphs. // function for creation of
graphs. function createTemperatureGraph () { const temperature =
document.getElementById('temperature').getContext('2d'); temperaturemyChart =
new Chart (temperature, { type: 'line', data: { labels: [], datasets:
[ { label: "Temperature (Celsius)", data:
[], backgroundColor: "transparent", borderColor:
"orange" } ] }, options: { scales: { yAxes:
[{ ticks: { beginAtZero: false } } }); } Adding the
download option of the data set.
With the display of graphs, there is another option of downloading the data set for the
whole day. The data set is available in .txt and. JSON format. Below is the code snippet
for the creation of a download option. // function for creation of download
option. function generate () { link_div.style.display = 'none' button.innerHTML =
'Generating... please wait...' button.removeEventListener('click', generate) fetch
("http://emsig.co.in/Data_Final111/data.php", { headers: { 'Content-Type':
'application/json', }, }) .then (data =>data.json()) .then (data =>
{ const all_data = "text/json;charset=utf-8," +
encodeURIComponent(JSON.stringify(data)) setDataForDownload(all_data) }) }
button.addEventListener('click', generate) 6 Libraries used and Code
Snipped Libraries are a collection of code that makes it easy for us to connect to a
sensor, actuator, display, module, etc.

There are hundreds of additional libraries available on the Internet for different sensors.
To use the additional libraries, we will need to install them from the library manager
which is available in the sketch dialog box [28]. Libraries Used: include <DHT.h>: This
sensor is used for obtaining the temperature and humidity readings. The library helps in
activating the sensors circuitry such that the sensor can transmit data. b. #include
<ESP8266WiFi.h>: To run the module on internet connectivity we require either GSM or
Wi-Fi connectivity, for this server and client connection need to be established. This
library helps in establishing the connection between the server and the
client. c. #include<ESP8266HTTPClient.h>: This library is similar to the above
library; it identifies the client and helps in connection establishment. Code
Snippet: a.

Connecting to the internet and server const char* ssid = "Akki"; /* Wi-Fi
Credentials const char* password = "aezakmi1"; (User Id, Password)*/ const char*
serverName = "http://emsig.co.in/Data_Final111/post-esp-data.php"; // server
name String apiKeyValue = "3mM44UaC2DjFcV_63GZ14aWJcRDNmYBMsxceu"; /* API
value to connect to the specific server and client */ b. Connecting to the
client WiFi.begin(ssid, password); // checking for ssid and password for
connectivity Serial.println("Connecting…"); while(WiFi.status() !=
WL_CONNECTED) c. Fetching data from sensors if(WiFi.status()==
WL_CONNECTED){ HTTPClient http; // client connected http.begin(serverName); //
server begin // Specify content-type header http.addHeader("Content-Type",
"application/x-www-form-urlencoded"); // Preparing HTTP POST request data String
httpRequestData = "api_key=" + apiKeyValue + "&value1=" +
String(dht.readTemperature()) + "&value2=" + String(dht.readHumidity()) + "&value3="
+ String(gps.location.lat(),8)+ ""; Serial.print("httpRequestData: ");
Serial.println(httpRequestData); // printing/sending data to database Mode of
Communication Radio Frequency: It is the oscillation rate of an alternating electric
current or voltage or of a magnetic, electric or electromagnetic field or mechanical
system in the frequency range from around twenty thousand times per second to
around three hundred billion times per second. 2. HTTP/HTTPS: Hypertext Transfer
Protocol Secure is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).

It is used for secure communication over a computer network and is widely used on the
Internet. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer
Security (TLS), or, formerly, its predecessor, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL). The protocol is
therefore also often referred to as HTTP over TLS or HTTP over SSL. TCP/IP: or the
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol, is a suite of communication protocols
used to interconnect network devices on the internet. TCP/IP can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network (an intranet or an extranet). Output and
Readings This is the normal readings when the system is running in fine condition.

Fig 7: Readings in the website (real-time, safe condition) Fig 8: MQ9 Readings Fig 9:
MQ135 Readings Fig 10: Temperature readings Now we have introduced some
poisonous gas to the sensor nose, the readings get a bit elevated. Fig 11: Elevate
readings (a risk factor comes under play) Fig 12: MQ9 elevated readings Fig 13: MQ135
Elevated readings. Now, when the system crosses threshold the readings are indicated
as red and there is an alert signal. Fig 14: Alert! The gas leakage is tremendous Fig 15:
MQ9 Crossed threshold reading Fig 16: MQ135 Crossed threshold reading LIMITATION
The main project is all about poisonous gas sensing which senses the different kinds of
pollution that is gas, smoke, and various other things. This was a small-scale project
done. On a larger scale project, it can have many more sensors like particulate sensors
and ozone gas, fire, and other poisonous gas sensors.

Gas sensors depend on which kind of factory is it and what kind of poisonous gas it can
emit. For the minute accurate readings, we need industrial sensors. / Figure 17: Database
when sensors are connected in normal environment / Figure 18: Database when sensors
are exposed to enviornment having smoke and lpg gas / Figure 19: Database when
sensors are exposed to enviornment having smoke and lpg gas in very high quantity
and even plased in sunlight FUTURE-SCOPE This project on a larger scale can have 5 to
6 NODEMCU(s) connected to the same server via Wi-Fi and the data readings taken at
every interval of time.

If any large change is sensed then it will send you an e-mail or will notify you. The data
collected on a large scale can be analyzed as well and to save the environment by
knowing the rising change in the environment. ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
MQ9, MQ135- Gas Sensors, IoT- Internet of Things, Wi-Fi- Wireless Fidelity, LCD- Liquid
Crystal Display, USB- Universal Serial Bus, PWM- Pulse Width Modulation, DC- Direct
Current, DHT 22 - Temperature sensor CONCLUSION The proposed system makes gas
detection and prevention easier for the users and hence ensuring a safe and secure
place to work.

The system with its aesthetic beauty is also handy and can be operated from a distance
when installed to ensure the operation of the fumes and pollution monitoring system.
Inspect fumes and emission leakage exactly on time as the designed system analyzes
leakage then alarm indicates the people and workers move to a safe place. Before
disaster befalling time prevention people and workers from harmlessly escaping unsafe
situations and saving human life dodged major disasters.

Thus, I conclude that the system will play a vital role in the current space insuring about
the safety of the place. REFERENCES [1] Navreetinder Kaur, Rita Mahajan, Deepak
Bagai, "Air Quality Monitoring System based on Arduino Microcontroller," International
Journal Innovative Research in Science, Engineering, and Technology (IJIRSET), Vol 5,
Issue 6- June 2016. [2] Palaghatyaswanthsai.“An IoT Based Automated Noise and Air
Pollution Monitoring System” International Journal Of Advanced Research In Computer
And Communication Engineering Vol. 6, Issue 3, March 2017.

[3] Arushi Singh, Divya Pathak, Prachipandit, Shrutipatil, Prof. Priti. C. Golar." IoT Based
Air and Sound Pollution Monitoring System" International Journal Of Advanced
Research In Electrical, Electronics, And Instrumentation Engineering Volume 6, Issue 3,
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Nidhi Sharma, Kettun Oberoi, Yash Navoria, "Predicting Trends in Air Pollution in Delhi
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[11] Shadrach Tunde, Akinkaude, kowawole, Peter Fasae, “A Survey of Noise Pollution in
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