Internet networking devices 

:
Only 3 devices are required for our CCNA syllabus :
1. The hub :

- Is a non-intelligent device: it takes input from one of its

ports, and copies it and send it out into all the ports.
- It has one Collision Domaine :
Collision domaine means that if 2 devices are connected into
the hub and talking to each other. If a third device tries to
communicate, all the information is corrupt, even these
between the 2 devices. And all the devices will have to re-
transmit.
So the hub cannot segregate these 2 communications.
- It has one Broadcast Domaine :
A broadcast domaine means when a broadcast message is
received from one port, it will broadcast it in all the ports.

So the hub can only copy the broadcast and not stop it.
2. A switch:
 - It’s an intelligent device, because it has ASIC
(Application Specific Integration Circuitry). An ASIC
has the feature of storing the MAC address
information.
- Can learn the MAC addresses connected to it.
- It has something called CAM.
- It has as many collision domains as the number of
ports: it can send information to a specific device
without having to broadcast it.
- It has one broadcast domaine.
- It should be connected in the same network.
- Does not have a power switch.
- It has a lot of ports.
3. Router:
- An intelligent device.
- It has many collision domains as the number of
ports.
- It has many broadcast domains: if it receives
broadcast traffic, it drops it; it’s called the border
device.
- It can be connected to different Networks.
- It has a switch.
- Has 2 gigabyte ports and 2 fast Ethernets.
 Data transmission:
Data transmission on Ethernet happens only using MAC
addresses.
The transmission happens when we the device knows
the MAC address of the destination. In order to know
it, it uses a protocol called ARP (Address Resolution
Protocol)
 In a local transmission:
- The device sends the IP address with the ARP
request to the switch.
- The switch sends the info to all the ports.
- They all drops it, only the device concerns put
its MAC address on it and send a reply.
- The switch receives the MAC address and
sends it back to the first device.
- The first device forms a packet and sends it to
the Switch.
- The switch sends it to the right destination.
 In different networks:
- When the device realizes that the IP address is
not from the same network: If it knows the
MAC address it creates a packet, if not it goes
from the same process to create a packet.
 - Then the packet is sent to the Switch.
- Then to the router that updates its info and
sends it to the next router.
- Then to the device concerned.
Connecting CISCO devices:
All the CISCO devices have:
- Console port (light blue): that can be connected to
a computer. It uses a serial port that is not
available in today’s computers. We need to plug it
to a serial USB, and then connect the USB with the
computer (we need to install a USB serial driver
and comport to use any terminal software).
- AUX port: Can be connected to a modem. It’s used
to get out of band access to the device.

They are meant for the out of band configuration,

which means you can access to the device even if
the operating system is not up, you can still see
the process.

 A router:
- 2 gigabyte ports
- 2 fast Ethernets
 We connect them to other networking devices
and form your network.
- Another USB port: used to see your external
storage.
After connecting the device using the console part and
a cable, we upload terminal software. They are 4 most
popular: Putty; Tera Term; Secure CRT; Hyper Term.
After installing one of them: Serial line: COM1; Speed
9600; Serial
- The first mode any device logs into is USER EXEC
MODE, whoever is connected to have the least
privilege. It shows the sign (Router>).
- We can add shortcuts.
- To go to the highest privilege, we type enable. It
shows the sign (#).
- Next mode is: global configuration mode.
- We change systems in the configure terminal.

DHCP : (Dynamic host configuration protocol)

- Helps configure IP addresses to hosts dynamically.
- To search for an IP address, DHCP has 6 messages:
1. DHCP discovery message= like a hello packet.
When a new device comes to a network, it shouts in
the network for a DHCP server.
If there are any, they send a DHCP offer packet.
In the DHCP offer packet, the DHCP server replies to
the DHCP discovery to take a certain IP addresses. The
DHCP server reserves an IP address and put it in the
packet with his IP address.
If they configured more than one DHCP servers in
this network, even the other DHCP servers will get
the broadcast, and offer an IP address. When they
are sent to the client, he will get to choose.
2. The client sends a DHCP request packet that is sent
back to the network.
3. The DHCP server hears it, and sends a DHCP ACK to
that.
4. The other DHCP server that reserved the IP
address will put that IP address back, so it could be
assigned to another client.
5. DHCP information message : is issued by the client
if it needs more information provided by DHCP
offer.
6. DHCP release is the message sent by the client to
the server, to release the IP address it already has.
 TCP Transmission:
- TCP is a connection oriented transmission.
- UDP is a connectionless transmission.
We need to establish a connection before the real
transmission can start. It built with the 3 way
handshake that is initiated by the sending device, by
creating a SYN packet that will be sent to the other
device.
The second device combines a SYN/ACK in one packet
and sends it through the network.
Then the sender sends an ACK back.
Both have sent a SYN and ACK for the
acknowledgement.
At this stage, the connection has been established.

TCP Transmission Windowing technique:

- The device sends a packet.
- It receives an ACK.
- The device sends more packets.
- The other device increases its capacity of the
transmission.
- The time of transferring is established after
knowing the capacity of each one of them.
 Windowing is a flow control mechanism, where
both devices, gradually, realizes the capacity of
the transmission.
Common port numbers: port numbers are used
by the servers to know the destination of the IP
addresses.
In a Data flow: to connect with another device:
- It sends a packet = SYN+ source port
number( which is a port number generated by
windows)+ a destination port number+ its IP
address+ IP address of destination.
That packet does not change until the end of this
communication.
- The packet goes through the gateway of the
router. The router sends an ARP request to receive
the MAC address. Then adds it to the packet.
- The packet goes through a hashing algorithm and
gets a hash value, and attaches it to the start of the
frame (FCS ”Frame Check Sequence”/ CRC “Cyclic
redundancy check” ). They check that the data has
no error.
- The frame reaches the second router, it takes the
FCS/CRC value, takes whatever is remaining and
 puts it through the same hashing algorithm, to
check it’s the same that came with this frame.
- That router checks the MAC address that is
addressed to him and strips it away.
- It checks the IP address (it realizes it’s not for him),
and sends it through its entry.
- It inserts a MAC address and a destination MAC
address (if it’s not known it uses the ARP technic).
- It puts the hash value at the start of the packet,
and sends it.
- The device removes the FCS value, checks, does
hashing and checks.
- Remove the MAC address and sees the
destination.
- Same process to send it to the final destination.
- The last device also checks, creates a SYN/ACK
packet, follows the same process and sends it.
- The other device sends back an ACK through the
same process.
Then the connection is established.