STUDENT ID BC210407207

CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT (EDU402)

Fall, 2021
Assignment 1
Total Marks: 20

Question: 1 (10 marks)

Describe the types of curriculum in detail with examples.

A variety of educational approaches are used. As a result, students are exposed to a variety of
educational methods. Although it's common to think of curriculum as a basic and easy lesson
plan or course outline, this is not always the case. Mastering these difficulties is essential for
educators who wish to make a difference in the lives of their pupils. Find out more about the
eight different styles of education in the sections that follow.

Written Curriculum

A written curriculum is one that has been officially recorded and is available in writing for
teachers to use. There are a variety of educational resources that may be used by educators.
These resources are either provided by the school district as a whole or by the individual
institution. In many cases, a curriculum expert is hired or contracted to come up with a strategy
that is tailored to satisfy a certain set of needs and goals.

Taught Curriculum

This style of curriculum is based on what instructors really do. As a result, this form of
curriculum is less predictable and less standardised since teachers' methods of delivering content
might differ. The tools a teacher has at their disposal might also influence this. Experiments,
demonstrations, and other forms of participation in groups and via hands-on activities may all be
part of this. Students who are in special education or need some other kind of specialised
assistance depend heavily on the material they are taught.

Supported Curriculum

An augmented or supplemented curriculum makes use of outside-and-inside-the-classroom

materials. Textbooks, field excursions, software, and technology are a few examples, but there
are many more creative ways to get pupils interested in learning. Also included in this curricular
support network are the course's instructors and coworkers.
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Assessed Curriculum

The term "tested curriculum" refers to a curriculum that has been evaluated. It includes
examinations, quizzes, and other ways for gauging pupils' progress. Presentations, portfolios,
demonstrations and standardised examinations are just some of the methods that may be used for
this.

Recommended Curriculum

Experts in the field of education advocate this kind of programme. A range of sources, including
nationally known experts, policymakers and lawmakers, and others, might provide
recommendations for curricula. Content, skill sets, and teaching tools are highlighted in this
article.

Hidden Curriculum

An unplanned curriculum has a major influence on what pupils learn. This style of curriculum
incorporates implicit standards, unstated expectations, and the cultural norms and values of a
society.

Students from diverse cultural origins may find it difficult to adapt to a secret curriculum or fear
being criticised for their differences. The allocation of money, time, and resources in a school or
school district may also have an impact on a school's concealed curriculum. A student's
impression of the value of learning French may change if they are instead taught Spanish or
Arabic in the classroom.

Excluded Curriculum

The "null curriculum" refers to the curriculum that has been omitted. It's a term used to describe
what isn't covered in a class. In certain cases, a teacher or curriculum expert decides that a
specific skill or topic should be left out of a lesson plan. There are instances when pupils are
shaped more by what they are not taught than by what they are taught. Instead of learning about
a current discussion in the subject or being challenged to think critically about a book, pupils
may not be taught about such topics.

Learned Curriculum

What students take away from a course is called a learnt curriculum. This comprises the material
and information they gained through the course, but it might also include further changes in
attitude and emotional well-being as a result. Teacher expectations and student outcomes must be
more closely aligned to reduce the discrepancy.
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Question: 2 (10 marks)

Explain the importance of historical and psychological foundations in curriculum

development.
Historical Foundations
It includes

1. Role of curriculum in achievements of nations.

2. Guides future plans

3. Factors that influence development of nation e.g. unity

4. Eliminates the useless traditions.

Role of the History of curriculum in the development of curriculum

History of the curriculum plays a very important role in the development of the nation. It takes
long and tedious time to formulate a good curriculum which represents the need of the society
and the experiences of the past. The history of the curriculum tell the curriculum planner how to
develop and modify the curriculum, what to teach and what should be the core material of the
subjects, what objectives they want to achieve through the curriculum. History also tell them
how the teacher should teach, what are the best practices they need to incorporate in curriculum
teaching and what kind of teaching need to be avoid.

                                                                                               

The history of the curriculum also explains the teacher psychology at different time and how to
improve their teaching styles. The history also provides a detail about the learner behavior at
different times. It also provides information about the psychology of the students, how they learn
and what they want to learn. In times curriculum changed its shapes and patterns from teacher
center curriculum to learner center curriculum due to the long history of the curriculum
development process from Plato to modern curriculum. the history of the curriculum also
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changed the teaching methods, now every researcher are finding new ways to teach and it is also
becoming the part of curriculum  an history.

Today majority of the develop countries are those countries who have a long history of freedom
and proper education system. They achieved their successes through education and
implementation of time needed curriculum. They modified their curriculum according to the
need of time. Some of newly born countries also achieved that status because they adopted
successful model of other developed countries and modified according to their own needs and
culture.

The history of the curriculum guides the future plans

The history of the curriculum guides the future plans because curriculum is always based on the
future demands of the country and the lesson learned through history, tell the curriculum
developer not to repeat the mistake of the past and develop a curriculum which is based on the
future need of the society and international demands. History is the profile of past successes and
failures. 

Psychological foundations

In psychology, individual differences play an important role since each student is unique and has
a distinct personality and skill set. They can't all be taught the same way since they're all
different. Some are quick study while others are sluggish. The curriculum should be founded on
these truths, and it should be designed to complement the abilities and potential of all pupils.

In the teaching and learning process, psychology plays a critical role, and it serves as the basis
for all educational programmes. Instilling the values and norms of society in the pupils via the
teaching techniques, selection of material, methods and theories of learning, as well as general
development of the students.. All of the following steps in the curriculum building process are
made easier with the assistance of psychology.
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In the past, educational materials for children's growth and development were created in the old-
fashioned method, without consideration for the psychological implications.

Psychological principles now underpin all aspects of education, including curriculum creation,
child mental development, instructional techniques and theories, school administration and
planning, student character development, student and teacher attitudes, and the use of new
technology.

In the past, educational materials for children's growth and development were created in the old-
fashioned method, without consideration for the psychological implications.

Psychological principles now underpin all aspects of education, including curriculum creation,
child mental development, instructional techniques and theories, school administration and
planning, student character development, student and teacher attitudes, and the use of new
technology.

The purpose of psychology and psychologist is the study of human behavior, the study of living
being. Investigate and explain the behavior of animate creatures. Therefore, curriculum needs
educational psychology to provide information particularly in five areas:

•       Prepare objectives of education.

    Characteristics of the students.
    The leaning processes.
    The methods of Teaching.