= All biological (plants, animals, wnicro- organisms ete) and Physical CSoil, Water, air, sumlight ete) Surroundings ‘around us create our environment: = ALL interacting oganiems im an area together with non-living Constituents of the environment form an ecosystem: Types of Ecosystem Natural Ecosystem = It exists im nature without any human interference: e Eq: Pond, River, Fovest - Anctificial Ecosystem = Made by humans for their own interest Eq 5 Aquariuyn, Garden Components of Frosystem [living Component s] [Non- Living components] = All the living organism of a ‘= Allclimatic factors like vain, certain area® Lil plants, animals humidity , temperature inorganic humans, microbes ete: Substances Like oxygen, nitrogen etc ees Producers Consumers Decomposers. (aes Se= Organism which Can prepare their own food from simple inorganic Substances Like carbon dtoxide and wate by using sunlight enbrgy im the presence of Chlorophyll = Eq Green plants and certain blue-green algae = Those ovganisms which consume food prepared by producers are Called consumers = Those animals which =Those animals which ‘Those animals which cats only plants: cat only other animals cat both plants and as food: animals: = Eq- Goat, Sheep, Deex, mel ete Eq Lion, Tiger ete: Eq Man, Dog, Crow ete: Decomposers. = Micro: organism that break down the complex organic compounds Present “in dead organism into simpler substances: = Eq Certain bacteria and Fungi Food Chain = The flow of nutvients and energy from one organism to another ab different trophic levels forms®*a’ food Chain: = Food chain represents a Single unidivectional transfer of energy: = Food chain starts with producer:Plant (Producer) 1 Grasshopper ee an | A+ Sale Kaige Herbivore) (Carnivore) @ | f@ a Figure 19.1 Food nature : (a) i forest, (b) CTop carnivore) sgrassiand and (e) ina ond food Weh = Several Interconnected food chains forms a food web: = single food chain doesn't naturally Occur im an ecosystem:= The various steps im a food chain at which the transter of food Cor energy) takes place are called trophic levels (Producer) ¢ Primary (Secondary Clextiary, consumer) consumer consumer ) “Trophic level I Trophic level III Trophic level IV Trophic level. — There are generally a greater number of individuals at thé lower tyophic levels an ecosystem , the greatest number is “of producers: Tertiary eal hie, energy transfer is never (007: «Thus, each Suctesive trophic level vecieves lessex energy than previous resulting im a pyra' id shape: Figure 15.2 » Trophic levels Ten Pex Cent Law 6 Only 0 per cent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of “organisms is available" for Trandfer to the next higher trophic level: Ais ON rs Plants ——> Deer ——> lion looy loy iy lof lovBi mis = Bioaccumulation refers to the accumulation of a toxic chemical im the tissue of @ particular organism: = It occurs in a Single organism over lifetivne Resticides —> (>) —> = I \ df) binmagaifical e Biomagmification ref refers to the vergass in concentration of home chernical ' substances in phe body of | iving ovganism at of trophic levels of a food chain- = It expands over different trophic levels: = Organism at the higher trophic levels have higher Concentration of such Chemicals e Eq: In the below case, man will have the highest arnount of pesticides, Pesticides Soil ——> Plants —> Herbivor. ——» ManSe ‘Ozone Layer Depletion: = Oxone molecule is rade up of 3 atoms of oxygen combined together C03) = Oxone Layer protects the life on earth from harmful ultraviolet radiations Coming from sun = Ultvaviolet rays Can couse skin cancer: = Oxone is formed high up in the atmosphere by the action of Ultraviolet yadiation “on oxygen’ gas: 6, —"50+a) 0+0, 305 (Ozone) = Chloroflurocarbon CCFC) is one of the major chemicals that deplete the ozone layer CFC is found in’ coolant, fire extinguisher ete: Effort ta protect : = In 1984, United Nations Environment Programme CUNEP) forged an agreement among its member countries “to freexe CFC productionManaging The Garbage We Produce Waste Biodegradable ~ Non=biodeqvadable = Wastes that can be broken = Wastes that can't be broken down down by biological Processes by biological processes = Eq: Veqetable wast aper cups, Eq: Polythene bags , artificial rubber, 4 kuthad ete eee tc a ie : Management : “Disposal Methods. = These are landfills , incineration , Composting 1 Sewage treatment , Yecycling ete: Efforts on individual level. . Reduce, Reuse and Recycle = Proper waste disposal “methods should be followed = Use of clay ynade Cups or Pr pey Cups ae Plastic cups = Cloth, jute or paper Hips Should be used