CLAT ESSENTIALS

WTO (WORLD TRADE ORGANISATION)

 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1995 (previously known as GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND
TRADES established in 1948)
 Current head- Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala

WHO (WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION)

 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1948
 Current head- Tedros Adhanom

WORLD BANK AND INTERNATIONAL

MONETARY FUND
 Headquarter- Washington DC, USA
 Year of establishment- 1944
 Current head: IMF- Kristalina Georgieva WB- David Malpass

UNO
 Headquarter- New York, USA
 Year of establishment- 1945
 Current head: Abdullah Shahid (president)

UNESCO (EDU. SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL)

 Headquarter- Paris, France
 Year of establishment- 1945
 Current head: Audrey Azoulay
 World heritages site released by unesco, India has 40 world heritage sites.
 Ramsar wetlands, released under ramsar convention 1971, ind currently have 47 sites.
UNCLOS (CONVENTION ON LAW OF THE
SEAS)
 Singed in 1982, came into effect from 1994. Signed by 157 countires and ratified by 60.
 Five main zones- Internal waters, territorial waters (12 nm from baselines), contiguous zone (12
nm from territorial water), EEZ (200 nm from baseline) and high seas.
 Headquarters- Montego Bay, Jamaica

UNFCCC (FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON

CLIMATE CHANGE)
 Came to force in 1994, signed and ratified by 197 countries.
 COP 26/ Glasgow summit, Indias net zero target of carbon till 2070, no commitments on coal
based power.
 COP 27 and 28 to be held in Egypt and UAE

UNICEF (CHILDRENS FUND)

 Headquarter- New york
 Year of establishment- 1946
 Current head- Henrietta Fore

UNSC (SECUIRITY COUNCIL)

 Headquarter- no HQ (5 permanent members and 10 non permanent members. India was
president in august 2021 and will again be in dec 2022)
 Year of establishment- 1945
 5 permanent members- China, UK, France, Russia, China

UNGA (GENERAL ASSEMBLY)

 Headquarter- new york
 Year of establishment- 1945
 Current head- Antonio Guterres

UNHRC (HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL)

 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 2006

UNHCR (HIGH COMISSION FOR REFUGEES)

 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1950
 India is not a signatory of UNhCR

UNDP (DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME)

 Year of establishment- 1965
 Headquarter- New york

WIPO (WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

RIGHTS)
 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1967

WMO (WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORG.)

 Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1950

IAEA (INTER. ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY)

 Headquarter- Vienna, Austria
 Year of establishment- 1957

OPEC (ORG. OF PETROLEUM EXPORT.

COUNTRIES)
 Headquarter- Vienna, Austria
 Year of establishment- 1960

ICJ (INTER. COURT OF JUSTICE)

 Headquarter- Hague, Netherlands
 Year of establishment- 1945
 Justice Dalveer Bhandari only Indian judge to be in ICJ

WEF (WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM)

 Headquarter- Cologny, Switzerland
 Year of establishment- 1971

OECD (ORG. FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION

AND DEV.)
 Headquarter- Paris, France
 Year of establishment- 1961
 Currently 38 members in OECD, India is not a member of OECD

FATF (FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE)

 Headquarter- Paris, France beside OECD
 Year of establishment- 1989
 Total 23 countries in grey list (Turkey, Mali and Jordan was added in 2021)
 2 countries Iran and North Korea are in black list.

ICAO (INTER. CIVIL AVIATION ASSOC.)

 Headquarter- Montreal, Canada
 Year of establishment- 1947

IEA (INTER. ENERGY AGENCY)

 Headquarter- Paris, France
 Year of establishment- 1974

FAO (FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORG.)

 Headquarter- Rome, Italy
 Year of establishment- 1945

ADB (ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK)

 Headquarter- Manila, Philippines
 Year of establishment- 1966
 Formed by Japan for growth and development in Asia
NDB (NEW DEVELOPMENT BANK)
 Headquarter- Shanghai, China
 Year of establishment- 2014 by BRICS

AIIB (ASIAN INFRA. INVESTEMENT BANK)

 Headquarter- Beijing, China
 Year of establishment- 2016 formed under OBOR initiative.

SCO (SHANGHAI COOPERAATION ORG)

 Headquarter- Beijing, China
 Year of establishment- 2001 By China, Russia, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan
 India and Pakistan joined it in 2017. Iran is latest member joined in SCO summit 2021, held in
Tajikistan.

BRICS
 Formal group of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa.
 Year of establishment- 2006
 13 brics summit held so far, 13th was held by India.
 Current host for 2022 is China.

G7

 Formed in 1975 by (USA, JAPAN, UK, CANADA, GERMANY, ITALY, FRANCE)

 Russia joined it in 1998 but was removed in 2014 after annexing Ukraine’s Cremia.
 47th summit held in UK, paved pillar for GMCTR of 15%
 48th summit to be held in Germany in 2022

G20
 Established in 1999 after Asian financial crisis.
 Group of 19 countries and European union.
 G20 summit 2021 held in Rome, Italy.
 India joined G20 troika with Italy, Indonesia to host G20 in 2023.
EU (EUROPEAN UNION)
 Group of 27 countries for free trade and travel.
 Headquarters- Brussels, Belgium
 Established in 1993, current presidency is held by France from jan 22 to july 22.
 Uk left eu in 2020.

ASEAN (Assoc. of Southeast Asian Nations )

 Headquarters- Jakarta, Indonesia. (Might get shifted to Nusantara soon.)
 Established- 1967 (Bangkok declaration)
 Association of 10 member countries of South east asia.
 18th ASEAN summit held in 2021, India was invited by the host Brunei.

SAARC (South Asian Assoc. for Regional

Cooperation)
 Headquarters- Kathmandu, Nepal
 Established- 1985
 Total 8 south Asian countries are part of it. Last summit was held in 2016 in Pakistan, not much
have happened since Uri attack.

IORA (INDIAN OCEAN RIM ASSOC.)

 Headquarters- Ebene, Mauritius
 Established- 1997
 France was latest member to join IORA as permanent member in 2020.

NATO (NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORG.)

 Headquarters- Brussels, Belgium
 Established- 1949 with the start of cold war to strengthen US ties with western Europe.
 Group of 30 countries (USA, Canada and 28 european countries)

QUAD (QUADRILATERAL SECURITY

DIALOGUE)
 Established- 2007 after the idea by the then prime minister of Japan, Shinzo Abe.
 Group lasted till 2008 but then was again started in 2017. USA, Japan and Indias naval exercise
MALABAR also included Australia in 2020 to make it official exercise of QUAD.
 MALABAR exercise 2021 was held in Bay of Bengal to counter China aggression in south china
sea.
 Quad summit 2021 was held in USA.
 Another Quad of USA, India, UAE and Israel was formed in 2021.

BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-

Sectoral Technical and Economic
Cooperation)
 Headquarter- Dhaka, Bangladesh
 Year of establishment- 1997 in Bangkok declaration

CSTO (Collective Security Treaty

Organization)
 Headquarter- Moscow, Russia
 Year of establishment- 1992 also known as Tashkent pact after the fall of USSR.
 Total 6 countries are member of it ( Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and
Tajikistan)

APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)

 Headquarters- Singapore
 Established- 1989
 21 countries of Asia, Australia, North America and South America are part of this cooperation.
 New Zealand hosted 2021 summit. India is not a member of APEC.