Eqn. (xix) signifies that fluid pressure p is independent of x and z. In that case —-=—— and Eqn. (xix) sige Pressure p is indeper ay dy Le. pa? 5 a lpbal dle Tegra both ad, we a [ao = -w for : i or, 1 ~wOy-y) or, dp = wdy hich represents the hydrostatic equation. Thus, hydrostatic equation is merely a corollary of | Euler equation. Example 62.4 discharge through a 24 em diameter horizontal pipe increases linearly from 30 10 120 itres/see. of water in 4 second. (0 What pressure gradiem must exist to produce this acceleration? (What isthe diference in pressure intensity tha exists between two sections that lie 9m apart? Solution. The Euler's equation for one-dimensional flow along the pipe axis may be written as: ® - ou, ,20 , a a tar “0 AAs the pipe is of uniform cross-sectional direction and therefore, the velocity remains constant along the flow ou er Further, since the pipe has been lid horizontally, therefore, the body forces per unit volume in the direction X= 0 ‘Thus, the eqa. () reduces to: —1ap = au pax ‘The change in velocity when the low changes from 30 t0 120 lives!see 120% 10 3010” Fx 029? Fx 024) 0 au = (4) = =1,989 mis ‘This change takes place in 4 sec, ou. a ent, 2: (0 Pressure gradient, 2: BD = — 584 = 1000 «0.497 ee Pa! (id Difference in pressure intensity between the scetions: ifference in pressure intensity between two sections that He 9m apart 497 Nim*/m (Ans.) Downloaded From : woww-EasyEngine Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering net TE 288 Fuid Mechanics Large tan 2 x 9 = 497% 9 =~ 4473 Nim? (Ans) 7 Example 633, Brine of specific gravity 1.13 is draining from the botiom ofa large oper tank through an 80 mm pipe. The drain pipe ends ata point 10 m below te surface ofthe ‘rine in the tank. Considering a stream line starting atthe surface ofthe brine nthe tankaane passing through the centre (of the drain line to the point of discharge and assuming the Sricion is negligible, calculate the velocity of flow along the “stream line atthe poi of discharge from the pipe (UPTU)Downloaded From : www.EasyEngine: Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering net a 268 Fluid Mechanics = 2 x 9=— 497 x 9=— 4473 N/m? (Ans.) Example 6.3. Brine of specific gravity 1.15 is draining from the bottom of a large open tank through an 80 mm pipe The drain pipe ends at a point 10 m below the surface of the brine in the tank. Considering a stream line starting at the surface of the brine in the tank and passing through the centre of the drain line to the point of discharge and assuming the Sriction is negligible, calculate the vetocity of flow along the stream line at the point of discharge from the pipe. (UPTU) Solution. Refer to Fig. 6.4. Section 1 The surface of brine in the tank Section 2 —The point of discharge. Applying Bemoulli’s equation between point 1 and 2, we get: 2 2 Aye BiB Large tank w 2g w Og Here, P, = Ps ~Peyp, (atmospheric pressure), y=0 and @,-2)=10m Y= 2g x 10=2 9.81 x 10-1962 or, Art /, = 14 mis (Ans.) Example 6.4. 4 pipeline (Fig. 6.5) section A. At section B it is at ) is 15 em in diameter and it is at an elevation of 100 m at an elevation of 107 m and has diameter of 30 cm. When a discharge ofApplying Bernoulli's equation between point | and 2, we get: Aya = Beas, wag wg Here, ran (atmospheric pressure), H=0 and (G72) 10m VA = 2g (2-2) = 2g 10-2981 * 10= 196.2 o% ¥, = ldmis(Ans) Example 64.4 pipeline (Fig. 65) ls 15 om in diameter and tis at an elevation of 100 m ot section A. At section Bit iat am elevation of 107 m and has diameter of 30cm. When a discharge of 50 linelsee of water is passed through this pipeline, pressure at A is 35 kPa. The energy loss in pipe is 2m of water Caleulate pressure atB if flow is from A to B. (Anna University) Solution. Given Dj = 1S em=0.15 m; Dy= 30¢m = 0.3 m; 1g = 35 KPa; Q~ 50 ltelsec = 0.08 ms; 1h, = 2m of water; Direction of Now: from A to B saa | | icone mass a tsomaa | 1 rao Presureat By: ry Qn 05 oat20 00s Eph Ze ots? Fx Dy Bx ous) Downloaded From : wow-EasyEngin Downloaded Prom : wwww-EasyEngineering.net CChapter 6: Fluid Dynamics 269 EE pot ar07 ms Fo} Fos Applying Bernoulli's equation between sections A and B, we get: Dae 2 2 Pah eye east wag Ee et ag teat ly ty Pa {UA or, a a.(a + 4-29) — by 1 + (4-20) My res-s0-n/ = 35. 1000x9.80 [( 2.8292 — 0.7078 C0 | ar 35-081 3824-72) = 49564, shows thatthe shen pes at A, 38 KPa gauge pres and wou a poo (ara) Ss SC RTE OST RET EL Ferd tctiiition eae rch ey one tae De att serv pd cam eetcd hep Uta SC Se dian Fe aie OO lee lsum that ait fs ncompresble nd en 25°C, ~~ @ eto roars 100i oleae) edd electy 200 inthe wind tunnel section (Refer to Fig. 6.6). Density of p= 100 Pa — fe hth ee a eee A I Jetson af] iat -3 1 2.8297 ~ 0.707 Al [( 222522) corona} 3549.81 (03824-7-2) = —49.54kPa 7g ~~ 49.54 KPa, This shows thatthe given pressure at A, 35 KPa is gauge pressure nd hence ther is acu ct point B. (As) Example 6.5. An open ctrl wind tunnel draws in ar from the atmosphere through a wel ‘contoured nozzle. Inthe test section, wher the flow is straight and nearly aniforn,asatc pressure ‘ap is drilled imo the tunel wall A manometer eonnected 10 the tap shows that the siti pressure ‘within the tunel i 48 mm of water below atmosphere. Assume that air is incompressible and at 25°C, ~~ Q Test section ‘pressure is 100 kPa (absolte). Caeulae the velocity = 25% inthe wind tunnel ection Refer to Fis 6.0). Density of p,~ 1004 >” water is 999 kg/m’ and characteristic gas constant for. = tin 287 Sg K. Solution. Given: Ty ‘Velocity in the wind tunnel section 2 ‘As pe the problem, aris assumed as incompressible (Le, py~Py~ )- Vek can be found by using the equation: Pastas ey 2g where, % attest section 9999.81 ita x 107 kPa, 44 kPa 199 « 9.81% it00 999.81 {35> 10"*KPa = 0.44 KPabelow atmosphere absolute) = Py (a KPa) 0.44 KPa = 1000.44 = 99.56 kPa Also, DV = mRT=pRT (where, p= 7) Downloaded From : www-EasyEngin Downloaded From : vwww.EasyEngineering net EINZ70—Atuid Mechantes 7 = to0.0 hn? ‘ PRE 2erea9e ~ 6K 1.169 «9.81 = 11.468 Nim? Substituting these valves in (D, we get 10010" _ 99.5610 1 T1468 ~~ 11468” 29.81 wi 6815+ 2 ~ GFT T~ WT xT TAI~ 2745 mls (Ans) Example 6.6. Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the static ressire is 260 KPa gage, the velocity is 3 m/s and the elevation is 10m aboveground lve. The elevation ata section dovnsream i 0m. andthe pipe diameter i 0.15 Fin out the gave Pretire al fa dovrana aetiad Frictional effects may be neglected. Assume density of water o be 999 /n? 87199 = (RGPV, Bhopal)169 x 9.81 w = pg 11.468 Nin” Substituting these values in (9, we get 10010, 99.56x107 | _¥e 1146e 11468 * 2x 981 He = +t s7igg = so815+ ¥, = (@TVI~ BATH AITAT=27.45 mis (Ans) ‘Example 6.6. Water flows in a circular pipe. At one section the diameter is 0.3 m, the static pressure iv 260 kPa gage, the velocity i 3 mis and the elevation is 10m above ground lve. "The elevation at section downstream is Om. and the pipe diameters 0.15 m, Find ou the gauge prestu atthe dovnsieam section Frietional eects may be neglected. Assune densiy of wer tobe 99 kn? (RGPY, Bhopal) Solution. Refer to Fig. 6.7. D, 60 KPa, V, 0m: From continuity equation, Ay V,=AaV, poe 2anura co) oe™ ped? oe tom “sy Fa.67 Aun |eihy, ae 2 2 = (2Yun=(23)e (Bn -(38 Weight density of water, w = pg =999 * 9.81 = 9800.19 Nim From Bernoulli's equation between sections 1 and 2 (neglecting friction effects as given), we have: Brand 260% 1000 , __@)* “ya00.19 *3x9m1 * 1? ‘Downloaded From : www EasyEngia Downloaded Prom : www BasyBngineering net Chapter 6: Fuld Dynamics 271 NE - +O oo BOTS * 2x91 265340459410 = sete +734 te (Py = 290866 Nim? = 290.56 kPa (Ans.) Example 6.7, The water i flowing through a tapering pipe having diameters 300 mm and 150 ‘mm at sections and 2 respectively. The discharge through the pipe is 40 ltrs'ec. The section 1 is 10 m above datum and section 2 is 6 m above datum. Find the intensity of pressure at section 2 if that at section 1 is 400 kN/n, Solution, At Seetion I: Diameter, D, = 300 mm=0.3 mSG 252) 40459410 = PRs 2653+0459+10 = sR +734 on = 290866 Win! = 290.56 KPa (Ans) Example 6.7. The water Is fowing through atapering pipe having diameters 300 mm and 180 ‘nm sections, I and 2 respectively. The discharge trough the pipe is 40 lresse. The section 1 {10m above datum and section 2s 6m above dawn Find the intensity of pressure at section 2 If ‘tha at section 1 400 kN Solution. At Seeton 1: Diameter, D, = 300 mm=03 m F 03 = 00707 At Section Diameter, Dy = 150mm=0.15 m rn fy > E18 001767 wt eight of lower end bove the daum, Rate of ow (ie, dssharge), Q = 4otinesice = 0.04 ms 3 ace w ® oe on, Now, Downloaded From : www-EasyBngineering, Downloaded From : www. FasyEngineering ne TIN 272.—— Fuld Mechanics ooo. Ayo TorreT = 22S Applying Bernoulli's equation at sections 1 and 2, we get nd, Bie, Bikes wt ag tt” Ae Be Bb ae Bee and, Bem Bao tema) = AO, 1 (05668-2264) + 00-6 £00, 10506-2268) 410-6) (= 9.81 Nn) 4071-0245 +4 44525m Dy = 44.525 * w= 44.525 «9.81 = 436.8 kNimm? (Ans.) scrap em renee Ha ae aL ee eeaieres tne} tte Lover end and carries 100+ yphgrtoste 2264") 10-6) (= 9381 8) 40.77 -0245+4= 44:25 m (Pg = 44.525 w= 44525 «9.81 = 4368 KNIn? (Ans) Example 684 pipe 200m long slpes down a in 100 and tapers from 600 mn ameter a ‘the higher end 1 300 mm diameter atthe lower end and caries 100 liresse ofl (ip. grey ‘uy, Ifthe pressure gage atthe higher end reads 60 Ain, deter (0 Felcts atthe vo ends; (i Pressure atthe lower end ‘Neglect alos. Solution. Length of he pipe, /= 200m: diameter ofthe pipe atthe higher end, D, = 620 mm =06m. 2 Area, Ay = +06 0.285 Diameter ofthe pipe atthe lower end, Dy ~300 mm =03 2 Area, Ay = 2 x03" = 0.0107 a? Height ofthe higher end, above dau, = a2 =2m ~ jag *0=7 eight ofthe lonerend, hove dau 2 Rate of ol fw, Q= 100 lies Pressure at he higher end, (@ Velocities, Y, Now, 2.01 ay” 00707 L444 als (Ans.) (i) Pressure at the lower end 73: Using Bernoulli's equation fr bth ends of pipe, we have: Downloaded From : www-EasyEnginesring.m Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering.net Chapter = am PL 1AI 4g Tax om OBxORT* 29.87 +o09eas+2 = P+ Tet 0.00635 +2 = 5 gPE a +0102 Pe 954m oaeom ~ 9S on Ps = TAS KN (Ans) Example 69. 4 6m long pipe is Inlined at an angle of 20° withthe horizontal, The smaer section of the pipe which is a lower level is of 100 mm diametor and the larger section ofthe pie is (of 300 mm diameter ax shown n Fig. 6.10. If the pipe is uniformly tapering and he velocity of water ‘atthe smaller section is 1.8 m/s, determine the difference of pressures between the nso sections. Solution. Length ofthe pipe, /= 6m ‘Angle of inclination, 0 =20" ‘AtSection 1: Diameter, = 100 mm = 0.1 m a Area. dy = ® 0.1 pam ; ape Se: oO60 Oa 9RT = agli ie +0 Oa 9m * I 9.87 + +2- Pa 7644090615 +2 = syPegi+0.102 Ps = 954m oan ~°* oy Py = TAB UNI (Ans) Example 6.9. A 6m long pipe is inclined ot an angle of 20° with the horizontal. The smailer section ofthe pipe which sat lower level sof 100 mm diameter and the lager section ofthe pipe ts .2f 300 mm diameter a shown in Fig 6.10. fthe pipe is wiformly tqpering and the velocity of water, atthe smaller section is 8m, determin te difference of pressures between the two sections. Solution. Length ofthe pipe, = 6 m Angle of inelination, @= 20° [AtSecion I 0 m= 0.1 m _\ eae, Area, Ay = 2 0.1? =0.00785 m? Hacetlctea tale aa 0 6sin0 ~6 sin 20° 6» 0.42 -205m ressureatsetion 1 ia KN/n?, and 2p, = Pessareat section 2 inkNin. Ditference of pressures. (oP) From the equation of contin, we know that Ay, = Aas AY, 000785518 A, _ 0.00785x 18. ay 00707 O25 Applying Bemoull’s equation to both sections ofthe pipe, we ge: Aye Bay Bag ttm Poe oe BB) (EB )ens = Leger = 3g G2 Mead Downloaded From : www-EasyEngineerings Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering.net E74 uid Mechanics ot * ton (19) = 188981 6 188= 18H UN [re w (for water) = 9.81 kN/m’] Example 6.10. Water is flowing through a pipe having diameters 600 mm and 400 mm at the totam an upper end respecte Th Intersiy of presi a the Bvt eis 350m ad the pressure at the upper end is 100 KN/m*, Determine the difference In datum head if the rate of flow thro he pipe 1 60 lire. Solation. At Section Diameter, D, = 0m $+ Q.05—0)= 1.88 om read, = $06 =028 n? 350 kN ® Pressure, 7, ‘At Section 2: Diameter, Dy2g Downloaded From : www.BasyEngineerings Downloaded From : wiw.Easy Engineering. net 7+ uit Mechanes (02 —1.8)+0.05—0)= 1.88 HEE Tem (0-03) ~ 1.88981 1.88 ~ 18.44 Nim? (An [ w(for water) = 981 KNIn] ‘Example 6.10. Water I flowing through pipe having diameters 600 mm and 400 mm atthe bottom and upper end respectively. The intensity of pressure atthe bottom end i 350 KNin* andthe _pressire a the upper end ix 100 EN/n. Determine the diference in dati head ifthe rate of flow ‘through he pipe i 60 lessee oa Pressure, p, = 350kNim? ‘At Section 2: Diameter, D, = 400 mm=0.4 m Sea@eoraat We deca ty = Enos =oursrm? Pass Pressure, p) = 100kNin* 7 i Rate of fo, Foon 0 = 6otitedsee = $= 0.06 misc i006 Now, Qe AN nl Lovhere, 7 and Fae the velocities at sections 1 and 2 respectively.) = 2.0% 621206 Vie A o2gs ~ 0212 mis “ y= 2a ME -aarrms , = Qa Be Pai, = 101.32 KN/m?, Py = 101-32—75 = 26.32 KN/m? Taking point | as the datum head, we have: 2, = 032, 3. 72x qo 4m Inserting the various values in eqn (i), we have: Suction pipe 2 2 +040 = oe + a +54 . . = EWS. or, V, = 6.64 m/s = *. Discharge that the pump may deliver, Reservoir/sump O=A,xV,= ” (0.12)? x 6.64 = 0.075 m/s (Ans.) Fig. 6.13eee Te Tal a) ee le) eel such there are always some losses in fluid flows. These losses have, therefore, 10 be taken into corsideration in the application of Bernoulli's equation which gets modified (between sections 1 and 2) for real fluids as follows: hes = Babes alleen Babee = Bebra rh ee Sos where, hn, = Loss ofenergy between sections land 2. Example 6.13. The following data relate toa conical covict be tube of length 3.0 m fixed vertically with its smaller end spwards and carrying fd in the dowravard direction i The velocity offlow athe smaller end= 10 The velocity of flow a the larger end'= 4 The lass of headin the be = 4 Ta where, V, and V_ are velocities at the smaller and larger ends respectively. @ Larger end Fig. 6.14 Downloaded From : www.BasyEngi Downloaded From : www.BasyEngineering.net Chapter 6 : Fluid Dynamics 27 HLT ‘Pressure head atthe smaller end= 4m of liquid Determine the pressure head at the larger end. Solution. Length of tube, = 3.0m Velocity, Y, = 10 m/s Pressure head, 21 = 4m ofliguid. Velocity, ¥y = 4m 0.4 =) _ 0400-4)" 8 ost m Loss of hea, Ae seo -073 Pressure head atthe larger ny 22: Applying Bemoullis equation at sections (1) and (2), we get wey, Bas, wiagt® Ie Let the datum line passes through section (2). Then, 0,2,-3.0m Weiso- Biv s se aaa = BaF sovon on (44509430 = 2240815 +073 voy = Beast Px = 1058 moftgud (Ans) Example 6.14, Jn @ smooth inclined pipe of uniform diameter 250 mm, a pressure of 50 kPa ‘was observed at section I which was at elevation 10 m. At another section 2 at elevation 12 m, the ‘pressure was 20 KPa and the velocity was 1.25 mls. Determine the direction of flow and the head Toss between these vo sections. The lui inthe pipe is water. The density of water at 20°C and 760 mm Hg is 998 kg/m, (TU) 7 3 Nien? P= 20 kPa2g 2 Ret ge ath, Let the datum line passes trough section (2). Then, =) = 0,2;=30m Wis - Bess ar gesio - Bee soars or, 44509430) = B+ 081s +073 oF, 1209 Pusiss a 22 = 10.55 m of liquid (Ans.) Example 6.14. fn a smooth inclined pipe of uniform diameter 250 mm, a pressure of 50 KPa ‘was observed ar section 1 which was at elevation 10 m. At another section 2 at elevation 12 m, the ‘pressure was 20 kPa and the velocity was 1.25 m/s. Determine the direction of flow and the hecd {oss between these two sections. The fluid inthe pipe is water The density of water at 20°C and 760 ‘mm Hg is 998 kgf. ru Solution. Given: 20mm Beier caman ‘p, = 50 kPa=50« 10° Nim’; 10m; 2_= 12m; Py ~ 20KPa~ 20 10° Nint, < V, = Vq=1.25 mis, p=998 kgm’, Referto Fig, 6.15 Loss of head hy ‘Total energy at section J-1, 5 ONO 5 1257 4 10= 15.187 m ‘Total energy of section 2-2, +12=1412m Downloaded From : www.EasyEngin Downloaded From : www EasyEngineering.net THIN778— Fluid Mechanics “Loss of head, hy, = E,—E,= 15.187 ~ 14.122 1.065 m (Ans.) Direction of flow: Since E> E; direetion of flow i from section 1-1 to section 2-2.(Ans.) Example 6.15.4 pipe line carrying oil (sp. gr. 0.8) changes in diameter from 300 mumat position 110 600 mm diameter at position 2 which is $ metres ata higher level. Ifthe pressures at positions and 2 are 100 kN/im? and 60 kN/n? respectively and the discharge is 300 litres/sec., determine: (0 Loss of head, and (i) Direction of flow. Solution. Discharge, Q ~ 300 lites/see = 300. 95 mis = Fay 03 ms. Sp.grofoil = 0.8 Weight ofoil, w = 0.8 «9.81 = 7.85 kNim? At position‘ 3m Diameter of pipe, D, = 300mm Area ofpipe, 4, = %«03"= 0.0707? Pressure, py = 100 kN/m® Ifthe datum line passes through section 1 (Fig. 6.16) then datum, =Example 6.15. pipe line carrying oil (sp. gr: 0.8) changes in diameter from 300 mm at pasition 1 ta 600 mm diameter at postion 2 which i 5 metres ota higher lve. Ifthe pressures of potions ond 2 are 100 kN/n® and 60 kNin? respectively and the discharge is 300 lresec., determine: (0 Lass of head, and i) Direction of flow Solution. Discharge, Q ~ 300 ites/ce 3 mls Sp.grofeil = Weight of oi, w = At position “1: Diameter of pipe. D, Area of pies dy — Pressre,p, ~ 100i the datum tne passes through section I (Fig 6.16) then dat, rity, , = 2-—03_ weociys ry = Don GBs 424 mls At postin °° Diameter of pipe D, = 600 mm =0.6m Area of pine dy = E+ 06° 02868? Pressure, py Datum, = 03, Weociy ts = Pon S35 Lomb Downloaded From : www.EasyEnglneeting Downloaded From : wor: EasyBngineering.net Chaves 6: Fld Ons 7 (9 Loss of head, ‘Total energy at postion 1, 100, 4207 4 2.144092 13.66m 795 "987 “oa ene at postion 2, B Pencaere w 28 (1.06)? 4 5=7.64+0.06=7.7 m 229.81 Loss of head te hy (i Direction of Flow: Since, > E therefore flow takes place from 1 to. (Ans) Example 6.16.4 conical tube is fixed vertically with its smeler end spward and i forms a+55 1164-+005=7.7 m Loss of hea b= = 1366~7.7-596m 96m (Ans) ( Direc Since, > E heefre flow aks place from 1102. (Ams) Example 6.16.4 conical be fed vrticely wih its salle end upwards and it forms ‘part of poli The velocity of he smaller ends 43 mis anda the large end 15m’. Lath of Conta ibe is 15 m. The pressure a the appr end is equlvaen toa hea of 10m of water (@ Neglecting tion, determine the peste a the ower end of he ub. (i) head loss in the tube is ean where Vis the velocity atthe smaller end and ¥ 4s the velocity at he large end, determine the presure ot the lower end (larger erass-see- son). (MU, Haryana) Solution. Given: y= 4.5 m/s; Y= 1.5 mis PL = inmofwater 4, 230-1" w oe Pressure at the lower end pz (0 Neglecting fiction: Applying Bermoull’s equation between points | and 2, we ge: 10 +0.917+ 15 12482 m of water 2.42 9810 = 10° bar = 1218 bar (Ans) of, p> 1242 * 9810 Nin! Downloaded From : wow. asyEnglnsering Downloaded From : wwrw:EasyEngineering net (REIN 280d Mechanics Considering toss of head () Appling Bemus guaton een pins 1 and 2, nein: ” BE saat, . Pre By hip ely-2)- : Ba = Bea TP Wm ea) hy as. 03(45=15? os axat 11S a ST = 10-+0.917+ 150.138" 12.279 m of weer on yo 12279 » 9810 1 bar 1204 bar (Ans) Example 6.17.4 drainage pump has tapered sution pipe. The pipe ts running fll of water The pipe diameters at the inlet and ot the wpper end are I m and 0.5 m respectively The free water Jnnface 2 m above the centr af the inet and centre of upper end is 3 m above the top offree water Surface. The pressure atthe tip end of the pipe is 25 em of mercury andi known that lass of head {by ileton berveen top end the botiom section is ane-tenth ofthe velocity head at the top section. ‘Compute the discharge in lirelsse, Negleet los ofead atthe entrance ofthe topered pee curry Solution. Given: D, = Im; D,= 1.5m; = Wemof tig = 76.13.46 ~ 10.336 of water, p, > Memottig 76 «136-103 Too) lee deel leelel93G%,-bY hy, = SSO EY 7 28 Applying Bemoulli’s equation between points 1 and 2, we have: 2 2 Pigs BB sity wt ag ttn Arta tatty on, Bow Poa Sart WB) (6, ~20)— hy a 49-15" 034.5 1.5) = teoar tt 2x 9.81 = 10-+0,917 + 1.5-0.138~ 12.279 m of water or, (y= 12.279 x 9810 % 10° bar = 1.204 bar (Ans.) Example 6.17. drainage pump has tapered suction pipe. The pipe is running full of water The pipe diameters at the inlet and at the upper end are I m and 0.5 m respectively. The free water surface is 2m abave the centre ofthe inlet and centre of upper end s 3m above the top of fee water “surface. The pressure at the tip end ofthe pipe Is 25 em of mercury and it is known that loss of head {by friction between top and the bottom section is one-tenth of the velocity head at the top section. Compute the discharge inlire/se. Neglect loss of head atthe entrance of te tapered pipe. (orTu) Solana, Ger: y= Im Dy 1.5m = emote = 28 13.6 10336. ate, ne tsenotta= Bise=sAmotvaeny= 2, Discharge 0 fer i618. Applying cont eguton fr the Mow ough pipe, We ge AN = AV, Ey, = Spiny os Bin, ~ Dy, o Px, = 057% % fear, ‘Now, applying Bernoulli's equation at 1-1 and 2-2, weset 7 ; Mey = Been en j Betathy w "2g w we 10g 1, wove seo = 340 ys. ty oe woss6+ hoo = 344th ese be tl 10336-34—5 936 on 166 = 2« 981% 1936=37.98 : 113m Downloaded From : www.FasyEngine Downloaded Prom : wav: EasyRngineering net Chapter 6: Fluid Dynamics 281 NEE x 186 m= 118 irene. (An) Discharge Q= 4,¥)= % x 1?« 1.51 Example 6.18. The closed tank of aire engine ts partly filled with water, the air space above ‘being under pressure. 6 cm bore connected tothe tank discharges on the roof ofa building 2.8 m ‘above the level of water in the tank. The friction losses are 45 cm of water. Determine the air pressure which must Be maintained in the tank to deliver 20 ttres/sec, on the roof. (Madras University) Solution. Refer to Fig. 6.19 Giver: Diameter of hose pipe d= Gem = 0.06 m; Friction, hy= 45 e fr? ..CRE ee Chapter 6 : Fluld Dynamics 21 Wye Fx Px 1513 = 1188 m?/s = 1188 litres/sec. (Ans.) Discharge = Example 6.18. The closed fank of a fre engine is partly filled with water, the air space above being under pressure. A 6.om bore connected othe tank discharges on the roof ofa building 25 m ‘above the level of water in the tank, The friction losses are 45 em of water ‘Determine the air pressure which must be maintained in the tank to deliver 20 litres/see. on the roof. (Madras University) h Solution. Refer to Fig. 6.19 Given: Diameter of hose pipe d= 6 cm = 0.06 m; Friction, em or 0.45 m of water. = @) Roof re Hose pipe (d=6cm) Water Fig.6.19 Discharge, Q = 20 litres/sec. or 0.02 m'/s. Velocity of water inthe pipe, = 9. = —°-2 = 7.07 mis. 4 Xx 0.06)" 4 Applying Bernoulli's theorem at points 1 and 2 respectively, we get: 2 v2 Py Bays wt ag Tf ap 3g tet hy Here, Al 0; py = 0: Vy = 7.07 mis; Inserting the various values in the above equation, we get: 2.5m h,= 045 m Poo = 04 (00 3 +25 +045 ‘ on (fe = 0? 4954045 5.497 m of water (where p, is in KN/m?) x ‘py = 9.81 «5.497 = 53.93 kN/m? (gauge) (Ans.) Example 6.19. siphon consisting of a pipe of 12cm diameter is used to empty kerosene oil (Sp. gr: = 0.8) from the tank A. The siphon discharges to the atmosphere at an elevation of 1.2 m. The oil surface in the tank is at an elevation of 4.2 m. The centre line af the siphon pipe at its highest point C is at an elevation of 5.7 m. Determine: (i The discharge in the pipe. (i) The pressure at point C. sie lose th pe may be carumed tobe O48 m 3p so uma and 1.25 mom the susa 10 the outlet. Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineExample 6.19. 4 siphon consisting ofa pipe of I2em diameter is used to emply kerosene oil (Sp. gr. = 0.8) from the tank A. The siphon discharges to the atmosphere at an elevation of 1.2 m. The oil surface inthe tank is a an elevation of 42m. The centre line ofthe siphon pipe at ts highest point Cis at an elevation of $.7 m. Determine: @ The discharge in the pipe i) The pressure at point C. The losses inthe pipe may be assumed to be 0.48 m up to summit and 1.25 m from the summit 10 the outlet. Dovinloaded From : www EasyEngineering Downloaded From : wwrw.EasyEngineering net NIN 282,— ld Mechantes the tank A. and atthe outlet as at Solution. Consider points 1 and 2 atthe surface ofthe oi shown in Fig, 6.20. The velocity V, can be assumed fo be zero. Applying Bemoulli’s eq points I and 2, we get Bates = BoE oay¥ty, doen 2g B osorazno+ 2 s124 (04541259 on, = 505 ms sm Siphon ‘Kerosene oil Pen) Gpgr = 0.8) as, aol © Fig.620 (© The discharge inthe pipe, Q: > AyV,= Bx (0.12) 5.05= 087 ms (Ans) (i) The pressure at point C: Applying Bemoulli's equation at points 1 and C, we get or, fe on Pe (08 * 9.81)» (3.25) 25.5 kNim? of -25.5 kPa (gauge) (Ans.) Example 6.20. The ouile at the bortom of a tank is so formed that velocity of water at point A Ver a es ty the aveniell le12m @ % 9.620 (9 The discharge inthe pipes Q: O- Ashe Fx 0.1 «50 057 mf (Ans) equation at points 1 and C, we ge: wo oat We 2g Cy orora = Bes SAR «5704s 7 Be =-3.25m a Pen (08981) <(-3.25) (= =25.5 kN/m? or 25.5 kPa (gauge) (Ans.) Example 620. The outlet the botom of tanks 50 formed that velo of water at point A (Goe Fig, 621) ir 2.2 fines the mica velocity within the ae pps. What ithe greatest lath of Downloaded From : www-EasyEngneering.n Downloaded From : www EasyEngineerng nt Chapter hid 2 f Pipe whichay be ase witow producing Cavaon Nee alter ose. Take cimaspherie presure = 9624 Pa (abs) ond vapour prestie = 39 Pa Tok (eb) Solution. Gere Fy = 2 Fp, = Ps ‘ = Pag” 9624 KPA = 9624 KN? : pour presse p= 3.9 Pa "5.9 4Nin? (as) ‘Applying Bemou . I Example 621.4 rine asa supply ine of dameer 45cm anda tapering def tbe shown in Fig 622. When the flowin te ppe fs 6m he presre hea a point Lwsream of ‘he vrbin is 35 m and ata polM nthe da ib, hare the dlamotr tS cm the prossire Jed. m.Point Mis 22.m below he pit L Determine the power op of the trie by caring 92% ona Sotation, = 2-06 _ a Fas? vye Qe 98 «069 22m Stipa atl eda ty pues edad Ed Senda 77