INDUSTRIAL •

INSTRUMENTATION
•

•
• Introduction

• Sources of Systematic Error

•
• Reduction of Systematic Errors

• Sources of Random Errors

• Statistical Analysis of Measurements Subject to Random Errors

•
• Aggregation of Measurement System Errors
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• …
•

•
•
Ω Ω

Ω Ω
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Ω Ω
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409 406 402 407 405 404 407 404 407 407 408

• Examining how measurement values are distributed about the mean value.
• Variance
• ,…,
+ + ⋯+
=
• Standard deviation
+ + ⋯+
= + + ⋯+
σ= =

= / Where: = −
Note:
• In all practical situations, we can only have a finite set of measurements. • Measurement sets that only contain random errors usually conform to a distribution with a
particular shape that is called Gaussian
• Applying the Bessel correction factor (n/n-1) to the formula for Vs • A Gaussian curve:
1 /
=
+ + ⋯+ 2
= =
−1 −1
• If the standard deviation is used as a unit of error, the Gaussian curve can be used to determine
• Standard deviation the probability that the deviation in any particular measurement in a Gaussian data set is greater
than a certain value.
+ +⋯+
σ= = • The probability that the error lies in a band between error levels D 1 and D2 can be expressed as:
−1
1 /
≤ ≤ =
Where: Vs is the variance of the finite set of measurements 2
V is the variance of the infinite population of measurements. Where: = −

Example: Calculate σ and V for measurement sets A, B. • = /

1 /
≤ ≤ = ≤ ≤ =
Set A: 2
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Set B:
409 406 402 407 405 404 407 404 407 407 408
 • Example: The statistics of a well-defined varying voltage signal are given by
= 8.5 , = 2.25

If a single measurement of the voltage signal is made, determine the probability

that the measured value indicated will be between 10.0 and 11.5 V.

• Example : How many measurements in a data set subject to random errors lie outside
deviation boundaries of + σ and - σ , that is, how many measurements have a deviation
greater than |σ|? •

P(E< -σ or E> σ) = P(E< -σ)+P(E> σ)

•
a
• P(E< -σ)=F(-1)=1-F(1)=1-0.8413=0.1587
P(E> σ)=1-P(E< σ)=1-F(1)=1-0.8413=0.1587 = /
• P(E< -σ)+P(E> σ)=0.1587+0.1587 = 0.3174 ~ 32%

•
 • Inmany situations where measurements are subject to random errors, it is not practical
•
to take repeated measurements and find the average value.
,…,
• Also, the averaging process becomes invalid if the measured quantity does not remain
at a constant value, as is usually the case when process variables are being measured.
= ±
• Thus, if only one measurement can be made, need to estimate the likely magnitude of
a error.
• Normal approach to this is to calculate the error within 95% confidence limits
(deviation of ±1.96σ)
• The maximum likely error in a single measurement can be expressed as:
= ±2
a =± . +

• Example: compute the measurement value with 68% certainty that the
magnitude of the error does not exceed |a| and with 95.4% certainty that
• Example: Suppose that a standard mass is measured 30 times with the same
the magnitude of the error does not exceed |2a|
instrument to create a reference data set, and the calculated values of σ and a

409 406 402 407 405 404 407 404 407 407 408 410 are σ = 0.46 and a = 0.08. If the instrument is then used to measure an

406 405 408 406 409 406 405 409 406 407 406 unknown mass and the reading is 105.6 kg, how should the mass value be
expressed?
 Biết một thiết bị đo chiều dài có độ chính xác 1%
• được sử dụng để đo kích thước của một vật thể hình
khối.
•
Hãy biểu diễn khối lượng đo được nếu kích thước vật
thể đo được lần lượt là 1m, 2m, 3m.
Tỉ trọng vật 100g/cm3.

Đo điện trở sử dụng Vôn kế và Ampe kế.

Biết Vôn kế có độ chính xác 1%, Ampe kế có
độ chính xác 2%.
Biểu diễn giá trị điện trở đo được nếu
Vôn kế chỉ 5V, Ampe kế chỉ 1A.