*NETWORK MEDIA TYPES AND ACCESS METHODS:

**NETWORK MEDIA/ TRANSMISSION MEDIA: it is an actual path over which an electric

signal passes to transmit data.
*TYPES:
BOUNDED/CABLES UN-BOUNDED/WIRELESS
*also called wired media *also called wireless media
*fast & reliable *slow & unreliable
*it uses physical means of transmission *it uses air as transmission
by means of radiowaves, microwaves, infrared waves.
by means of semiconductor.
**WIRED /BOUNDED MEDIA TRANSMISSION TYPES:
***CO-AXIAL(COAX): contains cetral copper core>insulation>copper
mesh(shield)>insulation>plastic cover.
Types:
*Thicknet: "10 Base 5" => 10 stands for 10Mbps and 5 stands
for 500m range.=>thicker insulation is used in this cable.
*Thin-net: "10 Basd 2" => 10 for 10Mbps max speed a nd 2
for 200m range after that we have to use repeater. thinner insulation is used in
this cable .
***TP(TWISTED PAIR):twisting is done cancel out exterior noise.
Types:
*STP(shielded twisted pair)
*UTP(un-shielded twisted pair)
***FIBRE OPTICS: data transmission takes place means of pulses of light
passing through fibre glass material core. 2 wires are joined "splicing process".
Types:
*Single Mode: used in WAN(overseas),60km range ,repeater
cost is high , more costly than multimode, has smaller core, only single mode of
light transmission.
*Multi-Mode: ussed in LAN. 2km range,repeater costs are
low,cheaper,has bigger core, multiple mode of light transmission.

*SIGNALING AND MODULATION:

*Signalling: it means exchange of data between 2 points in a network by a
transmisiion media.
Types:
*Analog signals: uses EM waves
*Digital : information is usually represented in 1s and 0s form
and this transmission technique is generally called line coding.
Uses baseband transmission: means whole bandwidth is
dedicated to a particular/single channel.
*Modulation: is the process of converting data into radio waves by adding
information to a signal.

*BANDWIDTH AND BITRATE:

*Bandwidth: describes the max data transfer rate of that internet conection
or network.

*ATTENUATION & NOISE:

both determines a transmission media's range limitations.
*Attenuation: is defined as loss of signal strength over range , it expressed
in DB(decibals). Db shows the ratio of origin ad destination signal strength.
*Noise: any unintended signal transmited through a channel except the
intended one.

*DIFFERENCE BETWEEN LAN AND WAN:

 * LAN:( local area network)=>covers a small area . eg: home, office or
several buildings network.
* WAN: ( wide area nework)=>covers broad area. eg: cross state/ regional.

*Ethernet: is a traditional way of connecting lan/wan to a computer.

Protocols used :
**CSMA or CSMA/CD(COLLISION DETECTION)/(CARRIER SENSE MULTIPLE
ACCESS).=> is prone to hidden terminal problem.
**MACA or CSMA/CD(COLLISION AVOIDANCE)/(MULTIPLE ACCESS WITH COLISION
AVOIDANCE)=> solves hidden terminal problem by RTS/CTS.

*DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MAC AND IP ADDRESS:

MAC ADDRESS IP ADDRESS
*MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL *INTERNET PROTOCOL.
*is a physical address assigned by manufac. *is a logical address.
*cannot be changed. *can be changed
*48 bit *32bit and 128 bit
*command= ipconfig * command= getmac
1byte =8bits
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*TYPES OF NETWORKS:
*LAN: LOCAL AREA NETWORK
*WAN: WIDE AREA NETWORK
*CAN: CAMPUS AREA NETWORK
*MAN: METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK
*PAN:PERSONAL AREA NETWORK.
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*ENTERPRISE NETWORKS:
*it divides the network into four layers
*each layer has different functions.
*4 layers are as listed below:[ADCD]
**Access layer
**Distribution Layer
**Core layer
**Data centre layer
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*SOFTWARE DEFINED NETWORK: it mainly automate network configurations and thus by
doing that increases its scalability, flexibilty and its reliability by means of
programs.
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*BROAD NETWORK CATEGORIES:

*P2P(PEER TO PEER NETWORK) *CLIENT SERVER NETWORK
**smaller network **larger network
**users created in local pcs **users created by
centralised admin.
 **limited no. of users. **larger no. of users.
**low cost **high cost
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WHAT IS OSI?
*OSI(OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION)
*devoloped by ISO
*OSI has 7 layers of telecomunication:[APSTNDP][PDNTSPA]
**APPLICATION LAYER: in this layer communication is established b/w user and
application and application /communication protocols are implemented like =>http,
ftp etc.
**PRESENTATION LAYER: it manages conversion between network and application
formats.
**SESSION LAYER: it manages / terminates communication between computers
**TRANSPORT LAYER: this layer delivers data across network connections.DIFF
PROTOCOLS: TCP(TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL),UDP(USER DATAGRAM PROTOCOL),SPX
(SEQUENTIAL PACKET EXCHANGE)
**NETWORK LAYER:logical path is created for data transmission through routers
and switches.
**DATA LINK LAYER:converts data packets into bits & also handles errors in
physical layer. SUBLAYERS=>MAC(MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL) & LLC(LOGICAL LINK CONTROL)
**PHYSICAL LAYER:connects devices to physical transmission medium. eg:
ethernet cable,hubs , repeaters.

***D/F B/W TCP & UDP IN TRANSPORT LAYER OF OSI MODULE:

TCP UDP
**high speed **low speed
**deddicated end -end connection **no dedicated end to end connection
**reliable=tracks all data data transmission **unreliable.
**data arrives in orderly manner. **no -order/sequence
**is a connection oriented protocol **is connectionless