Things learned until now in jetking class.

1) Computer: its a device which takes in data as input , processes it and then
gives us desired output in form of hardcopy or softcopy.

2) types of devices in a computer:

a) input devices : those devices which converts analog data into digital form
for computer or processor to undestand.
b) output devices : which converts digital data into analog data for us to
undestand .
c) processing devices: which does the computing/processing of data .

3) Input devices:eg->mouse, keyboard,mic,touchscreens,webcams,scanners etc

a)keyyboards:types->mechanical & membrane

mechanical -> loud/noisy , more travel time , more
reliable(about 95mil more strokes than membrane types)
->types of switches: linear, tactile & clicky.
membrane -> quickest travel time, less reliable, cheap,
made out of thin plastic pcb and ruber buttons as switches.
b) mouse:types: mechanical, trackball, optical,laser.
c) mic: convers analog data to digital data by means of electromagnet.
d) webcams: bigger the sensor more clear will be the photo taken ( dslr
better than mobile camera because of their sensor size instead of having smaller
lenses)
-> laptops inbuilt webcams are smaller in megapixels because of
their basic to have more transfer rates.
-> 1 Mp = 1 million pixells, pixels are the basic building block
of an image or screen.
e)scanners : converts hardcopy in softcopy.
f)touchscreens: types: by finger-> resistive
by stylus-> capacitive -> more aqurate.
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4)Output Devices:monitors,printers,projectors,speakers/headphones.

a) Monitors: differenciation can be based on: sizes, aspect

ratios,resolution, refresh rates,response rates.
types of monitors: TN (twisted nematic) , VA( vertical
allignment) & IPS( in plane switching).
b) Printers: types: impact(dot matrix ,daisy wheel,drum & chain
printers) and non impact( thermal,laser & inkjet printers).
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5)Connecter cables : wires/ cables used for power and data supply basically in
various devices.
-> types: a)Ps2 connectors: used in old compueters for connecting
mouse and keyboard. Generally purple coloured was for keyboard and green one was
for mouse(non interchangeble).
b)Usb connectors: A type:old type ( 4 pins-> 1st:data
input,2nd:for power,3rd: ground;4rth: data output)
B type: generally used in printer and
square in shape , nowadays used fior connecting mobile and wireless printer)
C type: generally comes in mobile
nowadays -. high data and power transfer rates than any other( rectangular in shape
with sides curved,symetrical shape)
c)Video connectors: VGA(video graphic array): 15
pins |
DVI(digital visual interface): 24
pins(types->dual link->more data transfer rates than single link)
| increasing audio and video resolution quality.
HDMI( high defination media interface):
19 pins |
DP(display ports): 20 pins
V
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6) Processing Unit:
a)Motherboard: is basically a circuit board made out of three layers,
middle layer is thin plastic board on whose both sides are covered with copper
sheets and busses are groved and remaining material is removed ,only groved buses
remains.
Holes are drilled in the board and then electroplated to
complete the circuit.
Motherboard consists of various things which are listed bellow:
->PCB( printed circuit board)
->BIOS( basic input and output system)
->North & South Bridge
->Processor
->RAM(random access memory) slots
->PCI(periferal component interconnect)
->Ports( usb, lan,serial ports->9 pins like vga ports)
->PLugin-> mic , headphones, line in)
->Audio and front usb and restart/on switch pins.

a) BIOS: * is basically a chipset/firmware ( embedded software in

hardware)
* has its own drivers-> without installing these drivers
you cant access anything like audio,visual or usb ports.
* has 2 types of passwords: system & admin password.
* Types of BIOS-> Legacy(older version)
UEFI(Unified Extensible Firmware Interface)

*runs on 16bit *runs

on 64bit
*no safe boot
*supports safe boot
*needs bootable pendrive for update
install. *doesn't
*doesn't support mouse. *does.
*doesn't support remote diagnostics &
repair. *does.
*no multicolour animation.
*supports .

*Why to update BIOS; to fix bugs and install/access new

features.
*DON'Ts during BIOS updates-> *always upgrade
|
*no power cut offs >
if something like this happens could corrupt the current bios files.
*dont install same version of
bios. |
0 B)Chipset( north/ south bridge flowchart):
POWER->SMPS->MOTHERBOARD->BIOS
->NORTH BRIDGE ->SOUTH BRIDGE -->BSL(BIOS)--->BOOT LOADER
1)POST(POWER
ON SELF START) *DISPLAY *SATA/PATA PORTS
2)BSL(BOOT
STRAP LOADER) *RAM *USB PORTS
- 3)BOOT
LOADER *PROCESSOR *PCI SLOTS
*POST: runs diagnostic sequence to
find out all the hardwares are running or not.
*BSL: finds out/checks if that
windows/linux os files are present in a particular directory to be loaded.
*BOOT LOADER: loads os files for
startup of system.
*NORTH bridge: activates display,
ram and processor.
*SOUTH bridge: activates PCI,USB
slots, SATA/PATA ports.

c)SATA/PATA: *ATA-> ADAVANCE TECH ATTACH/ADAPT

*P->PARALLEL/ITA ports(40 PINS)->2 way data
transfer, data packets sequencing problem,data loss.
*S->SERIAL-> 1 way data transfer,L shaped plugs
with 7 pins.

*Hardisks: old types->24 pin sets are for data transfer and
4 round set pins are for power.
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7)Processing devices:
*major processor companies are :- Intel,Amd,Mediatech,Qualcom.
*made up of billions of tiny transistors.
*more tiny the size of transistors more less the power is required to run it.
*general sizes of processors are: 3nm, 05nm, 09nm & 16nm(india's capacity).

***Parts of a processor:
(a)ALU: arithmatic and logical unit: this the unit which determines
which /what input is given.
(b)CU: control unit: based on the input recognised by ALU it determines
and gives comand to other units of computer.
(c)Cache Memory:it uses static (volatile/continiously changing memory),
its a quick access memory like ram but way much faster and has low memory but makes
up for lack of memory by means of speed but its costly than ram.
Types:
**L1 : fastest of all cache memory. types: L1d(data) &
L1i(instruction) *both ranges from 32-64kb per core

**L2: slower than L1 but faster than L3. ranges from 256-
512kb per core
**L3: slowest of all caches but faster than RAM, available
in mordern CPUs only, memory ranges on basis of different CPUs.
(d)Cores : Types: single core, dual core, quad core, hexa core, octa
core, deca core.
(e)Clock speed: defined as the speed(frequency) with which your cpu can
execute a program/comand. **measured in MHz or Ghz.
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8)RAM (random access memory) : its basically a delivery boy. It mainly accesses
ramdom files from various storage devices and sends it to cpu for further
processing.
Form Types: (a)DIMM ( DUAL INLINE MEMORY MODULE): used in desktops.
(b)SO-DIMM ( SMALL OUTLINE-DIMM): used in laptops

**Types: 1)S-RAM ( STATIC RAM):

***needs continious power supply
***faster than D-RAM
***less power consumption.
***high cost & may be non removable
eg: printers, cameras,LCDs
2)D-RAM ( DYNAMIC-RAM) :
***needs periodic power supply
***more power consumption & less costly.
***slower than S-RAM.

****Types of D-RAM:
(a)S-DRAM (SYNCRONOUS-DRAM): syncs up with CPUs
clock speed, 168 pin on the ram, no multitasking.
Types: **SDR-S-DRAM ( SINGLE DATA RATE -
SDRAM): pins are on the single side of the chip. =168 pins, 2 notches on RAM
**DDR-S-DRAM( DOUBLE DATA RATE
-SDRAM): pins are on both side of the chip. = more pin on RAM (double sided),double
the speed of SDR-SDRAM, maxed out to 288pins based on whether its DIMM/SO-DIMM.
(b)ECC-DRAM( ERROR CORRECTING CODE-DRAM)

******DDR-SDRAM TECH:

DIMM SO-DIMM
RAM TYPE PINS VOLTS PINS VOLTS
DDR1 184 2.5V 200 2.5
DDR2 240 1.8V 200 1.8
DDR3 240 1.5V 204 1.35-
1.5V
DDR4 288 1.2V 260 1.2V
DDR5 288 1.1V 1.1V

********THINGS TO REMEMBER WHILE ASSEBLING NEW

PC:
*RAM tech shouch be same like ddr2
should be with ddr2 combination
*frequency should match each ram
tech however you can use different storace capacities in combination within
suported limit.
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9) Storage devices:
Types:
*Magnetic storage device
**main parts of HDD are plater, actuator,actuator arm,spindle.
 **3.5 inch of general size.
**actuators head changes the polarity of the magnetic plater in
order to form 1s and 0s to form data by means of elctomagnet.
**platers= track<track sector<disc sector<cluster.
**Plater's data can't be destroyed by water or heat but can be
destroyed by coming in direct contact of permanent magnent or magnetic field.
**HDD's plater keeps on revolving to store and access data.
**higher the rpm of platter/hdd , more will be its writing speed.
( eg:5300rpm,5400rpm,7400rpm)
**Types: HDD, Floppy discs, Cassets/ Data tapes

*ODD( optical disc drives): in this a laser does the grooving or

writing on disk and also same thing is used for reading data from same disk.A CD
drive cant read DVD,BLUE-RAY whereas BLUE-RAy drive can read all types of disc bcoz
of laser focal length.
TYPES:
**CD(COMPACT DISK): 700mb/80min and 900mb/99min.
**DVD(DIGITAL VERSATILE DISK): (4.7gb/v-2hr/a-3hr) and (8.5gb/v-
4hr/a-6hr).
**BLUE-RAY(25GB) DOUBLE LAYERED(50GB)
**CD/DVD RW(RE-WRITABLE/USABLE).
*Flash memory storage.

TYPES
**Pendrive
**SSD( solid state drives): consists of NAND flash memory,
controller and a cache memory. Generally 2.5" of size.
***Types
****SATA SSD ( used in desktop in place of mechsnical
drives)(~400mbps)(2.5")
****M.2 SATA SSD ( used in laptops, smaller in size
than sata ssd)( same in speed of sata ssd)= Types: with its own DRAM or w/o DRAM
****M.2 NVMe SATA SSD ( used in laptops, fastest of
all ssd, 4000mbps)= Types: with its own DRAM or w/o DRAM( faster than NAND flash
memory in ssd)

**Memory cards
*Cloud storage and Network storage:
**Google drive:15GB
**One drive:5GB
**Mega:20GB
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10) Fans
Types:
*CPU: consists of: fan-heat sink attached to fan -thermal paste at the bottom
of the heat sink & on top the processesor.
**thermal paste absorbs the heat coming out of the processor and
doesnt lets it pass to the heat sink
**fan works on 12V
**Types:
***Air cooled : more bulky , cools 5degree more than liq cooled
cpu fan but only when the fan is kept vertically above cpu.
***Liq cooled
*Intake: rpm1400-2400rpm
*Exhast
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11) SMPS (switched mode power supply):
*conversts AC-DC power supply.
*its called switching in name bcoz of switching of reguators from ac to dc

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THINGS TO REMENBER :
*New chipsets used instead of S bridges in new motherboards:
**ICH: used in intel . (I/O controller hub) used instead of south bridge in
motherboards)
**FCH: used in AMD .( fusion controller hub).AMD chipsets motherboards have
integrated their N-bridge function into their CPU, their is only S bridge visibly
present on the motherboard.
**Types of motherboards based on their sizes:
***E-ATX- used in servers and for gaming pcs bcoz of extra size/space
on motherboard , with extra PCI slots for RAM and g-cards.
***MICRO-ITX
***MINI- ATX
***ATX( advance tech extended)
***AT

* CMOS( complimentary metal oxide semiconducter)

**3V
**if removed BIOS temp files are removede like name , address , dates ,
location, password etc.
**CMOS chip: stores BIOS data
**Jumper: is basically a switch which is used to clear the cmos chipset
settings to its default settings.

*Types of heatsinks:
**Active: Heatsinks with fans installed on their top, like cpu fan.
**Passive: heatsinks which depends upon natural cooling , like those
installed on north and south bridge.

*Symptoms of failing motherboard:

*sudden shutdown or hangup.
*BSOD( blue screen of death): a blue screen with codes and logs appears.

CAUSES:
*overheating
*dusts
*power surge
*fan failure
*dropping cabinet causing pcb damages.
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What is Server?
= A server is a computer device or a computer softwares which acts/gives access to
a centralised data storage .

************OPERATING SYSTEM**************
*What is an operating system?
-its a system software which manages hardware and software resources for a
computer program.

*Ranking based on market and usage dominace:

*Android: 41%(linux core)
*Windows: 35%
*iOS: 14%( linux core)
*OSX: 6%
*Linux: 2%
*Other OS: Ubuntu, BIOS etc.

*What is a KERNEL?
=> It is a computer program which is at the base of the operating system and has
complete control over all systems. Main function is to manage communication b/w
user and harware( cpu , storage devices)
=> is program which is a core part of os which acts as a bridge b/w user
applications and manages all harwares
=> types: *micro: smaller in size and device drive are in user space .
*monolithic: bigger in size than micro and device driver afre in kernel
space.
*hybrid
*nano
*exo
*BINARY AND LIBRARY:
**BINARY: a file in a non textual format containing 1s and 0s which only be
understood by certain processors etc.(.exe, .jpeg)
**Library: a set of supplimentary files which are required to run a program.

*OS categories:
*CLI(command language interface):Unix/Linux/RedHat *CLIENT
OS:Win/iOS/Android
*GUI(graphical user interface):iOS/Windows/Ubuntu *SERVER OS:Win
Server8,16,19/RedHat,Linux
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* Difference between Win and Linux:
Windows Linux
*not case sensitive *case sensitive
*its drive base *directory based
*Users are found in Users folder in C drive. *Users are found
by=>/root/name/abc
*Windows files are in=> C/windows */etc
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*Software: is a set of commands
*Types:
*System
*Application
*First party
*Third party
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*types of windows installation:
*CLEAN
*UPGRADE
 *MIGRATION.
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*Mbr vs Gpt:
MBR GPT
*uses legacy bios * uses uefi
*maximum partition space 2TB. *max partition capacity
9.4ZB( 1ZB=1billion tb)
*max 3-4primary partions can be made. *max 128 primary patitions can be
made
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*Virus: is a malicious program which has the ability to replicate and execute
itself.
Types:ad-ware, malware,ransome-ware, trojen horse,spyware.
*Anti-virus: is a software which scans the pc for malicious programs and stops it.
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*****How to shudown pc with notepad?
=> open notepad and write=>
@echo shutdown -s -t 65 -c ("PC will shutdown in 65 seconds")