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PROGRAMA
ANÁLISIS Y DESARROLLO DE SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION
ACTIVIDAD
WIKI CON EL GLOSARIO TÉCNICO EN INGLÉS Y ESPAÑOL
PRESENTADO A:
AURORA RAQUEL HERRERA POL
BOGOTÁ, COLOMBIA
SEPTIEMBRE DE 201
Wiki con el glosario técnico
instruction performs a very specific task, such as a load, a jump, or an ALU operation on
a unit of data in a CPU register or memory. Every program directly executed by a CPU
of abstraction between the language and machine language; because of this, low-
language elements, be easier to use, or may automate (or even hide entirely)
Qualitative Algorithms: They are those that uses numeric calculations to define the steps of
the process. They describe or solve problems of the quotidian life but always framing in three
fundamental structures:
Sequences of actions
Decision of action
Cycles of action
Quantitative Algorithms: They’re those uses numeric calculations to define the steps
of the process. Similarly these kind of algorithms describe three essential parts:
Algorithmic Graphic Language: They are the graphic representation of the operations
that an algorithm performs (Flowchart). The flowchart is characterized for the detailed
way how it represents in graphic way the steps to follow to find the solution for the
proposed problem.
No Graphic Language: Represents in descriptive way the operations that an algorithm
a programming language, but is intended for human reading rather than machine
reading. Pseudocode typically omits details that are essential for machine
notation. The purpose of using pseudocode is that it is easier for people to understand
commonly used in textbooks and scientific publications that are documenting various
algorithms, and also in planning of computer program development, for sketching out
the structure of the program before the actual coding takes place.
Problem definition: This phase is gave by the problem statement, which requires a
definition clear and accurate. It is important know to want that the computer to perform;
while It does not know totally, it does not have much case to continue with next stage.
Problem analysis: Once you have understood what you want on the computer,
Input data
The methods and formulas that are needed to process the data.
A very practical recommendation is to put us in the place of the computer and analyze
what we need to order us and in what sequence to produce the expected results.
Algorithm design is identified and incorporated into many solution theories of operation
designing and implementing algorithm designs are algorithm design patterns, such as
template method pattern and decorator pattern, and uses of data structures, and name
and sort lists. Some current day uses of algorithm design can be found in internet
[1]
of characters by some kind of an encoding system. Depending on the abstraction
level and context, corresponding code points and the resulting code space may be
regarded as bit patterns, octets, natural numbers, electrical pulses, etc. A character
code into object code by a compiler. Execution in computer and software engineering
Testing and debugging: Testing means verifying correct behavior. Testing can be
Debugging is a cyclic activity involving execution testing and code correction. The
testing that is done during debugging has a different aim than final module testing.
debugging is primarily aimed at locating errors. This difference has a significant effect
attributes.
such
as real, integer or Boolean, that determines the possible values for that type; the
operations that can be done on values of that type; the meaning of the data; and
finite combination of symbols that is well-formed according to rules that depend on the
of logical syntax.
of operators: constructs which behave generally like functions, but which differ
arithmetic (addition with +, comparison with >) and logical operations (such as AND or
&&). More involved examples include assignment (usually = or :=), field access in a
record or object (usually.), and the scope resolution operator (often :: ). Languages
usually define a set of built-in operators, and in some cases allow user-defined
lexical tokens that name entities. Identifiers are used extensively in virtually all
identifiers are tokens (also called symbols) which name language entities. Some of the
kinds of entities an identifier might denote include variables, types, labels, subroutines,
and packages.
fields including software, humanistic and scientific theories (see systemics), and
management and organization. In practice, they can be seen as a style of thinking and
overview of the system is formulated, specifying but not detailing any first-level
subsystems. Each subsystem is then refined in yet greater detail, sometimes in many
additional subsystem levels, until the entire specification is reduced to base elements.
A top-down model is often specified with the assistance of "black boxes", these make it
approach starts with the big picture. It breaks down from there into smaller segments. A
bottom-up approach is the piecing together of systems to give rise to more complex
systems, thus making the original systems sub-systems of the emergent system.
information enters the eyes in one direction (sensory input, or the "bottom"), and is then
turned into an image by the brain that can be interpreted and recognized as a
perception (output that is "built up" from processing to final cognition). In a bottom-up
approach the individual base elements of the system are first specified in great detail.
These elements are then linked together to form larger subsystems, which then in turn
are linked, sometimes in many levels, until a complete top-level system is formed. This
strategy often resembles a "seed" model, whereby the beginnings are small but
Output devices: An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used
Central Processing Unit: A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry
within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing
the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the
instructions. The term has been used in the computer industry at least
[1]
since the early 1960s. Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU), distinguishing these core
elements of a computer from external components such as main memory and I/O
circuitry.
Control Unit: The control unit (CU) is a component of a computer's central processing
unit (CPU) that directs operation of the processor. It tells the computer's memory,
arithmetic/logic unit and input and output devices how to respond to a program's
instructions.
Arithmetic Logic Unit: An arithmetic logic unit (ALU) is a digital electronic circuit that
fundamental building block of the central processing unit (CPU) found in many
computers
Main memory: Primary storage (also known as main memory or internal memory),
often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU.
The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required.
Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. Main memory is
directly or indirectly connected to the central processing unit via a memory bus.
form of computer data storage. A random-access memory device allows data items to
be read and written in approximately the same amount of time, regardless of the
of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in
ROM can only be modified slowly, with difficulty, or not at all, so it is mainly used to
distribute firmware (software that is very closely tied to specific hardware, and unlikely
known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is
not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually uses its input/output channels
to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using intermediate area in
primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered
down—it is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders of magnitude less
expensive than primary storage. Modern computer systems typically have two orders of
magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data are kept for a longer
time there.
Glosario Técnico de la Actividad en Español
que pueden ser llevados a cabo por máquinas como las computadoras. Pueden usarse
para crear programas que controlen el comportamiento físico y lógico de una máquina,
1
para expresar algoritmos con precisión, o como modo de comunicación humana.
que permite realizar una actividad mediante pasos sucesivos que no generen dudas
a quien deba realizar dicha actividad. Dados un estado inicial y una entrada,
siguiendo los pasos sucesivos se llega a un estado final y se obtiene una solución.
características bajo nivel es aquel en el que sus instrucciones ejercen un control directo
sea
inferior a un lenguaje de alto nivel, si no que se refiere a la reducida abstracción entre
el lenguaje y el hardware.
utilizan cálculos numéricos para definir los pasos del proceso. Son aquellos en los
Decisión de acción
Ciclos de acciones
Algoritmos cuantitativos: Son aquellos en los que se utilizan cálculos numéricos para
definir los pasos del proceso. De igual forma estos tipos de algoritmos describen tres
caracteriza por la forma detallada como representa de forma gráfica los pasos a seguir
Definición del problema: Esta fase está dada por el enunciado del problema, el cual
requiere una definición clara y precisa. Es importante que se conozca lo que se desea
que realice la computadora; mientras esto no se conozca del todo no tiene mucho
Debe ser general, es decir, soportar la mayoría de las variantes que se puedan
construye a partir de dos ideas anteriores relacionadas con los entornos de ejecución:
Prueba y depuración:
A menudo un programa escrito por una persona, es usado por otra. Por ello
para que siga trabajando de manera correcta. Para poder realizar este trabajo se
Tipos de datos: es un atributo de una parte de los datos que indica al ordenador (y/o al
programador) algo sobre la clase de datos sobre los que se va a procesar. Esto incluye
imponer restricciones en los datos, como qué valores pueden tomar y qué operaciones se
Operadores: Son elementos que relacionan de forma diferente, los valores de una o
más variables y/o constantes. Es decir, los operadores nos permiten manipular valores.
identificador puede denotar son las variables, las constantes, los tipos de dato,
Una constante es un dato cuyo valor no puede cambiar durante la ejecución del
modelo top-down se formula un resumen del sistema, sin especificar detalles. Cada
parte del sistema se refina diseñando con mayor detalle. Cada parte nueva es
entonces redefinida, cada vez con mayor detalle, hasta que la especificación completa
con frecuencia con la ayuda de "cajas negras" que hacen más fácil cumplir requisitos
bottom-up (‘de abajo a arriba’) las partes individuales se diseñan con detalle y luego
se enlazan para formar componentes más grandes, que a su vez se enlazan hasta que
conocimiento de todas las variables que pueden afectar los elementos del sistema.
Dispositivos de salida: por lo tanto, es aquél que emite una señal con información.
una computadora y produce una salida impresa en papel), el monitor (exhibe los
datos en la pantalla), los auriculares (emite sonidos para que sean escuchados
Unidad de control: es uno de los tres bloques funcionales principales en los que se
divide una unidad central de procesamiento (CPU). Los otros dos bloques son la unidad
temporalmente tanto los datos como los programas que la unidad central de
Por su función, la MP debe ser inseparable del microprocesador o CPU, con quien se
utiliza para almacenar los programas que ponen en marcha el ordenador y realizan
los
diagnósticos. La mayoría de los ordenadores tienen una cantidad pequeña de