Overview Phenomenological Research

Abstract: The data analysis will be conducted by researchers might happen in the intersubjective perspective
between researchers and participants with a "delay" the biases or prejudices against fenonema researcher who is
studying the phenomenon under study thus appear as it is. Phenomenology become an instrument to dissect the
human mind through observation and recognition informant against social reality that occurs in the community.

Keywords: phenomenology; research; data; analysis.

Article stems from research conducted in the village Ngringo Jaten District of Karanganyar, Central
Java, because researchers have thought that Ngringo village has interesting characteristics to be
studied. Every discussion in the study will use Ngringo village as a location for research, including
community and environment.

I. Types of Research
The method used by researchers is a qualitative research with phenomenological approach.
This approach aims to examine how the socio-economic marginalization as a result of
conversion of land to farmers. Phenomenological study looked at human behavior, what
they say and what they do, is as a product of how people do their own interpretation of the
world.
The main reason when researchers used phenomenology as an approach in this study
because of something unique lifestyle of farm workers in the village of Ngringo. With
conditions increasingly pressured by the limited land and transformed to enable
competition or the increasing labor force but laborers still able to survive [1]. By
phenomenology researchers want to more deeply understand the structure of the
consciousness of the people who are in a particular situation, in order to understand the
motives and meaning hodge actions related to the purpose of survival.
Phenomenology as a method has four characteristics, namely descriptive, reduction,
essence and intentionality.
1. Description: The aim of phenomenology is the description of the phenomenon, and not
explain the phenomenon [2]. Including any emerging phenomena such as emotions,
thoughts and actions of human beings and as such. Phenomenology means describe
something to the "thing itself". Supposition becomes unnecessary, since the objective is
to investigate as it happens.
2. Reduction: Reduction is as a process in which the assumptions and prejudices about the
phenomenon of delayed to ensure that biases do not pollute the description of the
observations and ensure that the form of the description as the things themselves.
3. Essence: The essence is the core meaning of individual experiences in certain
phenomena as they are [3]. Search essence, the essential themes or relationships are
essential in the phenomenon of what it involves exploration of the phenomenon of
using the free imagination, intuition and reflection to determine whether a particular
characteristic is an essential essence. For example, in the case of the essence of
learning, a phenomenologist would consider whether any changes and progress are
essential essence of the learning process.
4. Itensionalitas: Phenomenology using two concepts noesis and noema to express
intentionality. Intentionality refers to as the correlation between noema and noesis

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 that direct interpretation of the experience. Noema is an objective statement of
behavior or experience as a reality [4], while noesis is a subjective reflection
(consciousness) of the objective statement. In view of this that reality is what it is, we
do not any idea of reality (objective statements). Interrelations between consciousness
to the reality that he called intentionality [5].

There are three steps in the process of descriptive phenomenology, namely: Intuiting,
analyzing, and describing.
1. The first step, is intuiting; Researchers totally understand the phenomenon.
Researchers who want to dig a phenomenon known from informants about their
experiences working [6]. In this case the researchers avoid criticism, evaluation or
opinion on matters submitted by participants and emphasizes the phenomenon under
study, so that a true picture. In this intuiting step researcher as an instrument in the
interview process.
2. The second stage is analyzing: at this stage the researchers identified the meaning of
the phenomenon that has been excavated and explore the relationships and links
between the data with existing phenomenon, important data were analyzed
carefully[7]. Thus the researchers get the data needed to ensure a pure and powerful
image.
3. The third step is the phenomenological describing: researchers communicate and
provide a written description of the critical elements that are based on the
classification and clustering phenomenon. The purpose of this phase is to communicate
the meaning and significance of the experience.

Schutz (1967) argues that the everyday social world is an intersubjective and experience
that is full of meaning. The phenomenon that is displayed by the individual is a reflection of
transcendental experience and understanding of the meaning. According to Collins
phenomenology will try to understand the informants understanding of phenomena which
appear in consciousness and considered as an entity that is something that exists in the
world[8].
Orleans phenomenology by using a tool called Verstehen method to describe in detail about
how consciousness is run by itself. Furthermore, in the phenomenological approach do
typifications (patterning) that assess, identify and determine whether the events that
appear including the reality or not, and the use of language that serves as a means of
typifying to explain reality and meaning.
This study starts with silence and open manner without prejudice of researchers. This
means that researchers will not consider himself to know the meaning of socio-economic
marginalization is happening to the farm workers[9]. This study emphasizes the subjective
aspects of the human actors in order to understand how and what meaning they shape of
events in their daily lives [10].
Meaning relates to how actors determine what is important aspect of social life. While the
motive showed reasons for someone to do something. Motif itself is divided into two motifs
within the framework of (in order to) that is connected with a person's action as an attempt
to create a situation that is expected in the future, and the motive for (Because) relating to
the retrospective of the factors that cause a person to perform certain actions, Then the
phenomenological approach is used to understand the phenomenon and its relation to the

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structure of the consciousness of the people who are in a particular situation, in order to
understand the motives and meaning of human actions associated with the objectives.

II. Data Types and Sources of Data

The main data in a qualitative study are the words and actions of the informant, the rest is
additional data such as documents and the like. In this study, using data sources that come
from informants who becomes the object of research is farmhand in the village Ngringo.
Example;
Informant or informants were selected in the study was a laborer. This classification was
made to further facilitate and focus research on farm workers. Determination of informants
conducted by researchers using the criteria mentioned above. This is done so that
researchers find it easier to study.
Data used in this study are:
Primary Data Types
Primary data in this study is the observation of the researchers on the socio-economic
marginalization of farm workers, documentation on agricultural land conversion and
interviews with informants double living patterns. In this study, researchers obtained data
sources from several informants consisting of farmers, land owners, board of farmer groups,
which are considered to know about the problems studied.
Secondary Data Types
Secondary data in this study were obtained from multiple data sources to support research,
such as the village monograph, the information from the internet, and documentation of
the history of the village of Ngringo

III. Data Collection Technique

Data collection techniques used in this research are;
Non-participant observation
These observations conducted by researchers in many times in order to obtain data on the
activities of farmers, in order to obtain an understanding or as a means of proving to
information/information obtained previously. in this study researchers looked at the activity
of the work of farm workers from time to time in accordance with the conditions endured
by each person.
In general, the farm workers in Ngringo village started its work in 06.00 and ended in the
afternoon, so for the observation of the activities conducted by researchers attempting to
adjust to the habits that have been run. With the hope of observing the whole of the
activities conducted. In addition, researchers also attempted to observe the activities of
farm laborers who have jobs in addition to working on agricultural land by observing the
activities conducted farmhand at the work site.
Deep interview
The interview is a conversation with a specific purpose that is done by both parties that the
interviewer as a researcher with the informant interviewees associated with multiple living
patterns carried by farm workers.
Interviews were conducted in this study is unstructured interviews or in-depth interviews
were conducted with a question that is open and leads to the depth of information, and
done in a way that is not formally structured, in order to explore the views of the studied
subjects about many things that are beneficial to the basis for extracting information in a
more distant and deep[11].

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The pattern of the first approach taken is to approach the person or public figure in Ngringo
village is considered the most well known. Ngringo open community characteristics will
allow researchers to gain insight into farm laborers who can to be used as informants.
collection of Documents
According to Guba and Lincolin, documents and records are two different things. A record is
any written statement drawn up by a person or institution for the purposes of testing an
event or presenting accounting. While the document is any written material or movies [12].
In this study, using documents and records on the grounds of both a source of stable, rich,
and pushed so that it can be useful as evidence testing, and in accordance with qualitative
research because it is natural, according to the context, was born and is in the context.

IV. Sampling Techniques

The samples in this study conducted by the Maximum Variation Sampling or maximum
variation sampling. Sampling strategies are intended to capture or illustrate a central theme
of the study through the information crisscrossed crossed with various types of informants
based on the type of work, as well as land ownership, and the sample in this study are farm
laborers who worked on agricultural land in the village Ngringo.
The existence of the farm workers in the village of Ngringo based on preliminary
observations, the kind of work outside the farm is divided into several types of businesses,
such as traders, construction workers, and factory workers [13]. The supporting factors that
cause agricultural laborers working in the sector due to the availability of such opportunities
as there are markets, terminals, stations, factories, shops and housing.
Maximum variation sampling for the purpose of seeking information that may explain the
variation and patterns of common sense in these variations. So with varied models that do
are also expected to receive a combination of patterns that are capable of representing the
population studied. In addition to the maximum variation sampling technique, the
researchers also used purposive sampling with the consideration that the person is rich in
information.

V. Data Validity
Triangulation techniques usually refers to a process of utilizing the diverse perceptions to
clarify the meaning, to verify the possibility of a repetition of an observation or
interpretation. Triangulation techniques can also be used to clarify the meaning by
identifying the different perspectives of the various phenomena [14].
In this study, researchers used data triangulation approach (source)[15]. To double-check
the information with a degree of confidence can source triangulation by:
1. Comparing the observed data farmhand when activity on the farm with the data
obtained from the results of interviews conducted in-depth.
2. Comparing what was said by informants in public or in situations discussion with what is
said personally when conducted in-depth interviews.
3. Compare what people say about the socio-economic marginalization of farm laborers,
with what is being said all the time
4. Comparing the state of one's perspective in a variety of opinions and views of others,
such as the common people, the secondary or higher, the person is located, as well as
the government. In this section the researchers compared the information provided by
the farm workers and then compare with the land owners, community leaders, the
buyer of the crop.
5. Comparing the results of interviews with the contents of the documents related
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The informants were used as a source for triangulation, namely: Affairs Ngringo Rural
Development, tenants wetland in Kampung Planer, Palur, and Puntukrejo, Agricultural
Extension District of Cork. Besides using triangulation, researchers also extend the
observation to check the validity of the data obtained. Thus the researchers will return to
the interview again with the data source has ever encountered and new [16]. It is intended
that the relationship of researchers with sources more familiar, more open, trusting.
Extension conducted by researchers to obtain informed, insightful, and valid and the
increasingly minimal variation answers obtained.

VI. Data Analysis Techniques

According to Bogdan, data analysis is the process of systematically searching for and
compiling data obtained from interviews, the list field, and other materials, making it easy
to understand, and the findings can be communicated to others. The data analysis was done
by organizing data, translate it into the units, synthesize, organize into a pattern, choose
what is important and what will be learned, and make inferences that can be told to others
[16].
This study uses data analysis model of Miles and Huberman. Researchers analyzed data at
the time of data collection in progress and upon completion of data collection in a particular
period. At the interview, the researchers conducted an analysis of the answers were
interviewed. If the answers are not satisfactory then the researchers went further questions
to the point tertetu and credible data obtained. Activity in the data analysis done
interactively and continues over time through, so the data is saturated.
According to Miles and Huberman, activity in the data analysis include data reduction, data
display, and conclusion drawing / verification [17].
1. Data Reduction (Data Reduction)
The data obtained from the field quite a lot, so the researchers had to record data
accurately and in detail. data reduction means summarizing, choose the basic things,
focus on the things that are important, look for themes and patterns. Reduced data will
provide a clearer picture, and facilitate researchers to conduct further data collection on
socio-economic marginalization inteprtatif farm workers, and to look back when needed.
2. Data Display (Data Presentation)
Once the data is reduced, then the next step is mendisplaykan data. Presentation of data
in this research is done in the form of brief descriptions, charts, graphs, and matrices.
through the display of data, to facilitate researchers in understanding what is happening,
to plan further work based on what has been understood.
3. Conclusion Drawing / Verification (Withdrawal Conclusion)
The third step in the analysis of qualitative data according to Miles and Huberman is the
conclusion and verification. The initial conclusion of this study is still berifat temporary,
and will change if no strong evidence supporting the next phase of data collection. But
if an early conclusion of researchers supported by the evidence that is valid and
consistent when returning to the field to collect data, then the conclusion is credible
conclusion.
The conclusion of qualitative research is a new finding that has not previously existed. These
findings may change the descriptive or a picture of an object that previously was still dark so
that after investigation it became clear, it can turn a causal relationship or interactive,
hypothesis or theory [18].

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