John Snow (1813-1858)
- Predictions based on Hypothesis
- British Physician
- Investigated Cholera outbreak in
London
- His actions was considered as the
classic example of epidemiology.
- He notices that the areas where
Southwark company was supplying
water has higher death rate.
- He identified the cause of the outbreak
from the water pump from broad street.
- Treated the water with chlorine and
ended the outbreak.
VIBRIO CHOLERAE
- Was believed that it is spread through
“MIASMA” (bad air)
- Infection through fecal-oral route
- Can tolerate high salt and alkaline
environment.
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- Greek word “Epi” meaning Upon
- “demos” meaning people
- “logos” to study
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
CLINICIAN AND EPIDEMIOLOGIST?
EPIDEMIOLOGY
- The study of distribution and
determinants of health-related states or
events in specified populations.
- Basic Science of Public Health
- Used to control Public Health problems.
- Used scientific method in determining
public health issues.
SCIENTIFIC METHODS
- Observations
- Formulate a Question
- Hypothesis
- Data Gathering/Testing
- Conclusion
- Theories
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- Study of distribution, frequencies and
patterns of cases.
- - FREQUENCY- The number of times a
data value occurs.
- - PATTERNS- Predictable behavior of
data based on: time, place, region.
Case – Person infected by the disease.
❖ Prevalence - Number of individuals
infected by the disease.
❖ Incidence – The number of people
infected in a certain period of time
❖ Determinant – Any factor that
produces change in the health
condition of a person.
❖ Endemic – Disease or illness found in
a certain race of area.
❖ Outbreak – Increase number of
endemic cases, endemic case
reported not in the proper area, or a
single case in a new area.
❖ Epidemic – Large amount of case in
a certain population or region.
❖ Pandemic – An epidemic that’s
spread over multiple countries or
continents.
PREVALENCE RATE - MOST IMPORTANT STEP OF
HANDWASHING?
- Prevalence rate = # of Cases / Total
➢ Rubbing motion of hands and under
Population x100
fingers.
Example: - POSITION AND MOVEMENT OF
HANDS WHILE WASHING?
According to Nestle, we should drink Milo
➢ Downward position
to prevent energy gap because 4 out of 5
kids have it. What is the prevalence rate?
= 4/5 x100
ANSWER = 80%

CHAIN OF INFECTION

STATICTICS
- Branch of mathematics which involves
collection, analysis, interpretation

BEST WAY TO BREAK THE CHAIN OF DATA

INFECTION IS? ❖ Variable – Entity that can take on
- Handwashing different values.
 ❖ Nominal Data – Neither measurable or - Hans Rosling (1948-2017)
ranked. (status) - Swedish Physician
❖ Ordinal Data – No measurement - Helped UN to explain the worlds graphs
standards but has magnitude. (ranking) through a software called,
❖ Interval Data – Has no natural zero. Trendanalyzer
(Temperature)
❖ Ratio Data – Has natural zero. (age, - Ola Rosling
weight) - Son of Hans Rosling
❖ Discrete Data – Data that cannot be - Developed the Trendanalyzer software.
subdivided further. (counts)
❖ Continuous Data – Data that could be
further broken down do categories.
(measurement)

BIOSTATISTICS
18th Century – Smallpox Vaccination
- John Arburthnot (1665-1735)
- British Physician
- Examine the London bills of Mortality
- Said that the chance of dying from
smallpox is 1:10 while the chance of
dying from smallpox if vaccinated is
1:100

- James Lind (1716-1794)

- Ship Surgeon.
- Father of Controlled Clinical Trial
- Treated Scurvy by experimenting with
12 sailors