THIRD QUARTER

MATHEMATICS 8
MODULE NO. 4
TOPIC: ISOSCELES TRIANGLE AND TRIANGLE INEQUALITY

I. INTRODUCTION

Have you ever wondered how artists utilize triangles in their artworks?
Have you ever asked yourself how contractors, architects, and engineers make
use of triangular features in their designs? What mathematical concepts justify
all the triangular intricacies of their designs? The answers to these queries are
unveiled in this module.

The concepts and skills you will learn from this lesson on the axiomatic
development of triangle inequalities will improve your attention to details, shape
your deductive thinking, hone your reasoning skills, and polish your
mathematical communication. In short, this module unleashes that mind power
that you never thought you ever had before!

II. OBJECTIVE/S
At the end of this module, you will be able to:
• illustrate theorems on triangle inequalities (Exterior Angle Inequality
Theorem, Triangle Inequality Theorem, Hinge Theorem);
• apply theorems on triangle inequalities; and
• prove inequalities in a triangle.

III. CONCEPT SUMMARY

• In an isosceles triangle: The two congruent sides are the legs. The third side
is the base. The vertex angle is opposite the base. The base angles
include the base.
• Definition of Greater Than: If a = b + c and a, b, and c, are all greater
than 0, then a > b and a > c.
• Properties of Inequality: For all real numbers a, b, c, and d.
o Addition Property of Inequality (API)
If a > b and c ≥ d, then a + c > b + d
o Subtraction Property of Inequality (SPI)
If a > b and c = d, then a – c > b – d
o Multiplication Property of Inequality (MPI)
If a > b and c > 0, then a • c > b • c
If a > b and c < 0, then a • c < b • c

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 1 of 11

 o Division Property of Inequality (DPI)
If a > b and c > 0, then a ÷ c > b ÷ c
If a > b and c < 0, then a ÷ c < b ÷ c
o Transitive Property of Inequality (TPI)
If a > b and b > c, then a > c
o Trichotomy Property
Only one of the following is true at a time: a = b, a < b, a > b

IV. BRIEF DISCUSSION

1. Concept Development
Theorem 4.1. Isosceles Triangle Theorem
If two sides of a triangle are congruent, then the
angles opposite them are congruent.

Given: ̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝐶
𝐴𝐵 ̅̅̅̅
Prove: ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶

Statement Reason
1. Draw M, the midpoint of 𝐵𝐶
̅̅̅̅ . Auxiliary figure
Draw 𝐴𝑀̅̅̅̅̅ .
2. ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐶𝑀
𝐵𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅ Definition of Midpoint
3. ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝐴𝑀
𝐴𝑀 ̅̅̅̅̅ Reflexive Property
4. ̅̅̅̅
𝐴𝐵 ≅ 𝐴𝐶̅̅̅̅ Given
5. ∆𝐴𝐵𝑀 ≅ ∆𝐴𝐶𝑀 SSS Postulate
6. ∠𝐵 ≅ ∠𝐶 CPCTC

Theorem 4.2. Converse of Isosceles Triangle Theorem

If two angles of a triangle are congruent, then the sides opposite them are
congruent.

Example. Apply the Isosceles Triangle

Theorem in determining the exact
measurement of ∠𝑃, ∠𝑄, and ∠𝑅.

Since 𝑃𝑄
̅̅̅̅ and 𝑅𝑄
̅̅̅̅, then ∠𝑃 ≅ ∠𝑅.
3x + 18 = 5x – 18
18 + 18 = 5x – 3x
36 = 2x
x = 18

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 2 of 11

𝑚∠𝑃 = 3𝑥 + 18 𝑚∠𝑅 = 5𝑥 + 18
𝑚∠𝑃 = 3(18) + 18 𝑚∠𝑅 = 5(18) − 18
𝑚∠𝑃 = 54 + 18 𝑚∠𝑅 = 90 − 18
𝑚∠𝑃 = 72 𝑚∠𝑅 = 72

𝑚∠𝑄 = 180 − (𝑚∠𝑃 + 𝑚∠𝑅)

𝑚∠𝑄 = 180 − (72 + 72)
𝑚∠𝑄 = 180 − 144
𝑚∠𝑄 = 36

Quick Check!
Solve for the variable x.

1.

2.

Theorem 4.3
The measure of the exterior angle of a triangle is greater than the measure of
any of its remote interior angles.

Given: In the triangle, ∠4 is an

exterior angle
∠1 and ∠2 are its
remote interior angles.
Prove: 𝑚∠4 > 𝑚∠1
𝑚∠4 > 𝑚∠2

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 3 of 11

 Statement Reason
1. ∠3 and ∠4 formed a linear pair. Definition of Linear Pair
2. 𝑚∠3 + 𝑚∠4 = 180 Linear Pair Postulate
3. 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 = 180 The sum of the measure of the
angles of a triangle is 180.
4. 𝑚∠3 + 𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠3 Transitive Property of Equality
5. 𝑚∠4 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 Simplify
6. 𝑚∠4 > 𝑚∠1 Definition of Greater Than
𝑚∠4 > 𝑚∠2

Theorem 4.4
If one side of a triangle is longer than the other side, then the measure of the
angle opposite the longer side is greater than the measure of the angle
opposite the shorter side.

Theorem 4.5: Converse of Theorem 4.4

If the measure of one angle in a triangle is greater than the measure of
another angle, then the side opposite the larger angle is longer than the side
opposite the smaller angle.

Given: AC > AB
Prove: 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 > 𝑚∠𝐶

Statement Reason
1. AC > AB Given
2. Locate point P such that AB = AP Ruler Postulate
3. ∆𝐴𝐵𝑃 is an isosceles triangle Definition of an Isosceles Triangle
4. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠3 Base Angle Theorem
5. 𝑚∠3 = 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠𝐶 Exterior Angle Theorem
6. 𝑚∠1 = 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠𝐶 Substitution Property of Equality
7. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠1 + 𝑚∠2 Angle Addition Postulate
8. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠2 + 𝑚∠𝐶 Substitution Property of Equality
9. 𝑚∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 > 𝑚∠𝐶 Definition of Greater Than

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 4 of 11

Theorem 4.6: Triangle Inequality Theorem
The sum of the lengths of any two sides
of a triangle is greater than the length
of the third side.

Given: ∆𝑋𝑌𝑍
Prove: XY + XZ > YZ

Statement Reason
1. Extend ̅̅̅̅
𝑍𝑋 to W such that Auxiliary Figure
̅̅̅̅.
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑋𝑌
𝑊𝑋
Draw 𝑊𝑋̅̅̅̅̅.
2. ∠𝑋𝑊𝑌 ≅ ∠𝑋𝑌𝑊 Isosceles Triangle Theorem
3. 𝑚∠𝑋𝑊𝑌 = 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑊 Definition of Congruent Angles
4. WX + XZ = WZ Definition of Betweenness for Points
5. WX = XY Definition of Congruent Segments
6. XY + XZ = WZ Substitution
7. 𝑚∠𝑊𝑌𝑍 = 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑊 + 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑍 Definition of Betweenness for Rays
8. 𝑚∠𝑊𝑌𝑍 > 𝑚∠𝑋𝑌𝑊 Definition of Greater Than
9. 𝑚∠𝑊𝑌𝑍 > 𝑚∠𝑋𝑊𝑌 Substitution
10. WZ > YZ Theorem 4.5
11. XY + XZ > YZ Substitution

To learn more about Triangle Inequality Theorem, click this link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiagrTl2y4o

Example. State if each set of three numbers can be the lengths of the sides
of a triangle.

1. 7, 2, 11 7 + 2 > 11
9 > 11
No

2. 13, 5, 11 5 + 11 > 13
16 > 13
Yes

3. 9, 12, 24 9 + 12 > 24
21 > 24
No

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 5 of 11

 4. 2, 6, 13 2 + 6 > 13
8 > 13
No

5. 11, 10, 8 8 + 10 > 11

18 > 11
Yes

Quick Check!
State if each set of three numbers can be the lengths of the sides of a
triangle.
1. 8, 2, 8
2. 3, 6, 2
3. 10, 18, 10
4. 7, 5, 4
5. 9, 6, 5

Theorem 4.7: Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of a second triangle
and the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the included angle of
the second triangle, then the third side of the first triangle is longer than the
third side of the second triangle.

Theorem 4.8: Converse of Hinge Theorem

If two sides of one triangle are congruent to two sides of second triangle, and
the third side of the first triangle is longer than the third side of the second
triangle, then the included angle of the first triangle is larger than the
included angle of the second triangle.

To have the proof of Hinge Theorem, click this link:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEecHBieC1E
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-jMiQK0ifU

2. Broadening of Concepts
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• How is isosceles triangle differing from other triangles?

____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 6 of 11

 • What is the importance of knowing these basic concepts of triangle
inequality?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

3. Integrations
Directions: Write your answers on the space provided.

• Do you believe that you should not compare yourself to others? Why or
why not?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• In our country some different local agencies are not congruent with their
opinions in procuring CoVid–19 vaccine in China, if you are the one of
them what will you do to make them see the same angles of the situation
and come up with the best decision.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• How can you demonstrate equality at home with your family members?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

• Do you believe that every individual has an equal opportunity to make the
most of their lives and talents? Please expound your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 7 of 11

V. EVALUATION/ ASSESSMENT
A. Directions: Complete the following exercise.
1. List the sides of ∆𝑃𝑄𝑅 in order from shortest to
longest.

2. Another boat makes a trip whose path has sides of 1.5 miles, 2 miles, and
2.5 miles long and angles of 90°, about 53°, and about 37°. Sketch and
label a diagram with the shortest side on the bottom and the right angle
at the right.

B. Directions: Use Triangle Inequality Theorem (a < b + c, b < a + c, c < a +

b) to solve.

1.

2.

3.

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 8 of 11

 4.

5.

VI. CLOSURE/ SYNTHESIS

Directions: Check your status right now.

I need help and I can’t keep working.

I need help, but I can keep working.

I’m working fine.

How will you summarize our lesson for today?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

You’re done with Module 4!

VII. REFERENCE
Burns, C. (8 March 2011). More on Exterior Angles in Triangles. Retrieved
December 2020 from
http://onemathematicalcat.org/Math/Geometry_obj/exterior_angles.htm

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 9 of 11

Burns, C. (22 May 2012). Honors Geometry Lesson Inequalities in One Triangle.
Retrieved December 2020 from www.slideserve.com/elias/honors-
geometry
Cliffs Notes (6 October 2012). The Triangle Inequality Theorem. Retrieved
December 2020 from
http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/topicArticleId18851,articleId-
18791.html
Cuer, K. (19 July 2007). Geometry 5.6 Indirect Proof and Inequalities in Two
Triangles. Retrieved December 2020 from
http://mcuer.blogspot.com/2007/07/geometry56-indirect-proof-and.html
Dailymotion (2005 – 2012). Real Life Application of Triangle Inequality Theorem.
Retrieved December 2020 from
http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xgeb9n_how-to-apply-the-triangle-
inequality-theorem-to-real-life-problems_tech
Fuller, C. (9 March 2009). 5.6: Hinge Theorem Indirect Proof. Retrieved
December 2020 from
http://propertiesoftriangles.wikispaces.com/file/view/5.6+HingeTheorem+
In direct+Proof.pdf
Marain, D. (6 August 2008). A Triangle Inequality and Algebra Application.
Retrieved December 2020 from
http://mathnotations.blogspot.com/2008/08/triangle-inequalityand-
algebra.
Math Warehouse. Triangle Inequality Theorem. Retrieved December 2020 from
http://www.mathwarehouse.com/geometry/triangles/triangle-inequality-
theorem-ruleexplained.php
McDougal Little Geometry (2001). Chapter 5 – 5 and 5 – 6: Inequalities in One
and Two Triangles. Retrieved December 2020 from
http://www.nexuslearning.net/books/mlgeometry/
Mercer, J. (2008 – 2009). What is the Hinge Theorem? Retrieved December 2020
from
http://ceemrr.com/Geometry1/HingeTheorem/HingeTheorem_print.html
Millersville University (2012). Exterior Angle Inequality Theorem Proof. Retrieved
December 2020 from
www.millersville.edu/~rumble/math.353/triangle_defect.pdf
Mr. Pi’s Algebra and Geometry (7 July 2011). A Proof of Exterior Angle Inequality
Theorem. Retrieved December 2020 from
http://mrpilarski.wordpress.com/2010/01/10/howto-write-indirect-proofs-
exterior-angle-inequality-theorem/
Murray, M. (1998 – 2012). Triangle Inequalities. Retrieved December 2020 from
Oswego City School District Regents Exam Prep Center’s website:
http://www.regentsprep. org/Regents/math/geometry/GP7/LTriIneq.htm

Mathematics 8 – Module 4 – Third Quarter - Page 10 of 11

Sioux Falls School District (2002 – 2012). Geometry – SFSD Model for
Mathematics. Retrieved December 2020 from
http://www.sf.k12.sd.us/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=item&
cid=71:staff&id=266:high-school-mathematics&Itemid=312436
University of Washington Department of Mathematics. Triangle Inequality.
Retrieved December 2020 from
http://www.math.washington.edu/~king/coursedir/m444a03/ notes/10-
03-Triangle-Inequality.html
Video Citations
Mario’s Math Tutoring (5 March 2018). Hinge Theorem. Retrieved December
2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aEecHBieC1E
WSHS Geometry (9 November 2017). Hinge Theorem. Retrieved December 2020
from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=X-jMiQK0ifU
Don’t Memorise (18 December 2014). Triangle Inequality Theorem. Retrieved
December 2020 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiagrTl2y4o

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