Module 1 : COMPUTER - It has almost all the parts of a
modern computer but it couldn’t
Evolution of Computer
be built because of lack of
- The development of the modern-day technology. His designs
computer was the result of advances remained a concept.
in technologies and man’s need to * Charles Babbage is known as
quantify. the Father of Computers
- Milestones in the evolution of * Lady Ada, suggested to
computers; Babbage that he use the binary
1. Abacus (3000 BC – Babylonia) system in his machine. She wrote
- uses beads on rods to count and programs for his analytical
calculate engine in 1840, becoming the
world’s First Computer
2. Slide Rule (1630-1970s) Programmer.
- based on Napier’s rules for
logarithms 8. Hollerith’s Tabulating Machine
(1880)
3. Pascal’s Adding Machine (1642 - A fast counting machine that
AD) was used by the American
- Capable of doing addition and Department of Census to
subtraction. Known as the First complete their 1880 census data.
Calculator of the world.
9. Mark I Computer (1943)
4. Leibnitz’s Calculator (1671 AD) - Made by Howard Aiken along
- Gotfried Leibnitz, improved the with the company IBM. It
adding machine. This new performs mathematical
machine is capable of performing operations very fast. It could
multiplication and division also. perform one operation per
second.
5. Jacquard Loom (1801)
- First stored program – metal 10. ENIAC (1946)
cards - developed by a team lead by
Professor Eckert and Mauchly at
6. Babbage’s Difference Engine the University of Pennsylvania.
(1822) - It stands for Electronic
- Charles Babbage, aimed at Numerical Integrator and
calculating mathematical tables. Computer. It can solve 5000
Yet because technology isn’t operations per second.
advance that time, this machine
could not be made. 11. Intel 8080 Processor (1974)
- it became the basis for the first
7. Babbage’s Analytical Engine personal computers
(1833)
Definition of Computer 3. On the basis of size and speed
- Micro, mini, super computers
- Electronic device
4. On the basis of how it functions
- Accepts and stores input
- Analog, Digital, Hybrid Computers
- Manipulates result
- Outputs results
- Under direction of stores programs
Generations of Computer
and instructions
1. First Generation (1940-1950)
Characteristics of Computer
TECHNOLOGY USED: Vacuum
1. Speed Tubes
2. Accuracy SIZE AND SPEED: Huge, taking up
3. Diligence entire rooms, Slow speed
4. Reliability LANGUAGE USED: Machine
5. Versatility language
6. Memory COST: System and working cost
very high.
Data vs Information
Data is raw facts. Such as India, 200, 2. Second Generation (1950-1960)
4, Cricket, Wicket TECHNOLOGY USED: Transistors
SIZE AND SPEED: Lesser size and
Information is meaningful and increased speed
arranged form of data. Simply it is on LANGUAGE USED: Assembly
sentenced form. Ex: India’s score in Cricket language and languages like COBOL
is 200 for 4 wickets and FORTRAN
COST: Cost decreased
Hardware vs Software 3. Third Generation (late 1960s –
Hardware refers to physical 1970s)
components that can be seen and touched TECHNOLOGY USED: Integrated
Ex: CPU, MEMORY, I/O devices Circuit
SIZE AND SPEED: Size Lesser and
Software is a set of programs that the speed further increased
hardware of the computer run LANGUAGE USED: Operating
Program is a set of instructions System was developed.
COST: Cost decreased further
Classification of Computer Systems
1. On the basis of technology 4. Fourth Generation (1970s – 1990s)
- Generations of computer TECHNOLOGY USED:
Microprocessor
2. On the basis of Purpose SIZE AND SPEED: Reduced size
- General purpose, special purpose and tremendous speed
computers
LANGUAGE USED: High Level
Languages like PASCAL, COBOL, 3. Minicomputers
C, C++, JAVA - Fall bet. Microcomputers (PCs) and
COST: Reduced Cost mainframes.
5. Fifth Generation (1990s – present) - referred to as mid-ranged servers
TECHNOLOGY USED: - smaller than mainframe
Microprocessor - Can do several jobs at once
SIZE AND SPEED: Reduced size - Can be used by many people at one
and tremendous speed time
LANGUAGE USED: Based on - used by small companies
Artificial intelligence
COST: Reduced Cost 4. Personal Computer
- a computer that depends on a
microprocessor.
Size and Speed Classifications of - examples are desktop, notebook,
Computers laptop, handheld devices
- developed in 1980
1. Supercomputers - designed for single user
- fastest type of computer. - not very powerful or expensive
- very expensive - found in homes
- dedicated to one purpose – weather,
satellites, military.
- used by large governments or very
Classification of Computers based on How
large companies
it functions
- can be used by thousands of people
at the same time 1. Analog
- very large – fill rooms; - Operate on continuous data
- used in animated graphics, nuclear - Faster
energy research, petroleum - accuracy is restricted to the
exploration accuracy with which physical
quantities can be sensed and
2. Mainframes displayed.
- Expensive - Specific Purpose computers
- Powerful and fast
- is not limited to one job 2. Digital
- used by business and small - work on discrete data
government organizations - can process data with greater
- Mainframes vs supercomputers: accuracy
Mainframes uses power to execute - used for business and scientific data
many programs simultaneously processing.
while supercomputers channel all its
power in executing few programs as
fast as possible.
3. Hybrid Computers - Customized Software tailor made
- comprise features of analog and software according to user’s needs.
digital computers. - Word processor, Presentation tools,
- the digital component is used as the spreadsheet package, data
controller and provides logical management system, business
operations. Whereas the analog software
component serves as a solver of
differential equations. 3. Utility Software
- Anti-Virus, File Management tools,
compression tools, disk management
Purpose Based Classification
tools
1. General Purpose
Language Processors
- The first real computers: In 1939,
Konrad Zuse completed the first 1. Assembler
programmable, general – purpose - Converts the programs written in
digital computer Assembly language into machine
2. Special purpose language.
- Dedicated computers that perform 2. Compiler
specific tasks - Converts HLL program into machine
- Controlling the temperature and language in one go. After compiler is
humidity not needed. It is removed from the
- Monitoring your heart rate memory, therefore, better memory
- Monitoring your house security utilization.
system 3. Interpreter
- Converts HLL program into machine
language by converting and executing
Types of Software
it line by line. It must be present in
Software are set of programs that memory every time program is
governs the operations of computer. executed. Therefore, unnecessary
usage of memory.
1. System software
- System that controls internal
computer operations
Need for Operating System
- Operating system acts as an interface
between the user and the hardware. • To make computer system convenient
- Language Processor converts HLL to use
program into machine language • To use computer hardware in an
efficient manner
2. Application Software • It decides how, what, and when to do.
- Set of programs to carry out
operations for a specified application
- Utilities perform house keeping Functions of Operating System
- Packages General utility software
1. Processor Management
o Keep track of processor
o Decide which job should use
the processor
o Allocate processor
o Deallocate processor
2. File Management
o Keep track of files
o Decides which job should use
the file and for what purpose
o Allocate the file for use
o Deallocate the file after use
3. Device Management
o Keep track of devices
o Decide which job should use
the processor
o Allocate processor
o Deallocate processor
4. Memory Management
o Keep track of processor
o Decide which job should the
processor
o Allocate processor
o Deallocate processor
Module II: Computer System It has three components; ALU
(arithmetic Logic Unit), Memory unit,
Basic Operation of a Computer System Control Unit.
1. Take input 1. Memory Unit; stores all the data
2. Store data and instructions required for
3. Processing data processing. Also known as
4. Output Information internal storage unit or Random-
5. Control the workflow access memory (RAM). Its size
Components of a Computer System affects speed, power and
capability.
2. Control Unit; controls the
operations of all parts of
computer but does not carry out
any actual data processing.
3. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU);
consist of two subsections
namely arithmetic section and
logic section. Arithmetic section
functions to perform arithmetic
operations such as addition,
subtraction, multiplication and
division. Whereas Logic Section
perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching
Input Unit and merging of data.
Makes link bet. User and computer. Output Unit
The input devices translate the information
Makes link bet. Computer and users.
into the form understandable by computer.
It translates the computer’s output into the
Examples of Input Unit are form understandable by users.
keyboard, mouse, joy stick, light pen, track
Examples of output unit devices are
balls, scanner, graphic tablet, microphone,
monitors, graphic plotter, and printer.
magnetic ink card reader, optical character
reader, bar code reader, optical mark reader.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
Considered as the brain of the
computer. It performs all types of data
processing operations. It stores data,
intermediate results and instructions
(program).
