Computer
A computer is an electronic data processing machine of device that perform processes Calculation and operations based on instructions
provided by a program
Evolution of computers
The evolution of computers is generally divided in three eras
Mechanical Era(Dark
Age)
in mechanical era human
successful to make simple
machine that could help
performing simple arithmetic
operation
Napier’s bones(1612ad)
It was small machine that contain
ten rods the rod made up of
bones bone s was used for
multiplication and division
Abacus(3000bc)
Abacus is till mused to teach basic
arithmetic operating to the
student abacus is considered as
first computer prototype
Slide rule(1622AD)
This was a basically a pair of two
moveable rules placed side by
side these scales were used for
mathematically computing
Pascaline or pascals
calculator(1642ad)
He develop thus machine to help
tax collector can perform addition
and subtraction by eight figures
Leibniz’s
calculator(1694 ad)
Wilhelm Leibniz,s it was also
called stepped Reckonoer it was a
first calculator that could perform
Electro-Mechanical Era( Middle
Age)
To develop faster and more accurate
Computing machines they were powered by
steam and electricity
Herman Hollerith’s tabulating
machine
1890 machine census data took only six
months to compile which was very fast as
compare as to previous us census on 1880
which took 7 years to be complete
Electronical Era(Modern Age)
In this era the true computer was invented which
worked on the principal of input store process
and output continuous advancement in
electronic engineering increased efficiency and
speed of computer considerably
First generation of
computers91940to1956
This generation was based on vacuum tube this
generation computer used machine language (ie
1s and o0s)magnetic drums
Computers of this genertatio0n was primly used
for scientific and research purpose electronic
purpose electronic numerical interrogator and
calculator (ENIAC)universal automatic ca
computer UNIVAC) are example of first
generation of computer
Second generation of
computer(1956to1971)
Second Generation was based on transistor and
used are language called FORTRAN or magnetic
core was used as primary internal storage these
computer were used in the field of scientific and
engineering ieIMB7094and imb1401
Third generation of
computer(1964to1971)
The third generation was also base on also high
level l programing language like Cobol were used
keyboard monitor introduced as a computer
component ie IMB360andIMB370
Fourth generation of
computer(1971to present)
Fourth generation of computer introduced
microprocessor and these computer also used
high level language c,c++,java etc.
Fifth generation of
computer(present beyond)
Fifth generation of computer has ability of self-
learning they act like AI robot and understand
human language
 all four basic arithmetic
operations addition subtraction
multiplication and division
Babbage’s difference
and analytical
engines(1822
and1837 )

He was known as father of

computer the proposed design
included an ALU with basic
programming flow control

According to technology
This type of technology or type of data they handle computer are classified in to three type

Analog computer
Analog computer can process analog data

Eg speedo meter of a car, voltmeter

They are used to process information with quantities using the information using binary
number (0s and 1s) digital computers are used in home educational system business medical etc

Hybrid computer
Hybrid computer are combination of digital and analog computer

A hybrid computer use to convert analog to digital and digital in to analog

2: According to size
Computer are also divided in to four groups

Super computer
Super computer is the most powerful fastest and large computer these computers are widely used in scientific
application such as aerodynamic simulation processing of geo logical data weather forecasting and nuclear research

Mainframe
They can process huge amount of calculation at very high speed they are use in bank and many large business
organization were several user can work at simultaneously

Mini computer
These are similar than main frame computer but it is very power full than microcomputer DECVAX and
IMB AS/400 are the good example of computers

Micro computer
 Micro computer is also called personal computer (pc)the use of microprocessor made computer
cheaper yet faster and more reliable these are the smallest computer design to be individuals now computer are also used for
communication and socialization

3: According to purpose
According to purpose computer are used for either general purpose and special purpose

General purpose computer

These computer can perform variety of task and store execute different program in their
memory therefore various task like word processing (typing and editing )payrolls, inventory, account control manipulating facts in a data
base marketing scientific calculation and statistical data analysis and controlling security system of any organization are achieve by this
computer desktop, laptop, and smart phone are the example of general purpose machine

Special purpose computer

Special purpose computer repeatedly perform single job more efficiently these computer are use full in traffic light control system
navigational system aviation weather forecasting satellite tracking and ATM

Career in it fields
There are many fields in it but some are as follows

1: Software engineer
Software engineer is a person who use different language to make different software products like game
learning software entertainment software and etc

2: Network administrator
Network administrator is a it expert person who manage network organization responsible for
installing and updating Amy software or hardware required to efficiency to run a computer

3: Data base administrator

Data base administrator is a skilled professional person who secure a data base environment in an office
business or organization

4: web designer
Web designer are people who build website

5: graphic designer
Graphic designer are make all type of layout broachers magazine and other type of publisher administrator and
document they do various type of graphic software

Information security analyst

These people protect network and plain and carry out security measures and ensure to no
lose data and information occurs

Computer science or it teachers

Another very rewarding for computer science graduates and post graduates is teaching in school
College and university
Computer hardware
Computer consist hardware or software .software is a program that run in computer
hardware is a physical part of the computer that run in program and application and hardware can been seen and touch while software
cannot. Computer hardware is a collection of all physical part of component of computer .it include the computer casing, the cpu or central
processing unit computer memory vga graphic card sound card and the mother board

System unit
A system unit is a part of computer that contain the primary devices

1: mother board
Mother board is a main board that connect the different part of computer it includes the following general
components microprocessor (cpu), slots, port, buses, ram, rom and other electronic components for example resistor capacitors diodes
transistors and jumpers etc just like nervous system that allows communication between all parts of computer we can find cpu memory
slots expansions slots and a number of chip slots in a mother board

2: microprocessor cpu
CPU or microprocessor is the brain of computer. The m i c r o p r o c e s s o r i s a c h i p containing
millions of tiny transistors. These transistors manipulate data. Microprocessor performs all the calculations necessary to make the
computer work. These calculations are performed at very high speed and accuracy. Microprocessor is made up of silicon. The
microprocessor fetches, decodes, executes and stores all the instructions given by the user or any other device. The speed of computer
mainly depends upon the speed of microprocessor. A microprocessor that has faster clock speed (measured in GHz) and more cores and
cache works faster. There are typically five components of a microprocessor .

A: Arithmetic logical (ALU)

Alu perform al type of calculation like arithmetic operations and logical comparison
arithmetic operation include addition subtraction multiplication and division while logical compression include comparing selection and
matching of data

B: Control unit
Control unit is a responsible for controlling and transfer the data instruction among other components
of computer this unit control the operations of all parts of the computer but does not carry out any actual data

C: Clock
Clocks generates pulses and instruction existed on the basic of pulses clock measured in GHZ and MHZ

D: registers
It is a temporary storage area that holds the data that has been processed it is also known as programing model which
may be of 8bits 16bits 32bits and 64bits

E: Cache
Cache is an intermediate storage area, which is available inside microprocessor. The immediate processed information is
stored in cache. The cache inside the microprocessor is called internal cache and outside is called external cache.

3: Buses
 In computer, Buses are the electric paths on which data is sent and received by different components. They are just like roads. As
roads connect different places, buses connect all the parts of the computer to each other. They also connect all internal components on the
motherboard. There are three types of buses; control bus, data bus and address bus.

Control Bus carries command between different components to control all activities in a computer.
Data Bus carries data between the processor, memory unit and other components.
Address Bus carries the address of the data (but not the data).The address bus is used to specify memory location to be used by
microprocess for specific operation.

Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data into computers. These devices can be categorized into Text Entering, Pointing and Image Scanning
Devices.

Text entering devices

1: Keyboard: It is the most common text entering device and used to enter data usually in text format or to perform other controlling
functions. When a key is pressed, keyboard controller chip sends its corresponding code in keyboard buffer called scan code, which is then
processed by CPU.

2: pointing devices (mouse and its varous)

Pointing devices are those devices that are used for
quick movement of cursor on screen usually needed in graphic mode it includes joy stick, joy ball and track pad

3: image scanner
Image scanner is a device that convert electronic format and understandable by computer
thought lightening sensing and also work on optical recognition and occur when a device scan a clear print surface and translates the image
into machine-readable formats that a computer understands. Image scanners include Optical Mark Recognition (OMR), Optical Barcode
Reader (OBR) and Optical Character Recognition (OCR).

4: Other types of input devices

There are also input devices for example microphone are used to accept sound
input and convert into digital audio format touch screen is also used for input it accept input directly on monitor by touching figures and
any object on the screen magnetic ink character Recognition (MICR) and Magnetic Strip Reader are also used for input

5: output devices
A hardware device that sent data from a computer (cpu) to another devices or user the most common
example of input devices are monitor or printer they are two types of output devices

1: soft copy
It is screen display or voice output. It is volatile output and lost when other output is shown or computer is turned off.
Following are some of the devices used to give output in soft form.

Monitor
 It is TV like device that displays data by small bright dots called pixels. Monitors are of two types.

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Flat Panel Display (FDP)

Data projectors

Data projectors are used to show colorful slides and images directly from computer disk on a wall or large
screen through an optical lens. They are also called digital light projectors and video projectors.

Speakers

Speakers give output in form of sound. They are good for people with visual disabilities or where display is not easy

3: hardcopy
It is out put on paper it is nonvolatile output that is relatively stable and permanent from hardcopy devices are

Printers
They usually give output on paper and can print both text and graphics. There are two types of printers Impact Non-Impact

Plotters Like printer it gives images on paper but typically used to print large format images such as maps, construction drawing,
advertising hoardings etc

Storage device
A storage device refers to a hardware used to store information. There are two types of storage device Primary and Secondary

1: Primary storage devices

They are quite smaller in storage capacity most primary storage devices are found in
computer and they have fastest access to primary devices include ram rom

Rom
It is read only memory it is permanent memory rom is quite small in capacity it stores the major setting of computer
permanently

Ram
Is Random Access Memory. RAM is volatile, means it loses its content as the power supply is disconnected. This is used
to store data and instructions temporarily

Secondry storage device

Secondary storage devices have a larger storage capacity and can store data permanently.
Users save their data on secondary storage devices. Hard Disk, CD and DVD, SD Card and USB flash disk are the examples of secondary
storage devices.

Basic operation of computers

A computer is a machine that act according to the instruction given by the user
computer process four basic operation in put, processing output and storage

Input Computer
Input has many forms. It can be from a command entered using a keyboard or a mouse. It can be data sent from another computer on a
network.

Processing
Processing is done inside the computer by CPU. Processing is the conversion of input into output. After processing, data is turned into
meaningful information. This is carried out with the help of arithmetic and logical operations.

Storage
Storage refers to the holding or saving data. RAM, ROM and Hard Disk are the devices that are used for storage

Output
Output is the result of a computer processing. Output may be viewed on a monitor screen, heard through speakers or printed on paper.
Here, monitor screen, speakers and printer are called output devices.

Computer of software
Software I a set of computer that a computer use to perform a task there are two
main software system software and application software

System software
System software is a computer program that coordinate all activates and function of computer it also control all
the operation of the computer and hardware it includes operating system device drivers utility programs and language translators

Operating system
Operating system is the master control program that manage all the system resources window and Linux are
commonly used in operating system

Device drier
Device driver are computer program that control a particular device when it is connected to a computer any hardware that we have in our
computer must have a device driver to communicate with operating system .operating system have drivers pre install in them this gave rise
to the concept of plug and play
CHAPTER2
Q1 Define Operating System and Give There Three Example

ANS An operating system is a software which perform all the basic task like booting the computer process management controlling
peripheral devices etc. Most popular operating system is (1) window (2) Linux (3) DOS

Q2 Define a function of operating system and list them below describe briefly all functions of operating system

ANS Faction of operating system

Operating system manage all the activates of a computer it is a master of control program that provide an
interface for a user to communicate with computer following are the listing of operating system function

Booting

Resource management

User interface or command interface

Memory management

Input/output management

File management

Process management

User management

Booting
Booting is a program that stare computer and check resources and make ready to perform different task

Resources management
Operating system manage all the hardware and software resources this include allocation, de allocation, of process, memory
access to shares cache memory and access to network resources

User interface or command interpreter

We interact with operating system through user interface command interpreter is one of the part of computer that reads
command from user. Interpreter them and translate into machine language to instruction that the computer hardware can understand.

Input / output management

An operating system is provide the device driver to facility 1/0 function and including 1/0 device these device drivers are software
that control 1/0dvices through controller

Memory management
Memory management module perform basic task of allocation and de allocation of process memory access to shared cache
memory and access to network resources
File management
It manage all the file related activates such as organization, storage, retrievals, renaming, sharing, and protection of file

User management
In modern operating system user management describe the ability of administrator to control user access to various computer
resources lie software 1/0 devices, operating system and network etc.

Q3 which resources is managed by resources management function of Os?

An Operating system manages all the hardware and software resources. This includes allocation and de-allocation of processor,
memory, access to shared cache memory and access to network resources.

Q4 what is interface? Describe these types

AN An interface is a program that allows a user to interact with the computer or another computer over a network. A User Interface
(UI) is the part of operating system, program, or devices that allows a user to enter and receive information. There are many types of User
Interfaces. Two most common user interfaces are discussed below

Command line interface

A Command Line Interface (CLI) is a screen or text based representation in which the user types the commands on place called prompt to
operate the computer. Command contains string of characters CLI is difficult to use because the user has to remember the commands and
their syntaxes but it is fast in use because text mode takes less resources. It was primarily provided to users by computer terminals on
UNIX, and personal computers including MS-DOS and Apple DOS.

Graphical user interface

GUI is graphical (menus, icons, button) based interface .working surface of gui is called desktop (icons, taskbar, start button) it is
easily to use as a user are supposed to just click on picture to run command without memorizing them

Q5 how many types of real time processing operating system explain in detail?

ANS there are two types if real time operating system

Hard real time

A Hard Real Time System guarantees that critical tasks complete on time, even the shortest delay or urgency is not acceptable.
Here system should meet the deadline. Missile systems and Air Traffic Control System are best examples of Hard Real Time System .

Soft real time system

Soft real time system does not guarantees that task will be complete in definite time. In soft real time system delay a certain time
according to priority. Online transaction, airline tickets are the example of soft real time system

Q6 list the program in MS office write why each program is used?

A list the program available in office MS office contain

Spread sheet (MS excel)

Word processor (MS excel)

Multimedia presentation (MS power point)

Email application (MS outlook)

Database management system (MS access)

Microsoft office is a very helpful tool wieldy used in homes office and school to organize manage and present information data and figures
it include word to create and share document excel to analyze and visualize data power point to create collaborate and effective present
ideas outlook to organize email coordinate schedules and stay up to data with contact access to create custom data base process

Q7 how to install window Os?

A Insert the Windows Installation DVD/Flash Drive

Restart your Computer

Wait for the first startup screen

Press or hold Del or F2 to enter the BIOS screen

Locate the Boot order/ Boot sequence

Select Boot order/ Boot sequence as per your installation source a. USB Flash/USB Hard Disk b. USB CD/DVD ROM c. Internal CD/DVD ROM

Select any option: a. Upgrade b. Customize Installation (Advance)

Select any drive for installing your operating system

Follow the on screen instruction

Q8 what is the difference between single user and multiple user os? If you are a manager of a large organization which type of os will
you prefer justify your answer with any two reasons

A In a Single User Operating System, a single user can access the computer system at a time. These types of operating systems are
commonly used. DOS for PCs and Windows 98 for PCs are example of single user operating system. A Multi-User Operating System allows
multiple users to access the computer at same time. The operating system manages the memory and resources among the various users
according to the requirement. Linux and UNIX are the most common examples of the multi-user operating system .

Q9 What do you mean by software installation?

A software installation is the process of making program ready for execution software installation or installer is a computer program
that installs files such as application derivers or pother software on to a computer .

Q10 How to install office automation and antivirus software?

A Purchase or download the software: You may need to purchase a license for some office automation software or
download it from the official website.

Run the installer: Locate the downloaded installation file and double-click it to run the installation wizard.

Follow the on-screen instructions

Enter your product key: If required, enter the product key or activation code when prompted.
Ongoing maintenance: Ensure that the antivirus software is kept up to date, and set up automatic updates for the best
protection.
MS Office installer will notify automatically after finishing the installation.

Steps of installation of antic virus:

1 fined the download fie, on your computer

2 If the download file is a zip file unzip the files to extract and access the installation files.

3 look for a file named setup ex install. Exe or something similar them double click that file.

4 Downloading the anti-virus software click on install option.

5 After installation click on finish.

Q11 what is anti-virus? Why it is important to install an antivirus.

ANS Anti-virus software is a anti-malware software it is used to protect your file and remove viruses. To keep
our computer secure free form viruses it is very important to install antivirus. They also help to recover data that
has been lost due to virus
 CHATPTER3
Q1 what is word processor write 3appliccation of word processor?
ANS Word processor is a program that allow a user to type text and manipulates it. By using processor program.it has
advance feature like table, image, formatting and reviewing give its user the ability to customize their document as
required

Application of word processor

You can read books article and newsletter.
You can creates notes assignment and newsletter.
You can make report pamphlets and broachers and resumes.

Q2 what is the purpose page of layout tab name the groups include in it?
ANS The Page Layout Tab holds all the options that allow you to arrange your document pages just the way
you want them.

Q3 define each group in page layout?

ANS the page layout tab has five group of related command namely themes, page setup, page background,
paragraph and arrange
1 themes group: A theme is a predefine set of formatting, colors, and setting and changes the overall design
and look of the entre document there are different themes available relevant to the types of document based
composed.
2 page setup group: Page setup setting help us set the page payout properties such as margin page orientation
and size the setting in this section are often applied throughout the document
3 Page background group: These settings are used mostly for special document such as certificates, invitations,
and broachers’, essay, etc.it contains 3 buttons namely watermark, page color and page border
4 paragraph group: The paragraph is group is where we can modify all the settings of the paragraph that
appear in our document this allow us to set a few basic paragraph styles and also adjust the indent and
spacing.
5Arrange group: The buttons in arrange group help the user to quickly arrange graphical and other element of
the document in relation to the main textual content

Q4 Describe the following button present in arrange group position selection pane align group rotate?
ANS following are the option which are available I n arrange group
1 Position: Position is place to use an object (picture or shape) on the page where you want in the document.
2 Selection Pen: selection pen is used to select hoe hide and change the order of object in a document.
3 Align: It is used place object like picture, shape, icon etc. in alignment with margins edge or relative to
another object in the document.
4 Group: Group is used to combine two or more object together so that they can be trated a a single object.
5 rotate: rotate is used to rotate or flip the selected object.

Q5 Descries the page margin. How can we apply page margin in a document?
ANS Margins: A margin is the area or space between the main content of a page and the page edge. Margin
is used to change the margin of the entire document or selected selection the page setup group on the page
layout tab contain tools for setting the page margins.
Steps to apply a margin in a document
1 Go to page lay out
Click margin from page setup group.
3 Click on the arrow under Margins to choose an option from margin size for the document. You can also find
more option by clicking on custom margin in the menu.

Q6 Define line number and hyphenation present in page setup getup?

ANS Line number: this button is used to add line number on the left side of each line of the document
Hyphenation: this button is used to specify hoe how hydration in a document should be applied

Q7 Name and describe two option in orientation?

ANS These are two option in orientation
Portrait (vertical)
Landscape (horizontal)
Page orientation or print orientation is a placement of content on a page this button sets the content of the
page or selection n portrait (vertical landscape (horizontal) layout.
Portrait: In portrait mode height of the page is greater ten width of the page.
Landscape: In land scape mode width of the page is greater than height of the page.

Q8 define paper size option in the page setup group?

ANS Page size: Paper size is used to choose the size of the page for current section or entire document. We
usually use A4 size paper for standard document.
Q9 Define page colorant page border present in page ground group?
ANS Page color: This button is used when user wants to apply a color for the back ground of the page.

Q10 Explain the columns in the page setup group?

ANS Colum option in page setup group is used to split the text into two or more vertical columns.
1 Select the text you want to format.
2 Select the page layout tab and then click the columns commands Drop down menu will appear.
3 Select the number of column you want to create
4 The text will format into column i.e. the formatted text.

Q11 describe the different types of break in MS word?

ANS Text of break in MS word: There are two basic types of break on MS word
1 page break
A) Page
b) Columns
c) Text wrapping
2selection break
A) Next page
B) Continuous
C) Even page
D) Odd page
1) Page break the page break feature enable us to tell the computer to partition only the body text
A) Page: mark the point at which one page ends and the next page
B) Column: Indicates that the text following the column break will begin in the next column.
C) Text wrapping: Separate text around objects on web page such as captain text from body text
2) Selection break: It partition the body text of the document and its associated formatting such as headers
and footers page number and margined etc.
A) Next page: Insert a section break and start the new section on the next page.
B) Continuous: Insert a section break and start the new section on the next page.
C) Even page: Insert a section break and start the next section on the text even numbered page.
D) Odd page: Insert a section brake and the start new section on the next odd numbered page.

Q12 why do we use water mark in a document? Give some example of water mark

ANS It is used to insert the logo of you company image of your brand /business and it can also be used to
insert text like confidential, draft and copyright etc. behind the content of a page.

Q13 How do we used indent text in a document?

ANS we use different indent option in a document which are as follows:
Indent left: It is used to define amount of blank space used to separate the paragraph from left margin.
Indent right: It is used to define amount of blank space used to separate the paragraph from right margin.
Space before: It is used to indicate how much space is added before the selected paragraph.
Space after: it is used to indicate how much space is added after the selected paragraph.

Q14 Definite between “being forward” and “sent back word” option in arrange group with example?
ANS Bring to front: moves a selected object to the very top of the canvas. Bring forward: moves a selected
object one layer up within the canvas.
Bring forward: bring a selected object in front of all object.
Send backward: sent select object behind all other object.

Q15 What is the table of content (toc) in what way does a toc help book reader?
ANS a table of content (toc) is an organized listing of selection, groups and heading of content in a
document and identified by page number where they are placed. It provides an over view of the document
and allow reader to go directly to specific or content in a document,

Q16 how to create table of content?

ANS we need following steps to make table of contents
Go to the reference tab where table of content button appear as the faster option of the tab.
MS word provide several option of creating a toc that include automatic table creation based on the
requirements of the document.

Q17 can we use other than the default English language in Misword?
ANS yes we can use other language in MS word software.
1 Urdu
2 Persian
3 Sindhi etc.

Q18 what is micro soft excel software?

ANS Microsoft excel is an application software that use spread sheet system to organized display format
and calculation data using advanced future formals an function.ms excel is a part of micro soft office suite and
integrates With other application in the office suite it is mostly used in accounting and financial purpose.

Q19 List 4 uses of spread sheet in business?

1 payroll: it is the calculation workers’ salaries tax dedication and paying them
2 Charts: it is used to create chart. A chart show information in the form of picture. Picture help us to
understand and meaning of numbers of mostly
3 Inventory: it is used to manage inventory of your business inventory is also know stock are the item which
are available for used to manufacture products for sale
4 finical statement: it is used to produce finical statement for a business it shoe a finincal perfopmace and
position of a business (profit/loss)

Q20 Define formula with example?

ANS A formula is an expression which calculates the value of cell.it allow user to perform numerous
calculation in data common calculation are addition, subtracting, division, and multiplication formula always
start from =equals to sign they are defined in the formula bar. Example =A! +A2+A3+A4is a formula.

Q21 Write that steps will multiply 37by15 in the formula bar?
ANS The steps will multiply 37by15 using the formula bar.
1 Select cell 2
2 Type= (equal sing)
3 Select cell 2 in the work sheet by using the mouse or keyboard. This action place the cell reference A2 in the
formula or selected cell
4 Type
5 Select cell B2 in to work sheet by using the mouse or the keyboard to put the cells reference in the formula
of selected cell
6 Press entre
7The answer (555) will be calculated my ms excel and displayed in the cell (C2) where the multiplication
formula was composed.

Q22 define sorting and charts in Microsoft excel software?

ANS sorting: sorting is the process of rearranging or recording data based on different criteria like size,
quality, value and quantity it is also rearranges the rows base on the contents the rise base on the contents of
a particular column
Charts: charts also knows as graphs. They include diagram and tables. Charts fracture in MS excel allows the
user to present a set of data visually
Chapter 4C
Q1 Define communication?
ANS communication is a process of data sharing a message. A conversation between two people is an
example of communication

Q2 define the basic following terminological of data communicates? (1) Data (2) data communication (3)
data transmission (4) analog signal (5) digital signal (6) data rate /bitrate (7) baud rate (8) Signal of noise ratio
ANS
1 Data: collection of raw facts and figure is called data. The text, number, symbol, image, voice and video
which are processed by computer and digital devices are called data.
2 Data communication: data communication is a process of transferring data electrically from one place to
another. It is process of exchange of data and information between two parts such as human and electronic or
computing device
3 Data transmission: the data transmission means emission of data in any directions wireless or wired
medium. Transmission may occur and destination
4 Digital signal: a digital signal is an electrical signal that is converted into a pattern of bits to represent a
sequence to discrete values, at any given time it can only be one of the finite numbers represented as 0 or 1
5 Analog signal: analog signal are a continuously varying signals or wave that change with time period and
used to represented data. An analog signal can be used to measure change in some physical quantities such as
light, sound, pressure, or temperature.
6 Data rate /bit rate: data rate is a rate at which data is transferred. It is normal measured in bit per second bit
is a actual binary digit which is basic unit of data transmission. Bit can hold either 0or 1. Data rate can be
ranging from bps (bits per second) for smaller values to kbps (kilobits per second) and mbps (megabits it’s per
second)
Baud rate: the baud rate is number of signals transmitted per second and one signal can represent one or
more bits it is used to describe the maximum change in an electronic signal for example(if a signal change
1200 times in a second it would be measured at 1200 hands
Q3 Definite between analog and digital signal

Analog signal Digital signal

1 An analog signal is a continuous wave that
changes by time period
2 Analog signal has no fixed range
3 An analog signal can easily be disturbed by other
signal wave
4 The human voice is an example of analog signal
5 An analog signal is represented by sine wave
6 Analog signals are long term waves needed to be
boosting
A digital signal is a discrete wave that carries
information in binary
Digital signal has finite number i.e. 0and 1.
A digital signal is less prone to other signals
distributed
Signal are use in computer are called digital signal
A digital signal is represented by square wave
Digital signals are short term signals remain with
in digital devices /electronic.

Q4 Different between bit rate and baud rate?

ANS

1 Bit rate tells the numbers of buts and
transmitted
2 Bit is the number of bit transmitted per
second
3 Bit rate =baud rate multiply the number of
bits per signal unit
4 Data rate can be measured by kbps
Baud rate is used to when we want to to know the
number of signal unit transmitted per unit of time
(second)
Baud rate is the number of times a signal is traveling
comprised of bits, signal cam represented more than
one bits
Baud rate =baud rate /the number of bits per signal
unit
It has no measured

Q5 Explain components of communication using signal example?

ANS Components of communication with example: a communication have 5 components which are as
follows
1 Message: it is the information of data communication to be connected. Common form of information
include text, number, video, picture and audio.
2 Sender: it is the device that generates and sends the message it ca be computer, telephone handset etc.
3 Receiver: A partial digital electronic device which has capability to receive data in form of message the
location of receiving computer it is generally different from the sending computer like sender: it is also be a
computer, telephone and handset etc.
4 Medium: it is the channel or path through which the message is carried from sender to receiver. Some
example include twisted pair cable, coaxial cable, radio wave, etc.
5 protocol: protocol are the rules and producer on which computer exchange data on network. Sender and
receiver follow some protocols to communicate with each other. Some example of protocol includes. RIP
(Routing information protocol), IGRP (Inter net get way routing protocol) and BGP (Border getaway protocol).
Q6 List the properties of good communication system Explain any one
ANS (1) Delivery (2) Accuracy (3) Timelines
1 Delivery: The system must be able to deliver data in correct order to the correct destination.
2 Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately. Data that has been altered during transmission and
left Uncorrected is not useful.
4 Timeless: The data must be delivered in a timely manner. Deliver later is unless.

Q7 Define transmission medium?

ANS transmission medium or communication channel is a wireless or physical path between the sender and
receiver through which data is send and receive from one place to another. Transmission is broadly classified
in to two group, guided media and unguided media.

Q8 Define guided media and its type?

ANS Transmitted media are also called bounded media and it is defined as physical media through which
signals are transmitted.
1 Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair cable is most commonly used in physical transmission medium it is used in
local area in network to connect computer and other devices. Each wire has unique color code there are teo
types of twisted pair cable (1) unshielded twisted pair cable (2) shielded pair cable.
a) Unshielded twisted pair cable: This type of cable can blocked interface but it is vulnerable to external
interface. It is mostly used in telephonic application. It is less expenses and easy to install.
b) Shielded twisted pair cable: this type of cable consist special type of coding to block external interface it is
used in fast data rate and Ethernet and also in voice and data channels o telephones lines.
2 coaxial cable: Coaxial cables have concentric layers of electrical conductors and insulating material.
3 Fiber optic cable: it use te concept of reflecting of light though the core made up of glass or plastic the core
is surrounded by a less dense of or plastic covering called the cladding .
Q9 Define unguided media and it typo?
ANS Unguided media transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical conductor.
1 Radio wave: Radio wave is also called electromagnetic wave this are easy to generate and can penetrate
through building. Radio wave are Omni directional and prorogate in all direction.
2 Micro waves: Microwave transmission is the transmission of information by electromagnetic waves with
wavelengths in the microwave frequency range of 300 MHz to 300 GHz.
3 Infrared: Electromagnetic radiation of a wave length longer than visible light but shorter ten microwave
radiation having a wave length between 700 length nm and 1 mm.
Q10 What is difference between radio wave and micro wave?

ANS Radio wave Microwave

1 These are Omni direction ion nature These are unidirectional in nature
2 Frequency range3KHZto1GHZ 1GHZto300GHZ these offer medium security
3 These offer poor signal These offer medium signal
4 Attenuation are high Attenuation are variable
5 Setup and usage cost is moderate Setup an usage cost is high
6 Radio wave are used for communication such Microwave are used for satellites communication
as television and radio and for cooking food

Q11 Define terms Transmission impairment?

ANS Transmission impairment: signal travel through transmission media are lose their quality. This means
that receives signal is not same as the signal that was sent. This is called transmission impairment.

Q12 List the causes of signal impairments .Explain all of them.

ANS (1) Attenuation (2) Distortion (3) Noise
1 Attenuation: Attenuation means loss of signals. A signal loss its energy due to the resistance of medium
while it is transmitted
1 Distortion: Distortion means changing the shape of signal. A composition signal have several frequency,
when its travel through a medium different od signal components of signal may reach at different time at
destination because each components has different speed in that medium.
3 Noise: Unwanted signal that are mixed up with the original signal during the transmission of data is called
noise.

Q13 Define communication device?

ANS Amplifier, Router, Hub, Switch
1 Amplifier: An amplifier is a electronic device that increase the voltage current of signal and signal
and power of signal. Amplifier is a wireless communication and broad casting and it audio
equipment of all kind.

2 Router: a router is a networking device that forward data packets between computer networks
outperform the traffic direction through the internet. Such as webpage or e mail is the form of data
package.

3 Switch: A switch or network switch is a networking device which is connect with a computer and
other device like printers, scanners, cameras on a network.

4 Hub: Basically a hub is a repeater with multiples ports. The function of a hub in a network is similar
to repeat. It transform a data in a form of binary bits in uses for broadcasting data.
Q15 Define modem and its types
ANS Modem is a short form of modulator and de modulator. Modulator is a process of data converting
digital signal and de modulate convert data in to analog signal. Module has a ability to sending and receiving
signals that allow computer to sharing information in each other.
(1) Dial up modem: Dial up modem is a standard telephone lines to transmit and receives information. A dial
up modem can be internal or external. It is important to remember that telephones lines carry only analog
signals. Where the data package sent the data in in digital form.
(2) DSL modem: Dsl modem stand for digital subscriber line. Dsl modem has a built in network switch which
enable us to twisted pair wire to deliver data and voice at high speed a compare to dial up modem.
(3) Isdn modem: Integrated service digital network is a digital phone connection that can transmitted data
voice and video over a normal telephone line at the same time which was not done before. It is faster and
expensive technology.

Q16 Define network interface card?

ANS Network interface card: Network cards also known as network interface card are hardware devices
that connects a computer with the network. They are install cards on the mother board. They are responsible
for establishing a physical connection between the network and the computer. Computer data is transmitted
into a electrical signals and sent to the network via network interface cards.

Q17 Define computer network and networking. Define with example of LAN, WAN, MAN
ANs Computer networking: A computer networking is a group of computers and related equipment
connected by a communication links to share data and other resources related equipment may be printer
scanner, fax machine, server , etc.
Network: networking is the act of joining computer and its accessories so that exchange of information
and sharing of resources tale place.
Example of LAN, MAN WAN:
1 Local area network (LAN): the first application of LAN network is that can be easily implement as a
server client model work. Example home wife and small business network are the example of LAN.
2 Metropolitan network area (MAN): Various government bodies use MAN network for inter connectivity
between their department offices situated at different location Example. Man can be used ovaries police
station which are situated with in a district or city wicth each other the office can easily communicate with
each other and quickly pass on the important data and an urgent message over this network without any
need for the internet connection.
3 Wide area network (WAN): WAN is widely used in long distance communication system Example
Military operation require highly secured network for communication this WAN is used in this scenario
Q18 Define topology and describe is its type.
ANS The physical layout which computers are connect it is called topology .there are three types of
topology Bus, Ring, and Star topology.
1 Bus topology: Bus topology and different devices are connected with a single cable. The central cable is the
back bone of the network and every devices communicates worth the other devices through the bus topology.
2 Star topology: Star topology all the computer are connected to a central devices is called hub or switch. To
communicate with any computer, the sender must send information to the hub. Then the hub transmitted
that information to the destination.
3 ring topology: ring topology computers are connects in a ring or circle shape. The signal travels around the
loop in one direction and pass through each other

Q19 List one merit and one demerit of each topology?

ANS Merit and demerit of topology.
1) Bus topology
A) Easy to implement and extend
B) Difficult to administer /trouble shoot
2) Ring topology:
a) The transmission of data is relative simple as packet travel in one direction only.
b) If any of the nodes fail then the ring is broken and the data cannot be transmitted successfully
3) Star topology
a) Easy to expand and setup
b) Extra hardware required

Q21 Explain the standard organization ISO, IETF, ITU, ANSI

ANS 1International organization of standard (ISO): It converts a wild field range the iso has member from
the standard commits of various government across the world.
2 institute of Electrical and electrical engineer (IEEE): It is an international professional nonprofit organization
Electronic computers and communication engineers researches and scientist and student are the member of
IEEE
3 International engeering task (IETF): It is a large international community of network designer, operator,
vendor and researchers concord with the development of internet, architecture and smooth operation of
internet
4 International telecommunication unio(ITU): The organization is specialized agency that is responsible for
resolving the issue concern with information and communication technologies
5 American national standard institute (ANSI): It is the official standard agency fr the united states ANSI is a completely
private nonprofit organization comprised of equipment manufactures and user of data processing equipment and
services. , processes, system and personal in the United States.

Q22 Define network architecture?

ANS Network architecture: It is the design of a computer network. It is the frame work for the specification of a
network physical components, their function organized and configuration operational producers and communication
protocols used. Just like OSI/TCP layered architecture.

Q23 Why OSI model is broken up in layers?

ANS OSI models are broken up in model because it will be easy for trouble shooting the network problem only the
layers in which the problems only the layers in which the problem exit will be modified, other layers are left untouched.

Q24 What is ISO`s OSI model?

ANS ISO`s OSI model: The operating system interconnection model is a conceptual model develop by ISO. It
characterized and standardize the communication function of a telecommunication and computing network. Its goal is
the interoperability of different communication system with standard communication protocols. This model divide a
communication system into seven abstraction layers.

Q25 What is the function of all layers of ISO`s OSI model?

ANS

s.n Layers Functions

o
1 Physical It is responsible for converting electric signal into bits. It also defines the cable types to be used
as transmission media, cards, topology and other physical aspects
2 Data links This layers is responsible to transmit data using physical addresses.
3 Network The function of this layers is the selection of the shortest and suitable path form sources to
destination from the number of routes available.
4 Transport It ensure the reliable transmission of data. Transport layers manages error control, floe control
and quality of the services.
5 Session This layers establishes, maintain and ends a session or logical connection between two
computers. It can manage who can transmit data at a certain time and foe hoe long
6 Presentation It receives information from the application layers and converts ot to uniform network format
(ASCII or Unicode) which is acceptable by rest of OSI model and destination.
7 Applications This applications enable us to access the network with applications such as email, file transfer,
etc. These applications produce a data which is transferred over the network.
Q26 What is TCP/IP model?

ANS TCP/IP is a suite of communication protocol used to inter correct network devices on the network. These are set
of rules and procedure TCP/IP specifies how data is exchange over the internet by providing end to end communication.

Q27 Describes the layer of function of layers in TCP/IP model?

ANS

OSI latters TCP/ IP layers Function

Application Application Using protocol like HTTP and FTP, this layers allows interaction with application.
Presentation layers Application layers is also responsible to encode and decode data and establish
Session communication between two devices.
Using protocol like UDP and TCP this layesr establish a lofical connection
Transport Transport layer between two devices and makes sure the reliable delivery of data.

Network Internet layers It is responsible for packet forwarding by accessing physical path.

Data link Network access Using a logical addressing this layer decides how data will be sent across
Physical layer different networks path.

Q28 Define network addressing?

ANS Network Addressing: A network address is a unique physical or logical address that distinguishes a
network node or device over a computer or telecommunications network .

Q29 Definite between physical address and logical address.

ANS

S no Physical address Logical address

1 Physical address is a attaches with rom of
CNIC card
2 Physical address means MAC(media access
control)provide by manufacture and
attached address of the NIC The card
which I used to connect the machine to
the internet
3 Physical address cannot be change. It is
also called hardware adders
4 Physical address Is a 48 bi tmac address
5 It is globally unique and permanent
Logical address is a assigned to a device.
Logical address is a IP address which that is
provided by your internet services provider (ISP)
or set by network administer
Logical address can be changed
Logics address is a 38 bit IP address.
It is unique in a network and temporary.

Q30 DefineIPV4 address?

ANS IPV4 address: IPV4 stands for internet protocol version 4. AnIPV4 address is made up of 32 binary bits which is
divided in to two parts network and host. The host portion define the computer or any other computing devices and the
network portion the address the computer network.
 Chapter 6
Q1 what dos web development means and how it can be done?

ANS Development of web site and online application is called web site. And it is done by coding in different language
by using several wed development tool and framework.

Q2 Define the followings term?

ANS (1) World wide web.

(2)Web page.

(3) Web site.

(4) Web browser.

(5) Uniform resources locator (URL).

(6) Search engine.

(7) Home page.

(8) Web hosting.

(9) Web server.

(1) World Wide Web (WWW): The World Wide Web (WWW) is commonly known as web. The web is collection of
computers connected through a network to provide publicity accessible information.

(2) Web page: A web page is a document commonly written in HTML. This is accessible through internet by using
internet browser.

(3) Web site: A web site is a collection of web pages containing text, images and all types of multimedia related to a
specific set of information. A web site can be accessed through a uniform resources locator (URL).

(4) Web browser: A software application used to access information on the World Wide Web.

(5) Uniform resources locator(URL): It is used to address of a resources of the internet (e.g. https://.google.com)

(A) The protocol used to access the resources (http ://)

(B) The location of server. (Www Google.com)

(6) Search engine: A search engine is a web base tool that enable a user to locate information on the web. Most
popular search engine are Google, yahoo.

(7) Home page: A home page is also known as (landing page) is a web page that serves as the starting point of the
web page.

(8) Web hosting: A web hosting is a service that allows a web developer to make a website publicity accessible
through the internet.
 (9) Web server: A web server is a computer that responsible for serving a website and all pf its contents including
text and media to a user.

Q3 Definite between the web hosting and web server?

ANS

S Web hosting Web server

n
o
1 It is a server to allow a user to create a website.
2 Hosting means that all the webpages and their
supporting files are available on that computer.
3 It is special package for user
4 Money is not included.
5 A web host can be a service that has access to an
inter net server.
6 It is a server provided by a companion.
7 Many developers can programs involve any provide
website for the people.
A web server is a computer that has responsible to
serving websites.
The web server will sent any webpage from the website.
It is hosting to any user browser to per user request.
It is special connectio0n for the user.
Money is included.
A sever dedicate to running this software that can satisfy
client request on the world wide web.
A web server can in general contain one or more
websites
A wb server processes incoming network request over
HTTP.

Q4 Discuss different type of websites?

ANS (1) Portal: A portal is a website that provides a single access point of information for all of its user. It collects
information from different sources like email forums search engine and present to the user in a uniform way.
Yahoo and MNS are common example of web portal.

(2) News: A news website is a modern day alternative for newspaper such websites contain everyday
information related to currents affairs, sports, politics, weather, health, technology, entertainment etc.

(3)Informational: Informational web sites detail information of any fields they are many dedicated informational
websites for science, art, sports, online training, research etc.

(4) Educational: Educational websites are purely designed to provide educational material foe both teachers and
students such as sabaq.pk, khan academy .org, etc.

(5) Personal: A person who share his or her bio grapy or achievement in a custom development websites.

(6) Business: A business website is a best way of organization to market their products and receives. It
also tell about the team, policies and procedure of that business. For instance, www.psx.com.pk is the website
of Pakistan stock exchange.

(7) Blogs: A blog is a special type of websites that is composed of articles and post. These articles are organized
into categories and sorts by the time when they were publish word press is a popular website.

(8) Forums: A forum is an online place where different user can discuss about any topic. These topic can be
categorized so that user can easily locate topic their interest.
(9) Entertainment: A entertainment websites can serves content like videos or game purely for the purpose of
entertainment. YouTube is widely used for entertainment.
 (10) Social: social website is a plat form where platform where different people get together and socialized with
each other. They can also share their ideas, opinions and media. Facebook and twitter are instances of social
networking websites.

Q5 Define hype text markup?

ANS Hypertext markup (HTML) It is standard markup language foe text document. It allow the user to create
structure content by adding headings, paragraphs, links, block quotes and other media.

Q6 Explain the steps of involved in creating web pages in HTML?

ANS creating a simple web page. It is very easy it requires a text editor a file with html extension and a web browser
to view that page.

Step1: Text editor: Start by simply creating a new blank file in a text editor of your choice. A simple text editor like not
pad can be used to start coding HTML foe a web page.

Step2: write HTML code in text editor

Example:

<Html>

<Head>

<Title>my website</title>

</head>

<Body>

Welcome to my first web page.

</body>

<Html>

Step3: save html page: Go to file menu and click on save. Make sure to provide .html or. Html extension for the file
begin saved. This will save the document web page instead of a plain text file.

Step 4: View HTML page on Brower: Open the save html file in your default web browser. The web browser will be
automatically translate HTML codes to correctly display the web page.

Q7 Define html page?

ANS HTML tags: HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. These elements are define by placing HTML
tags in our documents. These tags are placed in angular bracket.
Q8 Different between <head>, <title> and <h1> to<h6> tags.

ANS

S no Head Title H1 to H6
1 It is used to define additional It is used to define title of a page. It is used to define six level of html
information about the web page. heading.

2 It contain a set of tags such Title are very important to every It is used for heading purpose like
as<title>, <meta>, <style>, website. highest , lightest etc.
<script>.
3 Mostly used for formatting It display on search engine result It5 is mostly used for heading level of
purpose. page. website
4 It also include each separate Title present main content of a H1 toH6 may be left margin center or
headings. page. right

Q9 Definite between order and unordered list?

ANS

S no Ordered list Unordered list

1 An ordered list also display a list of related item in
which ordered of the list is important.
2 EG. Names of student in order to their exam list.
3 These list of items with n8mber d=starting from I.
4 It is mostly used in official purpose.
An unordered list also display a list of related item in
which order of the list is not important.
EG. Names of fruit. Names of place. Name of restaurant.
These list of item which bullet item
It is mostly used on general purpose.

Q10 How can we change the back ground of the HTML document o an image or to a color other than white also
explain bg color and background attribute.

ANS To add background color in HTML, use the CSS background-color property. Set it to the color name or code you
want and place it inside a style attribute. Then add this style attribute to an HTML element, like a table, heading, div, or
span tag.

Bg color: This attribute is used to change the color of the entire web page. Its color value can be defined as RGB code,
hexadecimal code or by color name. For instance.to set the back ground color of the web page to green we can use
these value: rgb (0, 255, 0):#00FF00: green EG <body bg color=”green” >.

Back ground: This attribute id\s used to display an image as the background of the web page. Its value will be the
reference ir URL of the background image. EG<body background=”image”. Jpg”>.

Q11 How we can create a hyper link to an external web page or within in same web page?

ANS 1 Use the <a> element to define a link.

2 Use the href attribute to define the link address.

3 Use the target attribute to define where to open the linked document.

4 Use the <img> element (inside <a>) to use an image as a link. More item.
.
Q12 What type of html elements is used to display data in rows and column? Discuss some of its formatting features.

ANS 1 Tables: Table allow displaying the content (like text, image, and links) in the form of rows and columns. The
coordinating placed of a row with a column is called cell.

2 Rows and columns: Rows are horizontal lines and columns are vertical lines.

3 Table heading: Table heading allows defining a header for the columns of our table. Cell is define by <th> tag is
placed inside a<tr> row tag it is used for the definite from the content placed inside normal<td> tags data cells. To make
the entire header raw stand our from the rest of the table content s, define <th> tags foe all columns of tge first <tr> row
tag of any <table> tag.

4 Table data: The content is placed inside a cell in table by using <td> table data tag. A cell can contain any type
of data such as text. Image. Media, links etc.

5 Cell attribute:

S no Attribute value Description

1 Align Left: Specifics the alignment of the content inside the cell.
Center:
Right
2 Valign Top: Vertically aligns the content in a cell.
Middle:
Bottom:
Baseline
3 Cols pan number Specifies the number of columns a cell should merge into
4 Rows pan Number Sets the number of roes a cell should merge into.

Q13 Explain frames and freshet along with their attributes?

ANS Frames: HTML frames are powerful element which allow displaying the content or another. HTML document
within web page. A web page can be divided into multiple section and each section can display all content from a
different web page by using frames.

S no Attribute Value Description

1 Src Url Define the url of the page which should be displayed in the frame.
2 Margin high pixels Define top and bottom spaces of a frame.
3 Margin width pixels Define left and right spaces of a frame.
4 No resized No resize Define if the user can change the frame size or not.
5 scrolling Yes :no :auto Define if the scroll bar should be displayed within the frame or not.

Framesets: Framne sheets define how a web page is divided in to woes and columns to display multiple frames
on that web page. It is define by <frameset> tag and contains one or more <frame> tags.

S no Attribute Value Description

1 cols Pixels:% Define the number and the size of frame columns.
2 rows Pixels:% Define the number and size of frame rows.
Q14 List some popular text editor and tools which help in designing and development of websites.

ANS Following is the list of some of the tools thqat helps in designing and development a website

S no Tools Text editor

1 Microsoft front page Notepad
2 Coral draw Text mate
3 Adobe Dreamweaver Vim
4 Word press PS pad
5 Microsoft visual studio Coda
6 WIX APTANA
7 Figma etc. Aptana