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COMPUTER
FUNDAMENTALS AND
PROGRAMMING
COMPUTER ORGANIZATION
It is a programmable machine that has the ability to store, retrieve, and process
data.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
ABACUS
• a mechanical device used to aid an individual in
performing mathematical calculations.
PASCALINE
• Invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642.
• It is too expensive.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
STEPPED RECKONER
• Invented by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1672.
JACQUARD LOOM
• The Jacquard loom is a mechanical loom, invented
by Joseph-Marie Jacquard in 1801.
DIFFERENCE ENGINE
• Is an automatic mechanical calculator designed to
tabulate polynomial functions.
ANALYTICAL ENGINE
• In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron (Ada Augusta the
Countess of Love Lace/Ada Lovelace) suggests to
Babbage that he use the binary system.
TABULATING MACHINE
• Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890.
HARVARD MARK 1
• Also known as IBM Automatic Sequence
Controlled Calculator (ASCC).
Z1
• The first programmable computer.
COLOSSUS
• Alan Turing developed the first electronic
computer in 1943.
ENIAC
• Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer.
UNIVAC 1
• UNIVAC 1 stands for UNIVersal Automatic
Computer 1 was the first commercial computer.
EDVAC
• Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
IBM 650
• In 1954 the first electronic computer for business
was installed.
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
IBM 704
• Appeared in 1957-1959, where Fortran language was developed.
• The state of the art in computers allowed 1 component per chip,
that is individual transistors
• From 1958-1962 many programming languages were developed.
o FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslator)
o COBOL (COmmon Business Oriented Language)
o LISP (LISt Processor)
o ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language)
o BASIC (Beginners All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS
MS-DOS COMPUTER
• In 1981, IBM introduced its first MS-DOS
Computer.
MACINTOSH 128
• In 1984 the Macintosh was introduced.
WINDOWS 1.0
• In 1989 Windows 1.0 was introduced for the PC.
FIRST GENERATION
1946-1959
Vacuum tube based
– used vacuum tubes as the basic components for
memory and circuitry for CPU (Central Processing
Unit)
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
SECOND GENERATION
1959-1965
Transistor based
– it was invented at Bell Labs in 1948 general-purpose
computers using transistors that were faster, smaller in
size, weighed less, needed less power, and were more
reliable
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
THIRD GENERATION
1965-1971
Integrated Circuit based
– an IC has many transistors, resistors, and capacitors
along with the associated circuitry.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
FOURTH GENERATION
1971-1980
Microprocessor based
– VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integration)
– VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and other
circuit elements with their associated circuits on a single chip
made it possible to have microcomputers of fourth generation
becoming more powerful, compact, reliable, and affordable.
GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS
FIFTH GENERATION
1980-onwards
Microprocessor based
– ULSI (Ultra Large-Scale Integration)
– it is based on parallel processing hardware and AI
(Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch in
computer science, which interprets the means and method of
making computers think like human beings.
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
HARDWARE SOFTWARE
the physical parts or a set of instructions,
components of a computer programs that are used to
execute any particular task.
➢ Input
➢ Output ➢ System Software
➢ Processing ➢ Application Software
➢ Memory ➢ Programming Languages
COMPUTER COMPONENTS
Input–Process–Output (IPO)
model is a widely used approach in
systems analysis and software
engineering for describing the
structure of an information
processing program or another
process.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
PDP 11
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Based on Purpose
General Purpose Computer
• do various everyday tasks such as writing a word
processing letter, document preparation, recording,
financial analysis, printing documents.
• has versatility and useful for serving people’s basic needs
at home or in the workplace in the environment.
Laptop/PC
• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers are
mainly less.
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Based on Purpose
Special Purpose Computer
• designed to perform a particular or specialized task.
• needs specific processors, inputs, and devices to conduct
work efficiently.
• the size, storage capacity, and cost of such computers
mainly depend on the nature and size of the work.
Auto Teller Machine (ATM)
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Analog Computer
• used only to process analog data.
• measures continuous changes in a physical quantity.
• used primarily to measure physical units like voltage,
pressure, electric current, temperature, and convert them
into digits.
Voltmeter
• used in the fields of technology, science, research,
engineering
CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS
Digital Computer
• represents the digital computer’s letters, numerical values,
or any other special symbols.
Hybrid Computer
• combined complex computer unit built using both analog
and digital properties and united by a single control
system.
• designed to provide functions and features that can be
found on both analog and digital devices.
Auto Gasoline Pump
• it solves too complex calculations or problems, resolves
more difficult equations immediately.
HARDWARE SPECIFICATIONS
Battery Life
• Laptop computer specs will include the
approximate battery life of the computer.
• If you’re normally using your computer at home,
then battery life probably doesn’t matter a ton. But
if it’s for a student who will be sitting in a
classroom not necessarily near a plug, or if you
plan to work at a coffee shop where sometimes all
the plugs are taken, battery life might be important.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
Weight
• This may not seem that important, but if you’re
going to be carrying your laptop around, it’s
something to think about!
Peripherals
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
Peripherals
• The keyboard and mouse usually come as part of a
bundle, but you may be able to select wireless
devices that make desktops neater.
DEFINING COMPUTER SPECS
Screen Size
• If you’re just using it for web surfing, school, or
work, you will probably want at least 15” for an
adult, but smaller would be fine if it’s for a younger
child.
INSTRUCTIONS:
• Answer the following questions and write it legibly on a sheet of paper. Handwritten answers
only.
• Capture or scan your answers and save it as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Assignment1.1.pdf
• Submit through Google classroom.
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before September 14, 2022 (7PM), Wednesday
.
ASSIGNMENT NO. 1.1
QUESTIONS:
1. Is a computer necessary for mechanical engineers? Why?
2. Being a mechanical engineering student, how will you build and choose your own
computer? Explain each component or hardware specifications on why you selected
those components.
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before September 14, 2022 (7PM), Wednesday.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
• Create a table of item specification for the high spec computer that you are planning to
purchase and assemble. Please follow example format attached in this module file. (See Page 13)
• Save the table of item specification as a PDF file with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pdf
• Using the data you gathered, present your activity in class with a PowerPoint presentation.
• Each student will be given a maximum of 5 mins for class presentation during class schedule.
• Save the PowerPoint presentation with a filename format:
Lastname_Section_Activity1.1.pptx
• After presentation, submit your PowerPoint presentation and the Table of Item specification
document to Google classroom.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
RUBRICS:
• Table of Specification Content 40pts
• Activity Presentation 35 pts
• Design/PowerPoint Aesthetic 25 pts
Total Points 100 pts
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before September 16, 2022 (11:59 PM), Friday.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
• Assume that you are in your office. You were task by the management to
search, purchase, and assemble a high spec computer with its price ranging
from 60-100k pesos. Create a table of item specification for the high spec
computer that you are planning to purchase and assemble. Below are the
following requirements compiled according to the requirements needed by
the office.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
• System Unit Peripherals and Devices
1. Tower Case
2. Motherboard
3. Hard Drive
4. Network Extension adapter (WLAN card) or CD-ROM if available in the motherboard.
5. CPU (Central Processing Unit)
6. GPU (Graphical Processing Unit) – is to handle graphics/video data/processes.
7. Power Supply
8. RAM (Random Access Memory)
9. Heat Sink/Fans/Air Decompressor/Water cooling-system (any devices used for ventilation)
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY :
• Other Devices.
1. Monitor
2. Mouse
3. Keyboard
4. Headset
5. Camera.
REMINDER!
Please do submit the activity on or before September 16, 2022 (11:59 PM), Friday
.
ACTIVITY NO. 1.1
TABLE OF ITEM SPECIFICATION EXAMPLE FORMAT
Devices Specification Purpose Quantity Price
CPU Specifications
I choose this because I think that in
• # of Cores2
order to have a smooth and efficient
1. CPU • # of Threads2
computer, Intel should be used.
Intel® Celeron® • Processor Base Frequency1.20 GHz 1 Php 2,500
According to Wikipedia, it offers
Processor N Series • Burst Frequency3.00 GHz
multicore threading to deal with
• Cache1.5 MB L2 Cache
multiple task
• TDP6.5 W
2. Hard Drive
(Insert your explanation why you (Put
(Put hard drive (Put Specification) (Put Price)
choose it.) Quantity)
product)
3.
MORE
THAN 60K,
TOTAL: LESS THAN
100K
REFERENCES
• https://sites.google.com/site/uopcog/
• http://www.cs.uah.edu/~rcoleman/Common/History/History.html
• https://www.worldsciencefestival.com/infographics/a_history_of_computer_science/
• http://people.bu.edu/baws/brief%20computer%20history.html
• https://www.javatpoint.com/history-of-computer
• https://btob.co.nz/business-news/five-generations-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/classification-of-computers/
• https://digitalworld839.com/hybrid-computer-uses-examples/
• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
• https://www.nibusinessinfo.co.uk/content/computer-hardware-components-and-specifications
• https://www.southernsavers.com/what-to-look-for-in-a-computer-specs-terms-examples/
If at first you don't succeed;
call it version 1.0.
— Anonymous