AWARENESS OF CORONAVIRUS INFECTION (COVID-19)

AMONG FEMALE HOUSEHOLDS IN DUTSIN-MA LOCAL

GOVERNMENT AREA OF KATSINA STATE

BY

-----------------------
HEPCD/19/0----

A PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH

EDUCATION AND PROMOTION, CONSULTANCY SERVICES

UNIT, KANKIA IRO SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY

KANKIA, KATSINA STATE

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR

THE AWARD OF DIPLOMA IN HEALTH EDUCATION AND

PROMOTION BY WEST AFRICAN HEALTH EXAMINATION

BOARD (WAHEB)

MARCH, 2021
 DECLARATION

I Zainab Badaru with Registration Number HEPCD/19/035 of the

Department Health Education and Promotion declared that, this research

project is a product of my personal research and no part of it has been

produced or presented for the award of diploma in environmental

technicians in this school or any other institution.

__________________________ _______________
Zainab Badaru Date:
HEPCD/19/35

ii
 APPROVAL SHEET

This study has been read and approved under the supervision of Malam

Shamsuddeen Sale as meeting the requirement for the award of National

Diploma in Health Education and Promotion by West Africa Health

Examination Board (WAHEB).

__________________________ ______________________
Project Supervisor Date
Malam Shamsuddeen Sale

__________________________ ______________________
Head of Department Date
Mal. Sanusi Umar Radda

__________________________ ______________________
External Supervisor Date

iii
 DEDICATION

This research project is whole heartedly dedicated to my beloved parents

Alhaji Badaru Bala Yanshuni and Hajiya Fatima Idris for their courage

throughout my course of study.

May peace, mercy and blessing of almighty Allah be upon all off them and

reward them abundantly in Dunya and Hereafter, Ameen.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

iv
First and foremost, the researcher’s gratitude is to Allah (SWT) the gracious
and most merciful for given me the chance and courage to undertake this
research work successfully. My appreciation goes to my humble supervisor
in person of Malam Shamsuddeen Sale for his tolerance, patience, critiques
and suggestions throughout the period of the research work. My profound
gratitude is also to all the School Lecturers who contributed immensely
towards the completion of my studies.

I am absolutely grateful to my parents for their prayers and support towards

the success of our programme. I also acknowledged all authors, scholars and
writers for the references made to their books and journals which appeared
in the research work. I sincerely appreciate the efforts of brothers and sisters
namely Abubakar Badaru, Shamsu Badaru, Umar Badaru, Isah Badaru,
Muhammad Badaru, Hafsat Badaru, Bilkisu Badaru and last but not the least
Fateema Badaru for their guidance, encouragement and meaningful
contributions and suggestions towards the success of our course and the
research work.

Finally, I am sincerely grateful to those whose were not mentioned but

contributed in one way or the other to the successful completion of this
work. May Allah (SWT) bless all, ameen.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

v
Cover Page i
Declaration ii
Approval Page iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table of Content vi
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Historical Background of the Study Area
1.3 Statement of the problems
1.4 Research Questions
1.5 Hypothesis
1.6 Purposes of the study
1.7 Significance of the Study
1.8 Delimitation of the Study
1.9 Limitation of the Study
1.10 Operational Definition of Terms
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Introduction
2.1 Overview of Coronavirus (Covid 19)
2.2 Brief History of Coronavirus (Covid 19)
2.3 Symptoms of Coronavirus (Covid 19)
2.4 Condition that Increase Risk of Serious Illness From Covid 19
2.5 Modes of Transmissions of Coronavirus (Covid 19)
2.6 Prevention of Coronavirus (Covid 19)
vi
2.7 Summary
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction
3.1 Research Design
3.2 Population of the Study
3.3 Sample and Sampling Techniques
3.4 Instrument for data collection
3.5 Validation of the Instrument
3.6 Data collection procedure
3.7 Data Analysis
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction
4.1 Data Analysis and Results
4.2 Discuss of the results
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Summary
5.2 Conclusion
5.3 Recommendations
References
Appendix

ABSTRACT

vii
This study investigated awareness of coronavirus infection (Covid 19)
among female households in Dutsin-ma Local Government area of Katsina
state. Descriptive survey design was used for this a study. The population of
the study was approximately 169,671 households. Hundred (100) female
households were drawn out of five selected wards in the studied area. the
Researcher developed questionnaire was used as instrument for data
collection. Out of hundred (100) copies of the questionnaire administered to
respondents, ninety two (92 copies were properly filled and returned to the
researcher. Descriptive statistic of frequency counts and percentages were
used for data analysis. Finally, the findings of this study revealed that
majority (79.6-85.7%) of the female households in Dutsin-ma Local Area
have significant awareness of risk factors and mode transmission of
coronavirus, majority (79-91%) have significant awareness of signs of
coronavirus, majority (91%) have significant awareness of prevention
measures of coronavirus, and majority (87.8%) believe that coronavirus
infection is real. It was concluded that majority of the households in Dutsin-
ma Local Government Area have significant awareness of coronavirus
infection (covid 19) but their awareness does not prevent them from risk
behavior like as majority were neither using facemask nor sanitizer to
prevent coronavirus. It was also recommended that more awareness
campaign should carried out through mass media to educate people about
risk factors and prevention measures of coronavirus.

Key words: Awareness, Coronavirus (Covid 19), Female households.

viii
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by

the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with a

primary target on the human respiratory system. Most people infected with

the COVID-19 virus will experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and

recover without requiring special treatment. Older people and those with

underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic

respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness

(WHO, 2020)

Coronavirus disease was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December

2019 and has currently become a global pandemic. A lot is still unknown

about COVID -19 pathogens.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread throughout China and

gained world-wide attention as a result of acute respiratory illness due to a

novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), traditionally known as COVID-19. On 30

January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced

1
the outbreak of COVID-19 a public health emergency of international

concern.

The third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale coronavirus

disease in humans was the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a result of a severe

acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and the

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012 gained

world-wide attention as a result of acute respiratory illness due to a novel

coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), traditionally known as COVID-19. On 30

January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced

the outbreak of COVID-19 a public health emergency of international

concern. A third introduction of a highly pathogenic and large-scale

coronavirus disease in humans was the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak as a result of

a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2003 and

the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012

(CDC,2020).

According to CDC (2020), the best way to prevent and slow down

transmission is be well informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it

causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by

washing hands or using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching

your face.

2
According to Center For Diseases Control [CDC] (2020), the COVID-19

virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or discharge from the nose

when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s important that you also

practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by coughing into a flexed elbow).

However, at this time, there are no specific vaccines or treatments for

COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials evaluating

potential treatments. WHO will continue to provide updated information as

soon as clinical findings become available.

The rapidly evolving situation of COVID-19 seems to have made the entire

world pause for a moment. Things have been changing extremely rapidly

and everywhere there’s information on the virus and how to protect yourself

from it (WHO, 2018).

In Nigeria, the first confirmed case of Covid 19 was announced on 27

February 2020, when an Italian citizen landed in Lagos tested positive for

the virus (CDC, 2020). On 9 March 2020, a second case of the virus was

reported in Ewekoro , Ogun State, in a Nigerian citizen who had contact

with the Italian citizen and since then the numbers of confirmed cases has

been on the increase, at least in Nigeria (MacLean, 2020).

3
In Katsina state, the first case of COVID-19 was recorded in Daura on 1st

April, 2020 and since then, the viruses contenue escalating to other parts of

the State.

With no vaccine or cure in sight, only public health measures that include

personal protective measures, physical distancing, environmental and travel-

related measures have been recommended to mitigate and contain the spread

of the disease. Therefore, it's against this background that this study attempt

to investigate the awareness of covid 19 (Corinna virus) infections among

households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State.

1.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE AREA OF STUDY

The Dutsin-ma Local Government Area has an area of 527 square km and a

population of 169,671 at the 2006 census. The postal code of the area is 821.

Historical Development

The name Dutsin-ma was derived from a hunter's name that use to live on

the main rock that is located at the heart of the town decades ago, his name

was MA, and rock means (Dutsi) in Hausa language, so people started

calling the rock as Dutsin-ma, then peoples started coming and dwelling

near and around the rock due to the availability of water. Dutsin-ma became

a Local Government in 1976. The chairman is the official Head of Local

4
government. The inhabitants of the Local Government are predominantly

Hausa and Fulani by tribe. Their main occupation is farming (irrigation,

aquaculture, annual farming, etc.) and Animal. Furthermore, On vehicle

license plates, Dutsin-Ma is abbreviated as DTM. Federal University of

Dutsin-Ma is located there.

1.3 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMS

Despite tremendous efforts being made by Nigerian Government to fights

against covid 19 pandemic through Center for Diseases Control and

Prevention, state and federal ministries of health, health agencies and other

committees, new cases of the viruses continue to be recorded everyday in

various parts of the country, and many people are still holding different

views, beliefs and understanding about the pandemic.

Early in March 2020, the President established a high powered Presidential

Task Force (PTF) to coordinate Federal Government efforts in fighting the

pandemic. The Task Force headed by the Secretary to the Government of the

Federation (SGF) Mr. Boss Mustapha, had the Ministers of Health, Interior,

Information, External Affairs and Relevant agencies of Government like the

Director General of the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control (NCDC) as

members.

5
The State Governments also set up their own committees on the Pandemic,

and charged either Deputy Governors or secretaries to the government to

head them.

However as the cases of coronavirus in the country started to increase with

many of the cases coming from those who had recently returned from travels

to countries with serious COVID-19 out breaks, various states of the

Federation took a number of drastic measures to curtail the outbreak of the

pandemic. These measures include closure of all schools, closure of state

boundaries, banning of congregational prayers in churches and mosques.

Social distancing was strongly advocated while all social activities such as

weddings, funerals, going to cinemas, clubs and beer parlors were prohibited

(Mustapha, 2020). A mandatory stay at home order was also declared in

some states. In addition, public health awareness program continue to be

delivered to the people through various media educating the public about

mode of transportation and prevention measures against this virus.

In Katsina State, failures to comply to the lockdown enforced by the

government and violation of social distance rules are the major barriers to

fight against Covid 19 pandemic in the states. In Moreover, myth and

misconception about the virus is also another challenge. Salim (2020)

reported that people are holding different belief about coronavirus in the

6
state. Some people do not believe in the existence of coronavirus, some

believed that the virus exists only in the developed countries, some

perceived that the virus is for rich people and politicians while others

believed that coronavirus cannot do anything to black people. Another myth

is that the virus cannot survive in Nigeria due to the nature of the Nigerian

weather

Mover, in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area, the researcher observed that

people don't bother to adhere to the safety measures against covid measure

against this deadly virus. For example it very common to see people in a

social gathering like naming or naming ceremony violating social distances

rules, shaking hands with one another and wearing no any facemask during

this pandemic to prevents the spread of virus. In fact, it seems like people in

Dutsin-ma Local Government Area Are lack awareness of the mode of

transportations and preventive measures against this virus. Hence, it is

against this background that the researcher attempts to investigates the

awareness of Covid 19 (Corona virus) among households in Dutsin-ma

Local Government Area of Katsina State.

7
1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

This study attempts to answer the following research questions:

1. Are Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area Aware of the

symptoms of Coronavirus (Covid 19)?

2. Are Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area Aware of the

mode of transmission of Coronavirus (Covid 19)?

3. Are households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area aware of

preventive measures of Coronavirus (Covid 19)?

1.5 HYPOTHESES

The following hypotheses are formulated to guide the study:

HO1: Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government of Katsina State do not

have significant awareness of the existence of Corona virus (Covid 19)

HO2: Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government of Katsina state do not

have significant awareness of symptoms of coronavirus (Covid 9)

HO2: Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State do

not have significant awareness of mode of transmission of Corona Virus

(Covid 19)

8
HO3: Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State do

not have significant awareness of preventive measures against Corona Virus

(Covid 19)

1.6 PURPOSES OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of Coronavirus

infection (Covid 19) among households in Dutsin-ma Local Government

Area of Katsina State with the view to educate the households on symptoms,

mode transmission and preventive measures of the virus and encourage them

to develop positive attitude against it.

1.7 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

It is expected that this study will be beneficial in the following ways:

 This study will educate the households in Dutsin-ma Local Government

Area of Katsina State about the mode of transmission and preventive

measures of Covid 19 during questionnaire administration.

 This study will reduce myth and misconceptions about Covid 19 among

households during questionnaire administration

 This study will improve literature on awareness of the mode transmission

and preventive measures of Coronavirus (Covid 19) for the benefits of

the future researchers

9
1.8 DELIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

This study investigated the awareness of Coronavirus (Covid 19) among

households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, Nigeria.

The study was delimited to only 5 out of 11 wards on in Dutsin-ma Local

Government Area. It will further be delimited to only 100 female households

from the 5 selected wards.

1.9 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

The researcher faced many challenges in the course of this study. First of all,

the shortage of fund, another major problem was Covid 19 pandemic, the

study was conducted during Covid 19 pandemic and the locked down rule

enforced by government causes some problem to researcher in administering

the questionnaire to the respondents. In addition, insufficient time for the

study is another obstacle; the research was carried out when WAHEB is

approaching; therefore the researcher had to be reading for the examination

and at the same time conducting the study.

10
1.10 OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms were defined as used in the study:

 Awareness: Refers to information, knowledge and, facts that household

have concerning Corona Virus ( Covid 19) including knowledge of the

existence of the virus, mode of transmission and preventive measures.

 Coronaviruses: Are a large family of viruses which may cause illness in

animals or humans. In humans, several coronaviruses are known to

cause respiratory infections ranging from the common cold to more

severe diseases such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).

 Covid 19: Is the the name given to infectious disease caused by the most

recently discovered coronavirus. This new virus and disease were

unknown before the outbreak began in Wuhan, China, in December

2019. COVID-19 is now a pandemic affecting many countries globally.

 Female Households: Refers to female persons living in a given house,

i.e. Female family members of a given house in the studied area.

11
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study is to investigate the awareness of Coronavirus

infection (Covid 19) among households in Dutsin-ma Local Government

Area of Katsina State. Hence, related literatures were reviewed under the

following sub-heading:

2.1 Overview of Coronavirus (Covid 19)

2.2 Brief History of Coronavirus (Covid 19)

2.3 Symptoms of Coronavirus (Covid 19)

2.4 Condition that Increase Higher Risk of Serious Illness From Covid 19

2.5 Modes of Transmission of Coronavirus (Covid 19)

2.6 Prevention of Coronavirus (Covid 19)

2.7 Summary

2.1 OVERVIEW OF CORONAVIRUS (COVID 19)

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered coronavirus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without

requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying

12
medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory

disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness. The best way

to prevent and slow down transmission is be well informed about the

COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it spreads. Protect yourself

and others from infection by washing your hands or using an alcohol based

rub frequently and not touching your face (WHO, 2020).

The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or

discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s

important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by

coughing into a flexed elbow). At this time, there are no specific vaccines or

treatments for COVID-19. However, there are many ongoing clinical trials

evaluating potential treatments (WHO, 2020).

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the coronavirus disease

2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic (CDC, 2020). A global coordinated effort is

needed to stop the further spread of the virus. A pandemic is defined as

“occurring over a wide geographic area and affecting an exceptionally high

proportion (CDC, 2017).

On 31 December 2019, a cluster of cases of pneumonia of unknown cause,

in the city of Wuhan, Hubei province in China, was reported to the World

Health Organisation. In January 2020, a previously unknown new virus was

13
identified,, subsequently named the 2019 novel coronavirus, and samples

obtained from cases and analysis of the virus’ genetics indicated that this

was the cause of the outbreak (CDC, 2020) This novel coronavirus was

named Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020.

(CDC, 2020). The virus is referred to as SARS-CoV-2 and the associated

disease is COVID-19 (United Nations, 2020).

The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health

Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020 and a pandemic on

11 March 2020. As of 21 September 2020, more than 31.1 million cases

have been reported in 188 countries and territories, resulting in more than

961,000 deaths; more than 21.2 million people have recovered (CDC, 2020)

2.2 BRIEF HISTORY OF CORONAVIRUS (COVID 19)

The first human cases of COVID-19, the disease caused by the novel

coronavirus causing COVID-19, subsequently named SARS-CoV-2 were

first reported by officials in Wuhan City, China, in December 2019.

Retrospective investigations by Chinese authorities have identified human

cases with onset of symptoms in early December 2019. While some of the

earliest known cases had a link to a wholesale food market in Wuhan, some

did not. Many of the initial patients were stall owners, market employees, or

regular visitors to this market. Environmental samples taken from this

14
market in December 2019 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, further

suggesting that the market in Wuhan City was the source of this outbreak or

played a role in the initial amplification of the outbreak. The market was

closed on 1 January 2020 (WHO, 2020).

SARS-CoV-2 was identified in early January and its genetic sequence

shared publicly on 11-12 January. The full genetic sequence of SARS-CoV-

2 from the early human cases and the sequences of many other virus isolated

from human cases from China and all over the world since then show that

SARS-CoV-2 has an ecological origin in bat populations. All available

evidence to date suggests that the virus has a natural animal origin and is not

a manipulated or constructed virus. Many researchers have been able to look

at the genomic features of SARS-CoV-2 and have found that evidence does

not support that SARS-CoV-2 is a laboratory construct. If it were a

constructed virus, its genomic sequence would show a mix of known

elements. This is not the case. This novel coronavirus was named

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) by WHO in February 2020 (CDC,

2020. The virus is referred to as SARS-CoV-2 and the associated disease is

COVID-19 (United Nations, 2920)

15
2.3 SYMPTOMS OF CORONAVIRUS

Typically Corona viruses present with respiratory symptoms. Among those

who will become infected, some will show no symptoms. Those who do

develop symptoms may have a mild to moderate, but self-limiting disease

with symptoms similar to the seasonal flu (WHO, 2020).

Symptoms of this information may include:

 Fever
 Headache
 Cough
 Shortness of breath
 Breathing difficulties
 Fatigue
 Sore throat
 Muscle aches
 Chills
 Runny nose
 Chest pain
 Pink eye (conjunctivitis)

Moreover, a minority group of people will present with more severe

symptoms and will need to be hospitalized, most often with pneumonia, and

in some instances, the illness can include ARDS, sepsis and septic shock

16
(WHO, 2020). Emergency warning signs where immediate medical

attention should be sought (CDC, 2020) may include:

 Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

 Persistent pain or pressure in the chest

 New confusion or inability to arouse

 Bluish lips or face

This list is not all inclusive. Other less common symptoms have been

reported, such as rash, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Children have similar

symptoms to adults and generally have mild illness.

2.4 CONDITION THAT INCREASE HIGHER RISK OF SERIOUS

ILLNESS FROM OF COVID 19

According to WHO (2020), people who are older have a higher risk of

serious illness from COVID 19, and the risk increases with age. Medical

conditions that increase the risk of serious illness from COVID-19 include:

 Serious heart diseases, such as heart failure, coronary artery disease or

cardiomyopathy
 Cancer
 obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
 Type 2 diabetes
 Severe obesity

17
 Chronic kidney disease
 Sickle cell disease
 Weakened immune system from solid organ transplants

Other conditions may increase the risk of serious illness, such as:

 Asthma
 Liver disease
 Chronic lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis
 Brain and nervous system conditions
 Weakened immune system from bone marrow transplant, HIV or some
medications
 Type 1 diabetes
 High blood pressure

This list is not all inclusive. Other underlying medical conditions may

increase your risk of serious illness from COVID-19

✓ WHO Advice for High-risk Populations

 When having visitors at your home, extend “1-meter greetings”, like a

wave, nod or bow.

 Request that visitors and those who live with you, wash their hands.

 Clean and disinfect surfaces in your home (especially those that people

touch a lot) on a regular basis.

 Limit shared spaces if someone you live with is not feeling well

(especially with possible COVID-19 symptoms).

18
 If you show signs and symptoms of COVID-19 illness, contact your

healthcare provider by telephone, before visiting your healthcare facility.

 Have an action plan in preparation for an outbreak of COVID-19 in your

community.

 When you are in public, practice the same preventative guidelines as you

would at home.

 Keep updated on COVID-19 through obtaining information from reliable

sources.

✓ When to see a doctor

WHO (2020) states that if you have COVID-19 symptoms or you've been in

contact with someone diagnosed with COVID-19, contact your doctor or

clinic right away for medical advice. Tell your health care team about your

symptoms and possible exposure before you go to your appointment.

If you have emergency COVID-19 signs and symptoms, seek care

immediately. Emergency signs and symptoms can include:

 Trouble breathing
 Persistent chest pain or pressure
 Inability to stay awake
 New confusion
 Blue lips or face

19
2.5 MODES OF TRANSMISSION AND RISK FACTOR OF CORONA

VIRUS

According WHO (2020), infection with the new coronavirus (severe acute

respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, or SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus

disease 2019 (COVID-19).

The virus appears to spread easily among people, and more continues to be

discovered over time about how it spreads. Data has shown that it spreads

from person to person among those in close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2

meters). The virus spreads by respiratory droplets released when someone

with the virus coughs, sneezes or talks. These droplets can be inhaled or land

in the mouth or nose of a person nearby.

It can also spread if a person touches a surface with the virus on it and then

touches his or her mouth, nose or eyes, although this isn't considered to be a

main way it spreads.

✓ Risk factors

 Risk factors for COVID-19 appear to include:

 Close contact (within 6 feet, or 2 meters) with someone who has COVID-

19

 Being coughed or sneezed on by an infected persons

20
2.6 PREVENTION OF CORONAVIRUS (Covid 19)

Although there is no vaccine available to prevent COVID-19, you can take

steps to reduce your risk of infection. WHO and CDC recommend following

these precautions for avoiding COVID-19:

 Avoid large events and mass gatherings.

 Avoid close contact (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters) with anyone who is

sick or has symptoms.

 Stay home as much as possible and keep distance between yourself and

others (within about 6 feet, or 2 meters), especially if you have a higher

risk of serious illness. Keep in mind some people may have COVID-19

and spread it to others, even if they don't have symptoms or don't know

they have COVID-19.

 Wash your hands often with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, or

use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol.

 Cover your face with a cloth face mask in public spaces, such as the

grocery store, where it's difficult to avoid close contact with others,

especially if you're in an area with ongoing community spread. Only use

nonmedical cloth masks — surgical masks and N95 respirators should be

reserved for health care providers.

21
 Cover your mouth and nose with your elbow or a tissue when you cough

or sneeze. Throw away the used tissue. Wash your hands right away.

 Avoid touching your eyes, nose and mouth.

 Avoid sharing dishes, glasses, towels, bedding and other household items

if you're sick.

 Clean and disinfect high-touch surfaces, such as doorknobs, light

switches, electronics and counters, daily.

 Stay home from work, school and public areas if you're sick, unless

you're going to get medical care. Avoid public transportation, taxis and

ride-sharing if you're sick.

2.7 SUMMARY

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly

discovered corona virus. Most people infected with the COVID-19 virus will

experience mild to moderate respiratory illness and recover without

requiring special treatment. Older people, and those with underlying

medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory

disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness.

However, the best way to prevent and slow down transmission is be well

informed about the COVID-19 virus, the disease it causes and how it

22
spreads. Protect yourself and others from infection by washing your hands or

using an alcohol based rub frequently and not touching your face.

The COVID-19 virus spreads primarily through droplets of saliva or

discharge from the nose when an infected person coughs or sneezes, so it’s

important that you also practice respiratory etiquette (for example, by

coughing into a flexed elbow). At this time, there are no specific vaccines or

treatments for COVID-19.

23
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 INTRODUCTION

This study attempts to investigate the awareness’s of Corona viruses (Covid

19) infections among households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of

Katsina State. Therefore, this chapter focuses research design, population of

the study, sample and sampling technique, data collection instrument,

validation of the instrument, data collection procedures and data analysis.

3.1 RESEARCH DESIGN

Descriptive survey was used for this study. According to Nwana (2005)

descriptive design focuses on people and their beliefs, opinion, ideas,

perceptions and behavior. Descriptive survey design therefore was more

suitable for this type of, since the study attempts to find out the awareness of

Covid 19 (Corona virus) infections among households in Dutsin-ma Local

Government Area of Katsina State.

3.2 POPULATION OF THE STUDY

The population of this study comprised of the entire households in Dutsin-

ma Local Government Area of Katsina State, with the estimated population

of 169,671 households as at 2006 national population census.

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3.3 SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

A sample of one hundred (100) households was used for this study.

However, simple random sampling technique was used to select the sample.

In the first place, 5 out of 10 wards in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area

were randomly selected. The selected wards include Dutsin-ma A, Dutsin-

ma B, Karofi, Bagaggadi and Shema. The same technique was used to draw

twenty (20) female households from each of the five (5) selected wards to

make the total number of one hundred (100) respondents.

3.4 INSTRUMENT FOR DATA COLLECTION

The researcher developed questionnaire named Questionnaire Awareness of

Corona virus (Covid19) Infections among Female Households

(QACCIAGH) was used as instrument for data collection. The questionnaire

comprised two (2) sections; section A, and B. Section "A" concerns with

demographic information of the respondents, while Section "B" asked

information on the awareness of symptoms of Covid19 (Corona virus)

infection

3.5 VALIDATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

In order to determine the contents validity of the instrument, three (3) copies

of the questionnaire was given to 3 lecturers in the Department of Health

25
Education and Promotion, Kankia Iro School of Health Technology, Kankia.

Their correction, suggestion and advice will be incorporated in the final draft

of the questionnaire and to the satisfaction of the researcher’s supervisor.

3.6 DATA COLLECTION PROCEDURE

An introductory letter was collected from the Department of Environmental

Health, Kankia Iro School of Health Technology Kankia which was

presented to District heads of the studied area to seek permission to conduct

the study. Hundred (100) copies of the questionnaires were administered to

households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area with the help of 3 research

assistants. Due to the time factor, the respondents were requested to fill the

questionnaire on the spot and returned.

3.7 DATA ANALYSIS

Descriptive statistic of frequency count and percentage were used to analyze

all responses. The total responses to a particular option on an item were

divided by the total number of responses per item and multiply by 100 to

arrive at the percentage of a particular option for each item.

26
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA ANALIYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND DISCUSSION

4.0 INTRODUCTION

This study investigated the awareness of covid19 (corona virus) among

households in Dutsin-ma Local Government area of Katsina State.

4.1 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

Hundred (100) copies of questionnaire were administered to respondents and

98 copies were correctly filled and returned to the researcher. Therefore, the

analysis is done based on the number of returned questionnaire.

The data collected during the study is presented on the tables below:

Section A

Table 1: Demographic information of the representation

Variable Frequency Percentage

Age

18-25 14 14.3%
26-35 12 12.3%
36-45 52 53.0%
40 and Above 20 20.4%

Total 98 100%

Occupation

27
Civil servant 20 20.4%

Bus woman 12 12.3%

Farmer 20 20.4%

Student 46 47.0%

Total 98 100%

Marital Status

Single 42 42.9%

Marriage 56 57.0%

Total 98 100%

Educational Status

Non formal education 16 16.3%

Primary School 6 6.1%

Secondary School 8 8.2%

NCE/DIPLOM 52 54.0%

HND/DEGREE 16 16.3%

Total 98 100%

Table 1 above presents the demographic information of the respondents. The

table indicates that 14 respondents representing 14.3% of the total responses

are 18-25 years old, 12 respondents representing 12.3% of the responses are

26-35 years old, 52 respondents which were the majority representing 53%

of the responses were 36-45 years old while 20 respondents representing

20.4% of the responses were 40 and above years old. The table also revealed
28
20 respondents representing 20.4% of the responses were civil servants, 12

respondents representing 12.2% of the responses were business men, 20

respondents representing 20.4% of the responses are farmers and 46

respondents which were the majority representing 47% of the responses are

students .More over 42respondents representing 42.9% of responses were

single while 56 respondents which were the majority representing 57.0%

were married. However 16 respondents representing 16.3% of the total

responses attend non-formal education, only 6 respondents representing

6.1% of the responses attended primary education, 8 respondents

representing 8.2% of the respondents attended secondary school, 52

respondents which were the majority were NCE/DIPLOMA holders, while

16 respondents representing 16.3%^ of the responses are HND/DEGREE

holders.

SECTION B

Table 1: Do you agree that coronavirus infection (covid 19) is real?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 86 87.8%

No 12 12.2%

Total 98 100%

29
Table 1 Above revealed that 86 respondents which were the majority

representing 87.8% of the total responses agreed that corona virus infection

existed, while only 12 respondents representing 12.6% of the responses do

not agree. This means that majority of the female households of Dutsin-ma

Local Government Area agreed that corona virus infection is true.

Table 2: Are you awareness that fever, cough and difficulties in

breathing are major symptoms of coronavirus infection?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 90 91.8%

No 8 8.2%

Total 98 100%

Table 2 above shows that 90 respondents which were the majority

representing 91.8% of the total responses were aware that fever, cough and

difficulties in breathing are the major symptoms of coronavirus infection,

while only 8 respondents representing 8.2% of the responses do not aware.

This means majority of the female households in Dutsin-ma Local

Government were aware that fever, cough and difficulties in breathing were

major symptoms of coronavirus.

Table 3: Are you aware that sore throat, muscles aches and bluish lips
are also symptoms of coronavirus infection?

30
Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 78 79.6%

No 20 20.4%

Total 98 100%

Table 3 above revealed that 78 respondents which were the majority

representing 79.6% of the total responses were aware that sore throat,

muscles aches and bluish lib were also the symptoms of coronavirus, while

20 respondents representing 20.4% of the responses were not aware. This

means that the majority of female households in Dutsin-ma Local

Government area were aware that sore throat, muscle aches and bluish lips

are also symptoms of coronavirus.

Table 4: Are you aware that older people are at risk of serious illness if
infected with coronavirus?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 86 87.9%

No 12 12.2%

Total 98 100%

Table 4 above revealed that 86 respondents which were the majority

representing 87.8% of the total responses were aware that older people are at

31
risk of serious illness if infected with coronavirus while only 12 respondents

representing 12.2% of the total response were not aware. This means

majority of female households in Dutsin-ma Local Government were aware

that old people are at risk of serious illness if infected with covid 19 .

Table 5: Are you aware that people with medical conditions such as
hypertension, diabetes and asthma are likely to suffer much or die if
infected with coronavirus infection?

Variables Frequency Percentage

Yes 80 81.6%

No 18 18.0%

Total 98 100%

Table 5 Above shows that 80 respondents which were the majority

representing 81.6% of the total responses were aware that people with

medical condition such as hypertension, diabetes and asthma are likely to

suffer much or die if infected with coronavirus infection while only 18

respondents representing 18.4% responses were not aware. This means that

the majority female households of Dutsin-ma local government area of

Katsina state were aware that people with medical condition such as

hypertension, diabetes and asthma are likely to suffer much or die if infected

with covid 19.

32
Table 6: Are you aware that coronavirus can be contracted by just hand
shake with infected person?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 78 79.6%

No 20 20.4%

Total 98 100%

Table 6: Table 6 above revealed that 78 respondents which were the

majority representing 79.6% of the total responses were aware that

coronavirus infection can be contracted by hand shaking with infected

person, while 20 respondents representing 20.4% of the responses were not

aware. This means that majority of female households in Dutsin-ma local

government area of Katsina state aware that coronavirus can be contracted

by just shaking hand with infected person.

Table 7: Are you aware that coronavirus can be contacted when

infected person sneezed, coughed or speak in your presence?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 86 87.8%

No 12 12.2%

Total 98 100%

33
Table 7: Table 7 above revealed that 86 respondents which were the

majority representing 87.8% of the total responses were aware that

coronavirus infection can be contracted by infected sneezing, cough or

speak in your presences with infected person, while 12 respondents

representing 12.2% of the responses were not aware. This means that

majority of female households in Dutsin-ma local government area of

Katsina state aware that coronavirus can be contracted by just shaking hand

with infected person.

Table 8: Are you aware that coronavirus disease can be contract by

touching nose, mouths or eyes with hand after having contact with
infected surfaces or materials?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 80 81.6%

No 18 18.4%

Total 98 100%

Table 8 above revealed that 80 respondents which were the majority

representing 81.6% of the total responses were aware that that coronavirus

disease can be contracted by touching nose, mouths or eyes with hand after

having contact with infected surfaces or materials, while 18 respondents

representing 18.4% are not aware. This means that the majority of

34
households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area were aware that

coronavirus can be contracted by touching nose, mouth or eyes with hands

after having contact with infected surfaces or materials.

Table 9: Are you aware that coronavirus infection can be contracted by

touching your face with hand after having contact with the dead body
(corps) of infected persons?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 78 79.6%

No 20 20.4%

T0tal 98 100%

Table 9 above shows that 78 respondents which were the majority

representing 79.6% of the total responses were aware that coronavirus

infection can be contracted by touching your face with hand after having

contact with the dead body of infected persons while only 20 respondents

representing 20.4% of the total responses were not aware This means that

the majority of households of Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina

state were aware that coronavirus can be contracted by touching their eyes or

faces after having contact with dead body of infected persons.

35
Table 10: Do you agree that social gathering in the mosques, churches
or in the market can increase the rate of coronavirus disease
transmission?
Respondents Frequency Percentage

Yes 84 85.7

No 14 14.3
Total 98 100
Table 10 above revealed that 84 respondents which were the majority

representing 85.7% of the total responses agreed that social gathering in the

mosques, churches and in the market can increase the rate of coronavirus

disease transmission, while only 14 respondents representing 14.3% of the

total responses do not agree. This means the majority of female households

in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina State agreed that social

gathering in the mosques, churches and markets can increase the rate of

covid 19 disease transmissions

Table 11: Are you are aware that personal hygiene and regular hand
washing with clean running water and soap can prevent coronavirus
infection?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 80 81.6%

No 18 18.4%

Total 98 100%

36
Table 11 above revealed that 80 respondents which were the majority

representing 81.6% of the total responses were aware that personal hygiene

and regular hand washing with clean running water and soap can prevent

coronavirus infection, while 18 respondents representing 18.4% of the total

responses do not aware. This means the majority of female households of

Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of KATSINA State were aware that

personal hygiene and regular hand washing with clean running water and

soap can prevent coronavirus infection.

Table 12: Are you aware that coronavirus can be prevented by regular
use of hands sanitizer?

Variable Percentage Frequency

Yes 80 81.6%

No 18 18.4%

Total 98 100%

Table 12 Above revealed that 80 respondents which were the majority

representing 81.6% of the total responses were aware that coronavirus

disease can be prevented by regular use of hands sanitizer, while only 18

respondents representing 18.4% of the total responses were not aware. This

means majority female households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of

37
Katsina state were aware that regular use of hands sanitizer can prevent

coronavirus disease.

Table 13: Have ever used hand sanitizer to prevent coronavirus

infection during this pandemic?

Variable Frequency Percentage

Yes 16 16.3%

No 82 83.7%

Total 98 100%

Table 13 above shows that 16 respondents representing 16.3% of the total

responses used hand sanitizer to prevent coronavirus infection during the

pandemic, while 82 respondents which are majority representing 83.7% of

the total responses never used hand sanitizer during coronavirus pandemic.

This means that majority of female households in Dutsin-ma local

government area of Katsina state do not used hand sanitizer to prevent

corona virus during pandemic.

Table 14: Have ever used facemask for covid 19 prevention during the
pandemic
Variable Frequency Percentage
Yes 16 18.4%
No 80 81.6%
Total 98 100%
38
Table 14 above revealed that 80 respondents which were the majority

representing 81.6% of the total responses never used facemask to prevent

coronavirus during the pandemic, while only 18 respondents representing

18.4% of the responses are used facemask during pandemic. This means the

female households in Dutsin-ma Local Governments Area of Katsina State

used facemask to prevent coronavirus during pandemic.

4.2 DISCUSSION OF THE RESULTS

This study investigated the awareness of coronavirus infection (Covid 19)

among female households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina

state. The findings of this study revealed that majority of female households

in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area were aware of risk factors of

coronavirus. This finding is in line with the findings of the study conducted

by Mustapha to investigate the awareness of prevention measures of

coronavirus among youths in Gasua, Yobe state. He reported that majority of

the Youths were aware of the role of social distance and hand washing in

prevention of coronavirus.

The findings of this study also revealed that majority of female households

in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state were never used

facemask and hand-sanitizer for prevention of coronavirus during pandemic.

This finding is also in line with the reports of NCDC (2020) that many

39
people are not adhering to rule and guide lines of the agency like social

distance, wearing facemask as well as regular hand washing in prevention of

coronavirus.

The findings of this study also revealed that majority of female households

in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state were aware of the

signs and symptoms of coronavirus. This finding is contrary to the view of

WHO (2020) that many people in Nigeria especially in rural areas cannot

identify the major signs and symptoms of coronavirus infection.

CHARTER FIVE
40
 SUMMARY, CONCLUSSION, AND RACOMENDATION

5.1 SUMMARY:

This study investigated awareness of coronavirus (covid19) among

households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state.To

achieved this, four research question and four hypotheses were formulated to

guide the study. Descriptive research survey design was used for this study.

The population of the area of study compared of the entire households in

Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state with the estimate

population of 169,671 households. A sample of 100 households was drawn

and used for this study using simple random sampling techniques. The

researcher developed questionnaire was used for data collection. The

questionnaire was validated by three lecturers in the Department of

Environmental Health Sciences, Kankiya Iro School of health technology

Kankia. Three research assistants assisted the researcher to administer the

questionnaire. Hundred (100) copies ware administered to the respondents

and 98 copies were filled correctly and renowned to the researcher.

Therefore the analysis is done best on the number of returned questionnaires.

Descriptive statistic of frequency counts and percentages were used to

analysis the data collected from the respondents. The finding of this study

revealed that:

41
1. Female households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina

state have significant awareness of the existence of coronavirus

(covid19). Therefore, hypothesis one is rejected.

2. Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government area of katsina state have

the significant awareness of signs and symptoms of coronavirus

(covid19). Therefore, hypothesis two is also rejected.

3. Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government of Katsina state have

significant awareness of mode of transmissions of coronavirus (covid19).

Therefore, hypotheses three is also rejected.

4. Households in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state have

significant awareness of prevention measure against coronavirus

(covid19). Therefore, hypotheses four is rejected.

5.2: CONCLUSION

Based on the findings of this study, it was concluded that female households

in Dutsin-ma Local Government Area of Katsina state were aware of the

existence of Covid 19, signs and symptoms of covid 19, mode of

transmission of covid 19 as well as prevention measures of covid19. But

their awareness do not prevent them from the behaviors and practice that put

them at risk of contracting coronavirus as majority revealed that they neither

42
used hand-sanitizer nor facemask for prevention of coronavirus during the

pandemic.

5.3 RECOMMENDATIONS:

Based on the findings of this study, the following recommendations made.

1. Government should create more awareness campaign to educated

community on the risk behavior, signs and symptoms as well as

prevention measures of coronavirus (covid19).

2. Health workers and other health agencies like NCDC should double the

efforts in educating peoples or about the importance of using facemask,

hand sanitizer, hand washing and general personal hygiene behavior in

preventing coronavirus infection and other communicable diseases.

3. Government should provide facemasks and hand sanitizer to households

free of charge to encourage them in preventing coronavirus (covid19).

4. Feature researchers should conduct more researches on the awareness of

coronavirus (covid 19) among households or youths in Katsina state.

43
REFERENCES

 CDC (2020) Covid 19 (Coronavirus) Facts sheet.

 CDC (2020) Overview of Coronavirus (Covid 19) Pdf.

 CDC (2020). Preventive measures of Covid i9 (Coronavirus)

 CDC (2020) Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus

Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pdf.

 International Committee of the Red Cross ICRC (2019): COVID-19

PANDEMIC. A challenge to global health

 Mayoclinic (2020) An overview of Covid 19 (Coronavirus) pdf.

 WHO (200). Global research on coronavirus disease (COVID-19) PDF.

 WHO (2020}. Commitments to share knowledge, intellectual property

and data. COVID-19 technology access pool. Pdf.

 WHO (2020) Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public

(PDF)

 WHO (2020). Coronavirus (Covid 19) Facts sheets (PDF).

 WHO (2020). Historical development of Covid 19 (Coronavirus) Pdf.

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