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    50 views39 pages

    Fourier Series HK Dass

    Uploaded by

    Diganta Majumder

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    40 Fourier SERIES 40.1 PERIODIC FUNCTIONS If the value of each ordinate f (#) repeats itself at equal intervals in the abscissa, then f(0) is said to be a periodic function. If) = f+ =fC+2 1) = ... then T's called the period of the function /(0. For example: ‘The period of sin.x, cos x, sec x, and cosec x is 2x. ‘The period of tan x and cot x is sinx= sin (+2 m)=sin(@ +4 so sin x is a periodic function with the period 2 x. sn seein my (x02) rate 2E 2n an cos 3x= cos (3x + 2n) = 05 (+422) rea ara ws «san acter) am = os 288(x4) ,peiod ety tan 2e= tan Qe+ 9) = tan2( +4) | Patod = 2 This is also called sinusoidal poriodie function “) 40.2. FOURIER SERIES Here we will express a non-sinusoidal periodic function into a fundamental and its harmonics, A series of sines and cosines of an angle and its multiples of the form. 1044 Fourier Series 1045 + ay c08 x4 a 008 2 4.as C08 38+... + ay COS mE + 2 +6, sin +b, sin 2x +5, sin3x+..+5, sin me + BS comet Sh sin me is called the Fourier series, where dy, dy, 03, dy -- By by by By». ane constants A periodic function f(x) can be expanded in a Fourier Series. The series consists of the following: A constant term a, (called d.c. component in electrical work) A component at the fundamental frequency determined by the values of a,b ii) Components of the harmonics (multiples of the fundamental frequency) determined by a, 10, By, By on And dy, by, by. are known as Fourier coefficients or Fourier constants. Note. (1) When the function and its derivatives are continuous then the function can be expanded, in powers of x by Maclaurin’s theorem, (2) Butby Fourier series we can expand continous and discontinuous both types of functions under certain conditions 40.3 DIRICHLET'S CONDITIONS FOR A FOURIER SERIES If the function f(x) for the interval (— x, x) (1) is single-valued @)is bounded ) has at most a finite number of maxima and minima ) has only a finite number of discontinuous ()is f+ 2n) = f(a) for values of x outside [- x, x], then S09) ae * B+ Ya, cosm + Sb, sin me B+ Sapconmes Ft, converges to f(x) as P -> 2 at values of x for which f(x) is continuous and the sum of the series is equal to que +0) + f(e~0)} at points of discontinuity. 40.4 ADVANTAGES OF FOURIER SERIES 1. Discontinuous function can be represented by Fourier series. Although derivatives of the discontinuous functions do not exist. (This is not true for Taylor's series). 2. The Fourier series is useful in expanding the periodic functions since outside the closed interval, there exists a periodic extension of the function, 3. Expansion of an oscillating function by Fourier series gives all modes of oscillation (fundamental and all overtones) which is extremely useful in physics. 4. Fourier series of a discontinuous function is not uniformly convergent at all points. ‘5. Term by term integration of a convergent Fourier series is always valid, and it may be valid if the series is not convergent. However, term by term, differentiation of a Fourier series is not valid in most cases 40.5 USEFUL INTEGRALS ‘The following imtegrals are useful in Fourier Series. @ [P*sin mede=0 (i J," cos m de =0 (i fos? meats=m Gv) Joos me de= 1048 Higher Engineering Mathematics (©) fPsinns-sinme de = 0 (u) [2c0s m cos me de=0 (oi ("si e-cosm ce = 0 (ot [sin nc med = 0 (6) [ww], = a, — wv, + wv wv au “ae where au vdey = Joy de and soon w= 2, y= 2H and so on and @) sina m= 0, cos m= (— 1)" where n € J 40.6 DETERMINATION OF FOURIER COEFFICIENTS (EULER'S FORMULAE) fy= Ba cos eta coset tay cosmet +6, sinx+b, sin 2x4... +6, sin m+ a (© Tofind a, Integrate both sides of (1) from x= 0 to x= 2x Je" 100 ae = Patera [eos ede +a, [cos 2x d+. +a, [260s med + thf sins ce by fain Dede. 4 [sin det 9 [2a (other integrals ~0 by formule () and (i) of Ar 40.5) Jifeode = on > ly =A" sone @) a 2 eee (i Tofind a, : Multiply each side of (1) by cos me and integrate ftom x= 0 t0.x= 2 x §2" F00)008 ede = © [cos me deta, [eos x cos me d+. 4g [e0s? me de 46 sin x con me de +b [sin 208 me d+ in feos? me de = a, x (Other integrals = 0, by formulae Art, 405) an = £09) cos meas 0 By taking m= 1, 2... we can find the values ofa, (it) To find 8, : Multiply each side of (1) by sin nx and integrate from x = 0 (0 x= 2 x, 2/0 sin mede = 9 [sin meds na, [Meos sin ede. [oo ei ea sien mde. sin? med = 6, J" sin? med =b,n (All other integrals = 0, Article No. 40.5) bg == 2" 704) sin ds ® Fourier Series 1047 Note: Example 1, Find the Fourier series representing SW)=x, O F Proved. 1082 Higher Engineering Mathematics Example $. Find the Fourier series of the function n1 for ~ncxc-% (x) = for -Rexck $Q=| 0 for -F 2 for rexcon ant fom it dee hat ans 3-2 (sg es ainseboin set aoa iertsansets 5. Find Fut ses tw rset fon 0 for ~x. Voo=sool 2 ff. /ee eos me de =2 J eos med 3p @8)-e9(- 8) of] 2: sane 2amar_ nr] act Fourier series is SO) = B+ a cos x +a; cos 2x +a, cos3x+..+a, 60S me + 108 3x _ cos 4x ] Pog tg gt 3 # (On putting x= 0, we have PoP se FD Example 10, Obtain a Fourier expression for f(x) = x8 for ~ " (2a)sine-t Example 14, Find the Fourier sine series for the fanction fo) =e for O< xm where ais constant sin2e+[-244)sin 30+ Ans, on 3 Solution. [fee sin bx ae + (asin ne — nos »| + (asin nx ~ nc0s nx) + 2 @+ 7 [-c pre +1] 1-(- Ie eter et) 1082 Higher Engineering Mathematics 20+) @sh yr 220-2") @ +2 )r « 2/tse so 229 sna] Ans b ala4r a2 EXERCISE 40.3 1. Find the Fourier cosine series for the function 1 for O fi 2sin ae + fp xsin Se) = Example 16. A periodic function of period 4 is defined as SO)=|x,-2<¥<2 Find its Fourier series expansion. oe) Solution, SO=|I -2 nt] b, =0, when mis even, Now, ating the ae of, in (1), we et sna D> nm nie =sin {net nant, wternsoar | -s0("9) Bye = 008 n= (-1)" FAW 5 Qn-se Qube I~ Dare 2 7 CD" jy n+ Dee rca n+)? r 2 gl tg St in Lo 0 rangs= 4, stems 2) mere 2, 1 2 = as 1072 Higher Engineering Mathematics Example 25. Find the half period sine series for f(x) given in the range (0, |) by the graph OPQ as shown in figure. (WP I semester, 2009) o-k ke Solution. The equation of line OP is y— 0 = ——F (x=) = y==* 42k and the equation of the line PQ is y ke u 2 Ss) is the half period oexct 2 Fourier Series 1073 Hence, Fourier series of f(x) is Fo) Ans. EXERCISE 40.4 Find the Fourier series to represent f(), where ma, -e tk for ~l smal ] 6 FF 8fsinx , side, sin Se ) x@—9= afm nse | Deduce from (a) and (b) respectively that 2 Sa 20( 288) en 20-3]. E)ecorn (when n is even) (when m is odd) Hence, x (x—x) = = -—4] SSE 4 SOSEE Fourier Series 1077 By Parseval’s formula aye (x9 de = 2pm re exde = Y {Spite - ae + x4de = > (0) Hat ange sine series 2 [Fee 2 sin mede x = 2[ eer) (=2)-e-29 (when m is odd) (when n is even) sin5 ] ae By Parseval’s formula 2 fhe 2dr Eb} 1078 Higher Engineering Mathematics EXERCISE 40.5 1. Prove that in 0

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