Marzan, Emmalyn C.

BSCE 3C
1. Define the following:
a. Mobility
Mobility is defined as the potential for movement and the ability to
get from one place to another utilizing one or more modes of conveyance to meet
daily demands. Mobility focuses on the fulfilment of requirements, while
transport (including vehicles, infrastructure and traffic rules) is the instrument
which is required for the tangible manifestation of mobility. Consequently,
mobility is a direct effect of social activities such as living, working, relaxing and
production, trading and consumption (for products) (for goods).
b. Accessibility
The ability to access or attain a desired service or activity is referred
to as accessibility. Accessibility refers to the quality of travel and is achieved by
using Access Management techniques to provide access to various land uses at
the community and individual levels. It focuses on travel time, travel cost, travel
options, comfort, and risk while meeting the requirements of everybody within
the community. The "ying and yang" of transportation are mobility and
accessibility. The goal is to expand the transit system's overall capacity while
maintaining efficiency and accessibility.
c. Transportation Mode
Transportation mode refers to several means by which products or
persons are transported from one point to the other through land, air or water.
The other routes are via pipelines (for gas/oil transport), cable (internet, energy
delivery), and space (satellite) (satellite). Most means of transportation are
designed to carry either passengers or freight, but most can carry both. A set of
technological, operational, and commercial criteria distinguishes each mode.
Speed, capacity, and motive technology are examples of technical qualities.
Speed limits, safety standards, and operating hours are examples of operational
characteristics.
d. Intelligent Transportation System
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) technologies promote
transportation safety and mobility and enhance American productivity by
integrating modern communications technology into transportation
infrastructure and into cars. ITS comprises a broad spectrum of wireless and
traditional communications-based information and electronic technologies. The
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) aims to improve traffic efficiency by
reducing congestion. It enriches users with previous information about traffic,
local convenience real-time running information, seat availability etc. which
minimizes travel time of commuters as well as promotes their safety and comfort.
e. Transport Systems Management
Transportation systems management refers to a set of approaches
for expanding a piece of transportation infrastructure's capacity without
increasing its physical size. The majority of the time, these strategies are applied
on highways. Adjustments to traffic signals, such as coordinating them or
introducing ramp metering, or small changes to road structure, such as
straightening corners or lengthening merge lanes, are examples of transportation
systems management strategies. In some cases, these low-cost initiatives can be
quite helpful at alleviating traffic congestion.
f. Transportation Demand
Transportation demand is the amount and type of travel that people
would choose under certain circumstances, taking into consideration factors
such as the quality of available transportation alternatives and their costs.
Understanding demand is critical for transportation planning in general, and
transportation demand management in particular, which involves a variety of
tactics that impact travel behavior. Transportation demand is concerned with
the movement of people and commodities, and we travel to meet a need (job,
education, entertainment, etc.), and we transport goods as part of total economic
activity.
g. Safe Stopping Sight Distance
Stopping sight distance (SSD) is the shortest distance between two
points on a roadway that allows a driver to safely stop a vehicle driving at design
speed without colliding with another vehicle obstruction. Safe stopping distance
is a word used in traffic engineering to describe one of the most critical measures.
It is the distance traveled by a vehicle from the moment a condition is first
noticed until the deceleration is complete. If drivers must react quickly to a crisis,
they must allow enough time. As a result, a sight distance at least equal to the
safe stopping distance should be included in highway design. Safe stopping sight
distance is an important factor in traffic engineering. It is the distance a vehicle
travels from the point at which a situation is first perceived to the time the
deceleration is complete. In highway design, we consider sight distance equal to
the safe stopping sight distance.
h. Visibility
Visibility for the drivers is required at intersection areas where two
or more roads meet so that they can perceive a hazard and stop any accidents
from happening. In the case of intersections, stopping sight distance (SSD) is
provided such that the drivers on either side should be able to see each other.
i. Safe Sight Distance
The most crucial consideration in all of this is that a drivers going
at the highway's design speed must always have enough carriageway distance
within his line of vision to stop his vehicle before colliding with a slowly moving
or stopped object suddenly appearing in his own traffic lane.
j. Traffic Density
The number of vehicles occupying a particular length of highway in
a traffic lane is referred to as traffic density. It's measured in vehicles per mile or
kilometers. The volume of traffic is inversely related to density. If the density is
lower, the speed and traffic volume will be higher. And if the density is higher,
the speed will be lower and the volume of traffic will be lower. When a traffic jam
occurs at a given spot, we may consider road widening, a flyover, or an
underpass, taking into account the peak hour traffic volume.

2. Problem Solving
2a. An existing horizontal curve has a radius of 85 meters, which restricts
the maximum speed on this section of road to only 60% of the design speed of
the highway. Highway officials want to improve the road to eliminate this
bottleneck. Assume coefficient of side friction is 0.15 and rate of super-elevation
is 0.08. Compute the existing speed, and find the new radius of curvature.
2b. In an intersection collision one of the vehicles leave 50 meters of skid
marks. A skid mark analysis indicates that the vehicle was travelling 75 kph at
the onset of braking. Assuming the median brake reaction time of 0.60 sec.,
estimate the distance from the point of impact to the vehicle position when the
driver initially reacted. Deceleration rate of the vehicle is 1.5 m/sec 2.
Solutions on Problems 2a. and 2b.