Statistics in Education

Statistics
⚫The science of collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing, and interpreting
data to assist in making more
effective decisions.
Types of statistics
⚫ Descriptive statistics – is a statistical
procedure concerned with describing the
characteristics and properties of a group
of persons, places or things.
 Descriptive Statistics
⚫ Collect data
⚫ e.g., Survey

⚫ Present data
⚫ e.g., Tables and graphs
⚫ Summarize data ∑
Xi
⚫ e.g., Sample mean n
⚫ Among the measurements falling under descriptive
statistics are the mean, median, mode, range, standard
deviation, variance, coefficient of variation, skewness,
kurtosis, summation, and other items which help in the
description of a set of data.
⚫ Descriptive statistics can answer questions such as:
⚫ 1. How many students are interested to take Statistics
online? ⚫ 2. What are the highest and the lowest scores
obtained by applicants in a test?
⚫ 3. What are the characteristics of the most likable
teachers according to students?
⚫ 4. Who performed better in the entrance
examination? ⚫ 5. What proportion of ZPPSU
students likes mathematics?
Below is a sample of a Microsoft excel printout of the
scores of 40 students in a statistics in education quiz.
62

62

69

70

70

71

72

73

73

74

mean 7

median 7

mode

standard deviation 8.0032

sample variance 64.051

 kurtosis -0.29053

maximum
skewness -0.08119
sum 91
range
count
minimum

⚫ The backbone of inferential statistics is

descriptive statistics.
Inferential statistics can answer
questions like:
⚫ Is there a significant difference in the academic
 performance of male and female students in
statistics?
⚫ Is there a significant difference between the
proportions of students who are interested to take
Statistics online and those who are not?
⚫ Is there a significant correlation between
educational attainment and job performance rating?
⚫ Is there a significant difference between the weights
of 20 teachers before and after six months of
attending zumba?
⚫ Is there a significant improvement in the academic
performance of the students after following the new
method in teaching?
Inferential Statistics
Analysis Type Example Paramet Non
ric Test parametr
Compare means Is the mean score of Grade ic Test
 Wilcoxon
between two III pupils in NAT result test
Two-
distinct/independent different from the mean
sample t
groups score of Grade VI pupils?
test
Compare two Was there a significant Paired t-test Fisher Sign
quantitative difference in academic test
measurements taken performance between first
from the same periodical test and the
individual second periodical test of
Grade VI pupils?
Compare means If our experiment had three Analysis Kruskal-
between three or groups (e.g., Grade IV, of Wallis test
more Grade V, and Grade VI), variance
distinct/ we might want to know (ANOVA)
independent whether the mean score in
groups the academic performance
differed among the three
groups.
Estimate the degree Is number of hours Pearson Spearma
of association studying associated coefficient n
between two with the academic of rank-order
quantitative performance? correlation coefficien
variables t of
correlatio
n

Knowing the Data

Population and Sample
⚫Population –The entire set of
individuals or objects having some
common characteristics or interest
selected for a research study. E.g.
elementary students enrolled in public
schools.
⚫Sample – may be defined as
 representative unit of a target
population, which is to be worked
upon by the researchers during their
study.
Data
⚫ Data are values (measurements or
observations) that the variables can
assume.

Variables Data Ranks Asst. Prof

Asso. Prof
Professor

Test Scores
Academic Instructor
20/25 26/30 85/100

Types of Data

Qualitative Quantitative

(Categorical) (Numerical)

Data

Qualitative
 QuantitativeContinu

ous Discrete

Scales of Measurement
VARIABLE SCALE
Quantitative/ Ratio
Numerical Interval
Qualitative/Categorical Ordinal
Nominal
Nominal Scale
➢A nominal scale classifies data
into distinct categories in which no
ranking is implied. ➢Arithmetic
operations are not performed for
nominal data.

Nominal Scale
QUALITATIVE DATA VALUES
VARIABLE Shoe Nike, Adidas, World
Brand Balance
Academic Subjects Math, Science, English
Internet Browser Explorer, Chrome,
Mozilla
Political Orientation PDP, LP, NP

Ordinal Scale
❑Ordinal scale classifies values
into distinct categories in which
ranking is implied. ❑Data can be
arranged in an ordering scheme.
❑Arithmetic operations are not
performed on ordinal level data.
Ordinal Scale
QUALITATIVE VARIABLE
Poor, Good, Excellent
DATA VALUESProduct
Rating
Socioeconomic Status Lower, Middle, Upper
Pain Level None, low, moderate,
severe

Competition Placement Champion, 1st runner-up,

2nd runner-up
Interval Scale
❖Interval scale is applied to data that can
be arranged in some order and for
which differences in data values are
meaningful.
❖The value zero is arbitrarily chosen for
interval data and does not imply an
absence of the characteristic being
measured.
Interval Scale
QUANTITAVE DATA VALUES
VARIABLE -5 °C, 0 °C, 32 °C
Temperature
Standardized Exam 120, 90, 85
(IQ)

Ratio Scale
⚫Ratio scale is applied to data
that can be ranked and for
which all arithmetic operations
including division can be
performed.
⚫Results from counting or
measuring. ⚫Data can be arranged
in an ordering scheme and
differences and ratios can be
 calculated and interpreted.
Ratio Scale
QUANTITATIVE DATA VALUES
VARIABLE Study 1 hr, 2.3 hrs, 2.5 hrs
Time
Height of students 4’2”, 4’4’, 4’9”
Calorie Intake 160, 236, 154

Measurement Scales
Measureme Catego Order Difference x
nt Level
Nominal ry / x True Zero
Ordinal / / x x
Interval / / / x
Ratio / / / /

DATA COLLECTION
Determining Sample Size
 ⚫

⚫Example:
Find n if N=10,000 and
e=5% Find n if N=10,000

and e=1%

⚫Using Survey Monkey

Calculator ⚫
 https://www.surveymonkey.com/mp/sample-size-

calculator/

Cochran’s Formula
z value found in the z table at a given
confidence level

Estimated proportion of an attribute

that is present in the population
Sample size
 ⚫1 - p Desired level of

precision

Example
⚫
⚫
 ⚫ Where:
⚫ N = population
size ⚫ z = z score
⚫ E = margin of
error ⚫ p =
proportion

⚫Using GPower Formula

Sampling Technique
⚫ Sampling is the process of selecting
samples from a given population.
Types of Sampling Techniques

Convenience
Non-probability Sampling Probability Sampling Quota Purposive
Simple Stratified Systematic Cluster
 DATA
PRESENTATION

DATA
PRESENTATION
 This
refers to
the

organization of data
into tables, graphs or charts, so that
logical and statistical conclusions can

be derived from the collected measurements.

METHODS OF PRESENTING DATA

TEXTUAL PRESENTATION
➢ The data
gathered are
presented in
paragraph
form.

➢ Data are
written and
read.

➢ It is a
combination of text and figures.
EXAMPLE:

Of the 150 sample interviewed,

the following complaints were
noted: 27 for lack of books in
the library, 25 for a dirty
playground, 20 for lack of
laboratory equipments, 17 for a
not well maintained university buildings.
TABULAR PRESENTATION
➢ Method of
presenting
data using the

statistical table.

➢ A systematic organization of data in

columns and rows.
PARTS OF A STATISTICAL TABLE
* TABLE HEADING -> consists of table
number and title.
* STUBS -> classifications or categories which are found at
the left side of the
body of the table.
* BOX HEAD -> the top of the column.
* BODY-> main part of the table.
* FOOTNOTES-> any statement or note inserted. * SOURCE
NOTE-> source of the statistics.
 ILLUSTRATION:

TABLE

HEADING

BOX
HEAD
BODY

STUBS
FOOTNOTES
SOURCE NOTE
EXAMPLE:

TOP 5 COUNTRIES WITH THE MOST CASES OF COVID-19

*Last Updated: November 18, 2020, 02: 54 GMT

Source: worldometer
https://www.worldometer.info/coronavirus/countries-where-coronavirus-has-spread/

GRAPHICAL PRESENTATION

➢ Method of presenting data using

graphs/charts or diagrams.
 ➢A method which enables us in
studying the cause and effect
relationship between two variables.

➢It helps in easy and quick

understanding of data.

KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS

1. BAR GRAPH -> used to show relationships or comparison
between groups.
 KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS
2. PIE GRAPH -> shows percentages effectively.
KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS
3. LINE GRAPH-> most useful in displaying data that changes
continuously over
time.
KINDS OF GRAPHS OR DIAGRAMS
4. PICTOGRAPH -> uses a small identical or figures of objects
called isotopes in
making comparison. Each picture
represents a definite quantity.
Frequency Distribution