REPORT ON PROFESSIONAL TRAINING

SUBMIITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT

FOR
THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE
IN
MEDICAL LABORATORY SCIENCE

Submitted By- Neha Chaudhary

Registration Number -18430020

DEPARTMENT OF LIFE SCIENCE AND ALLIED HEALTH SCIENCES

UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SCIENCES & HUMANITIES

SANT BABA BHAG SINGH UNIVERSITY,

Village: Khiala, PO : Padhiana, Distt : Jalandhar July 2021
 DECLARATION

I (Neha Chaudhary) would hereby like to declare that the project

report on professional training submitted by me to the Department of
life sciences & Allied Health Sciences ,SBBSU in partial fulfillment of the
requirement for the award of the degree of B.Sc. in Medical
Laboratory Science in a record of an original work carried out by me
under guidance of DR .VIKRAM JASSAL (Civil Hospital SAS Nagar
Mohali). I further declare that this project report has not been
submitted to any other University or institude for the award of any
degree or diploma.

Neha Chaudhary
Registration no- 18430020

C.O.D/H.O.D
DR.Shweta Singh
Department of life science & Allied Health Sciences
UISH
Hospital Permission Application
 Laboratory Basic Safety Rules

 Know locations of laboratory safety showers,

eyewash station and fire extinguishers
 Know emergency exit routes.
 Avoid skin and eye contact with all chemicals
 Minimize all chemical exposures.
 No horseplay will be tolerated
 Assume that all chemicals of unknown toxicity are
highly toxic.
 Personal protective equipment may include items
such as gloves, safety glasses and shoes, earplugs or
muffs, hard hats, respirators ,or coveralls, vests and
full body suits .
Seven Basic General Industry Safety Rules

 Keep work areas clean.

 Use the proper tool for the job.
 Always wear the proper PPE for the work task.
 Never work on live equipment.
 Make sure chemicals are properly labeled and
stored.
 Communicate hazards to other personnel.
 Stop work when needed to address hazards .

Dress for work in the laboratory. Wear clothing and

shoes that cover exposed skin and protect you potential
splashes. Tie back long hair, jewelry, or anything that
may catch in equipment. Never eat food drink beverages,
chew gum, apply cosmetics, or handle contact lenses in
the laboratory
 LABORATORY

• Hematology CBC, RBC ,WBC, PLT, TLC, BT, CT, PTI, PTT

• Serology HIV, HCV, HBsAg, VDRL, WIDAL, Pregnency etc.

• Microbiology Bacteria & Urine culture, Blood culture, elisa

• Biochemistry LFT, RFT, BloodGlucose, lipidprofile

• BloodBanking Blood Grouping, Crossmaching, Blood donation

• COVID-19 RTPCR , Rapid diagnostic test

• Sample Collection Blood Collection & Any Sample Collection.

• Pathology TSH , INR , Stool Sampling

 Hematology
CBC--A complete blood count, also known as a full
blood count, is a set of medical laboratory tests that
provide information about the cells in a person's
blood. The CBC indicates the counts of white blood
cells, red blood cells and platelets, the
concentration of hemoglobin, and the hematocrit.
Bleeding time(BT) and Clotting time (CT)

This test is performed to check the level of bleeding

and the amount of time taken by your blood to clot
in order to stop bleeding. It is useful in detecting
Coagulation Disorder Epistaxis, Platelet Disorder.
Although, the normal range of BT is generally defined
as 2-10 min. However, it is defined as < 7.1 min4 and 1-9
min5,6 in other references.

Prothrombin time (PT/INR)

Prothrombin time is a blood test that measures how
long it takes blood to clot. A prothrombin time test
can be used to check for bleeding problems. PT is
also used to check whether medicine to prevent
blood clots is working.

WBC Count
A WBC count is a blood test to measure the number of
white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood . WBC are also
called leukocytes. They help fight infection. They are
basically of five forms

 Basophils
 Eosinophils
 Lymphocytes
 Monocytes
 Neutrophils

RBC Count
A RBC count is a blood test that tells you how many red
blood cells you have. Red blood contain a substance
called hemoglobin, which transport oxygen around the
body .

SERELOGY
HIV Test
A test to check for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
infection. HIV is a virus that causes acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Several types of
tests check your blood or other body fluids to see whether
you're infected. Most can't spot HIV right away, because it
takes time for your body to make antibodies or for enough
of the virus to grow inside you.

HCV Test
A blood test, called an HCV antibody test, is used to find
out if someone has ever been infected with the hepatitis
C virus. The HCV antibody test, sometimes called the
anti-HCV test, looks for antibodies to the hepatitis C virus
in blood.

HBsAg TEST
HBsAg (Hepatitis B surface antigen) - A "positive" or
"reactive" HBsAg test result means that the person is
infected with hepatitis B. This test can detect the actual
presence of the hepatitis B virus (called the “surface
antigen”) in your blood.

VDRL test
The VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory)test is a
screening test for syphilis. It measures substances
(proteins), called antibodies, which your body may
produce if you have come in contact with the bacteria
that cause syphilis. Blood is drawn from a vein
(venipuncture), usually from the inside of the elbow or
the back of the hand.

WIDAL Test
The Widal test is one method that may be used to help
make a presumptive diagnosis of enteric fever, also
known as typhoid fever. Although the test is no longer
commonly performed in the United States or other
developed countries, it is still in use in many emerging
nations where enteric fever is endemic and limited
resources require the use of rapid, affordable testing
alternatives.

Pregnency Test
Pregnancy tests check your pee or blood for a hormone
called human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG). Your body
makes this hormone after a fertilized egg attaches to the
wall of your uterus.This usually happens about 6 days after
fertilization.
 Microbiology
Bacteria Culture Test -- A bacteria culture test can help
find harmful bacteria in your body. During a bacteria
culture test, a sample will be taken from your blood,
urine, skin, or other part of your body. The type of
sample depends on the location of the suspected
infection. The cells in your sample will be taken to lab
and put in a special environment in a lab to encourage
cell growth. Results are often available with in few days
but some types of bacteria grow slowly and it may take
several days or longer.
Urine Culture Test
The urine culture is a test that detects and identifies
bacteria and yeast in the urine, which may be causing
a urinary tract infection (UTI). It is used to diagnose
a urinary tract infection and identify the bacteria
causing the infection.
Test Preparation Needed?
Generally none, but depending on the type of culture,
you may be given special instructions. For example, you
may be asked not to urinate for at least one hour before
the test and/or to drink a glass of water 15-20 minutes
before sample collection. This will help to ensure that
you can produce enough urine for the test. Antibiotics
taken prior to the test may affect your results. Tell your
healthcare practitioner if you have taken antibiotics
recently.
Blood Culture Test

Blood cultures are used to detect the presence of

bacteria or fungi in the blood, to identify the type
present, and to guide treatment. Testing is used to
identify a blood infection (septicemia) that can lead to
sepsis, a serious and life-threatening complication.
How is the sample collected for testing?
Usually, two blood samples are collected from different
veins to increase the likelihood of detecting bacteria or
fungi if they are present in the blood. Multiple blood
samples help to differentiate true pathogens, which will
be present in more than one blood culture, from skin
bacteria that may contaminate one of several blood
cultures during the collection process.

Blood is obtained by inserting a needle into a vein in the

arm. The phlebotomist will put the blood into two
culture bottles containing broth to grow microbes. These
two bottles constitute one blood culture set. A second
set of blood cultures should be collected from a different
site, immediately after the first venipuncture. A single
blood culture may be collected from children since they
often have high numbers of bacteria present in their
blood when they have an infection.
Elisa test

ELISA stands for (enzyme-linked immunoassay). It is

a commonly used laboratory test to detect antibodies in
the blood. An antibody is a protein produced by the
body's immune system when it detects harmful
substances, called antigens.
How the Test is Performed
A blood sample is needed. Most of the time, blood
is drawn from a vein located on the inside of the elbow
or the back of the hand.
The sample is sent to a laboratory where the targeted
antibody or antigen is linked to a specific enzyme. If the
target substance is in the sample, the test solution turns
a different color.

Example of Positive Elisa

 Biochemistry
LFT (Liver Function Test) -- Liver functions test(LFT)
are a set of tests for checking the amount of proteins,
enzymes and bilirubin present in the blood. These tests
help diagnose liver infection, liver disease or damage.
Elevated or lower levels of one or more of these
substances can be a sign of a liver problem.
Liver Function Test (LFT) is a profile of blood tests that
provide useful information about the state of the liver.
RFT (Renal Function Test)-- Kidney Function Test
(KFT/RFT Test) is a profile of biochemistry blood tests
that are useful to assess the renal function. KFT test is
also commonly known as Renal Function Test, RFT Test,
Kidney Profile or Kidney Panel. A renal panel is a group of
tests that may be performed together to evaluate kidney
(renal) function. The tests measure levels of various
substances, including several minerals, electrolytes,
proteins, and glucose (sugar), in the blood to determine
the current health of your kidneys.
Lipid Profile Test
A complete cholesterol test is also called a lipid panel or
lipid profile. Your doctor can use it to measure the
amount of “good” and “bad” cholesterol and
triglycerides, a type of fat, in your blood. Cholesterol is a
soft, waxy fat that your body needs to function properly..
Lipids include cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density
lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL).
Blood Glucose test

A blood glucose test measures the glucose levels in your

blood. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is your body's main
source of energy. A hormone called insulin helps move
glucose from your bloodstream into your cells. Too much
or too little glucose in the blood can be a sign of a serious
medical condition. Too much or too little glucose in the
blood can be a sign of a serious medical condition.
 Blood Banking
Blood Grouping --The test to determine your blood
group is called ABO typing. Your blood sample is mixed
with antibodies against type A and B blood. Then, the
sample is checked to see whether or not the blood cells
stick together. If blood cells stick together, it means the
blood reacted with one of the antibodies.
There are eight different blood types:

 A positive: This is one of the most common blood

types (35.7% of the U.S. population has it). Someone
with this type can give blood only to people who are A
positive or AB positive.
 A negative: Someone with this rare type (6.3% of the
U.S. population) can give blood to anyone with A or
AB blood type.
 B positive: Someone with this rare type (8.5%) can
give blood only to people who are B positive or AB
positive.
 B negative: Someone with this very rare type (1.5%)
can give blood to anyone with B or AB blood type.
 AB positive: People with this rare blood type (3.4%)
can receive blood or plasma of any type. They’re
known as universal recipients.
 AB negative: This is the rarest blood type -- only 0.6%
of the U.S. population has it. Someone with this blood
type is known as a “universal plasma donor,” because
anyone can receive this type of plasma.
 O positive: This is one of the most common blood
types (37.4%). Someone with this can give blood to
anyone with a positive blood type.
Crossmaching test
Crossmatching is a way for your healthcare provider to
test your blood against a donor's blood to make sure
they are fully compatible. It's essentially a trial
transfusion done in test tubes to see exactly how your
blood will react with potential donor blood. Cross-
matching or crossmatching is a test performed before
a blood transfusion as part of blood compatibility testing.
Blood donation

A blood donation occurs when a person voluntarily has

blood drawn and used for transfusions and/or made into
biopharmaceutical medications by a process called
fractionation (separation of whole blood components).
Donation may be of whole blood, or of specific
components directly (apheresis).
COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a contagious

disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The first known case was
identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 Symptoms
may begin one to fourteen days after exposure to the
virus. At least a third of people who are infected do not
develop noticeable symptoms.[14] Of those people who
develop symptoms noticeable enough to be classed as
patients, most (81%) develop mild to moderate
symptoms (up to mild pneumonia), while 14% develop
severe symptoms (dyspnea, hypoxia, or more than 50%
lung involvement on imaging), and 5% suffer critical
symptoms (respiratory failure, shock, or multiorgan
dysfunction).

COVID-19 transmits when people breathe in air

contaminated by droplets and small airborne particles.
The risk of breathing these in is highest when people are
in close proximity, but they can be inhaled over longer
distances, particularly indoors. Transmission can also
occur if splashed or sprayed with contaminated fluids, in
the eyes, nose or mouth, and, rarely, via contaminated
surfaces.
RTPCR (Real-time reverse transcriptase-
polymerase chain reaction )-- Test for the
qualitative detection of nucleic acid from SARS – coV-2 in
upper and lower respiratory specimens swabs sputum
lower respiratory tract aspirates, bronchoalveolar lavage.
Real time RTPCR is a nuclear derived method for
detecting the presence of any anti pathogen.

An RTPCR test is a laboratory test that combines reverse

transcription of RNA into DNA from the detection of the
virus.
Antigen test – This test detect protein fragments
specific to the covid. It can be done in a clinic, doctor ,
hospital. The turn around time for results is very quick
and in some cases result can be reported within 15
minutes .
 Sample collection

Specimen collection is the process of obtaining tissue or

fluids for laboratory analysis or near patient testing . It
often a first step in determining diagnose and treatment
blood collection a procedure in which a needle is used to
take blood from a vein usually for laboratory testing. A
blood drawn may also be done to remove extra blood
cells from the blood to treat certain blood disorder also
called phlebotomy and vein puncture.

Specimen Collection – The types of biological

accepted in most clinic laboratories are serum
sample virology swap samples biopsy and
necropsy tissue, cerebrospinal fluid , whole
blood for PCR, enduring sample. These are
collected in specific containers for successful
processing laboratory ,eg Blood sample can be
collected from blood vessels (capillaries, veins
and some times arteries) by trained
phlebotomists or medicals personnal .

 Tissue biopsy
 Cerebro spinal fluid
 Other body fluids ]
 Bone marrow amniotic fluid
Blood Sample Collection

Blood collection, or the collection of blood, usually

involves the removal of blood and it comes in many
different forms. It's also a common term in blood
sampling for laboratory analysis. Three popular methods
of blood collection are: Arterial Sampling. Venipuncture
Sampling. An overnight fast is preferable (from 6 PM of
the evening previous to collection) to ensure that the
patient is in the basal state. This minimizes the effects of
ingested substances on the test results. Before you
collect the specimen, ask the patient when he/she last
ate or drank anything. The median cubital and cephalic
veins are preferred for blood sampling, but other arm
and hand veins may be used. The cephalic vein is located
on the lateral (radial) side of the arm, and the basilic vein
is located on the medial (ulnar) side.
Three popular methods of blood collection
are:

Arterial Sampling --This form of blood collection most

commonly takes place within a hospital environment. It
is used in the identification of metabolic, respiratory, and
mixed acid-base disorders, where CO2 levels require
understanding or monitoring. While generally safe, the
procedure can be upsetting and painful for the patient.

Venipuncture Sampling -- Venipuncture is the most

common way to collect blood from adult patients.
Collection takes place from a superficial vein in the upper
limb, generally the median cubital vein; this vein is close
to the skin and doesn’t have many large nerves
positioned close by. This reduces pain and discomfort for
the patient.
Fingerstick Sampling-- Fingerstick or fingerprick
sampling involves taking a very small amount of blood
from the patient, usually from the end of a finger. It is
over quickly and requires very little in the way of
preparation; therefore, reducing concern and anxiety in
patients, particularly in children and nervous adults.
 Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease. It is the bridge between

science and medicine. It underpins every aspect of
patient care, from diagnostic testing and treatment
advice to using cutting-edge genetic technologies and
preventing disease.

Also referred to as laboratory medicine, clinical

pathology concerns the analysis of blood, urine and
tissue samples to examine and diagnose disease.
Examples of the information clinical pathology
laboratories may provide include blood count, blood
clotting and electrolyte results.

This field covers areas of pathology, but at a less

specialist level. A person working in general pathology
would be trained in the areas of laboratory analysis, such
as hematology and clinical chemistry. However, they
would have a less detailed knowledge than a person who
specializes in one of these fields.
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

A TSH test is done to find out if your thyroid gland is

working the way it should. It can tell you if it's overactive
(hyperthyroidism) or underactive (hypothyroidism). The
test can also detect a thyroid disorder before you have
any symptoms. If untreated, a thyroid disorder can cause
health problems.
Stool Sampling

A stool analysis is a series of tests done on a stool (feces)

sample to help diagnose certain conditions affecting the
digestive tract. These conditions can include infection
(such as from parasites, viruses, or bacteria), poor
nutrient absorption, or cancer. The stool may be
examined for hidden (occult) blood, fat, meat fibers, bile,
white blood cells, and sugars called reducing substances.
The pH of the stool also may be measured. A stool
culture is done to find out if bacteria may be causing an
infection.
Stool samples should be delivered to the laboratory as
soon as possible. If you can't hand the stool sample in
immediately you should store it in a fridge (but for no
longer than 24 hours). An abnormal FIT result means that
blood was found in the stool sample that you submitted.
Abnormal FIT results are common and do NOT mean that
you have cancer. On average, ten percent of people
screened with FIT will have an abnormal result and will
require additional testing.
INR Test

An INR test measures the time for the blood to clot. It is

also known as prothrombin time, or PT. It is used to
monitor blood-thinning medicines, which are also known
as anticoagulants. The INR, or international normalised
ratio, can also be used to check if you have a blood
clotting problem. In healthy people an INR of 1.1 or
below is considered normal. An INR range of 2.0 to 3.0 is
generally an effective therapeutic range for people taking
warfarin for disorders such as atrial fibrillation or a blood
clot in the leg or lung.
A result of 1.0, up to 1.5, is therefore normal. A low INR
result means your blood is 'not thin enough' or
coagulates too easily and puts you at risk of developing a
blood clot. A high INR result means your blood
coagulates too slowly and you risk bleeding.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Special thanks to respective chancellor of the

universitySant Dilawar Singh ji, chancellor ,Dy. Dean
Academics,Dy.Dean UISH and all the officials of the
university.DR Shweta Singh . C.O.D and Ms Charanjit
Kaur , Incharge of the Department of Life Sciences and
Health Sciences.

Thanks to new and old faculty members of the

Department of Life Sciences and Allied Health Sciences.
DR .AkshSharma,Ms. Sonia, Ms .Satvir Kullar and Ms.
Preeti,Ms . Charanjit Kaur.

I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all

those who provided me the possibility to complete this
reports . it is with deepest

Sense of gratitude and reverence that I express my

indebtedness to DR .Vikram jassal of civil hospital SAS
Nager phase 6 mohali sector 56 , who granted to do six
months internship in this highly equiped and esteemed
laboratory. I take privilege to express my sincere

thanks and gratitude to my internal supervisor DR

Manpreet Kaur , Ms Minakshi ,Ms raman , Mr pradeep,
Mr Dilpreet ,Mr jagwinder ,Mr samson ,Mr harsimran.
who gave me guidance and valubale suggestion . my
deep sincere gratefulness is due to all the staff member

of Civil Hospital SAS Nager( mohali) ,who readily and

cheerfully extended every help required from the
beginning till the end of this work . I Am thankful to all
the teacher of Civil Hospital SAS Nager (Mohali ) and
all the staff members of civil hospital with out their
support and blessing this report would not have been
possible .

Neha Chaudhary