IT2

Lecture # 3

File-Based System
 A collection of application programs that perform services for the end-users such as
the production of reports.
 Each program defines and manages its own data.
 It is considered as the predecessor of database system.

File-Based Processing

Limitation of the File-Based Approach

 Separation and isolation of data
 Duplication of data
 Data dependence
 Incompatible file formats
 Fixed Queries/Proliferation of application programs

File System Approach

 Uncontrolled redundancy  Poor enforcement of standards
 Inconsistent data  Low programmer productivity
 Inflexibility  Excessive program maintenance
 Limited data sharing  Excessive data maintenance

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Data Organization
 CHARACTER is the basic building block of DATA which consist of upper & lower case
letter numeric digit (0, 1, 2, etc.) or special character (-, +, -).
 CHARACTER are put together to form a FACT.
 FACT are called Field, Item, Word, or String of Character.
 FACT – a number, a name, or a combination of Character.
 RECORD is a collection of related FACTS.
 Example: Employee Record – it is collection of FACT about one employee.
It indicates name,
address, phone #, pay 1 2 3 4 Database
rate, earning made to
date & so on.
 FILE is a collection of related RECORD.
 Example: A collection of all employee record for one company would be
an Employee File.
 Inventory File – collection of all inventory record for a particular company
or organization.
 DATABASE is a collection of integrated & related master file.
 A data base is used as the raw material or input data for all of the
application system perform by the organization.

The Heart of most Organization is DATA.

Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of this data), designed
to meet the information needs of an organization.
 System catalogue (metadata) provides description of data to enable program–data
independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and relationships of an
organization’s information.

Database System
 Each ROW is a RECORD.
 Each COLUMN is a FIELD.
 COLUMN TITLES are FIELD NAME.
 The type of DATA stored in a FIELD is a FIELD TYPE.
 The number of CHARACTER in a FIELD is its FIELD WIDTH.
 A DATABASE is composed of one or more TABLE.
 A DATABASE is a FILE which is created in automated DBMS SOFTWARE.

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Database Management System (DBMS)
 A software system that enables users to define, create, and maintain the database and
that provides controlled access to this database.

DBMS provides the following facilities:

 Data definition language (DDL).
 Permits specification of data types, structures and any data constraints.
 All specifications are stored in the database.

 Data manipulation language (DML).

 General enquiry facility (query language) of the data.

 Controlled access to database may include:

 A security system.
 An integrity system.
 A concurrency control system.
 A recovery control system.
 A user-accessible catalogue.

 A view mechanism.
 Provides users with only the data they want or need to use.

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Examples of DBMS:
 Microsoft Access
 Microsoft SQL Server
 Oracle
 FoxPro / Visual FoxPro
 INGRES
 Dbase
 FoxBase
 Paradox
 InterBase
 DB2
 Informix
 MySQL

Components of DBMS Environment

 Hardware - Can range from a PC to a network of computers.

 Software - DBMS, operating system, network software (if necessary) and also the
application programs.

 Data - Used by the organization and a description of this data called the schema.

 Procedures - Instructions and rules that should be applied to the design and use
of the database and DBMS.

 People - users of DBMS

Roles in the Database Environment

 Data Administrator (DA) – is responsible for the management of the data resource
including database planning, development and maintenance of standards,
policies and procedures, and conceptual / logical database design.
 Database Administrator (DBA) – is responsible for the physical realization of the
database, including physical design and implementation, security and integrity
control, maintenance of the operational system, and ensuring satisfactory
performance of the applications for users.
 Database Designers (Logical and Physical) –
 Logical Database Designer – concerned with identifying the data (that is, the
entities and attributes), the relationships between the data, and the
constraints on the data that is to be stored in the database.
 Physical Database Designer – decides how the logical database design is to
be physically realized.
 Application Programmers – developed application program that request the
DBMS to perform some operation on the database.
 End Users (naive and sophisticated)

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  Naïve Users – are typically unaware of the DBMS. They access the database
through application program.
 Sophisticated Users – are familiar with the structure of the database and the
facilities offered by the DBMS. They can perform high-level query language
such as SQL to perform the required operations.

Advantages of DBMS
 Control of data redundancy  Balanced conflicting requirements
 Data consistency  Improved data accessibility and
 More information from the same responsiveness
amount of data  Increased productivity
 Sharing of data  Improved maintenance through
 Improved data integrity data independence
 Improved security  Increased concurrency
 Enforcement of standards  Improved backup and recovery
 Economy of scale services

Disadvantages of DBMS

 Complexity
 Size
 Cost of DBMS
 Additional hardware costs
 Cost of conversion
 Performance
 Higher impact of a failure