FORMAL

METHODS
Lecture 6:Venn Diagram

LECTURER: QURATULAIN
DEPARTMENT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD
SOLUTION
A=Chocolate: 120
B=Vanilla :135
(A ∩ B) Both: 54 A=66 A∩B B =81
=54
C=None: 66
Given,
n(A ∪ B)+C = (A + B) - (A ∩ B) + C
= (120+135)-(54)+66 C=66
= 255-54+66
=201 +66
=267
Number of people surveyed= 267
Venn Diagrams
Venn diagrams were conceived around 1880
by John Venn.
They are used to teach elementary set theory, as well as
illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic,
statistics linguistics and computer science.
Venn diagram consist of rectangles and closed curves usually
circles. The universal is represented usually by rectangles and its
subsets by circle.

ILLUSTRATION:
In fig U = { 1, 2, 3, …., 10 } is the universal set of
which
A = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 } and B = { 4, 6 } are subsets, and
also B ⊂ A
 A’ (A ∩ B)’
SOME PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATION OF UNION
1) AUB=BUA ( commutative law )
2) (AU B ) UC =AU ( B U C ) ( associative law )
3) AUϕ=A ( law of identity element )
4) AUA=A ( idempotent law )
5) U UA= U ( law of U ) A∪B B’ (B dash)

SOME PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATION OF INTERSECTION

1) A∩B=B∩A ( commutative law )
2) (A∩ B ) ∩ C =A∩ ( B ∩ C ) ( associative law )
3) Φ ∩ A = Φ, U ∩ A = A ( law of Φ and U )
4) A∩A=A ( idempotent law ) A∩B A-B
5) A∩( B UC )= (A∩ B) U (A∩ C ) ( distributive law )

1) Complement laws : 1) A U A’ = U 2) A ∩ A’ = Φ
2) De Morgan’s law :
(i) (A U B)' = A' ∩ B' (De Morgan's law of union).
(ii) (A ∩ B)' = A' U B' (De Morgan's law of intersection). (A ∪ B)’ (A - B)’
3) Laws of double complementation : ( A’ ) ‘ = A
4) Laws of empty set and universal set : Φ ‘ = U & U’ = Φ
 For example;
Use Venn diagrams in different situations to find the following sets.
ξ = {a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j} (1) B - A

A = {a, b, c, d, f}

B = {d, f, e, g
(2) (A ∩ B)'

(3) (A ∪ B)' ?
B - A = {elements which are in B but not in A} = {e, g}
(A ∩ B)' = {elements of ξ which are not in A ∩ B}
= {a, b, c, e, g, h, i, j}
(A ∪ B)' = {elements of ξ which are not in A ∪ B} = {h, i, j}

Venn diagram word problems generally give you two

or three classifications and a bunch of numbers. You
then have to use the given information to populate the
diagram and figure out the remaining information.
Scenario # 8.1
“A Class of 40 students completed a survey on what pets they like. The choices were:
Cats, Dogs, and Birds. Everyone liked at least one pet.
10 students liked Cats and Birds but not dogs
6 students liked Cats and Dogs but not birds
2 students liked Dogs and Birds but not Cats
2 students liked all three pets
10 students liked Cats only
9 students liked Dogs only
1 student liked Birds only
Represent these results using a three circle Venn Diagram.”
 Solving
Word
Problems
Scenario # 8.2
Twenty-four dogs are in a kennel. Twelve of the dogs are black, six of the
dogs have short tails, and fifteen of the dogs have long hair.

There is only one dog that is black with a short tail and long hair. Two of the
dogs are black with short tails and do not have long hair. Two of the dogs
have short tails and long hair but are not black.

If all of the dogs in the kennel have at least one of the

mentioned characteristics, how many dogs are black
with long hair but do not have short tails?
Solution-
Given: B= 12 ST=6
U = 24
12  Black
B
 2
6  Short Tail  ST
15  Long Hair  LH 1
1  B + ST + LH X 2
2  B & ST – LH
2  ST + LH -B

B + LH –ST = ?  X LH= 15
U= 24
ST Only = ? B= 12 ST=6
= 6-2-1-2 = 1
B only = ?
= 12-2-1-x = 9-x
2
LH only = ?
= 15-2-1-x = 12-x
1
X 2

LH= 15
U= 24
B =? B= 12 ST=6
12-X-1-2 = 9

B  9- X = ? 2 1
(X) =12-9
X = 3
B only=?
1
B only = 9-x=6 (Value of x is 3)
X 2
= 6
LH only = 3+1+2-15
LH only  = 9
LH= 15
 Question
A survey about comic poets was conducted, revealed the following information:
51 admire Anwar Masood
49 admire Khalid Masood
60 admire Salman Gelani
34 admire Anwar Masood and Khalid Masood
32 admire Khalid Masood and Salman Gelani
36 admire Anwar Masood and Salman Gelani
24 admire all three of the Poets
1 admires none of the Poets
Pakistani Comic Poet
a) How many people were surveyed?
b) How many admire Salman Gelani, but not Khalid Masood nor Anwar Masood ?
c) How many admire Khalid Masood or Salman Gelani?
d) How many admire exactly one of the comic poet?
e) How many admire exactly two of the comic poet?
Scenario #6.3
In a college ,60% of the students play football, 50% of the student play cricket and 50% of the student
play hockey. 20% play both football and cricket ,25% play both hockey and cricket,30% play both
football and hockey.5% of the student play all the three games and 100 students play none of the games.
1)How many students are there in the college?
2)How many students play exactly two games?
3)How many students play neither cricket nor football?
4)How many students play exactly one game?
 U=100 X
Football Cricket
Total = ?
60 X 50 X Total= 100 X  U=100 X
We Know That
5% of the student play all the three games
15 X a 10 X a + b = 20%
 a + 5 X = 20 X (15X) + (5X) + (25 X)
Only Football 15 X  Only a = 15 X - 60 X = ?
b + c = 25%
 5 X + c = 25 X
15 X
5X  Only c = 20 X
b + d = 30%
25 X b 20 X  5 X + d = 30 X
d c  Only d = 25 X
Only Football = 15 X
Only Cricket = 10 X
X=10 Only Hockey = 0
60 X + 10 X + 20 X = 90 X
0 90 X - 100 X = 10 X
10 X 10 X = 100 Hockey50 X
10 X = 100 (Given)  X=10
 U=100 X ?
Football Cricket 1) How many students are there in
60 X 50 X the college?
Total = 100 X
15 X 10 X  100 x 10 = 1000
Only Football 15 X 2) How many students play exactly
two games?
25X + 15X + 20X = ?
5X 60X = ?
60(10) = 600
25 X b 20 X 3) How many students play neither
cricket nor football?
0 + 10X = ?
10 (10) = 100
X=10 4) How many students play exactly
one game?

0 15X + 10X + 0 =?
10 X 10 X = 100 Hockey50 X 25 (10) = 250
Q5 # How many students play atmost 2 games?
Maximum 2 games

∑X2 + ∑X1 + None=

Exactly 2 Games None
25X + 15X + 20X = ? None = 100  60X + 25X + 10X = ?
60X = ?  95X =?
60(10) = 600 Exactly 2 Games
95 (10) = 950
15X + 10X + 0 =?
25X =?
25 (10) = 250
Scenario #8.3
A locality of 1000 members was surveyed based on the newspaper they read. They read three newspapers
namely Daily Express , Daily Jung and Daily Times. 400 of them read Daily Express , 600 of them Daily
Jung and 500 of them Daily Times. 100 of them do not read any of these newspapers which is exactly equal
to those who read all the three newspapers.
Q1 # How many read exactly 2 newspapers?
Q2 # How many ready exactly 1 news paper?
Q3 # How many read at most two newspaper?
 U=1000 We Know that
Daily Express Daily Jung
600 Total Readers = 900  U-100= 900
400
Its mean,
a+b+c+d+e+f+100 = 900
d a+b+c+d+e+f= 800  Equation 1
a b Now
If we add all the readers (all newspaper readers)
100 Daily Express + Daily Jung + Daily Times = ?
400 + 600 + 500 = 1500
e f Daily Express + Daily Jung + Daily Times =
1500
(a+d+e+100)+(d+b+f+100)+(e+c+f+100) =
c 1500
(a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f)+3(100) = 1500
Daily Times (a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f)+300 = 1500  Equation 2
100 500
(a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f) = 1500 – 300
(a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f) = 1200
 U=1000
Daily Express Daily Jung
600 Now, We have,
a+b+c+d+e+f= 800  Equation 1
400

& (a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f) = 1200  Equation 2

d Now Solve further
a b By subtracting  Equation2 from Equation1
(a+b+c)+ 2(d+e+f) = 1200
100 a+b+c+d+e+f= 800
e f (d+e+f) = 400  By putting in Equation1
we have
a+b+c+400= 800
a+b+c = 800 – 400
c a+b+c = 400  By putting in Equation 2
Daily Times (400)+ 2(400) = 1200
100 500
1200 = 1200
 U=1000
Daily Express Daily Jung Q1 # How many read exactly 2 newspapers?
400 600
(d+e+f) = 400
Q2 # How many ready exactly 1 news paper?
d (a+b+c) = 400
a b
Q3 # How many read at most two newspaper?
100
e f
∑X2 + ∑X1 + None=
?
(d+e+f) + (a+b+c) + None=
c 400 + 400 + 100 = 900
Daily Times
100 500
U= 24

B= 12 ST=6
Sum of All
B+ST+LH= 24
12 + 6 + 15 = 24
6 2 1
1
3 2
9
LH= 15