1- Direct Translation Techniques :

These translation techniques are used when the concepts

and structure of the source language can be used in the
target language.
Examples : Borrowing - Calque (loan translation) - Literal
Translation
2- Lireral translation : is a translation of a text done by
translating each word separately, without looking at how
the words are used together in a phrase or sentence.
Examples : a literal English translation of the German
word "Kindergarten" would be "garden of children," but in
English, the expression refers to the school year between
pre-school and first grade.
3- Calque : a word taken from one language and
translated in a literal or word for word way to be used in
another language.
Examples : Bushmeat calques viande de brousse - Deaf-
mute calques French sourd-muet - Free verse calques
vers libre - Point of view calques point de vue -
Superconductor calques Dutch supergeleider - Pineapple
calques Dutch pijnappel - Heroic tenor calques
Heldentenor - Earworm calques Ohrwurm - Gospel
calques Greek εὐαγγέλιον - Blue-blood calques sangre
azul
4- Borrowing : is a translation technique that involves
using in the target text the same word or expression found
in the original text.
Examples : adobe - tornado - mango – avatar - banana -
loot - kangaroo - tattoo - check - checkmate - chess -
gorilla - zombie - bazaar - sultan
5- Oblique Translation Techniques : are used when the
structural or conceptual elements of the source language
cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or
upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the
target language.
Examples : Transposition – Modulation - Reformulation or
Equivalence – Adaptation -Compensation
6- Transposition : is moving from one grammatical
category to another without altering the meaning of the
text.
Examples : rendering a French noun with an English
verb, such as après sa mort ‘after she died’
7- Modulation : is a method in which translators try to
maintain naturalness by using various form the message
done by changing the point of view.
Examples : Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but
translates better as You can have it.
8- Reformulation or Equivalence : expressing something
in a completely different way.
9- Adaptation : known as “Free Translations” are when
the translator substitutes cultural realities or scenarios for
which there is no reference in the target language.
10- Compensation : is a standard lexical transfer
operation whereby those meanings of the SL text.
11- Cateorgy Shift in translation : unbounded and rank-
bounded translation.
12- Level Shift in translation : is that a source text item
at one linguistic level has a target text translation
equivalent at a different level.
13- Unit shift in translation : is a translation strategy that
changes the unit of the source text.
14- Class shift in translation : the changes that occur
when a text is translated into another language.
15- Intra-system shift in translation : a departure from
formal correspondence.
16- Communicative translation : is an attempt to render
the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a way
that both content and language are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the reader.
17- Semantic translation : is the process of using
semantic information to aid in the translation of data in one
representation or data model to another representation or
data model. Semantic translation takes advantage of
semantics that associate meaning with individual data
elements in one dictionary to create an equivalent
meaning in a second system.
18- optional and Servitude Parameter in translation :
Accuracy, completeness, and logic are the main
parameters to check. Among them, accuracy is the most
important feature of a translation. It requires a correct
understanding of the source text and the ability to ensure
that the translation expresses that understanding.
19- Neologism : is the name for a newly coined
expression, term, word, or phrase.
Examples : Webinar – malware – netroots and
blogosphere
20- Euphemism : A euphemism is a polite word or
expression that is used to refer to things which people
may find upsetting or embarrassing to talk about.
Examples : Passed away” instead of “died”
“Let go” instead of “fired”
“Make love” instead of “sex”
“Put down” instead of “euthanized”
 English Arabic Technique
Month of dust and ‫شهر الغبار واالكاذيب‬ Literal
lies
On the shelves ‫ تنعم براحة‬X‫الملفات‬ Transposition
the files enjoy an ‫الموت فوق االرفف‬
easeful death
The long, high- ‫الحجرة الطويلة العالية‬ Transposition
ceilinged office a ‫السقف مخزن كئيب‬
gloomy storeroom ‫لدخان السجائر‬
for cigarette
smoke
How diverting ‫ يالها من تسلية ان تالحظ‬Adaptation
they must find the ‫الموظف من جدية مظهره‬
civil servant at ‫وهو يؤدى عمال تافها‬
work, carrying
out, with utterly
serious mien
How diverting ‫يا لها‬ Modulation
with utterly ‫من جدية مظهره‬ Modulation
serious mien
utterly trivial tasks ‫يؤدى عمال تافها‬ Literal
Have you finished ‫هل اتممت البيان‬ Transposition
that report ‫المطلوب‬
Recording the ‫التسجيل فى السراكى‬ Adaptaion
arrival of
registered post
Anis ‫انيس‬ Calque
Zaki ‫زكى‬ Calque
the Head of ‫ساله رئيس القلم‬ Modulation
Department
asked
I've sent it to the ‫ورفعته للمدير العام‬ Transposition
Director General
through his thick ‫ من وراء نظرته الشمسية‬Literal
spectacles.
Had he caught ‫هل ضبطه متلبسا‬ Adaptaion
Anis grinning like ‫بابتسامة بلهاء غير مبرره‬
an imbecile at
nothing
But people were ‫ ولكن هذه السخافات يجب‬Equivalence/
used to putting up ‫ان تصاغ فى ابريل‬ Reformulation
with such
nonsense in April
Hashish ‫حشيش‬ Borrowing
Sheikh ‫شيخ‬ Borrowing
The Head of ‫دبت حركة عجيبة فى‬ Adaptaion
Department ‫رئيس القلم شملت‬
began to be ‫اعضاءه الظاهره‬
overtaken by an
odd
involuntary ‫حركة عجيبة‬ Modulation
movement
slow and ‫تمويجية بطيئه‬ Literal
undulating
visibly ‫اثر حاسم‬ Modulation
progressing
Gradually ‫رويدا‬ Modulation
he began to swell ‫راح ينتفخ‬ Literal
up
The swelling ‫ فيمتد االنتفاخ الى الصدر‬Literal
spread from his
chest
over his entire ‫ثم الرأس‬ Modulation
head.
Anis stared ‫حملق انيس زكى فى‬ Transposition
fixedly at his boss ‫رئيسه بعينين جامدتين‬
as the swelling ‫ واذا االنتفاخ البادئ اصال‬Adaptation
obliterated the ‫من الصدر يتضخم‬
features and ‫فيزدرد الرقبة والراس‬
contours of his
face and finally
turned the man
into a great globe
of flesh
It appeared that ‫ من الرجل فى النهاية كرة‬Modulation
he had grown ‫ضخمة من اللحم ويبدو‬
lighter in some ‫ان وزنه خف‬
astonishing way
Mr ‫افندى‬ Adaptaion
God’s peace on ‫سالم على المؤمنين‬ Literal
the faithful
The asp itself did ‫الحية الرقطاء فقد ادت‬ Literal
the Queen of ‫خدمة ال تكرر لملكة‬
Egypt a great ‫مصر القديمة‬
favor
But you, my ‫اما انتم ايها الزمالء ال‬ Literal
colleagues? ‫خير فيكم‬
There is no good
in you
Come and live on ‫فلتقم انت فى العوامة‬ Literal
the houseboat
millieme ‫مليم‬ Borrowing
Just get ‫عليك ان تعد لنا كل شئ‬ Literal
everything ready
for us
With sudden ‫بتصميم مفاجئ راح‬ Adaptation
resolution he ‫يسرك مجموعة من‬
began to deal X‫الخطابات‬
with a pile of
letters
midges ‫هاموش‬ Modulation
the path between ‫الطريق بين الموت‬ Literal
death and life ‫والحياة‬
Woman! Feed the ‫ياحرمه اطعمى الطفل‬ Literal
child
He must need ‫يلزمه الطعام‬ Transposition
food
Ay furughe mahe ‫اى فروع ماء حسن‬ Borrowing
hosn
Quran ‫القرآن‬ Borrowing
his guide in his ‫مرشده في ظالمه األبدي‬ Literal
eternal darkness
God is forgiving ‫هللا غفور رحيم‬ Literal
and merciful
Nobody will ‫لن يبحث عنه احد‬ Modulation
So you’re ‫اتقلد اهل العنف والشر‬ Transpositon
modeling yourself
on the men of evil
and violence
Hasballah ‫حسب هللا‬ Borrowing
Zayn al-Naturi’ ‫زين الناطوري‬ Calque
and I can always ‫ومن يسترشد يجد من‬ Transposition
ask ‫يرشده‬
What are you ‫ماذا انت فاعل به‬ Literal
going to do with it
What’s its name ‫ما اسمه‬ Literal
May they rot in ‫اللعنة ع االثمين‬ Transpositon
hell
hell ‫األثمين‬ Adaptaion
and may God ‫وليشمله هللا ببركته‬ Transposition
bless him ‫ورضوانه‬
Darwish ‫دارويش‬ Borrowing
came a voice ‫جاء صوت من الظالم‬ Literal
from the darkness
God protects the ‫هللا يحفظ المؤمنين‬. Literal
faithful.
It was just what ‫هو ماتوقعه القلب‬ Transposition
he’d expected
Woman! Feed the ‫ياحرمه اطعمى الطفل‬ Literal
child
keeping his stick ‫جاعال عصاخ جانبا‬ Literal
close in to his
side