2.

Vector Algebra Dot Product

LECTURE 3
 2.0
Nishant Vora
B.Tech - IIT-Patna
7+ years Teaching experience
Mentored 5 lac+ students
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Discussion
 ➝ ➝
Example If a and b are non-zero, non-collinear vectors and
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
A = (x + 4y)a + (2x + y + 1)b and B = (y - 2x + 2)a + (2x - 3y -1)b
➝ ➝
Find x and y such that 3 A = 2 B.

Ans: x = 2 and y = -1
Example The value of λ when ➝ ^and ➝
a = 2^i - 3 ^j + k b = 8 ^i+ λ ^j+ 4 k
^ are parallel
is -

A. 4 B. -6

C. -12 D. 1
Dot Product
 Dot Product or Scalar Product
➝
Let ➝
a and b be two non-zero vectors and θ the angle between
➝ ➝
them then its scalar product is denoted as a . b and is defined as

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
a . b = |a| |b| cos θ
 Dot Product or Scalar Product

1 î · î = ĵ · ĵ = k̂ . k̂ = 1

2 î · ĵ = ĵ · k̂ = k̂ . î = 0
 Dot Product or Scalar Product
➝ ➝ ➝
If ➝
a = a1î + a2ĵ + a3k̂ and b = b1î + b2ĵ + b3k̂ then a . b = a1b1 + a2b2 + a3b3
 ➝ ^ ^ ^ ➝ ^ ^ ^ ➝➝
Example If a = 3i + 2j + k and b = i -2j + 5k then find a.b.

A. 4 B. 5

C. 3 D. -3
Example If angle between ➝
a and ➝b is 1200 and their magnitudes are
respectively 2 and √3, then a.b equals-

A. 3 B. -√3

C. √3 D. -3
Properties of
Dot Product
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
1 a.b=b.a
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝ ➝
2 a . a = |a|2
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
3 a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
4 -|a| |b| ≤ a . b ≤ |a| |b|
 Properties of Dot Product

5 + If θ ∈ [0, 𝝿/2)

➝ ➝
a.b= - If θ ∈ (𝝿/2, 𝝿]

0 If θ = 𝝿/2
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝
6 0.a=0
 Properties of Dot Product

➝➝ ➝ ➝
7 Angle between 2 vectors a and b cos θ = a.b/|a||b|
 Properties of Dot Product

8 If ➝
a ⟂➝
b then ➝a.b➝
= 0 but if ➝
a .➝
b = 0 then either ➝
a = 0 or
➝
b = 0 or θ = 90°
 Properties of Dot Product

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
9 If b = c then a . b = a . c but if a . b = a . c then a = 0 or
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
b = c or a ⟂ (b - c)
 Properties of Dot Product

10 Identities

➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
a. (a + b) = |a| + 2 a . b + |b|2
2 2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
b. (a - b)2 = |a|2 - 2 a . b + |b|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
c. (a + b) . (a - b) = |a|2 - |b|2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
d. |a + b| = |a| + |b| ⇒ a || b
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
e. |a + b| = |a| + |b| ⇒ a ⟂ b
2 2 2
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
f. |a + b| = |a - b| ⇒ a ⟂ b
Example Determine the values of c such that for all x(real) the vectors
cxi^ - 6j^ + 3k^ and xj
^ + 2j
^ + 2cxk^ make an obtuse angle with each
other.

A. 0 < c < 4/3 B. 0 < c ≤ 4/3

C. -4/3 < c < 0 D. -4/3 < c ≤ 0

 ➝➝➝ ➝
Example If a, b, c are unit vectors such that a is perpendicular to the plane
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
of b and c then find |a + b + c| when the angle between b and c is
π/3.

A. 6 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Example ➝➝ ➝
If a, b and c are unit vectors satisfying
➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝ ➝
|a - b| + |b - c| + |c - a| = 9, then |2a + 5b + 5c| is
2 2 2

[JEE Adv. 2012]

Example Let ➝
a and ➝b be two unit vectors. If the vectors ➝
c =^ ^ and
a + 2b
➝ ^ - 4b
^ are perpendicular to each other, then the angle
d = 5a
between a ^ and b^ is

A. 𝝿/6 B. 𝝿/2 C. 𝝿/3 D. 𝝿/4

[JEE M 2012]
Example #Power of Vectors
Prove that the angle in a semicircle is a right angle
11th
12th

Ashwani Sir
12th
11th

Ashwani Sir
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