Cristóbal 

Colón y el Caribe: oro y desnudez 
Christopher Columbus and the Caribbean: Gold and Nakedness 
Sofía Reding Blase 

En-claves del Pensamiento, vol. VI, núm. 11, enero-junio, 2012, pp. 27-44.
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Campus Ciudad de
México Distrito Federal, México

En-claves del Pensamiento,

ISSN (Versión impresa): 1870-879X
dora.garcia@itesm.mx
en-claves.ccm@servicios.itesm.mx
Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de
Monterrey Campus Ciudad de México
México
 CRISTÓBAL COLÓN Y EL CARIBE:  
ORO Y DESNUDEZ
SOFÍA REDING BLASE*

Resumen

E "#$%&'(%#)&*+(#,(#-."/01#*2032(#4.0#$%.$/5&6.5#,&56&06.5#*#".5#.%&7&0*"(51#
'*%4*# ("# &0&4&.# ,(# "*# 8.,(%0&,*,9# :0# ("# $%(5(06(# 6(;6.# 5(# ,*# 42(06*# ,("#
$(42"&*%#4*%<46(%#,(#32&(0#5(#,&4(#,(542=%&/#>'?%&4*1#4.05&,(%<0,.".#4.'.#20#
6%*05(@06(#(06%(#8(,&().#A#B(0*4&'&(06.9#>5&'&5'.1#5(#'2(56%*#"*#C72%*#,(#
D(5$244&#A#52#$(%5.0*"&,*,#'<5#%(0*4(06&56*9#E*5#)&5&.0(5#32(#*'=.5#0*)(F
7*06(5#62)&(%.0#,(#02(56%.#4.06&0(06(1#5(%<0#"*#4"*)(#$*%*#4.'$%(0,(%#("#,&5F
42%5.#5.=%(#".#G*")*+(1#6*06.#(0#52#)(%5&/0#$(5&'&56*#4.'.#.$6&'&56*9

Palabras clave:#H(542=%&'&(06.1#&0)(04&/01#5*")*+(1#$(05*'&(06.#"*6&0.*'(%&4*0.9

Abstract

IJ(# C%56# ).A*7(# .K# -."2'=251# *"6J.27J# ,&KK(%(06# K%.'# 6J(# .%&7&0*"# $2%$.5(51#
'*%L5#6J(#=(7&00&07#.K#'.,(%0&6A9#IJ&5#6(;6#&5#*M*%(#.K#6J(#$(42"&*%#4J*%*46(%#
.K#MJ.#&5#5*&,#6.#J*)(#,&54.)(%(,#>'(%&4*1#4.05&,(%&07#J&'#*5#*#6%*05&(06#=(6F

!
 *UNAM1# -(06%.# ,(# N0)(56&7*4&.0(5# 5.=%(#>'?%&4*# E*6&0*# A# ("# -*%&=(1# 8?;&4.1# 5.C*%(,&07O
J.6'*&"94.'

QS EN­CLAVES del pensamiento1#*P.#DN1#0@'9#!!1#(0(%.F+20&.#QR!Q1#$$9#QSFTT9
QU  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

M((0#8&,,"(#>7(5#*0,#B(0*&55*04(9#N6#*"5.#5J.M5#6J(#C72%(#.K#D(5$244&#*0,#
J&5#B(0*&55*04(#$(%5.0*"&6A9#IJ(#6M.#5*&".%5#J*,#)&5&.05#.K#.2%#4.06&0(061#MJ&4J#
M&""#=(#6J(#L(A#6.#20,(%56*0,#6J(#,&54.2%5(#.0#6J(#G*)*7(1#=.6J#&0#&65#$(55&'&5F
6&4#*0,#.$6&'&56&4#)(%5&.09

Key words:#H&54.)(%A1#&0)(06&.01#G*)*7(1#E*6&0#>'(%&4*0#6J.27J69

-2*"32&(%*#32(#,(5((#*4(%4*%5(#*"#(562,&.#,(#"*#J&56.%&*#"*6&0.*'(%&4*0*#,(F
=(%<#'&%*%#4.0#42&,*,.#".#32(#.42%%&/#*#C0(5#,("#5&7".# XV1#42*0,.#-%&56/=*"#
-."/0#5(#J&X.#*#"*#'*%#4.0#"*#(5$(%*0X*#,(#,(5('=*%4*%#(0#6&(%%*5#*5&<6&4*59#
Y*#4.%%&,.#'24J*#6&06*#(0#6.%0.#*#42(56&.0(5#6*"(5#4.'.#("#.%&7(0#,(#-."/01#
525#4.0.4&'&(06.5#$%()&.51#("#C0*04&*'&(06.#,("#)&*+(#.#("#6&$.#,(#6%&$2"*4&/0#A1#
(0#7(0(%*"1#5.=%(#"*5#)&4&5&62,(5#A#"*5#$(%&$(4&*5#,(#".5#)&*+(5#4.".'=&0.51#42A*#
,.42'(06*4&/0#(5#*#)(4(5#*$/4%&K*9#G&0#('=*%7.1#".#32(#*32V#0.5#&06(%(5*#(5#
"*#)&5&/0#4.".'=&0*#5.=%(#("#-*%&=(#A1#'<5#&'$.%6*06(#32(#(5.1#5.=%(#525#J*=&F
6*06(5#*#32&(0(51#4.'.#)(%('.51#0204*#4.0.4&/#,("#6.,.9
H(5,(#("#-*%&=(#5(#J*0#(54%&6.#02'(%.5*5#4*%6*5#(06%(#"*5#32(#$.,('.5#
'(04&.0*%#,.5#32(#""()*0#("#'&5'.#0.'=%(Z#Carta de Jamaica9#E*#'<5#K*'.5*#
,(#"*5#,.5#(5#"*#4*%6*#32(#G&'/0#W."V)*%#,&%&7&/#*#20#4*=*""(%.#,(#[&0756.0#,(#
0.'=%(#Y(0%A#-2""(01#(0#5($6&('=%(#,(#!U!\9#G&0#4.06*%1#(0#(5(#'.'(06.1#4.0#
"&=%.#.#,.42'(06.#*"720.#(0#("#42*"#=*5*%#52#*%72'(06*4&/01#A#$%(5(06*0,.#
,&542"$*5#$.%#("".1#W."V)*%#.K%(4&/#*#52#4.%%(5$.05*"#20*#$*0.%<'&4*#,(#"*#$%.F
="('<6&4*#*'(%&4*0*9#E*#.6%*#4*%6*1#*06(%&.%#*#"*#,(#W."V)*%1#,*6*#,(#!\R]#A#K2(#
,&%&7&,*#,(5,(#^*'*&4*#$.%#-%&56/=*"#-."/0#*#".5#B(A(5#-*6/"&4.5#$*%*#4.06*%F
"(5#"*5#4*"*'&,*,(5#32(#52K%&/#(0#52#42*%6.#)&*+(#_!!#,(#'*A.#,(#!\RQ#*"#S#,(#
0.)&('=%(#!\RT`9#G(#4.0.4(#6*'=&?0#4.'.#La Letterararissima! A#K2(#(54%&6*#
,(5,(# *32(""*# &5"*# 32(# -."/0# ""*'/1# ,(5,(# !TaT1# G*06&*7.9# -.'.# 5(# 5*=(1#
G*06&*7.#("#8*A.%#+206.#4.0#52#J(%'*0.#^2*0#("#:)*07("&56*1#K2(%.0#""*'*,.5#
por su maestro !"#$%&'"#$()*$+,-)."9#b#6%.0*,V5&'.#K2(#("#J2%*4<0#32(#*X.6/#"*5#
0*)(5# ,("#>"'&%*06(# ,2%*06(# UU# ,V*5# A# 32(# J&X.# 32(# ?"# A# 525# *4.'$*P*06(5#
$(%'*0(4&(%*0# (0# "*# &5"*# ,2%*06(# ]SR# ,V*5# J*56*# 32(# K2(%.0# %(54*6*,.5# $.%#
H&(7.#8?0,(X9Q

!
#G(P*"*#Y2'=.",6#32(#(56*#4*%6*#""(7/#*#5(%#4?"(=%(#$.%#"*#%(&'$%(5&/0#&6*"&*0*#32(#J&X.#8.%(""&1#
("#=&="&.6(4*%&.#,(#D(0(4&*1#(0#!U!R9#_>"(+*0,%.#,(#Y2'=.",61#Cristóbal Colón y el descubrimiento 
()$/01,&231#$9#QU`9#H&5$.0&="(#$*%*#52#4.052"6*#(0#"*#)(%5&/0#,&7&6*"#(0#"*#W&="&.6(4*#D&%62*"#8&72("#
,(#-(%)*06(5#(0Z#J66$ZccMMM94(%)*06(5)&%62*"94.'c5(%)"(6cG&%)(d=%*5cUa!TQUTT]QR!SR\UeeQ!T\Sc
&'*RR]\9J6'
Q
#D?*5(#W*5&"&.#E.5*,*#-*56%.1#Cristóbal Colón9#8*,%&,1#f2().#>2%&7*1#RIALP1#!aaR9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# Qa

>5V#4.'.#("#E&=(%6*,.%#'(04&.0*=*#(0#52#4*%6*#32(#".5#(54%&6.5#,("#=*%/0#,(#
Y2'=.",6# ""*'*=*0# *# "*# %(4.056%244&/0# ,(# "*# '('.%&*# J&56/%&4*# '(,&*06(# ("#
(562,&.#%&72%.5.#,(#"*#$*%6&42"*%#4&%42056*04&*#*'(%&4*0*9#b#6*'=&?0#(5#0(4(F
5*%&.#%(42$(%*%#("#'.,.#(0#32(#-."/0#imaginó#".5#6(%%&6.%&.5#4.0#".5#32(#6%.$(F
X/#(0#!TaQ1#$2(5#(56*5#&'<7(0(5#%(52"6*%<0#024"(*%(5#6*06.#(0#"*#("*=.%*4&/0#
,(#'&6.5#,(#4*%<46(%#K20,*4&.0*"#4.'.#,(#"*5#26.$V*5#"&=(%6*,.%*59#:06%(#*'=.5#
$(%5.0*+(5#0.#,(+*#,(#J*=(%#20*#(0.%'(#,&K(%(04&*9#:0#(K(46.1#-."/0#0.#(5#
4.'.#Y2'=.",6Z

:0#!TaU1#K%(06(#*"#7."K.#,(#g*%&*1#20#J.'=%(1#J&+.#,(#"*#&'*7&0*4&/0#,(#"*#
:,*,#8(,&*1#'&%*#4.0#".5#.+.5#(04(72(4&,.5#$.%#20*#(0K(%'(,*,#4.06%*V,*#
*#=.%,.1#A#$.%#20#'.,.1#4&'(06*,.#$.%#5&7".51#,(#(06(0,(%#("#'20,.h#A1#4.F
'(%4&*06(1#)(1#20*#)(X#'<51#"*#$.5&=&"&,*,#,("#.%.h#J.'=%(#,(#20*#?$.4*#32(#
4.04"2A(1#)(#".#,(54.0.4&,.#*#6%*)?5#,("#6(%4.#4%&56*"#,(#525#4(%6(X*5#A#52#
K(h#A1#("(7&,.#,(#H&.51#4.'.#5(#4%((#*#5V#'&5'.1#)(#(0#"*#,(5('=.4*,2%*#,("#
d%&0.4.# 20.# ,(# ".5# %V.5# ,("# 4(%4*0.# g*%*V5.# I(%%(0*"9# :0# !Saa1# K%(06(# *"#
7."K.#,(#g*%&*1#20#J.'=%(#&"256%*,.1#4.0#"*#"<'$*%*#,(#"*#%*X/0#4.'.#72V*1#'&%*#
$.%#(04&'*#,(#6%(5#5&7".51#*32(""*#$%&'(%*#'&%*,*#(04(72(4&,*#A#("#(5$(46<42F
".#,(#".#,(54.0.4&,.#32(#5(#*=%(#*06(#(""*1#A#4.'$%(0,(#32(#,(=(#%(4&=&%#"*#
J(%(04&*#,(#*32("#J.'=%(#*C(=%*,.#,(#)&5&.0(51#A#0.'=%*%"*#02()*'(06(9]

:"#>"'&%*06(#(%*1#5&0#"27*%#*#,2,*51#".#32(#5(#,&4(#,(#6.,.5#".5#(;4?06%&4.5Z#
6.,.#20#$(%5.0*+(9#G*=('.5#32(#4*6.%4(#4&2,*,(5#&6*"&*0*5#A#,.4(#0*4&.0(5#
J*0#$("(*,.#$.%#"*#7".%&*#,(#J*=(%".#)&56.#0*4(%1#*2032(#?"#'&5'.#*5(72%/#("#
QQ#,(#K(=%(%.#,(#!TaU1#42*0,.#.6.%7/#(54%&62%*#,(#"*#Institución de Mayorazgo 
*#52#J&+.#'*A.%#H&(7.1#32(#i?0.)*#(%*#52#4&2,*,#0*6*"94#>$*%(06('(06(1#*JV#
5(#,(,&4/#*"#.C4&.#,(#"*0(%.#$*%*#"2(7.#5(%#*7(06(#,(#"*#4*5*#4.'(%4&*"#,(#".5#
-(062%&.0&15#*5V#4.'.#0*)(7*06(#$.%#".5#&6&0(%*%&.5#$.%6272(5(5#,(#jK%&4*1#(5F
62,&.5.# ,(# "*# *56%.0.'V*# ,("# k.%(06&0.# I.54*0(""&# A# $%.K20,.# *,'&%*,.%# ,(#
8*%4.#g.".#A,("#4*%,(0*"#g(,%.#,(#>&""A9#G2#$%.$&.#0.'=%(1#5(7@0#*C%'*=*#K%*A#
W*%6.".'?#,(#"*5#-*5*51#%()("*=*#20*#6%*54(0,(06*"#'&5&/0Z#Cristóforo Colom­
bo1#("#32(#""()*%V*#"*#$*"*=%*#-%&56.#*#"*5#"(+*0*5#6&(%%*5#,(#>5&*9#g(%.#4.'.#

]
#DV46.%#W%*).1#l-."/0#A#Y2'=.",69#H.5#)&5&.0(5#5.=%(#("#f2().#820,.m9#H&5$.0&="(#(0Z#J66$Zcc
MMM9(64(6(%*94.'9';cQRRRc]eQc(05*A.59J6'"
4
#-%&56/=*"# -."/01# 4)5+"#$ 6$ ("2-0).+"#7$ ,)*32&".)#$ ()$ 8&3')#7$ 23,+3#$ 6$ 0)0",&3*)#9# 8*,%&,1#
>"&*0X*1#!aUQ1#$9#!aU9
5
#:0#!aRT1#n7.#>55(%(6.#J*""/#(0#("#*%4J&).#,(#i?0.)*#20#,.42'(06.#K(4J*,.#("#Q\#,(#*7.56.#
,(#!TSa1#(0#("#32(#5(#5(P*"*#32(#("#0(7.4&*06(#E.,.)&4.#-(062%&.0(5#4.'$%/#*X@4*%#(0#"*#&5"*#
$.%6272(5*#,(#8*,(%*1#$.%#'(,&*4&/0#,(#52#*7(06(#-%&56/=*"#-."/01#,(#20.5#QS#*P.59#:0#b<L.)#
G)(61#Cristóbal Colón.#8.54@1#g%.7%(5.1#!aSQ1#$9#QQ9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
]R  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

5*=('.51#-."/0#0.#""(7/#0204*#*"#4.06&0(06(#*5&<6&4.9#E.#32(#0204*#5*=%('.5#
es #&$1*$*"$#-9"1#A*#32(#0.#6(0('.5#$&56*5#*"#%(5$(46.9#G/".#0.5#%(56*#*0*"&X*%#
".#32(#("#>"'&%*06(#(04.06%/#A#4/'.#".#,(54%&=&/1#42*0,.#5(#(04*'&0/#*"#Le­
vante por el Poniente1#4.'.#,&%V*#Y2'=.",69e#:"#)&*+(#5(#&0&4&/#("#)&(%0(5#]#,(#
*7.56.#*#"*5#.4J.#,(#"*#'*P*0*1#42*0,.#"()*%.0#*04"*5#,.5#4*%*=("*5#A#20*#
0*.1S#A#$*%6&(%.0#,(#"*#W*%%*#,(#G*"6(51#(0#"*#4.0k2(04&*#,(#".5#%V.5#d,&("#A#
I&06.9#E*#(;$*05&/0#,(#d44&,(06(#(56*=*#$.%#4.'(0X*%Z#$.4.#'<5#,(#,.5#'(F
5(5#,(5$2?51#-."/0#,(5('=*%4/#(0#20*#&5"*#,(#"*5#>06&""*59#b#,(5$2?5#)(0,%V*0#
.6%.5#'<5Z#

H(6%<5#,(#-."/0#A#,(#:5$*P*#'*%4J*%V*0#".5#0*)(7*06(5#,(#g.%627*"#A1#,(#
&0'(,&*6.1# ".5# ,(# .6%*5# $.6(04&*5# (2%.$(*5# $*%*# ,&5$26*%5(# 20'20,.# 5&0#
,2(P.#A#*'$"&*%1#4.0#525#%&32(X*51#"*5#$.5&=&"&,*,(5#,(#52#$%(,.'&0&.#5.=%(#
("#D&(+.#-.06&0(06(9#>#"*#4.032&56*#,(#"*#>'?%&4*#8(%&,&.0*"#5&72&/#,(#&0'(F
,&*6.#"*#,(#>'?%&4*#G($6(06.%&*"#A#"*#,(#6.,*5#"*5#&5"*5#,(#".5#'*%(5#5.=%(#"*5#
32(#-."/0#J*=V*#$2(56.#("#(56*0,*%6(#,(#525#4*6/"&4.#5(P.%(598

>2032(#5(#,&+.#,2%*06(#'24J.#6&('$.#32(#("#,(5('=*%4.#5(#%(*"&X/#(0#"*#
&5"*#,(#G*0#G*")*,.%1#J.A#5(#5*=(1#6%*5#&0)(56&7*4&.0(5#,("#K.6/7%*K.#E2&5#8*%F
,(0#A#52#(5$.5*1#"*#'*6('<6&4*#:6J("#-.;#8*%,(01#C0*04&*,*5#$.%#National 
:)";,39%&21#32(#-."/0#,(5('=*%4/#(0#-*A.#G*'*0*#A#0.#(0#"*#&5"*#""*'*,*1#
J*56*#!aQe1#,(#o*6"&079#E.5#&0)(56&7*,.%(5#*5(72%*0#32(#".5#,(6*""(5#32(#*$.%F
ta  el  Diario# 4.0# %("*4&/0# *# "*# 7(.7%*KV*# ,(# "*# &5"*# 32(# ,(54%&=&/# ("#>"'&%*06(1#
4.%%(5$.0,(0#'<5#=&(0#*#G*'*0*99#G&0#('=*%7.1#".#32(#0.5#&06(%(5*#*32V#(5#
.6%.#*5206.9
:0#$%&'(%#"27*%1#&06(%(5*#(06(0,(%#32(1#5&#=&(0#-."/0#""(7/#*"#-*%&=(#(0#52#
$%&'(%#)&*+(#A#32(#5/".#(0#("#@"6&'.#6.4/#4.56*5#,(#I&(%%*#p&%'(1#0204*#5(#$(%F

e
#>9#,(#Y2'=.",61#<,&#+=>3*$<"*=.$6$)*$()#2->,&0&).+"$()$/01,&239#8*,%&,1#8.06(#j)&"*1#!aaQ1#
$9#]R9
S
#E*#0*.#""()*=*#("#0.'=%(#,(#lG*06*#8*%V*m#_.#lE*#i*""(7*m1#*2032(#-."/0#0204*#%(C%&/#52#
0.'=%(#(0#("#Diario`#$%.$&(,*,#,(#^2*0#,(#"*#-.5*#32&(0#"*#$(%,&/#$.%32(#?56*#0*2K%*7/#(0#"*#
0.4J(#,("#QT#*"#Q\#,(#,&4&('=%(#$.%#,(542&,.#,("#7%2'(6(#32(#&=*#""()*0,.#52#6&'/0h#A#"*5#4*%*=("*5#
lE*#f&P*m#_42A.#0.'=%(#,(#$&"*#(%*#lG*06*#-"*%*m`#A#$%.$&(,*,#,(#^2*0#f&P.1#A#lE*#g&06*m1#,(#-%&56/=*"#
q2&06(%.#A#"*#$%(K(%&,*#,("#>"'&%*06(#A#42A.#'*0,.#6.'*%V*#$*%*#("#%(7%(5.#*#:5$*P*9#:56*5#@"6&'*5#
(%*0# '<5# %<$&,*5# A# "&7(%*51# $(%.# ,(# '(0.%# 6.0("*+(9# _N70*4&.# p(%0<0,(X# D&*"1# lE*5# 0*)(5# ,("#
H(542=%&'&(06.m1#(0#La Santa María, la Niña y la Pinta9#8*,%&,1#G.4&(,*,#:56*6*"#q2&0.#-(06(0*%&.1#
!aa!1#$$9#eUFSR9`
8
#E(.$.",.#r(*1#4.'$91#Descubrimiento e identidad latinoamericana9#8?;&4.1#UNAM1#!aaR1#$9#Qe9
9
#l-."/0#0.#,(5('=*%4/#(0#G*0#G*")*,.%#5(7@0#"*#%()&56*#?3+&".3*$:)";,39%&2m1#(0#El País9#
8*,%&,1#a#,(#.462=%(#,(#!aUe9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]!

4*6/#,(#("".#.#$.%#".#'(0.5#0204*#*,'&6&/#J*=(%#""(7*,.#*#6(%%&6.%&.5#32(#0.#
K2(%*0#*5&<6&4.59#E*5#6&(%%*5#4.0#"*5#42*"(5#6%.$(X/1#0.#".7%*%.0#(0#'.,.#*"72F
0.#*$*4&72*%#52#.=5(5&/0#$.%#(56%(0*%#20*#%26*#'*%V6&'*#32(1#4.0#,&%(44&/0#*"#
(56(1#""()*%*#*#"*#Cola del Dragón1#4.'.#""*'*%.0#".5#4J&0.5#*#"*#7%*0#42*%6*#
$(0V052"*#,(#>5&*1#A#32(#$.,%V*#5(%#&,(06&C4*,*#4.0#G2,*'?%&4*9!R#>5&*#.#G2%F
*'?%&4*1#("#J(4J.#(5#32(#-."/0#K2(#("#$%&'(%.#(0#%(*"&X*%#20#)&*+(#.C4&*"#4.0#
%26*#J*4&*#("#.(56(#A#(5#(56(#)&*+(#".#32(#$.,%V*#4.056&62&%#("#&0&4&.#,(#"*#'.,(%F
0&,*,#(2%.$(*#A#4.0)(%6&%#*#-."/0#(0#("#$%&'(%#'.,(%0.Z

stu#(5#("#$%&'(%.#32(#sale#.C4&*"'(06(#_4.0#poderes1#0.#5&(0,.#A*#20#)&*+(#
4"*0,(56&0.1#4.'.#'24J.5#,(#".5#*06(%&.%(5`#,(#"*#:2%.$*#"*6&0*#v*06&'252"F
'*0*v1# $*%*# &0&4&*%# "*# constitución  de  la  experiencia  existencial  de  una 
:2%.$*# .44&,(06*"1# *6"<06&4*1# centro# ,(# "*# J&56.%&*9# :56*# centralidad# 5(%<#
,(5$2?5#$%.A(46*,*#J*56*#".5#.%V7(0(5Z#(5#(0#4&(%6*#'*0(%*1#(0#("#mundo 
de la vida cotidiana#_Lebenswelt`#,("#(2%.$(.Z#:2%.$*#(5#centro de la hisF
6.%&*#,(5,(#>,<0#A#:)*1#".5#32(#6*'=&?0#5.0#4.05&,(%*,.5#4.'.#(2%.$(.51#
.1#*"#'(0.51#(5#4.05&,(%*,.#4.'.#20#'&6.#.%&7&0*%&.#,(#"*#europeidad1#4.0#
(;4"25&/0#,(#.6%*5#42"62%*59!!

:5# &'$.%6*06(# '(04&.0*%# 32(# (56*# 4(06%*"&,*,# (2%.$(*# (51# (0# %(*"&,*,1#
"25.F(5$*P."*9#:0#(K(46.1#4.'.#%(42(%,*#-.052(".#D*%("*1#(06%(#:5$*P*#A#
g.%627*"#A*#J*=V*#%&)*"&,*,#$.%#("#4.06%."#,(#"*5#%26*5#'*%V6&'*5#".#32(#""()/#*#
C%'*%#("#Tratado de Alcaçovas#("#T#,(#5($6&('=%(#,(#!TSa1#%*6&C4*,.#(0#!TUR9#
G(7@0#("#*42(%,.Z

E.5# 4*56(""*0.5# $.,%V*0# 0*)(7*%# *# "*5# -*0*%&*5# A# 4.032&56*%# "*5# &5"*5# 0.#
7*0*,*5#*@0#(0#(56(#*%4J&$&?"*7.1#'&(06%*5#32(#".5#$.%6272(5(5#5(#%(5(%)*F
=*0#"*#(;4"25&)*#5.=%(#"*#4.56*#.44&,(06*"#*K%&4*0*#(0#,&%(44&/0#52%#stu9#E*#
5&62*4&/0#5(#'*06&(0(#5&0#'*A.%(5#$%.="('*5#J*56*#("#H(542=%&'&(06.#,("#
f2().#820,.#32(#*72,&X*#,(#02().#("#4J.32(#,(#&06(%(5(5#(06%(#".5#,.5#
$*V5(59!Q

E*5#%&)*"&,*,(5#32(,*%<0#%(52("6*5#$.%#"*#Bula Intercaetera#,(#>"(+*0,%.#DN#
_,&46*,*#(0#!Ta]`#A#("#Tratado de Tordesillas#32(#%*6&C4*#"*#,&)&5&/0#6(%%&6.%&*"#,("#
'20,.#(0#,.5#J('&5K(%&.51#5&62*0,.#"*#"V0(*#,(#,('*%4*4&/0#*#QSR#"(72*5#'<5#

!R
#i256*).# D*%7*5# 8*%6V0(X1# l!TQ!Z# ("# *P.# (0# 32(# ".5# -J&0.5# ,(542=%&(%.0#>'?%&4*m1# (0#
/,2%&9&)*3;"9#8?;&4.1#*=%&"F+20&.1#QRRT1#0@'9#TT1#$$9#!TFQR9
!!
#:0%&32(#H255("1#1492: el encubrimiento del Otro9#8*,%&,1#f2()*#n6.$V*1#!aaQ1#$9#]a9
!Q
#-9#D*%("*1#lN06%.,244&/0#J&56/%&4*m1#(0#N9#p(%0<0,(X#D&*"#et al., op. cit.1#$$9#Q]FQT9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
]Q  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

32(#".#$"*06(*,.#(0#"*#4&6*,*#W2"*1#*"#.(56(#,(#"*5#&5"*5#,(#-*=.#D(%,(9!]#>5V#
$2(51#"*5#0*)(5#,("#>"'&%*06(#""(7*%.0#'24J.#'<5#*""<#,(#".#32(#?"#6(0V*#$"*F
0(*,.Z#*7%*0,*%.0#("#7".=.#4.0#20#f2().#820,.#(0#("#32(#6.,.#$*%(4V*#5(%1#
$*%*#K.%620*#,(#".5#%(4&?0#""(7*,.51#0*62%*"(X*#pura,#(5#,(4&%1#5&0#J&56.%&*#A#5&0#
4.'$%.'&5.5#4.0#0*,*#0&#4.0#0*,&(#A1#$.%#6*06.1#4.04(=&="(#4.'.#20#=.6V0#"(F
7V6&'.#A#"(7*"&X*,.#$.56(%&.%'(06(#$.%#".5#,.42'(06.5#32(#J('.5#'(04&.0*,.9
g(%.#-."/0#,(542=%&/#".#32(#necesitaba descubrir#A#vio#".#32(#quiso ver: un 
)&*+(#*"#>5&*#42A.#%2'=.#J*=%V*#5&,.#C+*,.#$.%#"*#g%.)&,(04&*9!T#g.%#(5.#$.,('.5#
*C%'*%#32(#(0#(5(#$%&'(%#)&*+(#5(#'(X4"*%.0#,.5#,(5)*%V.5Z#"*#32&'(%*#7(.F
7%<C4*#A#"*#6*%(*#5*")*4&.0&56*#32(#5(#(04.'(0,*=*0#*#5V#'&5'.5#6*06.#("#>"F
'&%*06(#4.'.#"*#-.%.0*#(5$*P."*#(0#20*#52(%6(#,(#@)#+&."$A3.&B)#+"9#:"#Q!#
,(#.462=%(#,(#!TaQ1#("#>"'&%*06(#5(#,&%&7V*#,(5,(#("#-*%&=(#*#".5#B(A(5#-*6/"&F
4.5#4.0#"*5#5&72&(06(5#$*"*=%*5Z#lI(07.#,(6(%'&0*,.#&%#*#"*#6&(%%*#C%'(#A#*#"*#
4&2,*,# ,(# i2&5*A# A# ,*%# "*5# 4*%6*5# ,(# D2(56%*5#>"6(X*5# *"# i%*0# -*0# A# $(,&%#
%(5$2(56*#A#)(0&%#4.0#(""*m9!\#wq2?#32(%V*0#("#>"'&%*06(#A#".5#%(A(5#,("#'.0*%F
4*#*5&<6&4.x#E.#,(#5&('$%(Z#.%.9#H(6%<5#,("#,(5(.#,(#$%(5(06*%5(#*06(#("#i%*0#
[J*01#5(#,(+*=*#)(%#("#,(5(.#,(#*$%.)(4J*%#"*5#%&32(X*5#()(062*"'(06(#(0F
4.06%*,*5#(0#K*).%#,(#"*#(;*"6*4&/0#7".=*"#,("#:)*07("&.#A#,("#6%&20K.#5.=%(#("#
(+?%4&6.#'252"'<0#32(#.42$*=*#I&(%%*#G*06*#,(5,(#("#e]S#A#("#%(54*6(#,(#^(F
%25*"?09# :56*# '&5&/01# 4.'.# ".# *$206*%*# ("# '&5'.# -."/0# (0# 52# Libro  de  las 
Profecías1!e#,(=V*#42'$"&%5(#*06(5#,("#C0#,(#".5#6&('$.51#()(06.#32(#.42%%&%V*#
(0#!e\eZ#l(06%(#"*#'2(%6(#,(#H(54*%6(5#A#"*#,(#g*54*"m1#*0.6*#Y2'=.",69!S
-.'.#("#>"'&%*06(#0.#$.,V*#,*%#42(06*#,(#42<06.#.%.#&=*#(04.06%*0,.1#$2(5F
6.#32(#0.#".#J*""*=*1#4.'(0X/#*#,*%#'@"6&$"(5#,(6*""(5#5.=%(#"*#0*62%*"(X*#,(#

!]
 Idem9
!T
#G&'.0#o&(5(06J*"#_4.0.4&,.#4*X*,.%#,(#0*X&5`#*5(72%*#32(#-."/0#('$%(0,&/#("#)&*+(#$*%*#
4.05(72&%#20#"27*%#(0#("#32(#5(#(56*="(4(%V*0#".5#+2,V.5#6%*5#52#(;$2"5&/0#,(#:5$*P*#32(#.42%%&%V*1#
4.'.#"V'&6(1#("#'&5'.#,V*#(0#32(#?"#$*%6&/Z#K(4J*#A#J.%*#,(#5*"&,*#4.&04&,V*0#4.0#"*#'*%4*,*#$*%*#
"*#(;$2"5&/0#,(#".5#+2,V.5#,(#:5$*P*#(0#("#:,&46.#,(#i%*0*,*1#("#Q#,(#*7.56.#,(#!TaQ9#:0#%(*"&,*,#
(5#("#]!#,(#+2"&.#42*0,.#,(=(0#$*%6&%1#5(7@0#".#5(P*"*#^*432(5#>66*"&h#"*#4.0K25&/0#5(#(;$"&4*#$.%32(#
("#Q#,(#*7.56.#4.%%(5$.0,(#*"#,V*#,(#"*#,(56%244&/0#,(#^(%25*"?0#$.%#".5#%.'*0.5#(0#("#4*"(0,*%&.#
+2,V.1#(5#,(4&%1#("#a#,("#'(5#,(#>=9#_^9#>66*"&1#14929#W*%4(".0*1#g"2%*"1#!aaQ1#$$9#!TS#A#!eS9`
!\
#-9#-."/01#Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. 8?;&4.1#:5$*5*F-*"$(1#
!aUe9# B(K(%&%?# "*5# K(4J*5# A# 0.# "*5# $<7&0*59# Y*A# 32(# %(4.%,*%# 32(# 5/".# 5(# 4.0.4(# "*# %("*4&/0#
4.'$(0,&*,*#$.%#K%*A#W*%6.".'?#,(#E*5#-*5*5h#5&#=&(0#(5#20*#%("*4&/0#(60.7%<C4*#*"7.#%@56&4*1#(5#
'2A#)*"&.5*9#:"#6(;6.#(5#'<5#32(#20#5&'$"(#42*,(%0.#,(#=&6<4.%*Z#&0*272%*#("#diario#4.'.#7?0(%.#
J&56/%&4.F,.42'(06*"9#D?*5(#^.*32V0#G<04J(X#8*4#i%(7.%1#Colón y las Casas. Poder y contrapoder 
).$*3$B*"#"CD3$()$*3$%&#+",&3$*3+&."30),&23.39#8?;&4.1#FFL, UNAM1#!aa!1#$9#TS9
!e
#-9#-."/01#Libro de las Profecías9#8*,%&,1#>"&*0X*1#!aaQ1#$9#!T9
!S
#>9#,(#Y2'=.",61#op. cit.1#$9#QU9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]]

"*5#&5"*5#,("#-*%&=(#(0#20#6.0.#32(#&04"25.#J*56*#$.,%V*#5(%#4*6*".7*,.#,(#%(F
0*4(06&56*9#g(%.#-."/0#0.#$2(,(#5(%#4"*5&C4*,.#4.'.#6*"h#(51#(0#6.,.#4*5.1#20#
$(%5.0*+(#,(#6%*05&4&/01#32(#.54&"*#(06%(#("#8(,&.().#A#("#B(0*4&'&(06.Z

:;6%*P*#'(X4"*#,(#&,(*5#A#,(#5(06&'&(06.5#(0#20#J.'=%(#52$(%&.%1#,.6*,.#,(#
4"*%*#&06("&7(04&*#A#,(#&0)(04&="(#)*".%#(0#"*#*,)(%5&,*,h#&'=2&,.#(0#"*#6(.".7V*#
(54."<56&4*1#A1#5&0#('=*%7.1#'2A#*$6.#$*%*#("#'*0(+.#,(#".5#0(7.4&.5Z#,(#20*#
&'*7&0*4&/0#*%,&(06(#A#J*56*#,(5.%,(0*,*1#32(#&'$(05*,*'(06(#5(#("()*1#
,("# "(072*+(# 5(04&"".# (# &07(0&.# ,("# '*%&0.# *# "*5# '<5# K("&4(5# &05$&%*4&.0(5#
$.?6&4*51%(k(+*0,.#(0#?"1#$.%#,(4&%".#*5V1#42*06.#"*#:,*,#8(,&*#$%.,24(#,(#
%*%.#A#52="&'(#*#"*#)(X9!U

H("#>"'&%*06(#""*'*#"*#*6(04&/01#,(#J(4J.1#32(#0.#*6(0,&(%*#*#"*#0.)(,*,#
32(#%(52"6*=*#,(#"*#5&072"*%&,*,#(0#6?%'&0.5#42"62%*"(51#A#5V#$25&(%*#*6(04&/0#
*# ".5# ,(6*""(5# 32(# J*4V*0# ,(# "*# 0*62%*"(X*# 4*%&=(P*# *"7.# único9# -.'.# ,&4(#
IX)(6*0I.,.%.)#l-."/0#,(542=%&/#>'?%&4*1#$(%.#0.#*#".5#*'(%&4*0.5m9!a#:0#
(5(#5(06&,.1#-."/0#$*%(4(#*52'&%#20*#*46&62,#$%.$&*#,("#B(0*4&'&(06.1#$(%.#
5/".#42*0,.#5(#6%*6*#,(#"*#4.06('$"*4&/0#,(#"*#0*62%*"(X*#A#0.#,(#"*#42"62%*9#
G&#".5#J*=&6*06(5#,("#-*%&=(#*$*%(4(0#*#".5#.+.5#,(#-."/0#4.'.#=2(0.5#(+('F
$"*%(5#,(#"*#=(""(X*#J2'*0*#0.#(5#$.%#5&'$"(#(".7&.Z#52#*,'&%*4&/0#5(#4&%4205F
4%&=(#'<5#32(#*"#4*'$.#(56?6&4.#32(#*"#?6&4.1#(5#,(4&%1#*"#4*'$.#,(#"*#%("*4&/0#
4.0#("#d6%.9
>#-."/0#0.#"(#&06(%(5/#4.'20&4*%5(#4.0#".5#4*%&=(P.5#,(=&,.#*"#6&$.#,(#&06(%F
$%(6*4&/0#$.%#"*#32(#.$6/Z#20*#(0#"*#42*"#6.,*#J2'*0&,*,#5(#$&(%,(#(0#"*#0*62F
%*"(X*9# I.,.# 4.032&56*,.%# (5# (042=%&,.%1# 0.# ,(542=%&,.%1# $2(5# (042=%(# 20*#
%(*"&,*,# 32(1# 5&(0,.# *+(0*# *# "*# 52A*1# $.,%V*# (0%&32(4(%# 52# 20&)(%5.9# b1# 5&0#
('=*%7.1#-."/0#vA#"2(7.#.6%.5#'<5v#.$6*#$.%#0(7*%#"*#J2'*0&,*,#,("#d6%.#
4%(A(0,.#(04.06%*%#(0#(56*#*46&62,#"*#5(72%&,*,#,(#20#5&56('*#32(#(0#%(*"&,*,#
4.0,24(#J*4&*#("#*=*0,.0.#,(#52#$%.$&*#J2'*0&,*,#A#*#20*#,(5."*,*#J.'.F
7(0&X*4&/0#,(#".5#(5$V%&6259
H(5,(#"2(7.1#(5#'2A#$%.=*="(#32(#-."/0#32&5&(%*#('2"*%#*#8*%4.#g.".1#A#
32(#,&5K%26*%*#,(#"*#0*62%*"(X*#A#"*#,(54%&=&(%*#4.'.#20*#'*%*)&""*1#$(%.#6*'=&?0#
(56<#4"*%.#32(#"*5#02()*5#6&(%%*5#no podían sino ser maravillosas: la contemF
$"*4&/0#,(#"*#0*62%*"(X*#A#"*#*,'&%*4&/0#(;$(%&'(06*,*#"(#4.0C(%(#*#-."/0#("#
4*%<46(%#,(#,(542=%&,.%#,(#6&(%%*5#0204*#*06(5#)&56*51#0204*#*06(5#*,'&%*,*51#

!U
 Ibid91#$$9#TeFTS9
!a
#I)(6*0#I.,.%.)1#!3$2".E-&#+3$()$/01,&23F$!3$2-)#+&=.$()*$"+,"9#8?;&4.1#G&7".#yyN1#!aUS1#
$9#\S9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
]T  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

0204*#*06(5#0.'=%*,*59#:"#(5$*4&.#5(#(05*04J*#$.%#52#6%&20K.#A#"*#*,'&%*4&/0#
32(#("#>"'&%*06(#5&(06(#$.%#"*#0*62%*"(X*#32(#*4*=*#,(#,(542=%&%#4.056&62A(1#
(0#%(*"&,*,1#20*#$%2(=*#,(#"*#)*"&,(X#,(#(56(#,(542=%&'&(06.9#:"#>"'&%*06(#(5#
32&(0#,(542=%(#A#,*1#$.%#".#6*06.1#(;&56(04&*#*#6%*)?5#,("#*46.#,(#0.'=%*%Z

stu#".5#0.'=%(5#$%.$&.5#4.056&62A(0#20#5(46.%#'2A#$*%6&42"*%#,("#).4*=2"*%&.Z#
,(5$%.)&56.5# ,(# 5(06&,.1# 5/".# (56<0# *"# 5(%)&4&.# ,(# "*# ,(0.6*4&/0# $(%.# 0.1#
,&%(46*'(06(1# ,(# "*# 4.'20&4*4&/0# J2'*0*h# 5(# ,&%&7(0# *# "*# 0*62%*"(X*# _*"#
%(K(%(06(`1#A#0.#*#".5#J.'=%(5h#*#$(5*%#,(#".5#&0,&4&.51#5.0#*5.4&*4&.0(5#
,&%(46*5#(06%(#5(42(04&*5#5.0.%*5#A#5(7'(06.5#,("#'20,.9#E*#$*%6(#,(#"*#
4.'20&4*4&/0#J2'*0*#32(#4*$6*#"*#*6(04&/0#,(#-."/0#(5#(06.04(5#$%(4&5*F
'(06(#*32("#5(46.%#,("#"(072*+(#32(#5/".#5&%)(1#$.%#".#'(0.5#(0#20#$%&'(%#
6&('$.1#$*%*#,(5&70*%#*#"*#0*62%*"(X*9QR

E*5#-*5*5#6%*054%&=(#"*#5&72&(06(#*$%(4&*4&/0Z#

H&4(#("#>"'&%*06(#32(#0204*#6*0#J(%'.5*#4.5*#)&,.1#""(0.#,(#<%=."(5#6.,.#
4(%4*,.#("#%V.1#K(%'.5.5#A#)(%,(5#A#,&)(%5.5#,(#".5#02(56%.51#4.0#k.%(5#A#4.0#
52#K%26.1#4*,*#20.#*#52#'*0(%*9#>)(5#'24J*5#A#$*+*%&6.5#32(#4*06*=*0#'2A#
,2"4('(06(Z#J*=V*#7%*0#4*06&,*,#,(#$*"'*5#,(#.6%*#'*0(%*#32(#"*5#,(#i2&0(*#
A#,(#"*5#02(56%*5#stu#A#"*5#J.+*5#'2A#7%*0,(51#4.0#"*5#42*"(5#4.=&+*0#"*5#
4*5*5h#"*#6&(%%*#'2A#""*0*#stu9#E*#A(%=*#(%*#7%*0,(#4.'.#(0#("#>0,*"24V*#$.%#
*=%&"#A#'*A.9#Y*""/#)(%,."*7*5#'24J*5#A#="(,.59#I.%0/5("*#=*%4*#A#*0,2).#
$.%#("#%V.#*%%&=*#20#=2(0#%*6.1#A#,&X#32(#(%*#7%*0#$"*4(%#)(%#*32(""*5#)(%,2%*5#
A#*%=."(,*51#A#,(#"*5#*)(5#32(#0.#$.,V*#,(+*""*5#$*%*#5(#).")(%9#H&4(#32(#(5#
*32(""*#&5"*#"*#'<5#J(%'.5*#32(#.+.5#J*A*0#)&56.9Q!

>#C0#,(#42(06*51#J*A#32(#%(4.%,*%#32(#5&#=&(0#("#>"'&%*06(#*0.6*#525#.=5(%F
)*4&.0(5#%(K(%(06(5#*#(56%(""*51#)&(06.51#$%.K20,&,*,#,("#'*%1#4"&'*1#%("&()(#,(#
"*5#4.56*51#.#,&56*04&*5#%(4.%%&,*51#6.,.#K(0/'(0.#0*62%*"#A#J2'*0.#5(#5.'(F
6(#*#"*#K(1#".#32(#,(+*#*#-."/0#K2(%*#,(#20*#)&5&/0#2&).+DB23#32(#%(32&(%(#)*"&F
,*%5(#$.%#"*#.=5(%)*4&/0#A#"*#(;$(%&'(06*4&/0#A#0.#$.%#("#,.7'*9#G(#4.0C%'*#
".#*06(%&.%#42*0,.#-."/0#(54%&=(_(06%(#!\RQ#A#!\RT`#(0#("#lg%/".7.m#*#52#Libro 
de las ProfecíasZ#lb*#,&5(#32(#$*%*#"*#J(5(42z&/0#,(#"*#&0$%(5*#,(#"*5#N0,&*5#
0.#'(#*$%.)(4J/#%*5/0#0&#'*6('<6&4*#0&#'*$*#'20,.5h#""*0*'(06(#5(#42'$"&/#
".#32(#,&5.#N5*V*5#stu9#>42?%,(05(#D2(56%*5#>"6(X*5#,(#".5#Y()*07("&.5#A#,(#
6*06*5# $%.'(5*5# 32(# f2(56%.# B(,(06.%# 0.5# C5.# A# 42<0# (5$%&'(06*,.# (56<#

QR
 Ibid91#$9#]S9
Q!
#-9#-."/01#Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. QU9!R9!TaQ9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]\

6.,.m9QQ#:0#"*#.=%*#*06(5#4&6*,*1#-."/0#,(+*=*#4"*%.1#*06(5#,("#42*%6.#)&*+(#*#
>'?%&4*#32(Z#lstu#"*#W&="&*#K2(#"*#K2(06(#$%&04&$*"#,(#&05$&%*4&/0#$*%*#"*#i%*0#
:'$%(5*#4.".'=&0*#stu#$.%#6*06.1#("#Libro de las profecías#4.056&62A(#20#,.F
42'(06.#&'$%(54&0,&="(#$*%*#%(4.056%2&%#"*#&'*7(0#32(#("#>"'&%*06(#6(0V*#,(#5V#
'&5'.1#A#$*%*#(06(0,(%#"*#K(#4%&56&*0*#4.'.#"*#'<5#$.,(%.5*#4*25*#'.6&)*,.F
%*#,("#H(542=%&,.%#,(#>'?%&4*m9Q]
H&56&06*#*#"*#)&5&/0#4.".'=&0*#5(%<#"*#,(#D(5$24&.1#42A*#$(%5$(46&)*#5V#$2(,(#
4*6*".7*%5(#,(#%(0*4(06&56*1#5(7@0#5(#,(5$%(0,(#,(#"*#4*%*46(%&X*4&/0#$"*06(*F
,*#$.%#^.5?#E2&5#>=(""<0#(0#6?%'&0.5#,(#"*5#%2$62%*5#32(#J*A#(0#("#6%<05&6.#,("#
Medioevo al Renacimiento:

!9# D*".%*4&/0#,(#".#0*62%*"#,(5,(#20#$206.#,(#)&56*#"&6(%*%&.9
Q9# N0)(04&/0#,(#02()*5#6?40&4*5#,(#.=5(%)*4&/0#A#,(#'(,&4&/0#KV5&4*9
]9# -.04(5&/0#,(#20*#'*A.%#&'$.%6*04&*#*"#&0,&)&,2.#A#*#".5#*5$(46.5#&0'*F
0(06(5#*#"*#)&,*#J2'*0*9
T9# :;*"6*4&/0#,(#"*5#"(072*5#)(%0<42"*59
\9# G(42"*%&X*4&/0#,(#"*5#4.562'=%(5#A#"*5#4.0,246*59
e9# >6(04&/0#*#"*5#4.'20&,*,(5#0*4&.0*"(59
S9# N0&4&.#A#7(56*4&/0#,(#20#5&56('*#4*$&6*"&56*#,(#%(72"*4&/0#,(#$%(4&.5#*"(F
+*,.5#,("#4.06%."#7%('&*"#A#,("#iustumpretium.
U9# G2%7&'&(06.#,(#02().5#6&$.5#J2'*0.5Z#4.%6(5*0.1#J.'=%(#,(#0(7.4&.51#
0*)(7*06(1#J2'*0&56*#"&7*,.#*"#'(4(0*X7.#*#"*#*%&56.4%*4&*#,("#,&0(%.9
a9# G256&624&/0# ,(# )&(+.5# 6&$.5Z# '.0+(# '(,&()*"1# 4.'$&"*,.%1# *'*02(05(1#
6(/".7.#"&7*,.#*#20*#.%,(0#%("&7&.5*1#'*(56%.#7%('&*"1#(64?6(%*1#32(#A*#
0.#,*0#("#6.0.#,(#20*#5.4&(,*,9QT

-."/01#5&0#,2,*1#(0%(,/#(0#20*#5."*#'*,(+*#"*#0*62%*"(X*#4.0#"*#42"62%*1#
".#'&5'.#32(#'(X4"/#"*#%(*"&,*,#32(#.=5(%)*=*#4.0#"*#"&6(%*62%*#4"<5&4*#A#,(#"*#
?$.4*1Q\#(0#20#&06(06.#$.%#$%(5(06*%#"*5#&5"*5#$.%#?"#,(542=&(%6*5#4.'.#5&#K2(%*0#
"*5#,(#I*C%#A#dC%#,(54%&6*5#$.%#8*%4.#g.".9#G(#6%*6*#*,('<5#,(#20#(5$(46<42".#
32(#5."*'(06(#?"#$.,V*#,(54%&=&%#*#".5#'.0*%4*51#".#32(#".#4.".4*=*#(0#4.0,&4&/0#

QQ
#-9#-."/01#Libro de las Profecías1#$9#!\9#:5#("#@0&4.#"&=%.#,(#-."/0#32(#5(#5*=(#(5#(54%&6.#,(#
52#$2P.#A#"(6%*9#G(#4.05(%)*#(0#"*#W&="&.6(4*#-.".'=&0*#,(#G()&""*9
Q]
#[*A#W&%7J*'1#Cristóbal Colón. Su vida y descubrimiento a la luz de sus profecías9#W*%4(".0*1#
-"&(1#!aaR1#$9#\S9
QT
#^.5?#E2&5#>=(""<01#Historia del pensamiento español9$@)$G1.)23$3$.-)#+,"#$(D3#9#8*,%&,1#
:5$*5*F-*"$(1#!aae1#$9#!RQ9
Q\
#^.5?#^2*0#>%%.'1#Imaginación del Nuevo Mundo9#8?;&4.1#G&7".#yyN1#!aa!1#$$9#Q\FQS9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
]e  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

,(#,(542=%&,.%#K%(06(#*#".5#.+.5#%(*"(5#A#4.'.#,(K(05.%#,(#"*#'&5&/0#(5$*P."*Z#
"*#$%.$*7*4&/0#,(#"*#%("&7&/0#A#*42'2"*4&/0#,(#%&32(X*9
:0# ,(C0&6&)*1# "*# $%(.42$*4&/0# $.%# "*# (;$*05&/0# ,("# 4%&56&*0&5'.# .42$*# 20#
"27*%#,(6(%'&0*06(#(0#("#4.%*X/0#,("#>"'&%*06(#*@0#5&#(0#52#'(06(#("#.%.#(5#("#
@0&4.#)(JV42".#$*%*#".7%*%#("#6%&20K.#20&)(%5*"#,(#"*#K(9#>5V#$2(51#-."/0#=254*=*#
.%.#$.%#,.5#%*X.0(5Z#$*%*#4.'$"*4(%#*#".5#B(A(5#A#525#,(5(.5#,(#7*0*04&*5#
&0'(,&*6*5# A# $*%*# ".7%*%# %(54*6*%# "*# -*5*# G*06*# '(,&*06(# .6%*# -%2X*,*9# :0#
(K(46.1#"*#(;*"6*4&/0#20&)(%5*"#,("#:)*07("&.#A#"*#0(4(5&,*,#,(#,&0(%.1#(56<0#
4.06&02*'(06(# $%(5(06(5# (0# "*# '(06*"&,*,# ,("#>"'&%*06(9# N04"25.# $.,('.5#
*C%'*%#32(#(56*5#,.5#0(4(5&,*,(51#20*#(5$&%&62*"#A#.6%*#'*6(%&*"1#4.056&62A(0#
".5#%*57.5#'<5#%()("*,.%(5#,("#4.'$.%6*'&(06.#A#"*#$(%5.0*"&,*,#,(#-%&56/=*"#
-."/09#H(#J(4J.1#4.'.#(54%&=(#^.5(C0*#r.%*&,*#D<X32(X1#*"#0.#(04.06%*%#.%.#
ls999u#4.'(0X*%<#*#$(05*%#32(#".5#&0,&.5#'&5'.5#5.0#"*#'*A.%#%&32(X*#,(#"*5#
N0,&*5#stu9#b#$.%#5&#0.#K2(%*#=*56*06(#(56.5#&0,&.5#.K%(4(0#*#".5#%(A(5#,(#:5$*F
P*#"*#5(P*"*,*#.$.%620&,*,#,(#*4%(4(06*%#"*#7".%&*#,(#"*#%("&7&/0#4%&56&*0*#stum9Qe
-."/0#0.#(04.06%/#*"#i%*0#[*0#0&#$2,.#$.%#6*06.#5."&4&6*%"(#("#.%.#4.0#("#42*"#
%(*"&X*%#52#52(P.#,(#-%2X*,.9#:04.06%/#.6%*5#%&32(X*51#$(%.#0.#32&5.#$.0(%#
*6(04&/0#(0#(""*59#G(#4.04(06%/#'<5#=&(0#(0#"*#,(502,(X#,(#(5*5#$(%5.0*5#32(#
5(#"(#*4(%4*%.0#42*0,.#,(5('=*%4/1#*4.'$*P*,.#,(#".5#J(%'*0.5#g&0X/0#A#
,("#0.6*%&.#%(*"1#*#6.'*%#$.5(5&/0#,(#(5*5#6&(%%*5#(0#K*).%#,(#H&.5#A#,(#".5#%(A(5#,(#
:5$*P*#A#*#$.0(%"(5#0.'=%(9#:5(#(5#("#'.,.#(0# 32(# K204&.0*#"*#"/7&4*# ,("#
4.032&56*,.%Z#5(#6%*6*#,(#52=)*".%*%#*"#d6%.1#$*%*#,*%#)*"&,(X#*#"*#&0)*5&/0#A#*#
"*#4.".0&X*4&/0#'*6(%&*"#A#(5$&%&62*"#42A.#$%&'(%#*46.#5&'=/"&4.#(51#$%(4&5*'(0F
6(1#"*#$.5(5&/0#'(,&*06(#("#*46.#,(#0.'=%*%1#32(#4.0)&(%6(#*#"*#4.5*#0.'=%*,*#
(0#*"7.#$%()&5&="(#A#.%,(0*,.9
:56.#@"6&'.#(5#&'$.%6*06(#$2(56.#32(1#*#,&K(%(04&*#,("#8(,&6(%%<0(.#K*'&"&*%#
*#-."/0#,.0,(#5(#*%%('."&0*0#6*06*5#,&K(%(04&*5#(0#20#$(32(P.#(5$*4&.1#("#
-*%&=(#(5#20#'*%#*=&(%6.#A#0.#4(%%*,.1#4.'.#,&%<#i"&55*061QS#".#32(#&'$"&4*1#
*P*,&%('.51#32(#J*A#20#$("&7%.#,(#K27*9:"#>"'&%*06(#C+*#$2(5#"*#&'*7(0#,("#
-*%&=(#4.'.#5&#K2(%*#("#*26.%#,(#20*#7%*0#$&062%*#(0#"*#32(#"*5#4.5*5#5(#(56*F
=&"&X*01#$2(5#5(#&0'.)&"&X*0Z#lI.,.#K2(#7(.7%*CX*,.1#6.,.#%(,24&,.#*#0*62%*"(X*#
A1#$.%#6*06.1#*#@6&"#&056%2'(06*"&X*="(1#'*0&$2"*="(1#(;$".6*="(#J*56*#"*#&0*0&4&/0m9QU
b#.42%%(#32(#-."/0#&04"2A(#(0#52#7%*0#$&062%*#*#".5#4*%&=(P.5#*#".5#32(#&0F
'.)&"&X*#$.%#4*25*#,(#52#,(502,(X9#>5V#$2(,(#.=5(%)*%".5#'(+.%1#5&0#(5424J*%F

Qe
##^.5(C0*#r.%*&,*#D<X32(X1#La imagen del indio en el español del siglo XVI9#y*"*$*1#n0&)(%5&,*,#
D(%*4%2X*0*1#!aa!1#$9#QU9
QS
#{,.2*%,#i"&55*061#H.+,"(-22&=.$3$-.3$9"1+&23$()$*"$(&8),#"1#$9#Q!9
QU
#Y.%*4&.#-(%266&#i2",=(%71 Presagio y tópica y descubrimiento1#$9#!e9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]S

".59#-."/0#(51#$2(51#20#7%*0#.=5(%)*,.%1#$(%.#0.#(5424J*#0*,*#32(#"(#$*%(X4*#
J2'*0.Z#5(#2=&4*#(0#20*#(5$(4&(#,(#$*0/$6&4.1#$(%.#0.#(0#20*#4.04J*#*4@5F
6&4*9#I.,.#(5#)&52*"#(0#?"#A#0*,*#(5#*2,&6&).9#f.#(5#,(#(;6%*P*%1#$2(51#32(#*"#
>"'&%*06(#"(#5.%$%(0,*#"*#,(502,(X#,(#".5#J.'=%(5#4.0#".5#32(#6%.$(X/9#G.=%(#
("#6('*1#-."/0#(54%&=&/#(0#52#Diario#02'(%.5.5#*$206(5#4.0#$*"*=%*5#4.'.#"*5#
32(#5&72(0Z#l8(#$*%(4(#32(#(%*#7(06(#'2A#$.=%(#,(#6.,.mhQa#l>5V#*0,*0#6*'=&?0#
,(502,.5#4.'.#".5#.6%.5mh]R#l:56*#7(06(#(5#'2A#'*05*#A#'2A#6('(%.5*1#,(5F
02,*# 4.'.# ,&4J.# 6(07.1# 5&0# *%'*5# A# 5&0# "(Am]!# lH(502,.5# 6.,.51# J.'=%(5# A#
'2+(%(51#4.'.#525#'*,%(5#".5#$*%&/m9]Q
8<5#32(#42*"32&(%*#,(#"*5#*C%'*4&.0(5#*06(%&.%(51#6*"#)(X#"*#32(#5&72(#%(F
52"6(#5(%#"*#'<5#*$%.$&*,*#$*%*#(06(0,(%#".#32(#%($%(5(06/#"*#,(502,(X#$*%*#
-."/01# *# 5*=(%1# "*# 4*%(04&*# ,(# civilidadZ# l:"".5# 0.# 6&(0(0# *%'*51# A# 6.,.5# 5.0#
,(502,.5#A#,(#0&07@0#&07(0&.#(0#"*5#*%'*5#A#'2A#4.=*%,(51#32(#'&"#0.#*72*%F
,*%V*0#6%(51#A#*5V#5.0#=2(0.5#$*%*#"(5#'*0,*%#A#"(5#J*4(%#6%*=*+*%1#5('=%*%#A#
J*4(%#6.,.#".#.6%.#32(#K2(%(#'(0(56(%#A#32(#J*7*0#)&""*5#A#5(#(05(P(0#*#*0,*%#
)(56&,.5#A#*#02(56%*5#4.562'=%(5m9]]#:"#$*5.#,("#asombro a la posesión#5(#,*%<#
4*5&#,(#&0'(,&*6.9#:54%&=(#B.&7#32(#*"#*46.#4.06('$"*6&).#5(72&%<#,(#&0'(,&*F
6.#"*#4.032&56*Z

-."/0#A#525#7(06(51#7%*4&*5#*#52#*2,*4&*1#""(7*%.01#)&(%.0#A#*,'&%*%.0#'*%(51#
6&(%%*51#5(")*51#7(06(51#(0#20*#(5$(4&(#,(#(56*,.#,(#,(5$%(0,&'&(06.#32(#0.#
(;$"&4*#$.%#32?1#,(5,(#20#$%&'(%#'.'(06.#5(#&06(06/#*)(%&72*%1#$.%#42*"32&(%#
'(,&.#$.5&="(1#,.0,(#(56*=*#("#.%.#A#5(#*=25/#5(;2*"'(06(#,(#"*5#'2+(%(5#
&0,V7(0*5# 5&0# %($*%.5# ,(# 0&0720*# 4"*5(9#>,'&%*4&/0# A# 4.032&56*# 5(%V*01#
$2(51#,.5#*46.5#5($*%*,.59#E*#*44&/0#)(0,%V*#,(5$2?5#,("#*46.#7%*62&6.#A#
7(0(%.5.#,("#*5.'=%.#A#$*%*#*32(""*#A*#5(#=254*%V*#"*#+256&C4*4&/01#32(#0.#
5(%V*#0*,*#,&KV4&"#(04.06%*%"*1#$2(51#)(0V*#$%($*%*,*9#:0#42*06.#*"#*46.#,(#
l,(542=%&%m#0.#J*4V*#K*"6*#+256&C4*4&/0#*"720*9]T

:"#*K<0#,(#*2'(06*%#("#0@'(%.#,(#C("(5#4%&56&*0.5#*$*%(4(#$2(5#,(#'*0(%*#
4.056*06(#(0#".5#(54%&6.5#,(#-."/09#g.%#(+('$".1#(0#"*#4*%6*#32(#"(#,&%&7&(%*#("#
>"'&%*06(#*#E2&5#,(#G*06<07("#("#!\#,(#K(=%(%.#,(#!Ta]1#*0.6*=*#".#5&72&(06(Z#

Qa
#-9#-."/01#Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante y su testamento. !Q9#y9#!TaQ9
]R
 Ibid91#!9#yN9#!TaQ9
]!
 Ibid91#T9#yN9#!TaQ9
]Q
 Ibid91#e9#yN9#!TaQ9
]]
 Ibid91#!e9#yNN9#!TaQ9
]T
#>%62%.#>0,%?5# B.&71# lH(542=%&'&(06.# ,(#>'?%&4*# A# (042(06%.# ,(# 42"62%*5m9# H&5$.0&="(# (0Z#
J66$ZccMMM9(05*A&56*59.%7c*06.".7&*cyy>c%.&7c42"62%*59J6'

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
]U  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

l:0#6.,*5#(56*5#&5"*51#0.0#)&,(#'24J*#,&)(%5&,*,#,(#"*#K(4J2%*#,(#"*#7(06(1#0&#
(0#"*5#4.562'=%(51#0&#(0#"*#"(072*h#5*").#32(#6.,.5#5(#(06&(0,(01#32(#(5#4.5*#
'2A#5&072"*%h#$*%*#".#32(#(5$(%.#32(#,(6(%'&0*%<0#)2(56%*5#>"6(X*5#$*%*#"*#
4.0)(%5&/0#,(#(""*5#<#02(56%*#G*046*#p(1#<#"*#42*"#5.0#'2A#,&5$2(56.5m9]\#:0#
52#4*%6*#*#B*K*("#G<04J(X1#5(#(;$%(5*#'<5#.#'(0.5#(0#("#'&5'.#6.0.#42*0,.#
%(C(%(#32(Z

>5&'&5'.#4.'$%*=*0#4.'.#&,&.6*51#$.%#*"7.,/0#A#.%.1#6%.X.5#/#K%*7'(06.5#
,(#*%4.51#,(#)*5&+*51#,(#=.6(""*5#A#,(#6&0*+*5Z#".#32(#$%.J&=V#$.%#5(%#&0+256.1#A#
"(5#,V#'24J.5#26(05&"&.5#=("".5#A#$%(4&.5.5#32(#J*=V*#""()*,.#4.0'&7.1#5&0#
(;&7&%#%(4.'$(05*#$*%*#*6%*?%'(".5#4.0#'<5#K*4&"&,*,1#$*%*#32(#%(4&=*0#"*#K(#
,(#^(524%&56.1#A#$*%*#32(#(56?0#'<5#,&5$2(56.5#?#&04"&0*,.5#*"#*'.%#A#.=(F
,&(04&*# *"# B(A1# <# "*# B(&0*1# <# 02(56%.5# g%V04&$(5# A# <# 6.,.5# ".5# (5$*P."(51#  
A#$*%*#32(#42&,(0#=254*%1#%(20&%#A#(06%(7*%0.5#".#32(#*=20,*#(06%(#("".5#A#
0.5.6%.5#0(4(5&6*'.5#*=5."26*'(06(9]e

-.'.#$2(,(#)(%5(#4.0#4"*%&,*,1#5&#=&(0#-."/0#0.#(042(06%*#(0#("#-*%&=(#
.6%.5# 6(5.%.5# 32(# 0.# 5(*0# "*# (;2=(%*04&*# 0*62%*"# A# ("# 6%*6.# *'.%.5.# 32(# "(#
=%&0,*0#525#*0C6%&.0(51#0.#,(+*0#,(#5(%#?56*5#7%*0,(5#%&32(X*59#E*5#.=5(%)*F
4&.0(5#,(#-."/0#*4(%4*#,(#".5#J.'=%(5#*'(%&4*0.5#"(#""()*0#*#('&6&%#+2&4&.5#,(#
)*".%#(;6%('.5Z#5&#=&(0#".5#&0,&.5#,(502,.5#5(#,(5$%(0,(0#K<4&"'(06(#,(#525#
$%.$&(,*,(5#$*%*#%(7*"*%"*5#*#".5#%(4&?0#""(7*,.51#5.0#6*'=&?0#&06("(462*"'(0F
6(#6.%$(5#(#&04"25.#,(5$%.)&56.5#,(#6.,*#42*"&,*,#'.%*"1#5*").#"*#7(0(%.5&,*,9#
g.%#(5.5#'.6&).5#5(%<0#)&56.5#4.'.#20#,&*'*06(#(0#=%26.9#:56.#".#(;$%(5*#4.0#
'(+.%(5#$*"*=%*5#>66*"&#42*0,.#,&4(#4.0#%("*4&/0#*"#$%&'(%#)&*+(#4.".'=&0.#32(Z

:"#(2%.$(.#('$(X*=*#*#&06(%$%(6*%#("#f2().#820,.#*#52#'*0(%*9#b#J*4V*#,("#
&0,&.#20#J.'=%(#$(%K(46.1#0.#4.06*'&0*,.#$.%#:2%.$*9#-."/0#5(06V*#*#:2%.$*#
4.'.#4&)&"&X*,.%*1#$(%.#6*'=&?0#4.'.#42"$*="(Z#$2%&C4*,*#,(#".5#,.5#'.0.F
6(V5'.5#%&)*"(5#,("#52A.1#5(#*$%(56*=*#*#*$%.$&*%5(#,(#20#4.06&0(06(#)&%7(01#
(0#("#32(#("#%"0>,)$.-)8"1#0.#4.06*'&0*,.#$.%#"*#42"62%*#"*&4*1#(56*=*#,&5F
$.0&="(#$*%*#5(%#("#4%&56&*0.#$(%K(46.9]S

]\
#-*%6*#*#H9#E2&5#,(#G*06<07("1#(54%&=*0.#,(#%*4&/0#,(#".5#5(P.%(5#B(A(5#-*6/"&4.59#H&5$.0&="(#
(0# W&="&.6(4*# )&%62*"# 8&72("# ,(# -(%)*06(5Z# J66$ZccMMM94(%)*06(5)&%62*"94.'c5(%)"(6cG&%)(d=%*5c
4.".0cR!]U]U\]!eea!\\QaQRQURQc&'*RQ!S9J6'
]e
#-*%6*#*"#5(P.%#B*K*("#G<04J(X1#6(5.%(%.#,(#".5#5(%(0V5&'.5#'.0*%4*59#H&5$.0&="(#(0#W&="&.6(4*#
)&%62*"# 8&72("# ,(# -(%)*06(5Z# J66$ZccMMM94(%)*06(5)&%62*"94.'c5(%)"(6cG&%)(d=%*5c
4.".0cR!]U]U\]!eea!\\QaQRQURQc&'*RQQS9J6'
]S
#^9#>66*"&1#op. cit.,#$9#!UR9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# ]a

:5#4&(%6.#32(#-."/0#descubre9#g(%.#,(542=%(#".#32(#necesita descubrir para 
$.,(%#+256&C4*%#52#)&*+(Z#20*#0*62%*"(X*#,(5J2'*0&X*,*1#.#5(*#0.#(;$".6*,*1#
A#20*#J2'*0&,*,#5&0#42"62%*1#(5#,(4&%1#5&0#*%6&C4&.59#n0*#0*62%*"(X*#32(#$%(4&F
5*#,(#J.'=%(5#$*%*#,.'(56&4*%"*#A#J.'=%(5#=&(0#*%%.$*,.5#32(#,(=(0#*52'&%1#
$.%32(# *5V# ".# ,&46*# 52# 0*62%*"(X*1# (56(# $*$("9#>"# %(5$(46.# 5(P*"*# d%6(7*# A#
Medina:

-."/0#5(%<#("#$%&'(%#(2%.$(.#32(#26&"&X*0,.#"*#&,(*#$%(4.04(=&,*#,("#=2(0#
5*")*+(1#$%.4(,(06(#4.'.#A*#5*=('.5#,(#"*#*06&7|(,*,#4"<5&4*1#,.6/#*#".5#
0*62%*"(5#,(#>'?%&4*#4.0#(5*#42*"&,*,#A#*$(%4&=&/#*#6.,.#("#'20,.#.44&,(0F
6*"#4%&56&*0.#,(#"*#(;&56(04&*#%(*"#,("#(06(#&'*7&0*,.#$.%#".5#*06&72.59#>#52#
(5$(46*42"*%#&0K.%'(#5&72&(%.0#&0'(,&*6*'(06(#"*5#4.0C%'*4&.0(5#,(#D(5F
$24&.1#,(#8<%6&%#,(#>07"(%V*#A#,(#'24J.5#.6%.5#0*)(7*06(5#A#(;$".%*,.%(5#
32(# 4.'$%.=*%.01# 4*,*# 20.# $.%# 52# 42(06*1# "*# $%(5(04&*# a  posteriori  del  a 
priori#,&.0&5V*4.1#("#A*#4&6*,.#=2(0#5*")*+(#.#C"/5.K.#,(502,.#32(#4.056&62&%<#
las delicias críticas de los humanistas europeos de los siglos XVI1#XVII#A#XVIII9]U

E*#&'*7(0#32(#5(#62).#,(#".5#'.%*,.%(5#,(#"*5#02()*5#6&(%%*51#7%*6*'(06(#
)&56.5#4.'.#5254($6&="(5#,(#5(%#*5&'&"*,.5#*"#'.,(".#.44&,(06*"1#*5(72%*%V*#
32(#$*5*%*0#,("#5*")*+&5'.#*#"*#4&)&"&X*4&/09#-.'.#5(P*"*#>%%.'1#"*#&'*7(0#32(#
5(#4*$6*#(5#"*#,(#5*")*+(51#$(%.#=2(0.5#5(%)&,.%(5#A#=&(0#K.%'*,.51#,(#=2(0#
&07(0&.#A#K<4&"(5#,(#4*6(32&X*%9]a#:56*#4.056%244&/01#4.0#6.,.1#)&(0(#*#'.,&CF
4*%5(# *"# '.'(06.# ,(# 6.$*%5(# ("#>"'&%*06(# 4.0# 5*")*+(5# 32(# 0.# 5.0# 5&('$%(#
buenos# 4.'.# ".5# 6*V0.59TR# H(# 6.,*5# '*0(%*51# (5# &06(%(5*06(# ,(56*4*%# (56*#
$%&'(%*#&'*7(0#$.%32(#5(#%(C(%(#*#5*")*+(5#32(1#(56*0,.#,(502,.51#$2(,(0#
*52'&%5(#4.'.#%(4($6<42".#,(#"*#42"62%*#.44&,(06*"#A1#(0#20#K262%.#4(%4*0.1#5(%#
su remedo#.#$(.%#*@0#*"7.#32(#""()*#(0#5V#'&5'.#"*#&0(56*=&"&,*,Z#20#5&'2"*4%.9
>#(5*#&'*7(0#,("#buen salvaje se contrapone la del mal salvaje#32(1#,&4J.#
5(*#,(#$*5.1#0.#5(#)(%<#5256*04&*"'(06(#'.,&C4*,*#$.%#20*#%*X/0#'2A#5&'$"(Z#
J*4(#32(#"*#72(%%*#5(*#+256*#A#$(%'&6(#"(7V6&'*'(06(#&06(%)(0&%#(0#K*).%#,(#".5#
buenos salvajes9#E.5#'*".5#5*")*+(51#(5.#5V1#)*0#*#5(%#4*6*".7*,.5#,(#)&"(51#
$."V7*'.51#=(56&*"(51#<7%*K.51#7%.6(54.51#=2%,.51#%@56&4.51#*7%(56(51#$*7*0.51#
6%*56.%0*,.51#,($%*)*,.51#,("&042(06(51#=*"=24&(06(59#:0#52'*Z#=<%=*%.59
:0#'@"6&$"(5#.4*5&.0(5#E(.$.",.#r(*#5(P*"/#32(#("#=<%=*%.#(5#$.%#*06.0.F
'*5&*#("#=*"=24&(06(1#("#)&4&.5.1#("#&%%*4&.0*"9#g.,('.5#*P*,&%#32(#("#5*")*+(1#

]U
#^2*0#>9#d%6(7*#A#8(,&0*1#Imagología del bueno y del mal salvaje1#$9#Q!9
]a
 ^9#^9#>%%.'1#op. cit91#$9#Q]9
TR
#>%%.'#*C%'*#32(#(56(#4*"&C4*6&).#5(#".#,&(%.0#*#5V#'&5'.5#".5#6*V0.51#6.,*#)(X#32(#("#6?%'&0.#
(56<#K.%'*,.#$.%#"*#=*5(#taü#l=2(0.1#0.="(m#A#("#52C+.#–no1#5&70.#,("#$"2%*"#'*542"&0.9#_Ibid91#$9#QT9`

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
TR  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

(0#4*'=&.1#)&(0(#*#5(%#*32("#32(#(0#52#0*62%*"#,(502,(X1#5&0#.%0*'(06.#*"72F
0.1#5(#4.0K20,(#4.0#("#$*&5*+(9#>5V1#("#=<%=*%.#42*0,.#'(0.5#J*#$.,&,.#4%(*%#
20*#42"62%*#*2032(#(56?#)&4&*,*1#'&(06%*5#32(#("#5*")*+(#6.,*)V*#5(#(042(06%*#
en un estado natural9#>#$*%6&%#,(#(5*5#,.5#4&%42056*04&*51#32(#,(=&(%.0#,(%&F
)*%#(0#,.5#$."V6&4*5#,&56&06*5#_"*#4%2X#$*%*#("#=2(0.1#"*#(5$*,*#$*%*#("#'*".`#5(#
6.'*%<1#5&0#('=*%7.1#"*#'&5'*#&0&4&*6&)*Z#*4*=*%#4.0#("".5Z#lE*#)(%5&/0#,("#4.".F
0&X*,.%#0.5#(;$"&4*#32(#*"#4*%&=(1#,(=&,.#*#52#=(56&*"&,*,#5&0#%('(,&.1#0.#32(F
,/#.6%*#*"6(%0*6&)*#32(#(;6(%'&0*%".9#E.#32(#0.#0.5#(;$"&4*#(5#$.%#32?1#(06.04(51#
*06(5# &04"25.# 32(# ("# 4*%&=(1# K2(# &72*"'(06(# (;6(%'&0*,.# ("# $*4VC4.# A# ,2"4(#
*%*2*4.#s6*V0.um9T!
E*#.=5(5&/0#$.%#""(7*%#*#"*5#6&(%%*5#,("#i%*0#[*01#""()*%<#*"#>"'&%*06(#*#&06(%F
$%(6*%#"*#"(072*#,(#".5#"24*A.5#*#52#4.0)(0&(04&*9#g.%#(+('$".1#-."/0#(5424J*#
"*#$*"*=%*#l4*%&=*m#32(#".5#"24*A.5#('$"(*0#$*%*#,(5&70*%#*#".5#J*=&6*06(5#*0F
6%.$/K*7.5#,(#"*5#>06&""*5#8(0.%(51#$(%.#*C%'*1#6(%4.1#32(#"*#$*"*=%*#(5#caniba1#
"*#42*"#5&70&C4*1#*#52#$*%(4(%1#lJ*=&6*06(5#,(#"*5#6&(%%*5#,("#i%*0#[*0m9#I*'=&?0#
(06&(0,(#32(#,&4J.5#canibas#6&(0(0#4*=(X*5#,(#$(%%.#_can`#4.0#"*5#42*"(5#5(#
4.'(0#*#525#)V46&'*51#".#32(#"(#J*4(#$(05*%#32(#(56.5#J.'=%(5#l,(=V*0#,(#5(%#
,("#5(P.%V.#,("#i%*0#-*01#32(#".5#4*26&)*=*0m9TQ
:0#"*#4*%6*#32(#("#,.46.%#-J*04*#(0)&/#*"#-*=&",.#,(#"*#4&2,*,#,(#G()&""*1#
(54%&6*#$%.=*="('(06(#*#C0(5#,(#(0(%.#,(#!TaT1#5(#,*=*#42(06*#,("#5(720,.#
)&*+(#4.".'=&0.#A#5(#*C%'*=*#32(#".5#J*=&6*06(5#,(#"*5#&5"*5#,("#-*%&=(#l4.'(0#
4*%0(#J2'*0*m1#$(%.#A*#,(5,(#"*#$%&'(%*#4*%6*#*#".5#%(A(51#("#>"'&%*06(#5(#%(F
C(%(#*#(56.5#&0,&.5#'2A#K(%.4(5#A#,(#"*%7.5#4*=("".51#$.4.#*'*="(51#*#,&K(%(04&*#
,(#.6%.5#&0,&.51#A#,(#C5.0.'V*#4*0&0*Z#l:06(0,&/#6*'=&?0#32(#"(+.5#,(#*JV#J*=V*#
J.'=%(5#,(#20#.+.#A#.6%.5#4.0#J.4&4.5#,(#$(%%.5#32(#4.'V*0#*#".5#J.'=%(5#A#
32(#6.'*0,.#20.#".#,(7.""*=*0#A#"(#=(=V*0#52#5*07%(#A#"(#4.%6*=*0#52#0*62%*m9T]
-.0#6.,.1#""*'*#"*#*6(04&/0#32(#("#>"'&%*06(#,2,*%*#,(#"*#(;&56(04&*#,(#4*F
0V=*"(5Z#l8.56%<%.0"(5#,.5#J.'=%(5#32(#"(5#K*"6*=*#*"720.5#$(,*X.5#,(#4*%0(#
,(#52#42(%$.#(#J&4&?%.0"(5#4%((%#32(#".5#4*0V=*"(5#".5#J*=V*0#4.'&,.#*#=.4*,.5h#
("#>"'&%*06(#0.#".#4%(A/m944#:K(46&)*'(06(1#("#>"'&%*06(#5(#%(5&56(#*#4%((%#".#32(1#
5(72%*'(06(#*#5(P*51#"(#42(06*0#".5#"24*A.51#A#%($&6(#5&0#4(5*%#"*#,(C0&4&/0#
32(#?"1#.=56&0*,.#4.'.#5&('$%(1#J*=V*#("*=.%*,.#A*Z#lstu#A#*5V#6.%0.#*#,(4&%1#
4.'.#.6%*5#)(4(51#,&4(#?"1#32(#Caniba no es otra cosa sino la gente del Gran 

T!
#B.=(%6.#p(%0<0,(X#B(6*'*%1#Calibán9#/9-.+)#$#">,)$*3$2-*+-,3$()$?-)#+,3$/01,&23F#W2(0.5#
>&%(51#E*#g"?A*,(1#!aUT1#$9#QT9
TQ
#-9#-."/01#Diario de los cuatro viajes del Almirante..., Qe9yN9!TaQ9
T]
 Ibid91#T9yN9!TaQ9
44
 Ibid91#!S9yNN9!TaQ9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# T!

-*01#32(#,(=(#5(%#*32V#'2A#)(4&0.1#A#6(%0<0#0*)V.5#A#)(%0<0#*#4*$6&)*%".51#A#
4.'.#0.#)2(")(0#4%((0#32(#5(#".5#J*0#4.'&,.m945
-."/0#A*#0.#,2,/#0&#20#<$&4(#32(#J*=V*#""(7*,.#*"#$*V5#,("#i%*0#[*0#42*0,.#
.A/#,(4&%#32(#6&(%%*#*,(06%.#,(#-2=*1#.#l-2=*0*4<0m1#J*=V*#.%.9#-%(A/#(06(0,(%#
l[2="*&#[*0m#A#(54%&=&/#".#5&72&(06(Z#lb#4&(%6.1#,&4(#("#>"'&%*06(1#32(#?56*#(5#"*#
I&(%%*#p&%'(#A#32(#(56.A1#,&4(#?"1#*06(#r*A6.#A#i2&05*A1#4&(0#"(72*5#$.4.#'<5#
.#$.4.#'(0.5#,(#".#20.#A#,(#".#.6%.1#A#=&(0#5(#*'2(56%*#$.%#"*#'*%#32(#)&0(#,(#
.6%*#52(%6(#32(#K*56*#*32V#0.#J*#)(0&,.1#A#*A(%#32(#&=*#*"#f.%2(56(#K*""?#32(#
J*4V*#K%V.m9Te
E*#$%(7206*#32(#5(#,(5$%(0,(#,(#"*5#*0.6*4&.0(5#,(#-."/0#%(5$(46.#*#".5#
4*0V=*"(5#0.#5.0#6*0#&06(%(5*06(5#4.'.#"*#5&72&(06(Z#w$.%#32?#J*A#32(#$(05*%#
(0#52#(;&56(04&*x#w32?#(5#".#32(#5(#"(7&6&'*#42*0,.#5(#*42,(#*#"*#&'*7(0#,("#
mal salvaje1#,("#4*0V=*"x#E.#32(#5(#+256&C4*#(5#"*#72(%%*9#E*#*46&62,#,("#(2%.$(.#
K%(06(#*"#*'(%&4*0.#.#K%(06(#*#42*"32&(%*#32(#0.#5(*#civilizado1#*#C0#,(#42(06*51#
0.#4*'=&*h#&04"25.#5&#5(#6%*6*#,(#20*#0.)V5&'*#%(*"&,*,Z#".#02().#5(#)(#&05(%6.#(0#
".#A*#4.0.4&,.1#(0#".#$%()&*'(06(#&'*7&0*,.#A#0.#J*A1#$.%#6*06.1#4*'=&.#*"720.9
E*#(;$"&4*4&/0#*#(56*#5&072"*%&,*,#"*#6&(0(#B.7(%#W*%6%*9#:"#&'*7&0*%&.#(2%.F
$(.#0.#4*'=&/#,%<56&4*'(06(#4.0#"*#*$*%&4&/0#,("#*'(%&4*0.Z#$.%#("#4.06%*%&.1#
5(#%(K.%X/9#:0#52#.=%*#El salvaje en el espejo1#W*%6%*#,(54%&=(#"*#&'*7(0#32(#("#
(2%.$(.#*4(%4*#,("#5*")*+&5'.#*06(5#,("#,V*#,(#"*#&0)*5&/09#:0#6?%'&0.5#$%<4F
6&4.51#W*%6%*#5(P*"*#32(#("#5*")*+(#(5#'<5#(2%.$(.#,(#".#32(#&'*7&0*'.59#:0#
%(*"&,*,#(%*#20#5*")*+(#4.04(=&,.#5&('$%(#4.'.#*06V$.,*#,("#4&)&"&X*,.#(2%.$(.9#
E*#*"6(%&,*,1#(0#(56(#5(06&,.1#(5#$*%6&42"*%'(06(#$("&7%.5*#$.%32(#(56<#,('*F
5&*,.#4(%4*0*#*#"*#0*62%*"(X*1#*"#'20,.#*0&'*"9#b#+256&C4*#W*%6%*#,(#"*#5&72&(0F
te manera su tesis:

H&4J.# (0# K.%'*# *=%2$6*Z# ("# 5*")*+(# (5# 20# J.'=%(# (2%.$(.1# A# "*# 0.4&/0# ,(#
5*")*+&5'.#K2(#*$"&4*,*#*#$2(=".5#0.#(2%.$(.5#4.'.#20*#6%*05$.5&4&/0#,(#20#
'&6.# $(%K(46*'(06(# (56%2462%*,.# 42A*# 0*62%*"(X*# 5/".# 5(# $2(,(# (06(0,(%#
4.'.#$*%6(#,(#"*#()."24&/0#,(#"*#42"62%*#.44&,(06*"9#:"#'&6.#,("#J.'=%(#5*"F
)*+(#(5#20#&07%(,&(06(#.%&7&0*"#A#K20,*'(06*"#,(#"*#42"62%*#(2%.$(*9TS

>"#J&".#,(#(56*#*C%'*4&/01#%(52"6*#4"*%.#32(#("#=<%=*%.#(5#("#(2%.$(.#32&(01#
*"#&06(06*%#*0&32&"*%#*"#-*0V=*"#5(#4.0)&(%6(1#?"#'&5'.1#(0#*06%.$/K*7.9#>,('<5#
,(#4.05&,(%*%#*"#5*")*+(#4.'.#52+(6.#,(#()*07("&X*4&/01#6*'=&?0#5(#"(#4.05&,(F

45
 Ibid91#!!9yNN9!TaQ9
Te
 Ibid91#!!9yN9!TaQ9
TS
#B.7(%#W*%6%*1#El salvaje en el espejo9#8?;&4.1#:%*1#!aaQ1#$9#!]9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
TQ  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

%*%<#4.'.#.=+(6.#,(#"*#&0)(56&7*4&/0#4&(06VC4*1#5&62*4&/0#32(#$2(,(#)(%&C4*%5(#
5&#$*5*'.5#=%()(#%()&56*#*#4&(%6*5#*0.6*4&.0(5#,("#k.%(06&0.#>'?%&4.#D(5$24&.1#
32&(0#5(#,&56&072&/#$.%#5(%#20#'&024&.5.#.=5(%)*,.%#A#(;$".%*,.%#,(#"*5#6&(%%*5#32(#
C0*"'(06(#""()*%V*0#52#0.'=%(#,(#$&"*#A#0.#("#,(#-."/0#32(#lstu#6%.$(X/#4.0#
20#4.06&0(06(1#,("#42*"1#4.0K20,&?0,.".#J*56*#52#'2(%6(#4.0#("#32(#32(%V*#(0F
4.06%*%1#$(%,&/#&04"25.#"*#.$.%620&,*,#,(#=*26&X*%".#4.0#52#$%.$&.#0.'=%(1#4.'.#
".#J&X.#("#4*%6/7%*K.#32(#5(#".#,&.Z#>'?%&4.#D(5$24&.m948
:"#(5K2(%X.#&06("(462*"#,(#D(5$24&.#$.%#4.'$%(0,(%#"*#0.)V5&'*#%(*"&,*,#A#("#
6(5/0#32(#$25.#(0#52#"*=.%#(60.7%<C4*#5.0#,(#20*#(0.%'(#&'$.%6*04&*1#$%&04&F
$*"'(06(#$.%#"*#$.562%*#%("*6&)&56*#32(#6.'/#*"#'.'(06.#,(#5(P*"*%#,&K(%(04&*5#
(#&06(%(5*%5(#(0#(""*59#g.%#(5.#*C%'*#i(%=&#32(Z

:"#J.'=%(1#$.%#$%&'&6&).#32(#K2(5(1#(%*#("#6('*#,(#(562,&.#'<5#,&70.#(#&06(F
%(5*06(#$*%*#("#,&54V$2".#,(#".5#J2'*0&56*59#s999u#E.5#&0,V7(0*5#32(#$.="*0,.#
(0#7%*0#0@'(%.#(5*#6&(%%*1#0.#$2(,(0#4.05&,(%*%5(#4.'.#42%&.5.5#&5"(P.51#
*"7.#*5V#4.'.#K(0/'(0.5#*44&,(06*"(51#5&0.#32(#,(=(0#5(%#)&56.5#A#(562,&*F
,.5#4.'.#20*#)*%&(,*,#(5(04&*"#,(#"*#(5$(4&(#J2'*0*#v*#,(5$(4J.#,(#"*#
'*A.%V*#,(#".5#C"/5.K.5#32(#0&(7*0#52#(;&56(04&*9#G2#'&5'*#'24J(,2'=%(#
*2'(06*#52#,&70&,*,#4&(06VC4*949

b*#,(5,(#52#$%&'(%#)&*+(1#(0#!TaS1#D(5$24&.#*0.6*=*#32(Z#l6.,.5#".5#32(#
)(V*'.5#32(#*0,*=*0#,(502,.5#$*%(4V*#6*'=&?0#32(#(56*=*0#(0#7%*0#'*0(%*#
*5.'=%*,.5#,(#)(%0.51#5&0#,2,*#_*#".#32(#A.#(06&(0,.`#por vernos vestidos y 
de semblantes distintos de los suyosm9\R#H(=&,.#*"#&06(%?5#4&(06VC4.#32(#".#72&*F
=*1#$.,('.5#,(4&%#32(#5&#"*#$(%5$(46&)*#,(#-."/0#0.5#%('&6(#*#"*#Edad de Oro1#
"*#,(#D(5$24&.#A*#(56<#5&62*,*#(0#"*#*06(5*"*#,(#"*#8.,(%0&,*,9
H(5,(# 20# '&%*,.%# %(0*4(06&56*1# D(5$24&.# 32&5.# 4.'$%(0,(%# ("# )(%,*,(%.#
5&70&C4*,.#,(#"*5#6&(%%*5#32(#(;$".%*=*#A#"*5#5&072"*%&,*,(5#,(#".5#J.'=%(5#A#
'2+(%(5#4.0#32&(0(5#(06%*=*#(0#4.06*46.1#$*%*#.K%(4(%#*"#'20,.#(2%.$(.#20*#
&06(%$%(6*4&/0#J2'*0&56*1#4&(06VC4*#A#(56?6&4*#,("#f2().#820,.1#42A*#4*%*46(F
%V56&4*#'<5#5.=%(5*"&(06(#(5#("#J.'=%(#A#"*#,&)(%5&,*,#42"62%*"9
G&#%(4.%,*'.5#32(#("#5&7".#XVI#(562).#'*%4*,.#$.%#("#,(%%2'=(#,(#"*5#4(%F
6(X*5#_7(.4(06%&5'.1#4*6."&4&5'.1#(42'(0(#6%&$*%6&6*`1#)(%('.5#(0#"*5#$.562%*5#

48
#E9#r(*1#op, cit91#$9#!T9
49
#>06.0("".#i(%=&1#!3$.3+-,3*)I3$()$*3#$H.(&3#$.-)83#F$@)$<,&#+=>3*$<"*=.$3$:".I3*"$J),.K.()I$
de Oviedo.#8?;&4.1#FCE1#!aSU1#$9#\\9
\R
#8*%6V0#p(%0<0,(X#,(#f*)*%%(6(1#L&3')#$()$/01,&2"$L)#9-2&"9#8*,%&,1#:5$*5*F-*"$(1#!aaa1#
$9#Q\9#_E*5#42%5&)*5#5.0#'V*5`9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
-%&56/=*"#-."/0#A#("#-*%&=(Z#.%.#A#,(502,(X# T]

,(#-.$?%0&4.1#E26(%.#A#D(5$244&1#".5#&0&4&.5#,(#20*#02()*#4.04($4&/0#(0#6.%0.#
*#".#J2'*0.9#>#+2&4&.#,(#E?)&FG6%*255Z

g.%# $%&'(%*# )(X# ("# J.'=%(# 4%&56&*0.# 0.# (562).# 5.".# .# 42*06.# '(0.5# (0# "*#
(;4"25&)*#$%(5(04&*#,(#$*7*0.5#42A*#4.0,(0*4&/0#5(#%('.06*=*#*#"*5#:54%&F
62%*51#A#*#$%.$/5&6.#,(#".5#42*"(5#0.#4*=V*#(;$(%&'(06*%#0&0720*#52(%6(#,(#
62%=*4&/0#&06(%&.%#stu#(5#)(%,*,(%*'(06(#(0#52(".#*'(%&4*0.#,.0,(#("#J.'F
=%(#('$&(X*#*#$"*06(*%5(1#,(#K.%'*#4.04%(6*1#("#$%.="('*#,(#5V#'&5'.#A#,(#
*"720*#'*0(%*#*#(;$(%&'(06*%".#(0#52#$%.$&*#4*%0(9\!

>#$*%6&%#,("#,(5('=*%4.#,(#".5#(2%.$(.5#(0#!TaQ1#J*A*#5&,.#(0#6&(%%*5#&0)(0F
6*,*5#.#(0#6&(%%*5#%(4.0.4&,*51#5(#&0&4&*#20#$%.4(5.#5.=%(#("#42*"#5(#J*#%(k(;&.F
0*,.#'24J.#(0#>'?%&4*#E*6&0*9#E.#$%&'(%.#32(#$2(,(#*C%'*%5(#(5#32(1#6*06.#
(0# "*# )(%5&/0# ,(# -."/0# 4.'.# (0# "*# ,(# D(5$24&.1# (56(# 4.06&0(06(# 0.# $*%(4V*#
6(0(%#'<5#5*"&,*#32(#"*#.44&,(06*"&X*4&/0#.1#".#32(#".#'&5'.1#"*#%(0204&*#*#52#
$%.$&.#5(%#A#*#525#5&072"*%&,*,(59#{5*#(5#"*#42(56&/0#32(#32&5.#%(5.")(%#:,'20F
,.#d}i.%'*0Z#M*3$&.8).2&=.$()$/01,&23N1#(5#,(4&%1#("#'.,.#(0#32(#:2%.$*#,.6*#
4.0#52#$%.$&.#5(%#*#20#(06(#32(#(""*#4.04&=(#4.'.#,&56&06.#A#*+(0.9\Q La inven­
ción#,(5(04*,(0/#.6%.#$%.4(5.1#("#,(#encubrimiento1#32(#K2(#("#%(52"6*,.#,(#"*#
K*42"6*,#32(#*#5V#'&5'*#5(#*6%&=2V*#:2%.$*#$*%*#&0)(06*%#("#ser de otras socieF
,*,(51#32(#5(#)(0#.="&7*,*5#*#(04*%*%#20#K*"5.#,&"('*Z#ser occidental o no ser9
>5V1#J('.5#""(7*,.#*#20.#,(#".5#6/$&4.5#'<5#&06(%(5*06(5#,("#$(05*'&(06.#
J&56/%&4.#"*6&0.*'(%&4*0.#$2(5#(0#"*#'(,&,*#(0#32(#5(#&06(%$%(6(#4.0)(0&(06(F
'(06(#(")*".%#J&56/%&4.#,(#".#.42%%&,.#(0#!TaQ#A#525#4.05(42(04&*51#5(%('.5#
4*$*4(5#,(#4.'(0X*%#*4.'$%(0,(%#("#ser latinoamericano.#G(%<#0(4(5*%&.#$2(5#
4.'(0X*%#*#J*4(%#25.#,(#4*6(7.%V*5#'<5#$%(4&5*5#A#0.#,(#(2K('&5'.51#5&#".#32(#
32(%('.5#(5#*0*"&X*%#*,(42*,*'(06(#02(56%*#%(*"&,*,#4.'.#"*6&0.*'(%&4*0.59
:5#.=)&.#32(#("#6?%'&0.#l,(542=%&'&(06.m#vA#52#4.00.6*4&/0#(2%.4?06%&4*v#
0.#527&(%(#".#'&5'.#32(#l(042=%&'&(06.m#A#32(1#$.%#".#6*06.1#".5#%(52"6*,.5#,("#
*0<"&5&5#&04"2&%<0#.#0.#("#(562,&.#,("#&'$*46.#32(#62).#("#J(4J.#J&56/%&4.#$.%#
'(,&.#,("#42*"#32(,*%.0#4.0(46*,.5#*5&'?6%&4*'(06(#("#D&(+.#A#("#f2().#820F
,.9#-.'.#)('.51#>'?%&4*#5(04&""*'(06(#no cabe (0#"*#7(.7%*KV*#(2%.$(*9#f.#
J*A#"27*%#"&=%(#(0#"*#6&(%%*#J*=&6*,*1#(0#"*#:42'(0(1#$*%*#(""*#A#525#'.%*,.%(5#
32(1#$.%#(0,(1#0.#J*=&6*0#"*#I&(%%*1#5&0.#.6%*#4.5*1#.6%.#(5$*4&.#32(#0.#(5#6(F
%%(0*"1#32(#0.#(5#J2'*0.9#I*0#*"(+*,*#,("#8(,&6(%%<0(.1#,("#4(06%.#,("#4.5'.51#

\!
#-"*2,(#E?)&FG6%*2551#lE*5#6%(5#K2(06(5#,(#"*#%(k(;&/0#(60."/7&4*m1#(0#^.5?#E".=(%*1#4.'$91#La 
antropología como ciencia9#W*%4(".0*1#>0*7%*'*1#!aUU1#$$9#!SF!U9
\Q
#:,'20,.# d}# i.%'*01# !3$ &.8).2&=.$ ()$/01,&23F$ H.8)#+&;32&=.$ 32),23$ ()$ *3$ )#+,-2+-,3$ ()*$
Nuevo Mundo y del sentido de su devenir9#8?;&4.1#SEPcFCE1#!aUT9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.
44  G.KV*#B(,&07#W"*5(

>'?%&4*#5(%<#4.05&,(%*,*#4.'.#&0K(%0*"#.#4.'.#$*%*,&5V*4*1#A#525#J*=&6*06(5#
4.'.# $.5(V,.5# $.%# ("# ,('.0&.# .# 4.'.# $%2(=*5# )&)&(06(5# ,(# 32(# J2=.# 20*#
?$.4*#,(#.%.9#:0#52'*1#"*#%(k(;&/0#,(=V*#,(5('=.4*%#(0#("#*0<"&5&5#,(#"*5#
4*%*46(%V56&4*5#,(#".5#0*62%*"(51#*#C0#,(#4.05&,(%*%".5#4.'.#J2'*0.5#.#=(56&*F
"(5#(#&06(7%*%".5#.#(;4"2&%".5#,(#".5#$%.A(46.5#26/$&4.5#32(#5(#,&5(P*=*0#(0#("#
D&(+.#-.06&0(06(9
wg.%#32?#5(#inventa#>'?%&4*1#$.%#32?#5(#"(#,.6*#,(#20#5(%#32(#0.#(5#("#52A.x#
{56*5#5.0#$%(7206*5#32(#$.,('.5#)&042"*%#4.0#02(56%.#$%(5(06(1#A*#32(#,(#"*#
02()*# (54%&62%*# ,(# "*# J&56.%&*# v.# ".# 32(# E(/0Fg.%6&""*# ""*'*# "*# visión  de  los 
vencidosv#5(#,(5$%(0,(%<0#02()*5#A#*$%.$&*,*5#(;$"&4*4&.0(5#32(#,(0#42(0F
6*1#,(#'*0(%*#'<5#$%(4&5*1#,(#02(56%*#4&%42056*04&*#A#,(#"*5#$.5&=&"&,*,(5#$*%*#
*"4*0X*%#"*#+256&4&*#A#"*#"&=(%6*,#.1#".#32(#(5#".#'&5'.1#4.04%(6*%#"*#26.$V*9
:0#La última Tule1#>"K.05.#B(A(5#,(+/#(54%&6.#32(#(0#%("*4&/0#4.0#>'?%&4*Z#
l:"#6%*=*+.#(562).#=&(0#4.'$*%6&,.Z#20.5#5.P*%.0#("#f2().#820,.1#.6%.5#,&(%.0#
4.0#?"1#.6%.5#".#%(4.%%&(%.0#A#6%*X*%.01#.6%.5#".#=*26&X*%.01#.6%.5#".#4.032&56*%.01#
.6%.5#".#4.".0&X*%.0#A#%(,2+(%.0#*#"*#4&)&"&X*4&/0#(2%.$(*1#.6%.5#".#J&4&(%.0#&0,($(0F
,&(06(9#:5$(%('.5#32(#.6%.5#".#J*7*0#K("&Xm9\]

p(4J*#,(#%(4($4&/0Z#RTcRUcQR!R
p(4J*#,(#*4($6*4&/0Z#Q]cRacQR!!

\]
 Apud#>=("*%,.#D&""(7*51#ln0#4.0k&46.#,(#&06(%$%(6*4&.0(5m1#(0#E9#r(*1#op. cit91#$9#QQ]9

EN­CLAVES del pensamiento, año VI, núm. 11, enero­junio 2012, pp. 27­44.