GLOBALIZATION

Leaning Outcomes

• Agree on a working definition of a globalization

• Narrate a personal experience of globalization
▪ HOW DID YOU EXPERIENCED
GLOBALIZATION IN YOUR EVERYDAY
ACTIVITIES?
▪ HOW DOES GLOBALIZATION OCCUR?
▪ WHAT IS DRIVING GLOBALIZATION?
▪ IS GLOBALIZATION A UNIFORM OR AN
UNEVEN PROCESS?
▪ DOES GLOBALIZATION CREATE NEW
FORMS OF INEQUALITY AND HIERARCHY?
 WHAT IS
GLOBALIZATION?
 Globalization …
• Operates at multiple and intersecting levels
• Most account view it as primarily an economic
process
• 1960s both in popular and academic literature
• Manfred Steger: “the process as the expansion and
intensification of social relations and consciousness
across world time and across world space”.
• Expansion refers to both the creation of new social
networks and multiplications of existing connections
that cut across traditional political, economic,
cultural, and geographic boundaries.
• Intensification refers to the expansion, stretching and
acceleration of these networks
• Steger notes that “globalization processes do not
occur merely at an objective, material level but they
also involve the subjective plane of human
consciousness”
• Different from globalism: globalism is a widespread
belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for
everyone
• Thus, people becoming increasingly conscious of the
growing manifestations of social interdependence
and the enormous acceleration of social interactions.
• Anthropologist Arjun Appadurai: different kinds of
globalization occur in multiple and intersecting
dimensions of integration that he calls “scapes”
- ethnoscapes: global movement of the people
- mediascape: flow of culture
- Technoscape: circulation of goods
- Financescape: circulation of money
- Ideoscape: circulation of ideas
• Anthony Giddens (Director of the London School of
Economics)

“Globalization can thus be defined as the

intensification of worldwide social relations which link
distant localities in such a way that local happenings
are shaped by events occurring many miles away and
vice versa”.
• Roland Robertson (Professor of Sociology at the
University of Pittsburgh)

Globalization as a concept refers both to the compression

of the world and the intensification of consciousness of
the world as a whole.
As a whole…

Globalization refers to a
multidimensional set of social
processes that create, multiply,
stretch, and intensify worldwide
social interdependencies and
exchanges while at the same time
fostering in people a growing
awareness of deepening
connections between the local and
the distant.
Note…

• Effect vary differently

• scholars also hold different views on the proper
definition of globalization according to scale,
causation, chronology, impact, trajectories, and
policy customs
• Thus, we have to find better ways for gauging the
relative importance of each dimensions without losing
sight of the connectedness
 IS
GLOBALIZATION
A NEW
PHENOMENON?
• Fuelled by new technologies: computers, the
internet (World Wide Web), satellites, high
definition televisions
• Inventions in 15th to 19th century: telephone,
waterwheels, compass, gunpowder,
domestication of wild plants and animals, the
emergence of language
• Depends on the chain of causation that
resulted in those recent technologies and social
arrangements
• Globalization is as old as humanity iteslf
Five historical periods

• The prehistoric period (10,000 BCE – 3,500 BCE)

• The pre - modern period (3,500 BCE – 1,500 BCE)
• The early modern period (1500 – 1750)
• The modern period (1750 – 1970)
• The contemporary period (from 1970)
The prehistoric period
(10,000 BCE – 3,500 BCE)
• Hunter and gatherers reached and settled in southern
tip of Southern America
• Produce their own food / domestication of plants and
animals
• Growing agricultural settlements: fertile crescent, north
central China, India,
• Food surpluses led to population increases, the
establishment of permanent villages and the
construction of fortified towns.
• Globalization in this period was severely limited.
Advanced forms of technology capable of
overcoming existing geographical and social
obstacles were absent
• It was in the end of this epoch that centrally
administered forms of agriculture, religion,
bureaucracy, and warfare slowly emerged as the key
agents of intensifying modes of social exchange
The pre - modern period
(3,500 BCE – 1,500 BCE)
• Ancient American civilization: Inca empire along the
Andes, Maya and Aztec empire
• Ancient African civilization: states and kingdoms
• Greece civilization: Athens and Sparta
• Age of empires
• Egyptian Kingdom, Persian empire, Macedonian
empire, American and African empires, the Islamic
caliphates, Indian empires, the Holy Roman Empire,
Ottoman empire, Chinese empire
• Fostered the multiplication and extension of long
distance communication and the exchange of
culture, technology, commodities, disease.
• Artistry and brilliant achievements in the fields of
astronomy, mathematics, chemistry, history
The early modern period
(1500 – 1750)
• Modernity: 18t h century enlightenment period
• Developing objective science, achieving a universal
form of morality and law, and liberating rational
modes of thought and social organization
• Early modern: between enlightenment and
renaissance
• Europe became a catalyst for globalization
• Europe expand westward, in search for profitable sea
route to India
• Efforts were aided by such innovations as mechanized
printing, sophisticated wind and watermills, extensive
postal system, revised maritime technologies and
advanced navigation techniques
• European economic entrepreneurs laid the
foundation of “capitalist world system”
• The monarchs of Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands,
France, and England all put significant resources into
the exploration of new worlds and the construction of
new interregional markets
• Atlantic Slave Trade > suffering and death of millions
of non Europeans
The modern period (1750-
1970)
• 18th century that Australia and Pacific Islands begin
incorporating into the European dominated network
• Daring to resist powerful governmental controls,
economic entrepreneurs and their academic
counterparts began to spread a philosophy of
individualism and rational self interest
• Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels > Communist Manifesto
• Rise of European bourgeoisie with the explosion of science and
technology
• New power sources such as electricity and petroleum >mechanized
railways, shipping
• Development of communication technologies
• Mass circulation newspapers and magazines, film, and television
• Unprecedented population explosion
• Many working people began to organize in various labor movements
and socialist parties
• Ensuing extreme nationalism culminated in two world
wars, a long global economic depression, Cold War
The contemporary period
(from 1970)
• Dramatic creation, expansion, and acceleration of
world wide interdependencies and global exchanges
1. Multidimensional set of social processes
that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify
worldwide social interdependencies and
exchanges while at the same time
fostering in people a growing awareness of
deepening connections between the local
and the distant.
2. Refers to the flow of culture
3. Gio and Latif met each other in what
event in Sydney Australia?
4. The term refers to expansion, stretching
and acceleration of networks.
5. It is the creation of social networks and
multiplication of existing connections that
cut across traditional boundaries.
6. A belief among powerful people that the global
integration of economic market is beneficial to
everyone.
7. In what period of globalization where the activity
of humans are more on hunting and gathering of
food in order to survive.
8. He proposed that globalization occur on multiple
and intersecting dimensions of integration he calls
“Scapes”
9- What historical period where the Hunter and
gatherers reached and settled in southern tip of
Southern America
10. Refers to the global movement of people.
Bonus point: complete name of your Professor
Why is it crucial to
emphasize that globalization
is uneven? 10pts
Answers
1. Globalization
2. Mediascape
3. International Model UN Competition
4. Intensification
5. Expansion
6. Globalism
7. Pre-historic/pre-historical period
8. Arjun Appadurai
9. prehistoric
10. Ethnoscape
Bonus Point: Larry C. Bercilla