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Power Transducer Users Guide Moore Industries
Power Transducer Users Guide Moore Industries
User’s Guide
Volume 1
Notes
™
Power Transducer User's Guide
Volume 1
Volume 1
Page
Rotating Conductor
Brush
Uniform
Magnetic
Field
Load
Slipring
Direction
of rotation
respective watt-hour meter potential coil by 60°. This is generally The power is defined as P = EI cosØ, where Ø is the phase angle
accomplished by cross-phasing, thus eliminating the need for a between the voltage and current. Here (Drawing 4) the angle is
phase-shifting transformer. The VAR-hr information can be calcu- zero. CosØ = 1, so P = EI and alternates between some positive
lated as follows: VAR-hr= (2Q hr - whr)/ sqrt3 value and zero.
Drawing 4 shows instantaneous values of the voltage, current,
Ratchet clause—A rate schedule clause which states that billing and power. The quantities used in the equations and in the applica-
demand may be based on current month peak average demand or tions are the RMS (root mean squared) values.
on historical peak average demand, depending on relative magni-
tude. P
Usually the historical period is the past eleven months, although
it can be for the life of the contract. Billing demand is either the
current month’s peak average demand or some percentage (75% is
typical) of the highest historical peak average demand, depending
on which is largest. I
E
Reactance—The opposition to the flow of alternating current.
Capacitive reactance is the opposition offered by capacitors and
inductive reactance is the opposition offered by an inductive load. Ø=0 360°
Both reactances are measured in ohms.
Reactive power—Also called a watt-less power and measured in
volt-amperes-reactive. Reactive power increases with decreasing 0°
Capacitive Load Peak average demand—The highest average load over a utility-
When the applied load is a pure capacitance, the current will lead specified time interval during a billing period. If there is no ratchet
the voltage by 90°. Phase angle = 90°. P = EI cos90 = 0. Again, clause in the rate schedule then the peak average demand is also
RMS power is zero (Drawing 6). the billing demand.
Polyphase—Having or utilizing several phases. A polyphase
alternating current power circuit has several phases of alternating
P current with a fixed phase angle between phases.
Potential transformer (PT)—An instrument transformer of which the
primary winding is connected in parallel with the circuit whose
voltage is to be measured or controlled. PT’s normally are used to
I E
step down high voltage potentials to levels acceptable to measuring
instruments.
Potential transformer ratio—The ratio of primary voltage divided
by secondary voltage.
Power demand controllers—Control devices designed to minimize
Ø and level average demand by maintaining it below some pre-
Phase 360° selected level. This is normally accomplished by shedding and
Angle
restoring discretionary loads. There are many basic principles of
0° operation of power demand controllers.
Power factor—The ratio of real power (in watts) of an alternating
Drawing 6. Capacitive load current circuit to the apparent power in volt-amperes. Also the
cosine of the phase angle between the voltage applied to a load
Real Loads and the current passing through it.
In actual practice loads are never purely resistive, inductive, or Power factor correction—Steps taken to raise the power factor by
capacitive. For an example, let’s consider a circuit whose loads bringing the current more nearly in phase with the applied voltage.
result in a small amount of inductive reactance. In this example Most frequently this consists of increasing the lagging power factor
(Drawing 7) the current lags the voltage by 60°. of inductive circuits by adding capacitance.
Power factor penalty—The charge utilities impose for operating at
P power factors below some rate-schedule-specified level. This level
Average Power
ranges from a lagging power factor of 0.80 to unity. Utilities calcu-
late power factor penalties in countless ways.
Pulse initiator—An assemblage added to a revenue meter which
generates pulses proportional to meter disk rotation. Each pulse
E I
represents a discrete quantity of energy consumed. Most frequently
the pulses are generated photoelectrically and output through
mercury-wetted relays.
Initiator pulses—Electrical impulses generated by pulse-initiator Drawing 7 shows that there is more positive power than negative
mechanisms installed in utility revenue meters. Each pulse indi- power, so the RMS value will be positive. P = EI cos60° = EI(0.5).
cates the consumption of a specific number of watts. These pulses
can be used to measure energy consumption and demand. Real Power
Installed load—Equivalent to connected load. So far when we have referred to power we have meant useful or real
power, or power which does work. Real power = EI cosØ = I2R =
Joule—Unit of measure. One joule of work is accomplished when a I2ZcosØ. It is expressed in units of watts (watts = volts x amps x
voltage of one volt causes one coulomb of electrons to pass through cosØ).
a circuit.
Apparent power
Kilowatt-hour (kwhr)—A unit of electrical measurement indicating Apparent power is the product of the voltage and current without
the expenditure of 1,000 watts for one hour. Higher quantities are regard to the applied load or the phase angle. Its measured value
expressed in megawatt hours, or the expenditure of one million is called “volt-amps” or VA. When a real world load is applied to the
watts for one hour. circuit a combination of real power and reactive power results.
Neutral—The conductor chosen as the return path for the current Apparent Power
(VA)
from the load to the source in power measurement procedures. The Reactive Power
(VARs)
neutral is frequently, but not necessarily, grounded.
You can easily see that if the phase angle is zero, then the VARs are
Page 28 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 9
Glossary
Contract load capacity—A load capacity contracted with a utility zero and apparent power = real power.
and related to connected load. The minimum monthly demand IV. Common Ac Power Systems
charge is sometimes established by applying the demand rate to Ac power systems offer a number of configurations for using power.
some specified percentage of the contracted capacity. In most instances, you will encounter the four arrangements de-
Coulomb—The unit of electric charge equal to the quantity of scribed in this section.
electricity transferred by a current of one ampere in one second.
Current Transformer (CT)—An instrument transformer, intended for
measuring or control purposes, designed to have its primary Single-Phase Two-Wire
winding connected in series with a conductor carrying the current to The most recognizable ac power system is the single-phase two-
be measured or controlled. Also see clamp-on CT, where the wire system. This configuration provides power within your home for
conductor itself acts as the primary. CT’s step down high currents operating domestic appliances like toasters and refrigerators.
to lower values which can be used as input signals to measuring
instruments. They must be used with caution. L1
L2
Demand—A measure of the customer load connected to the
electrical power system at any given time. Units are usually watts or
volt-amperes.
Demand-hours—The equivalent number of hours in a month during
which the peak average demand is fully utilized. In other words, if The voltage on this type of circuit is measured and written as a
energy consumption for the current month is X kwhr and the peak line to line value. This illustration shows a 120 volt system. Measur-
average demand is Y kw, then the demand-hours is equal to X/Y ing power on this system requires one voltage and one current
hours. measurement, or a one element transducer.
The higher the number of demand-hours the better the demand
leveling situation and the more efficiently demand is being used. Single-Phase Three-Wire
Many rate schedules have demand-hour based energy rate breaks This type of system provides electricity to homes in the United
where the higher the demand-hour figure the lower the energy States and you will rarely encounter it in an industrial situation. The
consumption rate in $/kwhr. two wires and neutral leg comprise a single phase system. This
Demand interval—Demand charges are based on peak average system can be monitored with either a 1-1/2 or two element trans-
demand over a utility-specified time interval, not on the instantane- ducer so that the voltage and current on each phase may be
ous demand (or connected load) at any given moment. This period measured.
of time is called the demand interval. Demand intervals typically
range from 15, 20, to 30 minutes, although they can drop as low a L1
five minutes.
Demand-utilization efficiency—Related to demand-hours and 120 VAC
VII. Glossary
Three-Phase Three-Wire
Most industrial motors and other equipment within the process Ampere—A unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons.
industries operate with this type of system, commonly called a delta One volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one
system. ampere. A flow of one coulomb per second equals one ampere.
L1
Apparent Power—The product of voltage and current in a circuit in
480 VAC 480 VAC
which the two reach their peaks at different times, or, in other words,
there is a phase angle between voltage and current. Units are VA.
In this example, 208 volts is the line to line value and the line to
neutral value is 120 volts (line voltage divided by the square root of
three). For the greatest accuracy, a three element transducer
should be used for monitoring this type of system. If the system
voltage is completely balanced (the voltages and loads on the three
phases are equal), a 2-1/2 element transducer may be used.
Should you forget all these illustrations, use this helpful rule of
thumb for determining how many elements a transducer should
have for monitoring a particular system: subtract one from the total
number of wires in the system.
(# of wires) - 1 = # of Elements
CONFIGURATION RESTRICTIONS
Connection
115.00 Output
VOLTS
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 6A
– + N Va Vc N EXT
PWR
OUTPUT
FIGURE 1
PAV
External 0-150 ac Input, 4-20mA Output
PWT
WATT Power if
TRANSDUCER
Applicable
EXT
Ia Ic Ib Ia Ic 1b PWR
7 8 9 10 11 12 12A Figure 1.
A B C N
Drawing 8.
External
PWT TRANSDUCER
WATT Power if
Applicable
1 2 3 4 Ia Ic Ib Ia Ic
EXT
1b PWR
7 8 9 10 11 12 12A
PAV
0-150ac Input, 0-1mA Output
Figure 2.
Current Measurement
As in voltage measurement, current may be measured by the
direct connect method or using a current transformer (CT) as a
step down device. Figure 3, on the next page, shows the direct LOAD
connect method with a current transducer. Figure 7.
Page 16 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 21
Taking Watt and VAR Measurements Monitoring Common Ac Power Systems
Three-Phase Three-Wire
Input
Measuring power on this type of system, the most common arrange- 115VAC
ment found in the process industries, requires a two-element 1000 Ohm Resistor
transducer. As shown in Figure 6, the voltage on the third wire (B)
functions as a reference for each of the transducer’s elements.
10.00 Output
An example model number for a two-element PWT Watt Trans-
AMPS
ducer for this type of system is:
Digital Meter
PWT/120AC,5A/4-20MA/2E/-120AC[SM] Heater
LINE
A B C
PAC/10A
10 Amp Input, 0-1mA Output
Figure 3.
H1
Line Load
X1
External Power
if Applicable
LOAD
Figure 6.
Page 20 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 17
Monitoring Common Ac Power Systems
Figure 4.
External Power
if Applicable
Output
– +
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12
– + V V I I
OUTPUT EXT PWR
PWT TRANSDUCER
WATT
LOAD
Figure 5.
Figure 4.
External Power
if Applicable
Output
– +
1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12
– + V V I I
OUTPUT EXT PWR
PWT TRANSDUCER
WATT
LOAD
Figure 5.
Three-Phase Three-Wire
Input
Measuring power on this type of system, the most common arrange- 115VAC
ment found in the process industries, requires a two-element 1000 Ohm Resistor
transducer. As shown in Figure 6, the voltage on the third wire (B)
functions as a reference for each of the transducer’s elements.
10.00 Output
An example model number for a two-element PWT Watt Trans-
AMPS
ducer for this type of system is:
Digital Meter
PWT/120AC,5A/4-20MA/2E/-120AC[SM] Heater
LINE
A B C
PAC/10A
10 Amp Input, 0-1mA Output
Figure 3.
H1
Line Load
X1
External Power
if Applicable
LOAD
Figure 6.
Page 20 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 17
Monitoring Common Ac Power Systems Taking Watt and VAR Measurements
A B C N
Drawing 8.
External
PWT TRANSDUCER
WATT Power if
Applicable
1 2 3 4 Ia Ic Ib Ia Ic
EXT
1b PWR
7 8 9 10 11 12 12A
PAV
0-150ac Input, 0-1mA Output
Figure 2.
Current Measurement
As in voltage measurement, current may be measured by the
direct connect method or using a current transformer (CT) as a
step down device. Figure 3, on the next page, shows the direct LOAD
connect method with a current transducer. Figure 7.
Page 16 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 21
Taking Watt and VAR Measurements
115.00 Output
VOLTS
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 6A
– + N Va Vc N EXT
PWR
OUTPUT
FIGURE 1
PAV
External 0-150 ac Input, 4-20mA Output
PWT
WATT Power if
TRANSDUCER
Applicable
EXT
Ia Ic Ib Ia Ic 1b PWR
7 8 9 10 11 12 12A Figure 1.
VII. Glossary
Three-Phase Three-Wire
Most industrial motors and other equipment within the process Ampere—A unit of electrical current or rate of flow of electrons.
industries operate with this type of system, commonly called a delta One volt across one ohm of resistance causes a current flow of one
system. ampere. A flow of one coulomb per second equals one ampere.
L1
Apparent Power—The product of voltage and current in a circuit in
480 VAC 480 VAC
which the two reach their peaks at different times, or, in other words,
there is a phase angle between voltage and current. Units are VA.
Contract load capacity—A load capacity contracted with a utility zero and apparent power = real power.
and related to connected load. The minimum monthly demand IV. Common Ac Power Systems
charge is sometimes established by applying the demand rate to Ac power systems offer a number of configurations for using power.
some specified percentage of the contracted capacity. In most instances, you will encounter the four arrangements de-
Coulomb—The unit of electric charge equal to the quantity of scribed in this section.
electricity transferred by a current of one ampere in one second.
Current Transformer (CT)—An instrument transformer, intended for
measuring or control purposes, designed to have its primary Single-Phase Two-Wire
winding connected in series with a conductor carrying the current to The most recognizable ac power system is the single-phase two-
be measured or controlled. Also see clamp-on CT, where the wire system. This configuration provides power within your home for
conductor itself acts as the primary. CT’s step down high currents operating domestic appliances like toasters and refrigerators.
to lower values which can be used as input signals to measuring
instruments. They must be used with caution. L1
L2
Demand—A measure of the customer load connected to the
electrical power system at any given time. Units are usually watts or
volt-amperes.
Demand-hours—The equivalent number of hours in a month during
which the peak average demand is fully utilized. In other words, if The voltage on this type of circuit is measured and written as a
energy consumption for the current month is X kwhr and the peak line to line value. This illustration shows a 120 volt system. Measur-
average demand is Y kw, then the demand-hours is equal to X/Y ing power on this system requires one voltage and one current
hours. measurement, or a one element transducer.
The higher the number of demand-hours the better the demand
leveling situation and the more efficiently demand is being used. Single-Phase Three-Wire
Many rate schedules have demand-hour based energy rate breaks This type of system provides electricity to homes in the United
where the higher the demand-hour figure the lower the energy States and you will rarely encounter it in an industrial situation. The
consumption rate in $/kwhr. two wires and neutral leg comprise a single phase system. This
Demand interval—Demand charges are based on peak average system can be monitored with either a 1-1/2 or two element trans-
demand over a utility-specified time interval, not on the instantane- ducer so that the voltage and current on each phase may be
ous demand (or connected load) at any given moment. This period measured.
of time is called the demand interval. Demand intervals typically
range from 15, 20, to 30 minutes, although they can drop as low a L1
five minutes.
Demand-utilization efficiency—Related to demand-hours and 120 VAC
Initiator pulses—Electrical impulses generated by pulse-initiator Drawing 7 shows that there is more positive power than negative
mechanisms installed in utility revenue meters. Each pulse indi- power, so the RMS value will be positive. P = EI cos60° = EI(0.5).
cates the consumption of a specific number of watts. These pulses
can be used to measure energy consumption and demand. Real Power
Installed load—Equivalent to connected load. So far when we have referred to power we have meant useful or real
power, or power which does work. Real power = EI cosØ = I2R =
Joule—Unit of measure. One joule of work is accomplished when a I2ZcosØ. It is expressed in units of watts (watts = volts x amps x
voltage of one volt causes one coulomb of electrons to pass through cosØ).
a circuit.
Apparent power
Kilowatt-hour (kwhr)—A unit of electrical measurement indicating Apparent power is the product of the voltage and current without
the expenditure of 1,000 watts for one hour. Higher quantities are regard to the applied load or the phase angle. Its measured value
expressed in megawatt hours, or the expenditure of one million is called “volt-amps” or VA. When a real world load is applied to the
watts for one hour. circuit a combination of real power and reactive power results.
Neutral—The conductor chosen as the return path for the current Apparent Power
(VA)
from the load to the source in power measurement procedures. The Reactive Power
(VARs)
neutral is frequently, but not necessarily, grounded.
You can easily see that if the phase angle is zero, then the VARs are
Page 28 © 1991 Moore Industries-International, Inc. Page 9
Basic Concepts of Ac Power Glossary
Capacitive Load Peak average demand—The highest average load over a utility-
When the applied load is a pure capacitance, the current will lead specified time interval during a billing period. If there is no ratchet
the voltage by 90°. Phase angle = 90°. P = EI cos90 = 0. Again, clause in the rate schedule then the peak average demand is also
RMS power is zero (Drawing 6). the billing demand.
Polyphase—Having or utilizing several phases. A polyphase
alternating current power circuit has several phases of alternating
P current with a fixed phase angle between phases.
Potential transformer (PT)—An instrument transformer of which the
primary winding is connected in parallel with the circuit whose
voltage is to be measured or controlled. PT’s normally are used to
I E
step down high voltage potentials to levels acceptable to measuring
instruments.
Potential transformer ratio—The ratio of primary voltage divided
by secondary voltage.
Power demand controllers—Control devices designed to minimize
Ø and level average demand by maintaining it below some pre-
Phase 360° selected level. This is normally accomplished by shedding and
Angle
restoring discretionary loads. There are many basic principles of
0° operation of power demand controllers.
Power factor—The ratio of real power (in watts) of an alternating
Drawing 6. Capacitive load current circuit to the apparent power in volt-amperes. Also the
cosine of the phase angle between the voltage applied to a load
Real Loads and the current passing through it.
In actual practice loads are never purely resistive, inductive, or Power factor correction—Steps taken to raise the power factor by
capacitive. For an example, let’s consider a circuit whose loads bringing the current more nearly in phase with the applied voltage.
result in a small amount of inductive reactance. In this example Most frequently this consists of increasing the lagging power factor
(Drawing 7) the current lags the voltage by 60°. of inductive circuits by adding capacitance.
Power factor penalty—The charge utilities impose for operating at
P power factors below some rate-schedule-specified level. This level
Average Power
ranges from a lagging power factor of 0.80 to unity. Utilities calcu-
late power factor penalties in countless ways.
Pulse initiator—An assemblage added to a revenue meter which
generates pulses proportional to meter disk rotation. Each pulse
E I
represents a discrete quantity of energy consumed. Most frequently
the pulses are generated photoelectrically and output through
mercury-wetted relays.
respective watt-hour meter potential coil by 60°. This is generally The power is defined as P = EI cosØ, where Ø is the phase angle
accomplished by cross-phasing, thus eliminating the need for a between the voltage and current. Here (Drawing 4) the angle is
phase-shifting transformer. The VAR-hr information can be calcu- zero. CosØ = 1, so P = EI and alternates between some positive
lated as follows: VAR-hr= (2Q hr - whr)/ sqrt3 value and zero.
Drawing 4 shows instantaneous values of the voltage, current,
Ratchet clause—A rate schedule clause which states that billing and power. The quantities used in the equations and in the applica-
demand may be based on current month peak average demand or tions are the RMS (root mean squared) values.
on historical peak average demand, depending on relative magni-
tude. P
Usually the historical period is the past eleven months, although
it can be for the life of the contract. Billing demand is either the
current month’s peak average demand or some percentage (75% is
typical) of the highest historical peak average demand, depending
on which is largest. I
E
Reactance—The opposition to the flow of alternating current.
Capacitive reactance is the opposition offered by capacitors and
inductive reactance is the opposition offered by an inductive load. Ø=0 360°
Both reactances are measured in ohms.
Reactive power—Also called a watt-less power and measured in
volt-amperes-reactive. Reactive power increases with decreasing 0°
Rotating Conductor
Brush
Uniform
Magnetic
Field
Load
Slipring
Direction
of rotation
This is what the output (i.e. 0-1mA) would equal (0-80,000 watts).
This type of calculation is true of any of the watt or VAR transduc-
ers. There will be rare times that the transducer will need to be
custom calibrated to meet the customer’s specific needs. An
example of this would be if the customer had a meter already
scaled to a specific value.
Maximum System
Nominal System Voltages Voltages
* Those system voltages shown without parenthesis are preferred. Taken from
IEEE Std. 141-1976.