Example 11. Find the entire length of the cardioid r = a(1 + cos ®) and show that the upper half of the curve is bisected by the line 0 = ; (P.T.U., May 2003, May 2012) Sol. Equation of the curve is r = a (1 + cos @). Curve is symmetric about initial line. It intersects initial line where @=0 i.,atr=2a ie, at (2a, 0) and intersects =~ at (a5) are , ap 77a sin 8 0 _ a(1+cos@) 2cos? 6/2 tan@=rGp-~“asind ~ 2ein0/2eoso/2 ~~ °°? x8 ee 272 Angle between tangent and radius vector (@ = 0) is F and angle between the tangent and radius vector 0= =) or otae Length of whole curve =2f ir? +( . ae eS arcoat T+ 2eos6+1d0 5 zal" (2-2 cos? 0/2 do= 4a" cos 6/2 do sin@/2 |" v2 - + Length of the curve AP “f° 4(2) do = 4a- 8a(sin Zein) Example 12. Find the length of the arc of the parabola is = 1+ cos @ cut off by its latus rectum. Sol. Equation of the parabola is — = 1 + cos 6, Change it to Cartesian form by taking r x=rcos@,y=rsin@ -. r= J/yyy2 or 2a =r +r cos or Qoar+x or (2a-xPaPaxtyy? Scanned with CamScanneror da” or dal(x — a), which is of the forms afl) Y?=—4aX where X=x-a,Y¥=y¥ Latus rectum of a parabola is a line through the focus of the parabola 1 to the axis of the parabola Coordinates of the focus are X =~ a, ¥ = 0 ie, r-a=-a,y=0 ie,x=0,¥=0 Vertex of the parabola is X=0,Y*s0 « xeay=0 Latus rectum intersects the parabola at A(0, 2a) and AO, 2a) Length of the arc of the parabola ~ a = A’BA = 2BA From (1), 20 | fa 2V2a + 2a? log (2a + 2./9q) — 2a? log 2a} = 2a (J2 + log (1 + 2). Example 13. Show that the whole length of the lamicon r= a + bcos 8, 6 y Cy when & — 0, dy also > 0) dA ay + five =f Aarna : = (value of A when x = 6) - (value of A when x = a) = area ACDB - 0 = area ACDB A=area ACDB = fra or A= [rear, a a Scanned with CamScannerCor. 1. If f be a non-positive continuous function defined on [a, 6], then area bounded by y = fix) ; x-axis and x =a, x= bis firta. Proof. Given Aix) to be a non-positive continuous function on [a, 6) fx) <0 Vala, 6) +. fix) 20 Weta, b) = - fix) is non-negative continuous function defined on [a, 6] By the above theorem, area of the region bounded by the curve y = fix), the x-axis, and ordinates x = a,x = . 2 = fi-rande or Pifanidr be 1 fiz) | = fla) if Ax) <0} Cor. 2. If x = fly) is single valued continuous function “ty. for c 0 aA a lies between Scanned with CamScannerarea OAB - 0 = wg 2,2a0. : area OAB= 4 f' Pa 24, " Cor. Area bounded by = curve y = fl®), r = g(@) and the radii vectors @ = @,, @ = 0, is 85 i rad 3° (7? -7B) d® where r, is value of of outer curve and r, that of inner curve. 2.7. AREA OF THE CLOSED CURVE dx Prove that area ofthe closed curve x= tt, y= att) is 3 [” («#- a ) at; ty ty being the values of t such that the point (x, y) travels once completely round the curve. Proof. Let P(x, y) be any point on the closed curve and let its polar co-ordinates be (r, 6) x=rcos @,y=rsin® 1 ‘Area of the curve = 5 J r°do and the limits of inte- gration are the values of @ for which the point P travels completely round the curve from A to B, B to C, C to Aand again. 1p do area of the curve = 3 fr = to express r, @ in terms of x, y we have dt Petey, tano=~, o=tant x x dx wid dt xy? Scanned with CamScannerILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES ana 1. Show that area bounded by the parabola y? = 4ax, the x-axis and the ordinate x=c is equal to 2 of the rectangle of which the extreme ordinate and the absiccae of the area are the adjecent sides, Sol. Equation of the parabola is y? = 4ax. Let O be the vertex and PA the given ordinate x = ¢ +. Area OAP = forae=f “ aVax dx lo ¥ 3/2 0 x =2 No = a Me «Ja ct? = A,(say) Now for the rectangle OAPM ; OA (find AP) Let length of AP = d (c,d) lies on the parabola 2 d= dae d=42Jac = Ple,2Vac] PA = 2Vac Area of the rectangle = OA . AP = c 2Jac. =2Va .c#? = A, (say) 4 3/2 Now A ae Ae Ap ac? ae Example 2. Find the area bounded by the ellipse = > eee = I, the ordinates x =¢,x=d and the x-axis. Deduce the area of the whole ellipse. Sol. Equation of the ellipse is ot z Let AL represent x =c and. BM represent x = d a a Scanned with CamScannerArea of the whole ellipse = 4 area of the quadrant OCD for which c = 0 andd =a 24 blo 0+ fun ol)» “le 5|- nab. Example 3. [fA is the vertex, O the centre and P(x, y) a point on the hyperbola ee a x =1 a 8 prove that x=a cosh 2 aye =6b sin 72 f where 8 is the sectorial area OPA. 2 ye ol. Equation of the hyperbola is =~ 2-1 a? BF Let L be foot of from P on x-axis Now s = sectorial area OAP area of the triangle OLP— area ALP Area of A OLP = 5 -OL: PL=39 Area ALP = area ee between hyperbola, AL and ordinate PL a 2s eh? = - 2 @ a 2s z s-acoh 2 Now y=b/7-1 y= boosh? 26-1 = b sinh 2% =a cosh and ye bsinn 2 Scanned with CamScanner(2) we find some points. Curve (2) is symmetric about y-axis. ie, ie, — Example 4. Find the area enclosed by the curves x* = 4ay and x? + 4a? = > Sol. Equations of the curves are x? = day oD) 8a? x? + da? = —— +(2) y (1) is a parabola and for the rough sketch of It intersects y-axis (put x = 0) at (0, 2a) Asymptote to the curve (2) parallel to x-axis y=0 ~ yx? +4a’y = 8a%is the equation of the curve. Region of the curve is given by 0 < y < 2a dy 16a°x dx © (x? 44a?) Tangent is || to x-axis atx =0 i.e., at (0, 2a) 3 (1) and (2) intersect at points given by day + 4a? = 82 y y? + ay = 2a 9? + 2ay — ay ~ 2a’ ly + 2a) — aly + 2a) y=, y=-2a y is not -ve y #~2a andy =a. (1) and (2) intersect at (#2a, a) . _p (803 x? Required area = f'" (ir-= dx af Bq? =2{") 82 __ eens Scanned with CamScanner— — — | Example 5. Prove that the area of the region bounded by the curve aty? = x¥(2a - x) is to that of the circle whose radius is a is 5: 4. Sol. First of all we will have rough sketch of the curve a*y? = x"(a — x) (i) Curve is symmetric about x-axis (ii) It passes through the origin (iii) It intersects x-axis is (2a, 0) and (0, 0) and y-axis as (0, 0) (iv) Domain of the curve is 0 Q arcPQ ut SL noy.1. tt ® where PQ=ds when dr 0, dy also +0 wt ge TL ge Where PQ= en , FS ony 4 dx de Integrating both sides w.r-t. x between the limits a and b + ds ds [Ba- coal yar = any Bax ods [value of S at x = 6] [value of S at x =a] = J any Se de [ewite ie., [Surface area obtained by revolving arc AB about x-axis] — ods = Sa; 8 i oY “Lomeli [e/a] S= [owe YitifoPde. or Scanned with CamScannerNote 1. If equation of the curve is x = fy) and is bounded by y = a, y = 6 then surface area +d » dx) 8= fan F dy or = [2m 14() dy. Note 2. If the curve is given in parametric coordinates x = fit), y= a(t) where t, —_— Example 4. Prove that the area of the surface generator by revolution of the tractriz; t a X=acost+ 2 log tan’ =a sin t about its asymptote is equal to the surface of sphere of radius a. Sol. Equation of the tractrix is t= n24y a t , x= a cost +> log tan? 5; sasint 2 wD) [For curve tracing see S.E. 3 art. 1.15] Asymptote Required surface area about asymptote ie., x-axis 2 on, ds =2[? ony % 2 [7 any eat x ay (ay san? asint (<) +(2) dt _ a 1 toot 1 From (1), ae 7728S oy Pitan g se Dg n? 2 enasints $02. asints Sg . tan 5 con t/a 2 a a 9 aos? t =-asint+ 3 = Gay -sin?) = dy G75 x F eos Required surface area = 4na [" sin ¢ ene cos? ¢ dt sin uy 2. = dna? [? cost dt = 4na? sin t |" =4na? lo = Surface area of the sphere of radius a. Example 5. The part of the lemniscate r? = 2a cos 28, 0< @< A is revolved about x-axis. Find the surface area of the solid generated. Find also the surface area if lemniscate is revolved about tangent at the pole. : , Sol. Equation of the lemniscate is 1? = 2a? cos 26 (For graph of the curve see S.E. 6 art 1.16) 2a? (- sin 20) 2 -2a* sin 20 _ bene = vBq $28 d0 ~ Ja Jeos 20 Yeos 26 Scanned with CamScannerSurface area about x-axis ae dry S= 2,(dr f 2n(r sin 8) |r’ +(4) do v4 Teint = JU" 20 sine 20? cos 20 +24 S028 ag 5 08 28 ea 7 v2 af an V2 20 sin @. do f nt 2a [cos 26 sin se ws v4 = 4na? f sin @d® = 4na? (— cos 6) lo cata = 4na? (r= - BNE — na? v2 v2 = 22-2) na. Let P be any point on the curve and OB, the tangent at the pole, Let PM be 1 from P on the tangent then PM = OP sin (0 + x) ® =rsin(o+2). r (0+ *) Required surface area = 2 J 2x (PM) ds when revolved about OB x = 4x [5 rsin(0+ 9) i? +(4) do 4m [t pein(o+%) 2a? cos 20 +22 sin 28 go fs rsin(o+% aos =4n [‘ V2 0 (08 28 55 ©) yy.—*—ae ant sin e+7 2 Teste vont fi sin(o+%) ao = 8na ~om (02) |p-o0 (cos %-coe0) = axa* Hence surface area when curve is rotated about the tangent at the pole = 8xa*. Scanned with CamScanner