7.

4 Method of Variation of Parameters

Consider y2 " n2y ! 0 or (D2 " n2) y ! 0, where D # d/dx ... (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D "n !0
2 2
so that D ! ± in.
C.F. of (1) ! C1 cos nx " C2 sin nx, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! cos nx, v ! sin nx Also, here R ! sec nx ... (4)
u v cos nx sin nx
Here W n!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 %n sin nx n cos nx
Then, P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x) ... (6)
vR sin nx sec nx 1
where f ( x) % ∃ dx %∃ dx log cos nx, by (4) and (5)
W n n2
uR cos nx sec nx x
and g ( x) ∃W dx ∃ n
dx
n
, by (4) and (5)

& P.I. of (1) ! (cos nx) ∋ (1/n2) log cos nx " (sin nx) ∋ (x/n), by (6)
Hence the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! C1 cos nx + C2 sin nx + (1/n ) × cos nx log cos nx + (x/n) ∋ sin nx
2

(ii) Compare it with part (i). Here n ! 1. Now do as in part (i).

The required solution is y ! C1 cos x " C2 sin x + cos x log cos x " x sin x.
(iii) Proceed as in part (i). Note that here n ! 2.
Ans. y ! C1cos 2x " C2sin 2x " (1/4) ∋ cos 2x log cos 2x " (x/2) × sin 2x
(iv) Proceed as in part (i). Note that here n ! 3.
Ans. y ! C1cos 3x " C2sin 3x " (1/9) ∋ cos 3x log cos 3x " (x/3) × sin 3x
Ex. 2. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve
(i) y2 + a2y = cosec ax [Meerut 2004, 10; Kakatiay 2003; S.V. University A.P. 199,
Rajsthan 2003, 01]
(ii) y2 + y = cosec x [Meerut 2007, 11; Bangalore 1996, Delhi Maths (G) 1998, 2003]
Nagpur 2002, Delhi Maths (H) 1997; Guwahati 1996; Bilaspur 2000, 04 Indore 2001, 07]
(iii) y2 + 9y = cosec 3x [Delhi Maths (Pass) 2004]
Sol. (i) Given y2 " a2y ! cosec ax ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! R, we have R ! cosec ax
Consider y2 " a2y ! 0 or (D2 " a2) y ! 0, D ( d/dx ... (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D "a !0
2 2
so that D ! ± ai
& C.F. of (1) ! C1 cos ax " C2 sin ax, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! cos ax, v ! sin ax. Also, here R ! cosec ax ... (4)
u v cos ax sin ax
Here W a!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 %a sin ax a cos ax
Then, P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x), ... (6)
vR sin ax cosec ax x
where f ( x) % ∃ dx % ∃ dx % , by (4) and (5)
W a a
uR cos ax cosec ax
and g (x) ∃ dx ∃ dx (1/ a 2 ) ∋ log sin ax , by (4) and (5)
W a
& P.I. of (1) ! (cos ax) × (– x/a) " (sin ax) × (1/a2) × log sin ax, by (6)

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 Method of Variation of Paramers 7.5

Hence the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.

i.e., y ! C1 cos ax " C2 sin ax – (x/a) ∋ cos ax " (1/a2) × sin ax log sin ax
(ii) Proceed as in part (i). Note that here a ! 1.
Ans. y ! C1 cos x " C2 sin x – x cos x " sin x log sin x
(iii) Proceed as in part (i). Note that have a ! 3
Ans. y ! C1 cos 3x " C2 sin 3x – (x/3) ∋ cos 3x " (1/9) ∋ sin 3x log sin 3x
Ex. 3. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve
(i) y2 + a2y = tan ax [Osmania 2004]
(ii) y2 + 4y = 4 tan 2x [Himiachal 2002, 03;Garhwal 2005, Delhi Maths (G) 1997, 2001;
Rohilkhanad 2001; Delhi B.A. (Prog) II 2010; Kanpur 2002, 08; Nagpur 1996]
(iii) y2 + y = tan x [Delhi B.A (Prog.) H 2007, 08, 11; Delhi B.A (G) 2000;
Bangalore 2005; Delhi B.Sc. (Prog.) II 2008; Delhi Maths (H.) 1996, 2002]
(iv) y2 + a2y = cot ax [Delhi Maths (G) 2005]
(v) y2 + 4y = cot 2x
Sol. (i) Given y2 " a2y ! tan ax ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! Q, we have R ! tan ax
Consider y2 " a2y ! 0 or (D2 " a2) y ! 0, where D ( d/dx ... (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D "a !0
2 2
so that D ! ± ia
& C.F. of (1) ! c1cos ax " c2sin ax, c1 and c2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! cos ax, v ! sin ax. Also, here R ! tan ax ... (4)
u v cos ax sin ax
Here W a!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 %a sin ax a cos ax
Then P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x), ... (6)
vR sin ax tan ax 1 1 % cos 2 ax
%∃ %∃
a ∃ cos ax
where f ( x) dx dx % dx , using (4) and (5)
W a
1 1 )1 sin ax ∗
a∃
! % (sec ax % cos ax ) dx % + log (sec ax # tan ax ) %
a −a a ,.
! (1/a2) ∋ {sin ax – log (sec ax " tan ax)}
uRcos ax tan ax 1 1
and g ( x) ∃W dx
a ∃ dx
a∃
sin ax dx % 2 cos ax, using (4) and (5)
a
Using (6), P.I. of (1) ! cos ax × (1/a2) {sin ax – log (sec ax " tan ax)} " sin ax × (–1/a2) cos ax
! – (1/a2) × cos ax log (sec ax " tan ax)
Hence the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! c1 cos ax " c2 sin ax – (1/a2) ∋ cos ax log (sec ax " tan ax)
(ii) Given y2 " 4y ! 4 tan 2x ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! R, here R ! 4 tan 2x
Consider y2 " 4y ! 0 or (D2 " 4) y ! 0, D # d/dx ... (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D "4!0
2
so that D ! ± 2i.
C.F. of (1) ! C1cos 2x " C2sin 2x, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! cos 2x, v ! sin 2x. Also, here R ! 4 tan 2x ... (4)

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 7.6 Method of Variation of Parameters

u v cos 2 x sin 2 x
Here W 2!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 %2sin 2 x 2cos 2 x
Then, P.I. of (1) ! uf (x) " vg (x), ... (6)
vR sin 2 x tan 2 x 1 % cos2 2 x
where f ( x) % ∃ dx % 4∃ dx % 2∃ dx , using (4) and (5)
W 2 cos 2 x
! 2∃ (cos 2 x % sec 2 x ) dx sin 2 x % log(sec 2 x # tan 2 x )
uR cos 2 x tan 2 x
and g( x) ∃W dx 4 ∃
2
dx % cos 2 x , by (4) and (5)
& P.I of (1) ! (cos 2x){sin 2x – log (sec 2x " tan 2x)} " (sin 2x) (– cos 2x), by (6)
or P.I. of (1) ! – cos 2x log (sec 2x " tan 2x)
Hence the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! C1 cos 2x " C2 sin 2x – cos 2x log (sec 2x " tan 2x).
(iii) Proceed as in part (i) by taking a ! 1. The general solution is
y ! C1 cos x " C2 sin x – cos x log (sec x " tan x)
(iv) Given y2 " a2y ! cot ax ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! R, we have R ! cot ax
Consider y2 " a2y ! 0 or (D2 " a2) y ! 0, D ( d/dx ...(2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D "a !0
2 2
so that D ! ± ia.
& C.F. of (1) ! c1cos x " c2 sin ax, c1 and c2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! cos ax, v ! sin ax. Also, here R ! cot ax ...(4)
u v cos ax sin ax
Here W a!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 %a sin ax a cos ax
Then P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x), ... (6)
vR sin ax cot ax 1 sin ax
f ( x) %∃ %∃
a∃
where dx dx % cos ax dx % , using (4) and (5)
W a a2
uR cos ax cot ax 1 1 % sin 2 ax
and g( x) ∃W dx ∃ a
dx
a ∃ sin ax
dx , by (4) and (5)

1 1 ax
! ∃ (cosec ax % sin ax ) dx 2
(log tan # cos ax )
a a 2
Using (6), P.I. of (1) ! cos ax × (–1/a2) × sin ax " sin ax × (1/a2) × {log tan (ax/2) " cos ax}
! (1/a2) ∋ log tan (ax/2)
Hence, the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! c1 cos ax " c2 sin ax " (1/a ) × log tan (ax/2)
2

(v) Proceed like part (iv) with a ! 2. The solution is

y ! c1 cos 2x " c2 sin 2x " (1/4) × log tan x
Ex. 4. Apply the method of variation of parameters to solve
(i) y2 – y = 2/(1 + ex) [Delhi Maths (H) 2001; Delhi Maths (G) 1999; Rohilkhand 2002;
Allahabad 2000, 05; Kanpur 2007; Nagpur 2001, 06; Bangalore 2004
(ii) y2 – 3y1 + 2y = ex/(1 + ex) Delhi B.Sc. (Prog) 2009]
(iii) y2 – 4y1 + 3y = ex/(1 + ex).

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 Method of Variation of Paramers 7.7

Sol. (i) Given y2 – y ! 2/(1 " ex) ... (1)

Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " 6 y ! R, here R ! 2/(1 " ex)
Consider y2 – y ! 0 or (D2 – 1) y ! 0, D # d/dx ... (2)
Its auxiliary equation is D – 1!0
2
so that D ! ± 1.
& C.F. of (1) ! C1 e + C2 e , C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants
x –x
... (3)
Let u ! e x, v ! e–x. Also, here R ! 2/(1 + ex) ... (4)
u v ex e% x
Here W %2!0 ... (5)
u1 v1 ex %e % x
Then, P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) + v g (x), ... (6)
vR e % x {2 /(1 # e x )} dx
where f ( x) %∃ dx %∃ dx ∃ e x (e x # 1) , by (4) and (5) ... (7)
W ( %2)
Putting ex ! z so that ex dx ! dz or dx ! (1/z) dz in (7), we get
dz / 1 1 1 0
f ( x) ∃ z (1 # z) ∃ 13 z
2 2
% # 2 dz , on resolving into partial fractions.
z 1# z 4
! – z–1 – log z + log (1 + z) ! – e–x – x " log (1 " ex), as z ! ex and log z ! x
uR e x {(2 /(1 # e x )}
and g ( x) ∃W dx ∃ ( % 2)
dx % log(1 # e x ), using (4) and (5)

& P.I. of (1) ! ex {– e–x – x " log (1 " ex)} " e–x {– log (1 " ex)}, by (6)
! – 1 – x ex + (ex – e–x) log (1 + ex)
Hence the general solution of (1) is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! C1 e " C2 e – 1 – x e " (e – e–x) log (1 " ex)
x –x x x

(ii) Given y2 – 3 y1 + 2 y ! ex/(1 + ex) ... (1)

Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! R, here R ! ex/(1 " ex)
Consider y2 – 3y1 " 2y ! 0 or (D – 3D " 2) y ! 0,
2
D # d/dx ... (2)
Auxiliary equation of (2) is D – 3D " 2 ! 0
2
so that D ! 1, 2.
& C.F. of (1) ! C1 ex " C2 e2x, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants ... (3)
Let u ! e x, v ! e2x. Also, here R ! ex/(1 " ex) ... (4)
u v ex e2 x
Here W e3 x ! 0 ... (5)
u1 v1 ex 2 e2 x
Then, P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x), ... (6)
2x x x
vR e {e /(1 # e )} dx
where f(x) ! % ∃ dx %∃ dx %∃ , by (4) and (5)
W e3 x 1 # ex
(% e% x ) dx
! ∃ log (e % x # 1)
e% x # 1
uR e x {e x /(1 # e x )} dx
and g(x) ! ∃W dx ∃ e 3x
dx ∃ e x (1 # e x ) , by (4) and (5)
dz 1
∃ z 2 (1 # z ) , putting e
x
! z and dx dz
z

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 7.8 Method of Variation of Parameters

/ 1 1 1 0
! ∃ 13 z 2 % z # 1 # z 24 dx, resolving into partial fractions
! – (1/z) – log z " log (1 " z) ! – e–x – x " log (1 " ex)
& P.I. of (1) ! ex log (e–x " 1) " e2x {– e–x – x " log (1 " ex)}, by (6)
Hence the required general solution is y ! C.F. " P.I.
i.e., y ! C1 ex " C2 e2x – ex – x e2x " ex log (e–x " 1) " e2x log (1 " ex).
(iii) Try Yourself. Ans. y ! C1 ex " C2 e3x " (1/2) ∋ (ex – e3x) log (1 " e–x) " (1/2) ∋ e2x
Ex. 5.(a) Solve by using the method of variation of parameters. d2y/dx2 – 2(dy/dx) ! ex sin
x.
[Delhi B.Sc. (Prog) II 2010; Delhi Maths (G) 1998; Delhi Maths(H) 2008]
Sol. Given (D2 – 2D) y ! ex sin x, where D ( d/dx ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 " Py1 " Q y ! R, here R ! e sin x
x

Consider (D2 – 2D) y ! 0 ... (2)

Auxiliary equation of (2) is D – 2D ! 0
2
so that D ! 0, 2.
C.F. of (1) ! C1 " C2 e2x, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants. ... (3)
Let u!1 and v!e . 2x
Also, here R ! e sin x ... (4)
x

u v 1 e2 x
Here W 2e 2 x ! 0 ... (5)
u1 v1 0 2 e2 x
Then, P.I. of (1) ! u f (x) " v g (x), ... (6)
vR e 2 x e x sin x 1 x
%∃ %∃
2∃
where f ( x) dx % e sin x dx, by (4) and (5)
W 2e 2 x
1 ex e ax
! % (sin x % cos x ),as ∃ e ax sin bx dx ( a sin bx % b cos bx )
2 12 # 12 a # b2
2

! – (1/4) ∋ ex (sin x – cos x)

uR e x sin x 1 %x
and g ( x) ∃ W dx ∃ 2e2 x dx 2∃
e sin dx , by (4) and (5)

1 e% x e% x
! {( % 1) sin x % cos x} % (sin x # cos x )
2 ( % 1) 2 # 12 4
& P.I. of (1) ! – (1/4) ∋ ex(sin x – cos x) " e2x ∋ (– 1/4) ∋ e–x (sin x " cos x), by (6)
! – (1/4) ∋ ex {(sin x – cos x) " (sin x " cos x)} ! – (1/2) ∋ ex sin x
Hence the required general solution is y ! C.F " P.I.
i.e., y ! C1 " C2 e2x – (1/2) ∋ ex sin x, C1, C2 being arbitrary constants.
Ex. 5(b) Solve (d2y / dx2) – 2 (dy/dx) ! ex cos x Ans. y ! c1 + c2e2x – (1/2) × ex cos x
Ex. 6. Using method of variation of parameters, solve d2y/dx2 – 2(dy/dx) + y = x ex sin x with
y (0) = 0 and (dy/dx)x = 0 = 0. [I.A.S. 2002]
Sol. Given (D – 2D " 1) y ! x e sin x,
2 x
where D ( d/dx ... (1)
Comparing (1) with y2 + Py1 + Q y ! R, here R ! x e sin x
x

Consider (D2 – 2D " 1) y ! 0 or (D – 1)2 y ! 0, D ( d/dx ... (2)

Auxiliary equation of (2) is (D – 1)2 ! 0 so that D ! 1, 1.
& C.F. of (1) ! (C1 " C2x) e ! C1ex " C2 x ex, C1 and C2 being arbitrary constants. ... (3)
x

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