Ordinary Differential Equation -

① Variable Method
Separable

② Homogeneous die .

ᵈdᵈn=fgY;, ,
where gcn b) =/ 0
,

d.
③ Reducible to Homo .
e.

( Non homo .

diff eghs )
.

ᵈfn=aa%!y
consider the de -
⊕

cas % ≠ % ,
,

Put a = ✗ th and y = Y -1K

die = dx a dy = dy

¥=%¥¥¥¥¥ .

:¥::¥i::i
=

Take ahtbk

]
-1C = 0
h =
? K = ?
9h -14kt c
,
= ◦

→
① becomes
d¥=aa¥+b÷ a homo .
d. e.

v+×dv¥
' Y in terms of ✗
Put Y=v✗
d¥=
QI solve the d. e-
dodgy =Ytk n -2
.

y
-

↳ a non - homo .

eqn
?
Sol Put a ✗ th
=
=
, y =
Y -1k

da = DX , dy = dy

¥×= →

]
htk -2=0
1<=2 4=0
,
-
h -1k -2=0

: ①
d¥=Y¥×
.

↳ a homo .

eqn .

Put
9¥
Y=v×
= v1
-
✗
%

i.
②
v+✗%× =

1¥
✗
%×=v÷ ,
- v =

v+i¥
=*-!
fgI+ ,
du
=/d¥ ,
a van .

Sep form
.

-2-12%-2-+1 dv =
log ✗ + log c
 v71 )
log ( au
'
→ log ✗ +
log
=
-

log (au -
v2 -11
) -126g ✗ =
log c
'

log fav -
v41 ) .
✗
2)
=
log c
'

/(2%-4×3+1) 2)
'
log .

✗ =
log c

[24×-42-1×2]
'
log =
log c

✗ 2+2×4-42 = C
'

Put ✗ se h a & Y Y
=
K Y -2
-

=
= -

i.
Reg'd soil is

rid + girly -

2) -

( y -252 = C
'
-

¢
-

drtcua-y-aldy-o.SE
-
solve the d. e ( n -4g 9)
-

"
-

dy at
= -

uy -19
Fa a non
homoegn
¥-2
'
-

→
ase
% -1-3, , -4=17
N= ✗ th
, y =
Y -1k

da=d✗ , dy=dY

d¥= ( ith ) -14141-1<3+9

-

)t+k2
=L -
✗ +44 ) + C- h -141<+9 )
-

⑨
t++

]
- h -14k -19=0
h= I 1<=-2
4h -1k -2--0
②
d¥ =

×y ,
a homo .

egn .

-
③

Put Y
d¥=v+xᵈ÷
= vx
,

③ * ✗
¥ =
=

¥
=÷;
✗ = -
v

÷
=

gdv =

¥ → variable
separable
form

4¥ ,
dr = -

ᵈ¥
÷→dv ¥ do +
,
=
-

d¥
Integrating we get
-

"
i¥a +19¥ =

-5¥ + c

{ v1 + 2- log
-

4 tan ( Itv2 ) log ✗ + c

-

'
( ¥)
-

1×7*2 )
4 tan +
2- log = -

log ✗ + c

'
[¥ )
-

u tan 109
)
-1 = c
•
*

'

(¥ )
_

4 tan + log €+42 ) = C -

⊕

✗ = k h y K
Y
-

= -

= N I
Y -12
-

(1-11) + log fÉÑ→4=

'
④ utañ c

=
case- consider
ᵈʰaa
aan.at?h?y++c-qianon-homoegnIfaa,-=b-b
=

, we get -

7.
::÷:÷
=

Put an +
by = t

E. =
E- solve (2+9+1) da -

car -12g + 3) dy = 0

SEE Cnty -11 ) da =

2 ( at b) +3dg

¥n=n+ →
2 In -19 ) -13

Put t dt
aty
%-
=
'+
E-

date =
Ee -
I

① =) date -

I =ᵗ
at -13

E. ,ᵗ¥ ᵗ+¥E
=
+ i
=

3,1-1-4+-3
=

gᵗ; It = die ,
a van -

Sep form
.
.

-
-
⊕
 21-+3 =

( Div ident )
23-(31-+4)
=
Comotiene )
+ 43 "

µaÉˢ+T
2-1+-93
( divisor) 1- remainder
43

21-+3
¥
=

3- +
ʰ(3t#

⊕ ⇐ +31¥, ) dt = die

Is fat +
¥+7 =/ die + c

3- t + ÷ ¥ log ✗
(31-+4) = a + c

3- ( set y ) +
4- log ( 3 a -13 y + 4) = he -1C
≥
E- Solve ( 39 -12k -14 ) da -

( Ya -16g + 5) dy=0 .

II
dye =
34+2×+1
4N -16g -15

= 2N -13g -14
-
-
①
212N -13g)-15

Put get 3y=t

2+3
%n=dt
In

3dg
In
=
¥a -2

dy

¥÷
=
In

¥z=aÉ%
i.

data
;¥
-2=3
 E.
3,4-+1%+2
=

31-+12,1-+4=5+10
=

=
7- t + 22

at

C¥÷• ) dt ,
= da

.
'

. at +5

-71-+22
=

£7 -

¥ •

¥+22
7-

tsÉ# 21--1 " "

-9=7
17

1¥ -

§ •

¥ ) ,,
dt =
fdr + c

t
f- log (71-+22) a -1C
-
.

=
- ( antsy ) -

÷ log fun -121g -122 )

=
Rtc

14 ( 2k -13g ) 910g ( 14k -121 y -122 ) 49k -1K

-

-21k -142
y 9
log ( 14kt Ily -122 ) K
-

=
 Exact di↵erential Equations

1. Partial derivatives
Let z = f (x, y) be a function of two independent random vari-
ables.

Let 2 =
for y ) be
,
a fiinction of two variables n and y -

constant and vary alone then 2 is a function

If n
' '
we
keep y
,

The derivative of W 're 't n

keeping Y constant ,
of n
only .
2
,
as

is called the partial derivative of 2 with respect to n and it is

denoted by
%n or Zn on
fa or
¥n .

Tie , 02
=
lim f Ck -1 An y ) for g) -

oz
, ,

An -30
a-
 2 Exact di↵erential Equations

*
Similarly ,
the derivative of 2 writ y ,

keeping n as constant ,
is called the

partial derivative of 2 W -

ret y and
it denoted by
%
is
Zy fyony
or or .

tie
,
%_=¥ym→ of b)

F Find
¥ and
¥y if 2 = n'
y
-

"

¥ ¥a groin GE}
-

= =
y =
any

02
-0g
=
¥n% ) =

ridgy
Y) =
as
 Exact di↵erential Equations 3

E Find
0¥ and
¥ if z=n3+3n2y2+sy?

£nCkˢ+3x2y%sy
"

÷ = )

= 3rd
-134212K£ ) +0

= 3k£ -1392×22

=
322-1 6kg2 t

0¥ =

# 231-3237594 )
3
=
0-1 322×2 y +5 ✗ my

6Ñʰy -120 y
3

≈
Note -

=In general fn ,
a
fy are also

functions of Ray and so these

can be differentiated further

Partially w.r.tn a
y .

2 =
flu y )
,

:÷ ÷.
fun d- of "

nay

L V L

¥÷t÷ :-D:#÷ :-D

. .
: ÷→¥%É÷:
 Find the first and second
Ex
-

derivatives of Z=x3+y3-3 any .

¥ Eg
-

=
n'+ 93-3 any ]

= 3K£ -10 -
3
AY = 3h13 ay

%y- ¥2B
= -193-3 any )

= 0 + 3b£ -
30k =
3g
2- 3am

022
=
:-. 1¥ )
=

% (32^-309) = 62

8%-2 =

% (%-)
=
¥3923M ) =
by
9,2¥ ¥ (TE ) G- (3×2-39)
=
=

= -

3A

222
=
% ( Ey ) =

fr (392-392) = -3a

-
:
8%2--8%9 .
* If U=f(n , y ) & V= flay ] then
,

①
#
uv >
=

u%-n+v8÷

ofyluv
>

u%y+v¥y
=

v%-;¥_
② E) =

v%y-;
③ (F)
%
=
 4 Exact di↵erential Equations

2. Total di↵erential
Let z = f (x, y) be a function of two independent random vari-
ables.

Let 2 =
foe , y ) be a function of two ind .

Variables n
ay .

Then the total differential of 2 is defined

d2=%-
'

dnt
%y- dy

-
If Z= flu ,
V W
, ) , then

d2=%u . du -1¥ .
dvt Ew . dw
 6 Exact di↵erential Equations

3. Exact di↵erential equation

Definition 3.1.

A d. e. of the form -

Mca , b) die + Nla , y ) dy = 0 -

⊕
- -

function of function of

nay nay

is said to be exact if LHS of ④ is a total

differential on exact differential of some

function of N and
Y
.

of ⊕ is the total
Suppose LHS

differential of woe , y ) , then ⊕

becomes dlu) = 0 .

both sides get

Integrating we -

UCK , y > = U= C is the soil of

④ .
 Exact di↵erential Equations 7

The following theorem gives a necessary and sufficient con-

dition for a first order first degree di↵erential equation to be an
exact di↵erential equation.
Theorem 3.2.

Consider the d- e

Mcn , b) dnt N (a) b) dy -0 -

④

Assume that Mln, y) , Ntr , b) ,

0¥ %n , are continuous functions

then earn ④ is exact

0¥ =

8%
~ Working rule to get the solution of an exact di↵erential equa-
tion

"
Sol is :
-

fmcn , b) da +
f (Tenmacontaining)dy=c
not
in "

treating Y as constant
Proof -

Necessary Pant -

- -

⊕ is exact
8% =
8¥ .

N°ᵗ If u is a function of R and Y where Y is a

,

function of a
,
then U is said to be a composite
function of one variable x .

In this case
,
we can define the total or exact

differential of u as -

du
Ee dat
Fy dy ②
=
-

Since ① is exact we can write the LHS of ① as

,

d ( Ucr , y) ) = 0 -
③

i. ② % diet
¥ dy = 0 - ④

Comparing ① and ②
,
we get -

M
8¥ %
= N =

87g %÷a :÷=É÷y

:
-

= a
 8¥ 0÷gy
since
= we get
-

,
,

0¥ =
8¥
≈

Sufficient part -

0M ON
= ⊕ is exact .

Ty

let u
=/ M da
,
then
%- = M .

y as constant

%÷ =

87g
%÷y
02h
8%
But and
= =
8¥ ,

8¥
we've ,
0¥ = =
:(

Integrating both sides w.re.t.se ( taking y as constant) ,

get
%
we N =
+ f- ( y) where f- ( y ) is a function
,

of y alone .

(fly) is the constant of

)
Integration
 Mdk + Ndy % die + [¥ ] dy
'

+ fly)
•
.
=

[ ¥ die %y- dy ]+ + fly)dy

=
die ) + fly ) dy

= does + d ( ffcysdy )
= d [ utffcydy ] -

⑤
i. The egn Mdx -1N dy = 0 is an exact d. e .

From ⑤ ,
we have -

d [ let ffcy ) dy ] = 0

Integrating ,
we get ut / fly> dy = c.

/ Mdk +
/( Terms of N not
containing a) dy = C.

y as constant
 8 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.3. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.

If so, then solve it.
y sin 2x dx (1 + y 2 + cos2 x)dy = 0. -
⊕
Solution:

Here M= y sin an

2
N = -

( I + y -165hr )

%ˢy
/
= sin an (l )
0¥
-

=
0+0-12 Cosa .
sink
=
Sinan
= Sin sik

8T 8¥
i. =

⊕ is exact .
 Exact di↵erential Equations 9

Contd.

i. soil is -

fmdn +
f( terminal
not
)dy=c
containing
treating
'

b' tennis n

as constant

fysinsndn -11-4+42 )dy=c

yfsinqedx-fcl-y.sn )dy=C
yfcosg.sc) f -1¥ )=c - 's

ycogs
-

y -

Y%=C≈
 10 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.4. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.

If so, then solve it.
3x (xy 2) dx + x3 + 2y dy = 0.
Solution:

80¥ Here M =
3h Cry 2) -

= 3rd y -
6N

N = a 3+2 y

om
3220 322+0
Fy
=
, 8¥ =

= 3×2 = 322

87g ÷
: =
⊕ is exact
-
.
 Exact di↵erential Equations 11

Contd.

"
is
^

a _ 801 ,

/ ( 3m$ y -
6
a) da -112 y dy = C

3lb ( Bx) -63M¥ 21b¥ + = C

}
a
y 3×2-1 y &
¥
-

=
 12 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 3.5. Verify the given di↵erential equation is exact or not.

If so, then solve it.
cos 2y 3x2 y 2 dx + cos 2y 2x sin 2y 2x3 y dy = 0.
Solution:

Sol ?
=

0M 3rd ( 2b )
oy-
=
-2 Sinay -

=
-2 sing y -

6 nay

¥n = 0 -

2 Sinay (1) →y /3rd )

=
-2 Sinay -

Gray

8% 0¥ ⊕ is exact .

i. =
 Exact di↵erential Equations 13

Contd.

i. Soir is ,

/ (co say 3rd ya ) dnt / cos ay dy

- = C

Cosa y
f da -

3yd fiddle

sings
+
= C

My
•
ncos
singed
ay
-

+
= C

=
 14 Exact di↵erential Equations

4. Equations reducible to exact di↵erential equation

Equations that are not exact, can be made exact, by suitable
multiplication of a function of x and y. Such multiplier is called
an integrating factor (I.F.) of the di↵erential equation.
① Type 4.1. Inspection Method:
Some of the frequently occurring exact di↵erentials are
• dx ± dy = d In ± y )

}
• xdx ± ydy = d(ñ¥I )
• xdy + ydx = d Cny )
xdx + ydy
•
x2 + y 2
= d
(1091%+92)-1
Verify
xdx + ydy
• p = " !
x2 + y 2

xdy + ydx
• = d (log Imy ))
xy
xdy ydx
• = d ( %)
x2
xdy ydx
• = d ( log ( bae) )
xy
xdy ydx '
• = dtañ ( Ya) )
x2 + y 2

Foronda -

If 2= foe , y) ,
then

d2=%- dnt
8J dy
 16 Exact di↵erential Equations

3
Problem 4.2. Solve ydx xdy + 3x2 y 2 ex dx = 0.

KI -
Divide throughout by y2 ,
we
get
-

Y da -
k dy
3rd edda
+ = 0
g-
d (Eg ) + d ( ed ) =
0

d
(Eg + ere ) =
0

Integrating both sides

,
we get -

G- + =
c
t
 Exact di↵erential Equations 17
p
Problem 4.3. Solve xdy ydx = x x2 y 2 dx.

"

¥ Given Udy Y da =Ñda

-

ady -

ydn =

nFÉa) da
xdy -

ydx =

xTÉm) da

ndy-n.sc = Eia da

Child = doe

-1¥

÷p# ( ⁿ%→I )
= da
 Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

dsfiñ ( Ya) )
'
= die

[d( ( Hn)) sin-4

'
sin
% ( Had du
-

Fy (
'
+ sin ( Yad ) dy
-

=÷j# ×
ka da
-

÷pñ
+ ✗
÷ dy

=÷pq die +
teds)

4%71 ))
 Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

both side
Integrating
-

'
sin ( Ya )
-

= at C
=

OI

qq.FI) = doe

-1¥
Put
¥
!!ʰ;¥
= t

= da
d( %-) = dt

9¥ = da

sides
Integrating both

'
(
-

in t) = set C

'
sin ( Ya )
-

%
= at
 18 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 4.4. Solve y (2xy + ex ) dx = ex dy.

?
¥ 2ny&dx+yeⁿda=e"dy
Divides by ya ,
we get -

sikdntyékdx -

eady
= 0
g-
doin +
d(%) = 0

doin -1%1=0
Integrating
v2
-1% = C

,
 Exact di↵erential Equations 19

⑨ Type 4.5. Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If

the given di↵erential equation is homogenous and M x + N y 6= 0,
1
then the I.F. is .
Mx + Ny
Problem 4.6. Solve (x2 y 2xy 2 ) dx (x3 3x2 y) dy = 0

"

¥ -

Here m =
nay -

any
2

3-
N = a
going
Mr -1 Ny =
k(n&y -

any2) + y ( m3 -

3k9g )

=
x3y -

2k9g 2+23 y -

32kg2
=
rdy2 =/ 0

'

m¥Ny=¥y2
-
.
I F
- '
=
 Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Contd..

Multiply egn ① by
¥ , we get

Fy -

In ) dnt C-% + 3) dy -0 ,

Witten exactd.IT →

From egn ② we've ,

,

M
G- % N
÷ ¥
-

= =
+
-

80M is ,

/⇐ -

F.) du +17g dy =
C

Treating y as constant

2 logy
log a + 3 C
ty ✗u
-
=

t
 Exact di↵erential Equations

1. Reducible to exact di↵erential equation - Continued

③ Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If
Type 1.1.
✓ ◆
1 @M @N
= f (x), a function of x alone.
N @y @x
Then, the integrating factor is,
R
f (x)
I.F. = e dx.
2 Exact di↵erential Equations

Consider the non exact equation M dx + N dy = 0. If

Type 1.2.
✓ ◆
1 @M @N
= g(y), a function of y alone.
M @y @x
Then, the integrating factor is,
R
g(y)
I.F. = e dy.
 Exact di↵erential Equations 3
⇣ ⌘
Problem 1.3. Solve xy 2
1
e x3 dx x2 ydy = 0 -
①

↳
80¥ -

In ①, M =
my
2- e

N = -

rly

%y =
ray ) -
o
0¥ = -

any
any
=

i.
0¥ ≠ ÷ ① is not

exact .

0% ¥n
'

=
My
-
. -
 4 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

i.
¥187s -0¥ ) yams
=

In
-

=
flu)

i. If = effed "

= e- 469k

÷
①
.(b÷ ,
-

en"÷)dn -

Eady -0
-

②
In ② ,
M=Yn÷ -

e¥÷
Yj
N =
-
 4 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

Som
.

- .
is ,

11¥ ,
-

¥4 )dn+fody=o
y as constant

yaxñ
;÷ ,
-

j%÷da=c
ya Put÷
¥ᵗdt=c
-

+
☒
E. :
=

_÷+sÉ"=c = d÷=-¥
 Exact di↵erential Equations 5

Problem 1.4. Solve (xy 3 + y) dx + 2 (x2 y 2 + x + y 4 ) dy = 0.

KI -

9h ① ,

M =
ny3+y ,
N =
gray 2+22+29
"

0M

Ty
=
3kg2 -11 , 8¥ =
4kg212

i.
dog ≠ ÷ ① is not exact .

G- -0¥ = -

rya -
I

= -

( I + wya )
 6 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

tm ( 8% 8¥)=y¥j ( Hmi)
-

ty
=
-

59 (b) dy
e-
'

- -
If =

=
est ↳
=
ew9Y =
y

"
①
i.
Cly + ya )dn+2(n&y3+ny+y5)
dy -0
-

②
In ②, M =
My
"
+ y
? N =
22%3+2 my
tags
 6 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

"
Sol is
'

-
.

/ ( my " + ya ) da + Says dy = 0

y as constant

¥;
"
y ✗
rig + ya ✗ a + ☆ ✗ C

nay
"

% ±
•
+ my + =
 Exact di↵erential Equations 7

Problem 1.5. Solve (y 4 + 2y) dx + (xy 3 + 2y 4 4x) dy = 0.

"
"
80--1 Here M Y 3+2 "
-

-12 Y N My
=

,
=
y _
ya

81--493+2 8¥ ,
=
93-4

G- 0¥
E- e,
≠ ① is not exact .

M_y ¥x 393+6
: .
-
=

=3 (93+2)

'
:
im (%y- -

8¥
)=y¥, ✗ 3193+2)

2g gcy )
=
=
 8 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

↳ ↳ ' ᵈY
-
'

. I. f = e- = e- 13dg
3 logy
=
e-

¥
i. ①
( y -12g )dn+ ( ,
n -129
-

g.) dy
= 0

②
In ②
§
M
-129-4%3
,
=
Y + N = R
, ,

"
Sol is -

/ ( Y g.) die + + fay dy = c

y as constant

my
-121g ,
+ y? C

=
 Exact di↵erential Equations 9

Problem 1.6. Solve (6x2 + 4y 3 + 12y) dx + 3x (1 + y 2 ) dy = 0.

KI-

M = 6k£
thy 3+12 Y
N &
= 3N
(1+92) = 3k -13k Y

OM
@ ¥a
&
Fy
=
12 + 1) ,
=
3+392
= 3
(1+92)

8ᵈy ≠ ¥n
i.
① is not exact .

0M

Fy
-

8¥ = 9 City9)
 10 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

¥ (%y -

¥n ) # = ✗ 94+99
+ ya ,

%
=

=
f- (a)

i. I. F = elf " 'd "

=
es ? da
3k0gr
=
e.

= 23

IF ✗ ①

(6ns -142%3-1.1 ÉÑy)dr -132411 -199dg

= 0
 Exact di↵erential Equations 11

Som is
'

- .

f(625+4×393+12
-

n'
g) du + Jody = C

y as constant

v6 + pity 3+32 "

y
Cf
=

-
 12 Exact di↵erential Equations

⑨ Type 1.7. Suppose the equation M dx + N dy = 0 is of the form

yf (xy)dx + xg(xy)dy = 0.
1
If M x N y 6= 0 then, the integrating factor is, I.F. = .
Mx Ny
Problem 1.8. Solve (xy 2 + y)dx (x2 y x)dy = 0.

80¥ -
Here M = nifty = YCHNY )

N =
Ni -

Ry )

0M
Fy
=
2 My -11
, 0¥ = -

any -11

87g ≠ 8¥ ① is not
exact .

① Y try + 1) da -

n
try 1) dy=o
-

y f try ] du -

xgÑy=%
 Exact di↵erential Equations 13

Contd..

In ② ,

M =
Y ( my + 1) ,
N = -

Klay 1)
-

Mr -

Ny = nay 7- my + My 2- ay
= 2nd ya ≠ 0

: IF
¥y2
.
=

②
(31%-1) da + t.gg?dy=o
i.

③
 14 Exact di↵erential Equations

"
i. Sol is ,

117m¥ )d•t±gy=c
y as constant

/ Indie -11 ,d÷y -

2- logy
= C

2- wgu+÷y✗÷
3- logy c
-

log (Eg )
Tay % -_
-
 Exact di↵erential Equations 15

Problem 1.9. Solve

xy sin(xy) + y cos(xy) dx + x2 y sin(xy)
2
x cos(xy) dy = 0.

So I ? M
2

=
=
my sin
Cny ) + y cos Cms )

N =
Why sin try ) -

n cos Cny)

0M

yl
'
=
n Y sin cry ) )
Ty
.

+
¥ Y cos cry ) )

& n sin
= x .

y × cos @y ) ✗ a + try )
✗ 2 Y

+ y ✗ -

Sin try ) ✗ he + cos My )

 16 Exact di↵erential Equations

Contd..

= nay 2 cos Cny ) + 2 my sin Ky )

my Sinay ) + cos Ms
)
-

=
fray2-1 1) Cos My ) + My sin Ky )

8¥ =
y n Aisin @y ) )

Fa Ck Cos cry ) )

& ✗ cos
=
y × a @y ) ✗ y

+ y sin My ) ✗ 2x

& ✗ Sin Cny ) ✗ y + cos Cny ) )

 Exact di↵erential Equations 17

=
nay 2
cos try ) + any sin cry )

My sin Ky ) -
cos Ky )

=
@2-42 1) -
cos
Ky ) + my sin Cny)

-
:
ago ≠ 8¥ ① is not

exact .

① Y ( my sin Cny) + cos Cny ) ) die

1- a
fry sin Cny ) -

cos Cny ) ) dy = O -

Ma N
Y =
any cry )
-

cos
 Exact di↵erential Equations 17

' y=geyJ
i. IF =

① ( G- tanks > ¥ )dn +

+É-y)dy=o
TÉ②
80M
•

•
. is -

tanks ) +
In )dutf£ydy=c
y as constant

G- / tanks )dn + f- Sdg ÷fY=c

-

G- b- •

log seccay) +
b- Wgn -

3- logy =
C
 Exact di↵erential Equations 17

log @ Cny ) ) + log ( Yy ) =

tog k

log [ second Ey ] .

=
log K

§ Sec Cny ) = K
≥

[ ftanltsdt
=
Stanton da an

In
-

=
t

2- Stan
=
4) dt dt = ada

=
3- 1%7%-1 dt
,
Take cost = U

-
sin tdt=dn

t /% 3- log
-

=
Lui +
= -

=
-

2- log ( cos Carl ) -1 ?

)→
CJ
log @ saw +

2- log ( Sec can ] ) -1C

 18 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 1.10. Solve

xy 2 + 2x2 y 3 dx + x2 y x3 y 2 dy = 0

?
¥ M =
my
•
+ grey
3

N =
nay -

x3y2

OM
ORRY ?
any + 0¥n 3rd y '
=

Fy any
= -

%g ≠ 8¥
: is
.

① not exact .

① ay
'
( I + any ) die + My 4- ay )dy=o

MR -

Ny =
2k3g
3
+ ✗ 3g 3
=
3k3g 3

¥3
: .
I -
F =
 Exact di↵erential Equations 19

Contd..

( I -1 2ND da +
①
#
'

- .

(I dy
3¥
-

my ]
= 0

M is
'

-
.
So -

f ÷y (I + any ) da +
dy =
c

y as constant

÷y / ᵈ÷ ÷ I D: ÷ / G- = c
+ -

b- In✗ + 2 log re log y = K

-

+ log ( %-) = K

F
 20 Exact di↵erential Equations

⑤ Type 1.11. Suppose the equation M dx + N dy = 0 is of the form

x y (c1 ydx + c2 xdy) + xk3 y k4 (c3 ydx + c4 xdy) = 0,
k1 k2

where k1 , k2 , k3 , k4 and c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are constants, then, the inte-

grating factor is, xa y b . The constants a and b are determined such
that the condition for exact equation is satisfied.

Problem 1.12. Solve

x (3ydx + 2xdy) + 8y 4 (ydx + 3xdy) = 0 -
①
folk ① becomes -

@ my -1895 ) die -1242+24 my " )dy=0

- ②
Multiply ② by seayb ,
we get -

fgaa-tyb-1-gaay.to
-15
)dk

FÉ do -0

-
③
 Exact di↵erential Equations 21

Contd..

M = 3nA -11 yb
-11
+ ggeayb
-15

seats yb +
N = 2 gyaatlyb -14

③
%y- 8¥
since is exact
, =

{
+
3 sea b + 1) ybt 8 sea Cb + 5) yb
-14

+'
=
2 Cat 2) sea yb -124 ( at 1) seayb -14

Comparing both sides we get -

3 ( btl ) =
a@ + 2) and

8 ( b -15 ) = 24 Cat 1)

2 a -3 b
]
I b
=
a= 1 I
-

=
,

3a -
b =
2
 Exact di↵erential Equations 21

Contd..

i. M =
3N&y&+8xy6
N =
2k3g + gyx2y5
"
Sol is
_

.
-

f(3Ñy2+ say 6) du + Jody = C

y as constant

x3y2+yn2y6 =
C
=
 22 Exact di↵erential Equations

Problem 1.13. Solve

x (4ydx + 2xdy) + y 3 (3ydx + 5xdy) = 0

¥
(hwy -139 " )dn+(an75ny3)dy = 0

Multiply both sides of ① by rkayb ,

we get -

yb -11+3 nayb 4)
+ '
( una
+
die

great 'yb
• -13
+
( great yb + )dy=O
-
②
 Exact di↵erential Equations 23

Contd..

%-
Since ② is exact = .

{ b-ijyb-3.ua (
+
4nA b+ 4) yb -13

Qca -12) Ratty # scat )nayb

-13
= ,

Com pairing both side we get -

4 ( btl ) =
Gca -12 ) and

3 ( b -14 ) = 5 Ca -11)

2A -

Ub = 0 a -_
2b

5A -
3b = 7

7- b =
7 b
a=③
 Exact di↵erential Equations 23

Contd..

i. M =
yn3y2+3nQy5
5a3yY
"
N 2N +
y
=

801h is
'

- .

/ ( 4n3y2+3n9y 5) da -150dg = 0

y as constant

yy2 ✗
sent + 3yˢ×%_ = C

n4y2+n3y5= C

=
 Exact differential equation
Practice Problems (Hints and Answer)
Verify the given differential equation is exact or not. If so, then
solve it.
1. 𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
Solution is, 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶

2. (sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + (cos 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + tan 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = − sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦
Solution is, − cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 + 𝑒 𝑥 + log 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
3. (1 + 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (1 − 𝑦) 𝑒 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦 𝑦

𝑥 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝑥 𝜕𝑁 𝑥
Ans: = − 𝑦2 𝑒 𝑦 = − 𝑦2 𝑒 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥
Solution is, 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 = 𝐶 𝑦

4. (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 tan 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 )𝑑𝑥 + sec 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = sec 2 𝑦 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥
Solution is, sec 𝑥 tan 𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶
2 2
5. (𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥 + (2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝜕𝑀 2 2 𝜕𝑁 2 2
Ans: 𝜕𝑦 = 2 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 = 2 𝑥𝑦 3 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥𝑦
2
Solution is, 𝑒 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 4 − 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
 Practice problems: Reducible to exact equation

1. Solve: x dy – y dx + a ( x2 + y2) dx = 0
Hint: dividing by x2 + y2
Ans: tan-1 (y/x) + ax = c
𝑎2 ( 𝑥 𝑑𝑦−𝑦 𝑑𝑥)
2. Solve : x dx + y dy = 𝑥2+ 𝑦2
𝑥2 𝑦2 −1 𝑦
Ans: 2 + 2 = 𝑎2 tan 𝑥
3. Solve: ( x2 + y2 + x) dx – (2x2 + 2y2 – y) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by x2 + y2
1
Ans: 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 2 log(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑐
4. Solve: (xnyn+1+ ay ) dx + xn+1 yn + bx) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by xy
𝑥𝑛𝑦𝑛
Ans: 𝑛 + 𝑎 ln 𝑥 + 𝑏 ln 𝑦 = 𝑐
5. Solve: y dx + ( x + x3 y2) dy = 0
Hint: dividing by 𝑥 3 𝑦 3
−1
Ans: 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − ln 𝑦 = 𝑐
6. Solve: 𝑦(8𝑥 − 9𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥(𝑥 − 3𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
Hint: 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Ans: 2𝑥 4 𝑦 − 3𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝑐
7. Solve (𝑦 4 + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 4 − 4𝑥 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 3
Hint 𝑀 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = − 𝑦
2
Ans (𝑦 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑥 + 𝑦 3 = 𝐶
8. Solve (6𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 + 12𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥(1 + 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 3
Hint: 𝑁 ( 𝜕𝑦 − 𝜕𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Ans: 𝑥 6 + 𝑥 4 𝑦 3 + 3𝑦𝑥 4 = 𝐶
Linear Diffee Equation -

ᵈʰda + PER ) Y =
Q (a) -
①

OR

die
+ PCYIK =
Q (y )
Ty

" 'd "

Let be the I. F.

ESP '" d"

Multiply both sides of ① by l

we get -

es Ponda ( ESP "'d

? ESP "'d
? goes
.

dyq + pen , )y =

"

/ Pc"
)
da
( e
 ' "ᵈ
( ESP ? y ) JP Cmdr
g. = e .

Doe)

both sides t
Integrating w r
- - -

r
,

Spend
?
=/ ESP ' " 'd
e.
y [ ? goes] die

+ c

y .

I F
-

=
II. F) CQ (a) 5) da +c

t
¥ Solve
data + y seen = tana .

-
①
So In _

It ere per ) = seok

Que ) = tank

I. F =
e) PH > da
=
esse cud n

to 9 (Seca ttanr)
=
e

= secret tana

So 1h
•

. .
is -

Y € F)
.
. =

/ € F)•

Blas da + c
y (secret tann) =/ tank (secrettamada
+c

y ( seen + tan a) =/Ken tann

.

+ tank )
da

+ c

Y (seen + tame) = seen +

Keck -

Ddr
+c

y [ seen + tana) =
secret tana -

at

=
 '

etañ ?
¥ Solve (1-1×2) dga + y =

Fa ¥n =ÉT÷
"
¥ +

per )
¥vf
=

eiᵈ÷ws
'

i. I -
F =
=
etat (a)

-
^

.
801h is -

y.etan-%fe-I.ie?-.etan-k:+c
'
Put tan t
-

Cr ) =

'
(a)
date = etañ ✗
¥2
 '
tan ca ]
e
da = dt

""
y .
etañ =

ft dt

¥ + c

(eᵗañ,[{
'

y . etañ a'
=
 '
solve City2) da (tan a) dy
_

=
y
-
.
-

SOI -

we can write -

die I

tariff
-

% % +
,
=

ᵗ¥%- , linear
d. e.

¥2
Here Pln ) =
1

am
1-9-14
=
 "
SPC b) dy
- .
I. A =
e.

e) 1¥92
'

etan
-

(g)
= =

So In is
^

. -
-

' "
tan
(g)
get ?
an "

ᵗYI÷•dy
x .
e =

+ c

Put tañcy ) = t

Ey ¥52 =

dt =

ftp.
 '
etan
-

Y
a. =
ftetdt + c

=
teᵗ -

fetdttc
= teᵗ - et + c

=
et Ct -

1) + c

= etan"Y( tan '

D -1C
y
-

-
'

(
tan y
'
1) cetan y
-

a = -

≈
Bes diff equation -

d- e
A
data +
pay =
Que ) Yn -
①

is reducible to the Leibnitz 's linear

equation is called a Bernoulli 's

,

diff

egn.me#d:
.

Divide both sides of ① by yn .

,
we get -

¥ dᵈʰ 1- PCH .

¥ ,
=
Qtr ) -

Cn -

1)

yin
Put t = =
y
,

data = -

Cn -

1)
Indulge
 dta cⁿy Foe
-

¥ F. =

÷ % ,

, ) date + t Pca] =
0k)

g- (n 1) tpcn ) Cn 1) 01N
-

=
-
-
-

linear d. eqn.int .
E- Solve adf.ge/-y--x3y6 -

? ①
dug + ¥ = ray 6
-

'
Divide by y we get -

y%ᵈdʰa +
⇐) Y = x2 _

put
¥
t
¥n= ¥ The
=

¥ E. = -

÷ Ex

③ -

b- dtga + (ta) y = v2

Ex -

(2) y =
-

sa ? a 1- d. e.
Here per ) =

-5g
I. F e- 55¥ 5 logic
=
= e-

÷
: .
So In is -

'
t
(¥ ) ) sa date
-
•
= .

¥5
= -
s .

/ ᵈ÷ + c

÷ys -÷n + c
=

÷g
=

÷ + c