I.

Introduction
One of the BBC articles will be used in this essay; "Man gets genetically-modified pig heart in
world-first transplant" (BBC, 2021). David Bennett Sr. (57 years old), a patient with serious
cardiac condition, received a heart from a genetically engineered pig. This is regarded as a
medical breakthrough, providing hope to hundreds of thousands of people suffering from organ
failure worldwide. Mr. Bennet's replacement heart is fully functional and has completed the
majority of the required job. Mr. Bennett's condition is being continuously watched to ensure
that his body does not reject the replacement organ (BBC, 2021).

The start of a new era in the growth of the medical developments. With very promising initial
results with the GalSafe pig kidney, researchers are considering ways to exploit more parts of
this pig such as heart, lung, liver, heart valve or skin grafts to treatment for patients. Although
there are still many questions about the long-term consequences (this is an issue that Mr.
Montgomery himself admits is unclear), the medical community as well as the international
media generally consider the achievement of pig kidney transplantation as a breakthrough.
Science opens up the potential of a new source of organs for patients (Erlbaum, 2018). This is
the first time a pig kidney has been successfully transplanted into a person without acute
immune system rejection. This ground-breaking and hopeful breakthrough will save many more
lives in the future (Rauf, 2022).

This study is intended to comprehensively define and discuss the conflict, including findings and
discussion. As a result, conflicts will be illustrated, using theories learned in the module. During
the discussion, theories will be illustrated to demonstrate understanding of the theories
learned in this module.
Globalization
Globalization has been an increasingly popular phrase to represent the worldwide interaction
of many various cultures, nations, economies, and individuals from the progress of
transportation and technology in the 18th century and forward to the present (O’rourke &
Williamson, 2002). Furthermore, as human technology improves and gets more inventive
throughout time, numerous inventions and developments have been generated that have
transformed the condition of nations where interdependence across the world is a necessary
for the aforementioned nations to prosper in today's globalized economic position.
Economically, globalization has given many enterprises and small firms who operate
internationally or locally wings because to the free commerce that is encouraged among

nations (Babones, 2008). However, as appealing as globalization may appear to many, it is not
without drawbacks.
Many people have become supporters of globalization while not completely comprehending
the consequences it has had on their culture and nation. Globalization, in essence, resulted in a
more linked globe. However, as nations grow more intertwined, their political situations,

economies, and so on will become more constrained. For instance , Starzl carried out the first
chimpanzee-to-human liver transplantation in 1966; in 1992, he obtained patient survival for 70
days following a baboon liver transplant. With the advent of genetic engineering and cloning
technologies, pigs are currently available with a number of different manipulations that protect
their tissues from the human immune response, resulting in increasing pig graft survival in
nonhuman primate models. Genetically modified pigs offer hope of a limitless supply of organs
and cells for those in need of a transplant (Cooper, 2012).
The experimental results of cell xenotransplantation, e.g., islet or neuronal cells, are currently
signifi cantly better than those of pig organ xenotransplantation (Ekser, et al. 2012). For
example, pig islets have continued to function eff ectively in immunosuppressed nonhuman
primates for periods of more than a year. Indeed, a clinical trial of encapsulated pig islet
transplantation is under way in diabetic patients in New Zealand. There are an estimated 8
million patients in the US with a neurogenerative disease, such as Parkinson’s disease (Ashton
& Marshall, 2007). Human embryonic neural precursor cells can restore local motor activity in
patients with Parkinson’s disease, but the use of human embryos is largely precluded on ethical
grounds or on logistic grounds as too few become available. Genetically engineered pig
embryos might provide an alternative source (Arias-Carrión & Yuan, 2009). Indeed, a European
group has reported encouraging improvement for higher 1 year in locomotor function in
monkeys with a Parkinson-like condition after the transplantation of genetically modifi ed pig
dopamine-producing cells into the brain. Transplantation of pig livers and lungs in nonhuman
primates has been signifi cantly less successful, with grafts functioning for only days (Hirsch &
Farley, 2009). Pig hearts and livers may initially be used as a bridge while the patient is awaiting
a human graft; this will give us experience with organ xenografts in humans. Because dialysis
maintains life for a number of years in many patients with renal failure, clinical pig kidney
transplantation will probably be delayed (Cooper, 2012). This could pave the way for organ
transplants and change the mindset of replacing animal organs for humans with a global
impact. A pig heart that could be transplanted to a human could be done in the next few years.
The expert believes the surgery will lay the groundwork for more complex transplant surgeries
such as the transplant of animal organs to humans, a technique known as
“xenotransplantation.” (Ekser, et al. 2012). The 87-year-old doctor told the Sunday Telegraph:
'If the results of the pig kidney transplant are successful, it is possible that humans can also use
the pig's heart. That would completely change the matter.” (Murthy, et al. 2016). The anatomy
of the pig's heart shows many similarities with the human heart, so they are used as models to
develop new treatments. Heart failure is considered a global disease, with at least 26 million
people affected worldwide. Experts hope that being able to use pig hearts for transplantation
will be a "revolution" in the treatment of doctors when fighting the disease (Starzl, 2000)

Technology and networks

One of the numerous factors that contribute to globalization becoming a worldwide trend is its
technology and network (Hrynyshyn, 2002). As more portions of the globe become networked,
knowledge can be easily disseminated, resulting in the introduction of new technologies, ideas,
and breakthroughs at an increasing rate. Traditionally, competitiveness was based on static
comparative advantage (to a larger extent). Productivity is no longer judged primarily by
production costs or technical supremacy. Instead, continuous creativity, high-level competence
and learning, an efficient communications and transportation infrastructure, and a supportive
environment are required (Keser & Semerci, 2019). This means that businesses will have to put
in more effort to stay up with growing technologies, as well as new ways of organizing markets,
developing products, and delivering things. This involves a bigger investment in their technical
capabilities for locating, acquiring, and adapting technology to their needs, as well as in
production and delivery system management.
The time it takes to transition from pure science research to commercial usage is shrinking
(Krapohl et al., 2021). This is especially true in biotechnology, where the life cycle of numerous
old drugs is shortening and new therapies are being found on a daily basis. In particular, two
recent breakthroughs involving genetic modification of pigs have made the science of
xenotransplant transplants more possible and hopefully less dangerous. BioTransplant thinks it
can breed pigs whose organs will not transmit endogenous porcine retrovirus (PERV) to
humans, if those organs are used as transplants. BioTransplant achieved this discovery by
inbreeding several pigs of a defined genetic line. “All nine animal species failed to transmit virus
replicating in human kidney cell line 293, the human cell line that was the easiest to replicate
PERV. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that the non-transmitter animals do not
contain copies of replication-competent PERV (Bach et al., 2001).
However, others are wondering whether the operation is ethically justifiable. They cited
possible ethical quandaries including patient safety, animal rights, and religious issues. This is
an experimental operation with significant hazards for the patient. Even appropriate human
donor organs might be rejected after transplantation - and the danger is larger with animal
organs (appendix A) (BBC, 2021). Clinical organ transplantation has been recognized as one of
the most enthralling medical advances of the century because it provides a way to give the gift
of life to patients with terminal failure of vital organs, which necessitates the participation of
other fellow humans and society by donating organs from deceased or living individuals. The
rising prevalence of crucial organ failure, combined with an insufficient supply of organs,
particularly from cadavers, has resulted in extremely long wait periods for transplants, as well
as an increasing number of fatalities while waiting. These instances have highlighted several
ethical, moral, and societal concerns about organ supply, organ allocation systems, and the use
of living donors as volunteers, especially minors. It has also led to the practice of businesses
selling organs for financial gain in various areas of the globe, exploitation of the poor for the
benefit of the rich (Abouna, 2003). . This is clearly a negative view of the many positives of
globalization. In short, assessing whether globalization is good or bad is a complex process
because there are a number of associated risk factors that can yield inaccurate figures

The more established nations will ensure that they obtain a greater piece of the cake by
infiltrating local markets with cutting-edge automated manufacturing that ensures wide and
standardized product value chains, while emerging countries will only get the leftovers
(DeViney, 2012). Get back to the main point of this narrative, The science of genetically
engineering pigs' tissues to contain no molecules capable of eliciting an early rejection reaction,
physically, a pig's heart is comparable to that of a pig's heart. However, exchanging donor
hearts is not the same as swapping human hearts. However, they cannot be completely
absorbed by the body. This results in higher immunosuppression than pig-to-human
transplantation (Kobashigawa, 2022). The Maryland researchers also utilized an experimental
medicine to suppress the immune system and avoid rejection, as well as a novel machine that
pumps fluid into tissue to keep the pig's heart alive until the surgery. art. The findings of the
tests revealed that 10 genes in the donor pig had to be altered before the transplant could take
place. Three of these genes led the human body to reject pig organs, therefore they were
removed. Six genes were added to assist manage the immunological acceptance of pig hearts,
while an additional gene was deleted to avoid pig heart tissue overgrowth (Jeearchive, 2022).
Opening up the medical trend and generating additional options to save individuals by
employing diverse organs such as the heart, lungs, and kidney.
Appendix A