MATCHING SENTENCE ENDINGS

Passage 1
Endangered Languages
A. Austin and Co. are in no doubt that because languages are unique, even if they do tend to have common underlying
features, creating dictionaries and grammars requires prolonged and dedicated work. This requires that documentary
linguists observe not only languages’ structural subtleties, but also related social, historical and political factors. Such
work calls for persistent funding of field scientists who may sometimes have to venture into harsh and even hazardous
places. Once there, they may face difficulties such as community suspicion. As Nick Evans says, a community who speak
an endangered language may have reasons to doubt or even oppose efforts to preserve it. They may have seen support
and funding for such work come and go. They may have given up using the language with their children, believing they
will benefit from speaking a more widely understood one. Plenty of students continue to be drawn to the intellectual thrill
of linguistics fieldwork. That’s all the more reason to clear away barriers, contend, Evans, Austin and others.
B.The highest barrier, they agree, is that the linguistics profession’s emphasis on theory gradually wears down the
enthusiasm of linguists who work in communities. Chomsky disagrees. He has recently begun to speak in support of
language preservation. But his linguistic, as opposed to humanitarian, the argument is, let’s say, unsentimental: the loss
of a language, he states, ‘is much more of a tragedy for linguists whose interests are mostly theoretical, like me, than for
linguists who focus on describing specific languages, since it means the permanent loss of the most relevant data for
general theoretical work’. At the moment, few institutions award doctorates for such work, and that’s the way it should be,
he reasons. In linguistics, as in every other discipline, he believes that good descriptive work requires thorough theoretical
understanding and should also contribute to building new theory. But that’s precisely what documentation does, objects
Evans. The process of immersion in a language, to extract, analyse and sum it up, deserves a PhD because it is ‘the most
demanding intellectual task a linguist can engage in’.

Questions 1-4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-O below. Write the correct letter A-O in boxes 1-4 on
your answer sheet.
1. Linguists like Peter Austin believe that every language is unique.
2. Nick Evans suggests a community may resist attempts to save its language.
3. Many young researchers are interested in doing practical research
4. Chomsky supports work in descriptive linguistics

a. even though it is in danger of disappearing.

b. provided that it has a strong basis in theory.
c. although it may share certain universal characteristics
d. because there is a practical advantage to it
e. so long as the drawbacks are clearly understood.
f. in spite of the prevalence of theoretical linguistics.
g. until they realize what is involved

Passage 2
A. Until recently, the dominant explanation was that physical growth is delayed by our need to grow large brains and to
learn all the behaviour patterns associated with humanity – speaking, social interaction and so on. While such behaviour
is still developing, humans cannot easily fend for themselves, so it is best to stay small and look youthful. That way your
parents and other members of the social group are motivated to continue looking after you. The human fossil record is
extremely sparse, and the number of fossilised children minuscule. Nevertheless, in the past few years, anthropologists
have begun to look at what can be learned of the lives of our ancestors from these youngsters. One of the most studied
is the famous Turkana boy, an almost complete skeleton of Homo erectus from 1.6 million years ago found in Kenya in
1984. Accurately assessing how old someone is from their skeleton is a tricky business. Even with a modern human, you
can only make a rough estimate based on the developmental stage of teeth and bones and the skeleton’s general size.
Susan Anton of New York University points to research by Margaret Clegg who studied a collection of 18th- and 19th-
century skeletons whose ages at death were known. When she tried to age the skeletons without checking the records,
she found similar discrepancies to those of the Turkana boy. One 10-year-old boy, for example, had a dental age of 9,
the skeleton of a 6-year-old but was tall enough to be 11. The Turkana kid still has a rounded skull, and needs more
growth to reach the adult shape,’ Anton adds. She thinks that Homo erectus had already developed modern human
patterns of growth, with a late, if not quite so extreme, adolescent spurt. She believes Turkana boy was just about to
enter it.
B. Anthropologist Steven Leigh from the University of Illinois goes further. He believes the idea of adolescence as catch-
up growth does not explain why the growth rate increases so dramatically. According to his theory, adolescence evolved
as an integral part of efficient upright locomotion, as well as to accommodate more complex brains. Fossil evidence
suggests that our ancestors first walked on two legs six million years ago. If proficient walking was important for survival,
perhaps the teenage growth spurt has very ancient origins. While many anthropologists will consider Leigh’s theory a
step too far, he is not the only one with new ideas about the evolution of teenagers. A more decisive piece of evidence
came last year when researchers in France and Spain published their findings from a study of Neanderthal teeth.
Neanderthals had much-festered tooth growth than Homo erectus who went before them, and hence, possibly, a shorter
childhood. Lead researcher Fernando Ramirez-Rozzi thinks Neanderthals died young – about 25 years old — primarily
because of the cold, harsh environment they had to endure in glacial Europe. They evolved to grow up quicker than their
immediate ancestors. Neanderthals and Homo erectus probably had to reach adulthood fairly quickly, without delaying
for an adolescent growth spurt. So it still looks as though we are the original teenagers.
Questions 1-4:
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-G, below.
Write the correct letter, A-G, in blank spaces 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. Until recently, delayed growth in humans until adolescence was felt to be due to …………….
2. In her research, Margaret Clegg discovered ……………….
3. Steven Leigh thought the existence of adolescence is connected to …………………
4. Research on Neanderthals suggests that they had short lives because of ………………….

a. inconsistencies between height, skeleton and dental evidence.

b. the fact that human beings walk on two legs.
c. the way teeth grew.
d. a need to be dependent on others for survival.
e. difficult climatic conditions.
f. increased quantities of food.
g. the existence of much larger brains than previously.
Passage 3
Is there more to video games than people realize?
A. Games are human products and lie within our control. This doesn’t mean we yet control or understand them fully, but
it should remind us that there is nothing inevitable or incomprehensible about them. No matter how deeply it may be felt,
instinctive fear is an inappropriate response to a technology of any kind. So far, the dire predictions many traditionalists
have made about the ‘death’ of old-fashioned narratives and imaginative thought at the hands of video games cannot be
upheld. Television and cinema may be suffering, economically, at the hands of interactive media. But literacy standards
have failed to decline. Young people still enjoy sport, going out and listening to music And most research – including a
recent $1.5m study funded by the US government suggests that even pre-teens are not in the habit of blurring game
worlds and real worlds.
B. The sheer pace and scale of the changes we face, however, leave little room for complacency. Richard Battle, a British
writer and game researcher, says Times change: accept it; embrace it.’ Just as, today, we have no living memories of a
time before radio, we will soon live in a world in which no one living experienced growing up without computers. It is for
this reason that we must try to examine what we stand to lose and gain before it is too late.
Questions 1-3
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-E, below.
Write the correct letter, A-E in the blank spaces next to 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. There is little evidence for the traditionalists’ prediction that ………………………….
2. A recent study by the US government found that ……………………………
3. Richard Battle suggests that it is important for people to accept the fact that …………………………….

a. young people have no problem separating their own lives from the ones they play on the screen.
b. levels of reading ability will continue to drop significantly.
c. new advances in technology have to be absorbed into our lives.
d. games cannot provide preparation for the skills needed in real life.
e. young people will continue to play video games despite warnings against doing so.
Passage 4
America’s oldest art?
A. Set within treacherously steep cliffs, and hidden away valleys of northeast Brazil, is some of Southeast America’s most
significant and spectacular rock-art. Most of the art so far discovered from the ongoing excavations comes from the
archaeologically – important National Park of the Serra da Capivara in the state of Piaui, and it is causing quite a
controversy. The reason for the uproar? The art is being dated to around 25.CC0 or perhaps. According to some
archaeologists, even 36,000 years ago. If correct, this is set to challenge the wide-field view that America was first
colonized from the north, via the Bering Straits from eastern Siberia at around 10.000 BC. only moving down into Central
and South America in the millennia thereafter. Of course, dating the art is extremely difficult since the non-existence of
plant and animal remains that might be scientifically dated. However, there are a small number of sites in the Serra da
Capivara that are giving up their secrets through good systematic excavation. Thus, at Toca do Rock.omo da Pedra
Furada. rock-art researcher Nide Guidon managed to obtain a number of dates. At different levels of excavation, she
located fallen painted rock fragments, which she was able to dale to at least 36,000 years ago. Along with toe painted
fragments, crude stone tools were found. Also discovered were a series of scientifically datable sites of fireplaces, or
hearths, the earliest dated to 46,000 BC. arguably the oldest dates for human habitation in America. However, these
conclusions are not without controversy. Critics, mainly from North America, have suggested that the hearths may, in
fact, be a natural phenomenon, the result of seasonal brushwood fires. With fierce debates thus raging over to dating,
where these artists originate from is also still very much open to speculation.
B. The traditional view ignores the early dating evidence from the South American rock-art sites. In a revised scenario,
some anthropologists are now suggesting that modern humans may’ have migrated from Africa using the strong currents
of the Atlantic Ocean some 63.000 years or more ago, while others suggest more improbable colonization coming from
the Pacific Ocean. Yet, while the ether hypothesis is plausible, there is still no supporting archaeological evidence
between the South American coastline and the interior. Rather, it seems possible that there were a number of waves of
human colonization of the Americas occurring possibly over a 60,000-100,000 year period, probably using the Bering
Straits as a land bridge to cross into the Americas. Despite the compelling evidence from South America, it stands alone:
the earliest secure human evidence yet found in the state of Oregon in North America only dates to 12,300 years BC. So
this is a fierce debate that is likely to go on for many more years. However, the splendid rock art and its allied
anthropology of northeast Brazil, described here, is playing a huge and significant role in the discussion.
Questions 1-4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending. A-F below.
Write the correct letter A-F in blank spaces 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. Materials derived from plants or animals ………………
2. The discussions about the ancient hearths ………………
3. Theories about where the first South Americans originated from ……………….
4. The finds of archaeologists in Oregon …………………….

a. giving rise to a great deal of debate among anthropologists.

b. does not support the earliest dates suggested for the arrival of people in America.
c. are absent from rock-art sites In the Serra da Capivara.
d. have not been accepted by academics outside America.
e. center on whether or not they are actually man-made.
f. reflect the advances in scientific dating methods.

Passage 5
A. The practice of homoeopathy was first developed by the German physician Samuel Hahnemann. During research in
the 1790s, Hahnemann began experimenting with quinine, an alkaloid derived from cinchona bark that was well known at
the time to have a positive effect on fever. Hahnemann started dosing himself with quinine while in a state of good
health and reported in his journals that his extremities went cold, he experienced palpitations, “infinite anxiety”, a
trembling and weakening of the limbs, reddening cheeks and thirst. “In short,” he concluded, “all the symptoms of
relapsing fever presented themselves successively…” Hahnemann’s main observation was that things which create
problems for healthy people cure those problems in sick people, and this became his first principle of
homoeopathy: similia similibus (with help from the same). While diverging from the principle of apothecary practice at
the time, which was contraria contrariis (with help from the opposite), the efficacy of similia similibus was reaffirmed by
subsequent developments in the field of vaccinations. Hahnemann’s second principle was minimal dosing – treatments
should be taken in the most diluted format which they remain effective. In case it negated any possible toxic effects
of similia similibus.
B. In 1988, the French immunologist Jacques Benveniste took minimal dosing to new extremes when he published a
paper in the prestigious scientific journal. Nature in which he suggested that very high dilutions of the antibody could
affect human basophil granulocytes, the least common of the granulocytes that make up about 0.01% to 0.3% of white
blood cells. The point of controversy, however, was that the water in Benveniste’s test had been so diluted that any
molecular evidence of the antibodies no longer existed. Water molecules, the researcher concluded, had a biologically
active component that a journalist later termed “water memory”. A number of efforts from scientists in Britain, France
and the Netherlands to duplicate Benveniste’s research were unsuccessful, however, and to this day, no peer-reviewed
study under broadly accepted conditions has been able to confirm the validity of “water memory”.
Questions 1-4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K, below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in blank spaces
1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. In the late 18th century, Hahnemann discovered that quinine was able to …………………
2. The effectiveness of vaccinations also helps to ………………..
3. Benveniste argued in the journal Nature that water molecules possess the ability to …………………
4. Attempts to verify Benveniste’s findings were unable to ………………….

a. avoid the unpredictable outcome of combining many remedies at once

b. explain the success of 18th-century apothecary, medicine.
c. produce fever-like symptoms in a healthy person.
d. keep antibody molecules active in parts as low as 0.01%.
e. support the notion of similia similibus.
f. offer more remedial choice.
g. produce a less effective dose.
h. recreate the original results.
i. retain qualities of an antibody to which they were previously exposed.
j. satisfy the demand for hovers.
k. treat effectively someone with a fever.
Passage 6
Ebonics
A. In 1996, debates around the nature of “Ebonics’’ in the United States came to ahead. That year, the Oakland Unified
School District (OUSD) in California enacted Resolution 597-003, which officially recognized that African-American
students “as part of their culture and history as African people possess and utilize a language”. Alternatively referred to
as Ebonics (literally “black sounds”), African Communication Behaviours, and African Language Systems, this language
was declared to be “genetically-based” rather than a dialect of Standard English. Within the profession of language
research and pedagogy, a strong consensus formed behind the OUSD’s decision to recognise Ebonics. Linguistics
professor John Rickford noted that Ebonics was not simply characterised by erroneous grammar and large slang
vocabulary, but that underlying this language was a structured form and process of grammar and phonology that made
English learning for Ebonics speakers far more complex a task than simply dropping bad habits. English teachers,
Rickford counselled, must, therefore, accept and embrace these complexities.
B. The Linguistic Society of America (LSA) concurred with Rickford, adding that whether or not Ebonics should be defined
as a dialect or a language does not matter in terms of its “validity”. While linguists studying Ebonics typically restrain
from prescribing edicts in favour of tracking changes in form and style, the LSA did point to the fact that speakers of
Swedish and Norwegian can typically understand each other while conversing in different “languages”, whereas Mandarin
and Cantonese speakers cannot understand each other’s “dialects” to conclude that spatial and social tensions, rather
than strict linguistic criteria, were the crucial factors in defining these terms. For many others, however, the OUSD’s
decision was tantamount to endorsing lazy, vulgar, and “broken” English — the equivalent, perhaps, of acknowledging
“text-speak” or Internet slang as a valid form of expression. Recognizing and fostering the use of informal, culturally-
specific spoken language, say those detractors, traps users in a kind of linguistic ghetto in which they can interact with
other disenfranchised and excluded citizens, but cannot engage within the public sphere in a meaningful way. Because of
the dominance of Standard English in the United States, Ebonics-only speakers are essentially unable to go to university
and work in high-valued professions, and they are unlikely to be electable to any kind of public office (even in areas with
a high density of black residents, those who lose their Ebonics-tinged speech patterns fend to be more trusted).
Questions 1-5
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A-K below. Write the correct letter, A-K, in boxes 1-5 on
your answer sheet.
1. In 1996, the Oakland Unified School District passed a measure
2. According to John Rickford, it is a good idea when teaching Standard English
3. Linguists studying Black speech patterns are only able
4. The LSA nailed that definitions of “dialect” and “language” are generally away
5. Critics of vernacular alternatives to Standard English tend

a. to use Ebonies in order to express specific concepts

b. to recognise the genetic differences between African-American students and others
c. to acknowledge the systematic differences that Ebonies speakers must learn to overcome
d. to consider Ebonies as lazy English rather than a unique form of expression
e. to admit Ebonies users to university to gain more knowledge
f. to make a statement about particular geo-social relationships
g. to compare Scandinavian languages and Chinese dialects
h. to declare Ebonies an independent language, not a variation on English
i. to honour positive aspects of Ebonies, while emphasising the necessity of Standard English for formal use
j. to approve the language of text messaging as a legitimate mode of communication
k. to describe how Ebonies has developed without dictating rules for proper usage

Passage 7
The Developing World
A.THE DEVELOPING WORLD – the economically underdeveloped countries of Asia. Africa. Oceania and Latin America – is
considered as an entity with common characteristics, such as poverty, high birth rates, and economic dependence on the
advanced countries. Until recently, the developing world was known as ‘the third world’. The French demographer Alfred
Sauvy coined the expression (in French) in 1952 by analogy with the ‘third estate’ – the commoners of France before and
during the French Revolution – as opposed to priests and nobles, comprising the First and second estates respectively.
‘Like the third estate’, wrote Sauvy, ‘the third world is nothing, and it wants to be something’. The term, therefore,
implies that the third world is exploited, much as the third estate was exploited and that, like the third estate, its destiny
is a revolutionary one.
B. Because the economies of underdeveloped countries have been geared to the needs of industrialised countries, they
often comprise only a few modem economic activities, such as mining or the cultivation of plantation crops. Control over
these activities has often remained in the hands of large foreign firms. The prices of developing world products are
usually determined by large buyers in the economically dominant countries of the West, and trade with the West provides
almost all the developing world’s income. Throughout the colonial period, outright exploitation severely limited the
accumulation of capital within the foreign-dominated countries. Even after decolonisation (in the 1950s, 1960s, and
1970s), the economies of the developing world grew slowly, or not at all, owing largely to the deterioration of the ‘terms
of trade’ – the relationship between the cost of the goods a nation must import from abroad and its income from the
exports it sends to foreign countries.
Questions 1-3
Write the correct letter A-F in spaces 1-3 below. Complete each sentence with the correct ending. A-F
below.
1. Countries in the developing world
2. The term ‘the third world’ implies
3. One consequence of the terms of trade was

a. economic dependence on developed countries.

b. that decolonisation took a long time to achieve.
c. dictate the needs of industrialised countries.
d. share common characteristics.
e. that many economies stagnated.
f. a society that wants something it does not have.

Passage 8
Emigration to the US
A. American history has been largely the story of migrations. That of the hundred years or so between the Battle of
Waterloo and the outbreak of the First World War must certainly be reckoned the largest peaceful migration in recorded
history; probably the largest of any kind, ever. Only the French seemed to be substantially immune to the virus.
Otherwise, all caught it, and all travelled. English, Irish, Welsh, Scots, Germans, Scandinavians, Spaniards, Italians, Poles,
Greeks, Jews, Portuguese, Dutch, Hungarians, Czechs, Croats, Slovenes, Serbs, Slovaks, Ukrainians, Lithuanians,
Russians, Basques. There were general and particular causes. Bad times pushed, good times pulled American factories
were usually clamoring for workers): small wonder that the peoples moved. Particular reasons were just as important as
these general ones. For example between 1845 and 1848 land suffered the terrible potato famine. A million people died
of starvation or disease, a million more emigrated (1846-51). Matters were not much better when the Great Famine was
over: it was followed by lesser ones, and the basic weaknesses of the Irish economy made the outlook hopeless anyway.
Mass emigration was a natural resort, at first to America, then, in the twentieth century, increasingly, to England and
Scotland. Emigration was encouraged in me. Irish case as in many others, by letters sent home and by remittances of
money. The first adventurers thus helped to pay the expenses of their successors. Political reasons could sometimes drive
Europeans across the Atlantic too. In 1848 some thousands of Germans fled the failure of the liberal revolution of that
year (but many thousands emigrated for purely economic reasons).
B. If such external stimuli faltered, American enterprise was more than willing to fill the gap. The high cost of labour had
been a constant in American history since the first settlements; now, as the Industrial Revolution made itself felt, the
need for workers was greater than ever. The supply of Americans was too small to meet the demand: while times were
good on the family farm, as they were on the whole until the 1880s, or while there was new land to be taken up in the
West, the drift out of agriculture (which was becoming a permanent feature of America, as of all industrialized, society)
would not be large enough to fill the factories. So employers looked for the hands they needed in Europe, whether
skilled, like Cornish miners, or unskilled, like Irish navvies. Then, the transcontinental railroads badly needed settlers on
their Western land grants, as well as labourers: they could not make regular profits until the lands their tracks crossed
were regularly producing crops that needed carrying to market.
Questions 1-4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-H from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-H in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.
1. The end of the potato famine in Ireland
2. People who had emigrated from Ireland
3. Movement off the land in the US
4. The arrival of railroad companies in the West of the US
a. people reluctant to move elsewhere.
b. resulted in a need for more agricultural workers.
c. provided evidence of the advantages of emigration.
d. created a false impression of the advantages of moving elsewhere.
e. did little to improve the position of much of the population.
f. took a long time to have any real effect.
g. failed to satisfy employment requirements.
h. created a surplus of people, who had emigrated.

Passage 9
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
What do scientists in Britain think about alternative’ therapies? Or la kennedy reads a surprising survey
A. Is complementary medicine hocus-pocus or does it warrant large-scale scientific investigation? Should science range
beyond conventional medicine and conduct research on alternative medicine and the supposed growing links between
mind and body? This will be hotly debated at the British Association for the Advancement of Science. One Briton in five
uses complementary medicine, and according to the most recent Mintel survey, one in ten uses herbalism or
homoeopathy. Around £130 million is spent on oils, potions, and pills every year in Britain, and the complementary and
alternative medicine industry is estimated to be worth £1.6 billion. With the help of Professor Edzard Ernst, Laing chair of
complementary medicine at The Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, we asked scientists their
views on complementary and alternative medicine. Seventy-five scientists, in fields ranging from molecular biology to
neuroscience, replied.
B. Surprisingly, our sample of scientists was twice as likely as the public to use some form of complementary medicine, at
around four in 10 compared with two in 10 of the general population. Three-quarters of scientific users believed they
were effective. Acupuncture, chiropractic, and osteopathy were the most commonly used complementary treatments
among scientists and more than 55 per cent believed these were more effective than a placebo and should be available
to all on the National Health Service.
Questions 1-3
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F from the box below.
Write the correct letter A-F in boxes 1-3 on your answer sheet.
1. The British Association for the Advancement of Science will be discussing the issue of
2. A recent survey conducted by a certain organization addressed the issue of
3. The survey in which the writer of the article was involved gave information on

a. what makes people use complementary rather than conventional medicine.’

b. how many scientists themselves use complementary and alternative medicine.
c. whether alternative medicine should be investigated scientifically.
d. research into the use of complementary and conventional medicine together.
e. how many people use various kinds of complementary medicine.
f. the extent to which attitudes to alternative medicine are changing

Passage 10
Three ways to Levitate a Magic Carpet
A. It sounds like a science fiction joke, but it isn’t. What do you get when you turn an invisibility cloak on its side? A mini
flying carpet. So say physicists who believe the same exotic materials used to make cloaking devices could also be used
to levitate tiny objects. In May 2006, two research teams led by Ulf Leonhardt at St Andrew’s University, UK, and John
Pendry at Imperial College, London, independently proposed that an invisibility cloak could be created from exotic
materials with abnormal optical properties. Such a cloaking device – working in the microwave region – was
manufactured later that year. The device was formed from so-called ‘metamaterial is’ exotic materials made from
complex arrays of metal units and wires. The metal units are smaller than the wavelength of light and so the materials
can be engineered to precisely control how electromagnetic light waves travel around them. They can transform space,
tricking electromagnetic waves into moving along directions they otherwise wouldn’t, says Leonhardt Federico Capasso,
an expert on the Casimir effect at Harvard University in Boston, is impressed. Using metamaterials to reverse the Casimir
effect is a very clever idea,’ he says. However, he points out that because metamaterials are difficult to engineer, it’s
unlikely that they could be used to levitate objects in the near future.
B. Capasso and his colleagues have also been working on an alternative scheme to harness a repulsive Casimir effect
Their calculations show that a repulsive Casimir force could be set up between a 42.7 micrometre-wide gold-coated
polystyrene sphere and a silicon dioxide plate if the two are immersed in ethanol. ‘Although the Casimir force between
any two substances – the ethanol and gold, the gold and the silicon dioxide, or the silicon dioxide and the ethanol – is
positive, the relative strengths of attraction are different, and when you combine the materials, you should see the gold
sphere levitate,’ he says. Capasso’s early experiments suggest that such repulsion could occur and that in turn could be
used to levitate one object above another. It’s very early work, and we still need to make certain this is really happening,
but we are slowly building up experimental evidence for quantum levitation, says Capasso, who presented his results at a
conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics in Rochester, New York, in June. This is a very exciting experimental
result because it is the first demonstration that we can engineer a repulsive Casimir force,’ says Leonhardt.
Questions 1-3
Complete each sentence with the correct ending A-F below.
1. Capasso is unconvinced that
2. Capasso has calculated that
3. Capasso has admitted that

a. gold can be used to produce levitation.

b. a particular type of ethanol has to be used
c. the levitation will last for only a few seconds
d. using metamaterials will help lead to levitation in the short term.
e. his experiment will be extremely costly to perform.
f. his idea is still only a theory.