CLARENDON COLLEGE

Roxas, Oriental Mindoro

Tel fax: (043)289-7056 / admin@clarendonph.com 
 
Subject Statistics and Probability
Grade Level-
Grade 11 – STEM
Section/Class/Strand
Module No. & Title Unit 2: SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
Duration Week 25: February 21, 2022

RANDOM SAMPLING METHODS
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson, the student:

 illustrates the Central Limit Theorem (M11/12SP-IIIe-2);

 defines the sampling distribution of the sample mean using the Central Limit Theorem (M11/12SP-III-3);
 solves problems involving sampling distributions of the sample mean (M11SP-IIIe-f-1).

TRIVIA! 
The population density in the Philippines is 343 per square kilometer (888 people per square mile). 

Let’s Develop!
Let the random variables 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 , … , 𝑥 be the number of cases that are independent and identically
distributed. If 𝐸 𝑋 𝜇 and Var 𝑋 𝜎 , then we can define the sample mean (𝑥̅ ):
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑇
𝑥̅
𝑛
where: 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑇 ∑ 𝑋

For a large sample size (𝑛), usually if 𝑛 30, the following formula for the 𝑧 score can be used regardless
of the shape of the population.
𝑥̅ 𝜇
𝑧 𝜎
√𝑛
and
𝑇 𝑛𝜇
𝑧
𝜎√𝑛
The Central Limit Theorem states that the sampling distribution of the mean of a random sample drawn
from any population is approximately normal for a sufficiently large sample size. The larger the sample size, the
closer the sampling distribution of 𝑋 and will resemble normal distribution.

Statisticians proved that the mean of the sampling distribution is always equal to the population mean. The
standard error is equal to for infinitely large population. But if the population is finite, the standard error is:
√

𝜎 𝑁 𝑛
𝜎 ̅ .
√𝑛 𝑁 1

where: 𝑁 population size

𝑛 sample size
The term is the finite population correction factor. If the population size is relatively large compared
to the sample size, the finite population correction factor is close to 1. Hence, the standard error is 𝜎 ̅ because
√
the finite correction factor is usually omitted.
The population size is relatively large if the population size at least 20 times larger than the sample size.
However, if the population from where the sample is taken is not normally distributed, the sample size (𝑛) is
considered large if 𝑛 30. If the population is normally distributed, the sample size (𝑛) can be either small or large.

Example 1: Let X be a random variable with 𝜇 25 and 𝜎 6. A sample size of 100 is taken from this population.
Find:
a. the probability that the sample mean is less than 24
b. the probability that the sample mean is equal to 26.5
Solution:
a. 𝑃 𝑥̅ 24
Using the formula in finding the areas under the normal curve,

𝑥̅ 𝜇
𝑃 𝑥̅ 24 𝑃 𝑧 𝜎
√𝑛

24 25
𝑃 𝑥̅ 24 𝑃 𝑧
6
√100

1
𝑃 𝑥̅ 24 𝑃 𝑧
6
√100
10
𝑃 𝑥̅ 24 𝑃 𝑧
6
𝑃 𝑥̅ 24 𝑃 𝑧 1.67
Refer to the z-table to find the area from 0 to 1.67.
Note: Check the attached z‐table for the needed data.

The value is 0.4525. this means that the area from 0 to -1.67 is 0.4525. to solve for 𝑃 𝑧 1.67 :
𝑃 𝑧 1.67 0.5 𝑃 𝑍 1.67

𝑃 𝑧 1.67 0.5 0.4525

𝑃 𝑧 1.67 0.0475 𝟒. 𝟕𝟓%
Answer: The probability that the sample mean is less than 24 is 4.75%.

b. 𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5
Using the formula in finding the areas under the normal curve,

𝑥̅ 𝜇
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧 𝜎
√𝑛

26.5 25
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧
6
√100
 1.5
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧
6
10
15
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧
6
15
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧
6
𝑃 𝑥̅ 26.5 𝑃 𝑧 2.5

Refer to the z-table to find the area from 0 to 2.5.

The value is 0.4938. This means that the area from 0 to 2.5 is 0.4938.

Answer: The probability that the sample mean is equal to 26.5 is 49.28%
Example 2: Let X be a random variable with 𝜇 20 and 𝜎 5. A sample size of 50 is taken from a normally
distributed population. Find the probability that:
a. The total of these 50 observations is greater than 950.
b. The total of these 50 observations lies between 975 and 1,100.
Solution:
a. 𝑇 950
Using the formula in finding the areas under the normal curve,
𝑇 𝑛𝜇
𝑃 𝑇 950 𝑃 𝑧
𝜎√𝑛
950 50 20
𝑃 𝑇 950 𝑃 𝑧
5√50
950 1000
𝑃 𝑇 950 𝑃 𝑧
5 7.07
50
𝑃 𝑇 950 𝑃 𝑧
35.35
𝑃 𝑇 950 𝑃 𝑧 1.41

Refer to the z-table to find the area from 0 to 1.41.

The value is 0.4207. This means that the area from 0 to 1.41 is 0.4207. To solve for 𝑃 𝑧 1.41 :
𝑃 𝑧 1.41 𝑃 𝑍 1.41 0.5
𝑃 𝑧 1.41 0.4207 0.5

𝑃 𝑧 1.41 0.9207 𝟗𝟐. 𝟎𝟕%

Answer: The probability that the total of these 50 observations is greater than 950 is 92.07%.
b. 𝑃 975 𝑇 1100

Using the formula in finding the areas under the normal curve,
 𝑇 𝑛𝜇 𝑇 𝑛𝜇
𝑃 975 𝑇 1100 𝑃 𝑧
𝜎√𝑛 𝜎√𝑛
975 50 20 1100 50 20
𝑃 975 𝑇 1100 𝑃 𝑧
5√50 5√50
975 1000 1100 1000
𝑃 975 𝑇 1100 𝑃 𝑧
5 7.07 5 7.07
25 100
𝑃 975 𝑇 1100 𝑃 𝑧
35.35 35.35
𝑃 975 𝑇 1100 𝑃 0.71 𝑧 2.83

Refer to the z-table to find the area from 0 to 0.71 and the area from 0 to 2.83.

The value is 0.2611 for 𝑧 0.71 and 0.4977 for 𝑧 2.83.

To solve for 𝑃 0.71 𝑧 2.83 :
𝑃 0.71 𝑧 2.83 𝑃 𝑧 0.71 𝑃 𝑧 2.83
𝑃 0.71 𝑧 2.83 0.2611 0.4977
𝑃 0.71 𝑧 2.83 0.7588 𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟖%