DEPARTMENT - IMCMT

KURUKSHETRA
UNIVERSITY

FUNDAMENTALS
OF INTERNET
Submitted By - Anuj Rana
M.Sc. Mass Communication (2nd Sem)
Class Roll No. - 17 Submitted To - Dr. Roshan Mastana
Examination Roll No. - 204336915 (Communication Technology)
Internet:-
The Internet is the global system of
interconnected computer networks
that uses the Internet protocol suite
(TCP/IP) to communicate between
networks and devices.

The Internet is a vast network that

connects computers all over the world.
Through the Internet, people can share
information and communicate from
anywhere with an Internet connection.
 History of Internet:-
In 1969, the U.S. Defence Department funded a project to develop a network, which can withstand
the bombing. Basically the idea was to develop a very secure network which can work even after a
nuclear attack. This project was known as ARPANET.

The proposed network was not supposed to have a central control – which would be an obvious
target. Ten years of research brought Local Area Ethernet Networks (LANs) and workstations were
developed to get connected to LAN. These workstations and LANs were then connected to the
ARPANET.

For next decade the ARPANET grew and its decentralized features helped its rapid expansion.
Computers connected to ARPANET used to standard or rule to communicate with each other.
This standard used by ARPANET is known as NCP (National Control Protocol).

Protocol is a network term used to indicate the standard used by a network for communication.
But the passing time and rapid change in information technology suppressed NCP and brought
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) in to the world of networking.
 History (Cont.):-
TCP converts messages into streams of packets at the source, and they are reassembled back into
messages at the destination. IP handles the dispatch of these packets. It handles the addressing,
and makes sure that a packet reaches its destination through multiple nodes and even across
multiple networks with multiple standards.

This flexibility of TCP/IP to handle multiple networks with multiple protocols encourages other
networks to get connected to ARPANET. Slowly the ARPANET became a massive network of
networks and now it is known as ‘Internet’.
WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) :-
WWW is the acronym for the World Wide Web. It is also
commonly known as ‘The Web’. The WWW is hypertext based
information retrieval tool.

The development of the World Wide Web was begun in 1989

by Tim Berners-Lee and his colleagues at CERN, an
international scientific organization based in Geneva,
Switzerland. They created a protocol, Hyper Text Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), which standardized communication between
servers and clients. Their text-based Web browser was made
available for general release in January 1992.

One can easily surf the Web by jumping from one document to
another using the links in those documents. Tim Berners - Lee

These documents can be in many formats, such as text,

graphics, animation, sound and latest is video. They may also
be a combination of all these.
WWW (Cont.) :-
All the information on Internet are presented to the user as a
document or more popularly known as Web Page. All these
Web Pages are link to each other or even to section within a
Web Page. And these links are known as Hyper Links.

The tool used to view these Web Pages on Internet is known as

Internet browser or simply browser.

It is a software program specifically developed to extract

information on user request from the Internet and present
them as a Web Page to the viewer.

There are several browsers available in the market. However

the most popular are Internet Explorer from Microsoft and
Netscape from Netscape Inc. The process of using browser to
view information on Internet is known as Browsing or Surfing.
Internet Protocol address:-
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a
numerical label assigned to each device connected to
a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for
communication. An IP address serves two main
functions: host or network interface identification and
location addressing.

Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) defines an IP address

as a 32-bit number. However, because of the growth of
the Internet and the depletion of available IPv4
addresses, a new version of IP (IPv6), using 128 bits for
the IP address, was standardized in 1998. IPv6
deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s.
IP (Cont.):- An IP address is a string of numbers separated by
periods. IP addresses are expressed as a set of four
numbers — an example address might be 192.158.1.38.
Each number in the set can range from 0 to 255. So,
the full IP addressing range goes from 0.0.0.0 to
255.255.255.255.

IP addresses are not random. They are mathematically

produced and allocated by the Internet Assigned
Numbers Authority (IANA), a division of the Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
(ICANN). ICANN is a non-profit organization that was
established in the United States in 1998 to help
maintain the security of the internet and allow it to be
usable by all. Each time anyone registers a domain on
the internet, they go through a domain name registrar,
who pays a small fee to ICANN to register the domain.
Web Page Domain:-
A web domain is an actual presence on the Internet,
such as a web page. Specifically speaking, a web
domain name is a substitute that replaces the Internet
Protocol (IP) address. For example, we can replace the IP
address 207.97.195.109 with a domain name such as
www.masscomm.com.

Making the translation from an IP address to a domain

name is accomplished through the Domain Name
System (DNS).

The primary purpose of a domain name is to help

visitors locate your web site with minimal effort. Your
web domain name is your identity on the Internet and
should be distinctive enough to set you apart from your
competition while being descriptive enough to impart
important information about you or your organization.
Generic Domain Labels :-
.com Commercial Organizations

.Edu Educational Institutions

.Gov Government Institutions

.Net Network support centers

.Org Non - profit organizations

Search Engine:-
A web search engine is a software system
that is designed to search for information
on the world wide web.
It uses the keywords to search for
documents that relate to those key words
and then put the result in order of
relevance to the topic that was searched
for.

Search engines are important because

with over 8 billion web pages available, it
would be impossible to search for the
information that is sepcifically needed
This is why search engines are used to filter
the information that is on the internet and
transform it into results that each
individual can easily access and use within
the matter of seconds.
Some popular search engines:-
Web browser:-
A software application used to access information on
the World Wide Web is called a Web Browser. When
a user requests some information, the web browser
fetches the data from a web server and then displays
the webpage on the user’s screen.

A web browser used Graphical Interface to help users

experience an interactive online session on the World
Wide Web

A web browser is a software application used to

retrieve data from webpages or HTML files present in
servers.
History of Web browser:-
“WorldWideWeb” was the first web browser created
by Tim Berners Lee in 1990. This is completely
different from the World Wide Web we use today

In 1993, the “Mosaic” web browser was released. It

had the feature of adding images and an innovative
graphical interface. It was the “the world’s first
popular browser”

After this, in 1994, Marc Andreessen (leader of Mosaic

Team) started working on a new web browser, which
was released and was named “Netscape Navigator”

In 1995, “Internet Explorer” was launched by

Microsoft. It soon overtook as the most popular web
browser
Cont.-
In 2002, “Mozilla Firefox” was introduced which was
equally as competent as Internet Explorer

Apple too launched a web browser in the year 2003

and named it “Safari”. This browser is commonly
used in Apple devices only and not popular with
other devices

Finally, in the year 2008, Google released “Chrome”

and within a time span of 3 years it took over all the
other existing browsers and is one of the most
commonly used web browsers across the world
Some popular web browsers:-
Thank
You