Chapter 4

EARTHQUAKE EDUCATION

OBJECTIVES: At the of the lesson the students are expected to :

1. Define earthquake and other terms related to it.
2. Discuss the precautionary measures.

An earthquake is a trembling or a shaking movement of the ground,

caused by the slippage or rupture of a fault within th
the
e Earth's crust. A sudden
slippage or rupture along a fault line results in an abrupt release of elastic
energy stored in rocks that are subjected to great strain.

An earthquake is a weak to violent shaking of the ground produced by

the sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface.
The earthquakes originate in tectonic plate boundary. The focus is point inside
the earth where the earthquake started, sometimes called the hypocenter,
hypocenter and
the point on the surface of the earth directly above the focus is called
the epicenter.
There are two ways by which we can measure the strength of an
earthquake: magnitude and intensity. Magnitude is proportional to the energy
released by an earthquake at the focus. It is calculated from earthquakes
recorded by an instrument called seismograph. It is represented by Arabic
Numbers (e.g. 4.8, 9.0). Intensity on the other hand is the strength of an
earthquake as perceived and felt by people in a certain locality. It is a
numerical rating based on the relative effects to people, objects, environment
and structures in the surrounding. The intensity is generally higher near the
epicenter. It is represented by Roman Numerals (e.g. II, IV, IX). In the
Philippines, the intensity of an earthquake is determined using the PHIVOLCS
Earthquake Intensity Scale (PEIS).

Definition of term;

In order to help you identify an earthquake hazard, familiarize yourself with

here under terms:

1. Aftershock- it is an earthquake of similar or lesser intensity that follows

the main earthquake.
Intensity
Scale Shaking Description

I Scarcely Perceptible to people under favorable circumstances.

Perceptible Delicately balanced objects are disturbed slightly. Still
Water in containers oscillates slowly.

II Slightly Felt by few individuals at rest indoors. Hanging objects

Felt Swing slightly. Still Water in containers oscillates noticeably.

III Weak Felt by many people indoors especially in upper floors of

Buildings. Vibration is felt like one passing of a light truck.
Dizziness and nausea are experienced by some people.
Hanging objects swing moderately. Still water in containers
Oscillates moderately.

IV Moderately Felt generally by people indoors and by some people

Strong Outdoors. Light sleepers are awakened. Vibration is felt
Like a passing of heavy truck. Hanging objects swing
Considerably. Dinner, plates, glasses, windows and doors
Rattle. Floors and walls of wood framed buildings creak.
Standing motor cars may rock slightly. Liquids in containers
Are slightly disturbed. Water in containers oscillate
Strongly. Rumbling sound may sometimes be heard.

V Strong Generally felt by most people indoors and outdoors. Many

Sleeping people are awakened. Some are frightened, some run
Outdoors. Strong shaking and rocking felt throughout building.
Hanging objects swing violently. Dining utensils clatter
And clink; some are broken. Small, light and unstable
Objects may fall or overturn. Liquids spill from filled open
Containers. Standing vehicles rock noticeably. Shaking of
Leaves and twigs of trees are noticeable.

VI Very Many people are frightened; many run outdoors.

Strong Some people lose their balance. Motorists feel like driving
in flat tires. Heavy objects or furniture move or may be shifted.
Small church bells may ring. Wall plaster may crack. Very old
or poorly built houses and man-made structures are slightly
Damaged though well-built structures are not affected.
Limited rock falls and rolling boulders occur in hilly
to mountainous areas and escarpments. Trees are noticeably
Shaken.
VII Destructive Most people are frightened and run outdoors. People find it
Difficult to stand in upper floors. Heavy objects and furniture
Overturn or topple. Big church bells may ring. Old or
Poorly-built structures suffer considerably damage.
Some well-built structures are slightly damaged. Some cracks
may appear on dikes, fish ponds, road surface, or concrete
Hollow block walls. Limited liquefaction, lateral spreading
And landslides are observed. Trees are shaken strongly.
(Liquefaction is a process by which loose saturated
Sand lose strength during an earthquake and behave like liquid).

VIII Very People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand even
Destructive Outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably
Damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are
Destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks
Are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted
Or overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments mat tilt
Or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man- made structure
To sink, tilt or topple. Numerous landslides and rock falls
Occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown
Out from their positions particularly near the epicenter.
Fissures and faults rapture may be observed. Trees are
Violently shaken. Water splash or stop over dikes or banks
Of rivers.
Very People are panicky. People find it difficult to stand even
Destructive Outdoors. Many well-built buildings are considerably
Damaged. Concrete dikes and foundation of bridges are
Destroyed by ground settling or toppling. Railway tracks
Are bent or broken. Tombstones may be displaced, twisted
Or overturned. Utility posts, towers and monuments mat tilt
Or topple. Water and sewer pipes may be bent, twisted or broken.
Liquefaction and lateral spreading cause man- made structure
To sink, tilt or topple. Numerous landslides and rock falls
Occur in mountainous and hilly areas. Boulders are thrown
Out from their positions particularly near the epicenter.
Fissures and faults rapture may be observed. Trees are
Violently shaken. Water splash or stop over dikes or banks
Of rivers.

IX Devastatin People are forcibly thrown to ground. Many cry and shake
g With fear. Most buildings are totally damaged. Bridges and
Elevated concrete structures are toppled or destroyed. Numerous
utility posts, towers and monument are tilted, toppled or
Broken. Water sewer pipes are bent, twisted or broken.
Landslides and liquefaction with lateral spreading and
Sand boils are widespread. The ground is distorted into
Undulations. Trees are shaken very violently with some
Toppled or broken. Boulders are commonly thrown out.
River water splashes violently on slops over dikes and banks.

X Completely Practically all man-made structures are destroyed. Massive

Devastatin landslides and liquefaction, large scale subsidence and
g Uplifting of land forms and many ground fissures are observed.
Changes in river courses and destructive stitches in large
Lakes occur. Many trees are toppled, broken and uprooted.

1. Earthquake- a sudden slipping or movement of a portion of the earth’s

crust accompanied and follow by series of vibrations.
2. Epicenter- the place on the earth’s surface directly above the point on
the fault where the earthquake ruptures began.
3. Intensity- the strength of earthquake based on the effects a person
experiences during an earthquake, and on the damage it caused.
4. Magnitude- the amount of energy is released which is computed from
the
5. Amplitude of the seismic waves.
6. Seismic waves- these are the vibrations that travel outward from the
earthquake
7. Fault at speeds several times per second.
 8. Seismograph- is a recording instrument used by the scientists to
determine the strength and location of earthquake. It is equipped with
sensors called seismometers that can detect ground motions caused by
seismic waves.

How earthquake are measured;

We always hear or read the word intensity and magnitude in the radio, on
television and in newspapers every time there is an earthquake.

Earthquake intensity scale;

REFERENCE:
For more information please click the link below
https://www.google.com/search?q=history+of+nstp+pdf&oq=histo&aqs=chrome.1.6
9i57j69i59l2.5576j0j7&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8
Book NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT VIA NATIONAL SERVICE TRAINING PROGRAM-
References: R.A. 9163 (CWTS 1)
https://www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph/index.php/earthquake/earthquake-intensity-
scale
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