Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review Questions
6-1
6-5 True, the auditor must rely on management for certain information in the
conduct of his or her audit. However, the auditor must not accept management's
representations blindly. The auditor must, whenever possible, obtain appropriate
evidence to support the representations of management. As an example, if
management represents that certain inventory is not obsolete, the auditor should
be able to examine purchase orders from customers that prove part of the
inventory is being sold at a price that is higher than the company's cost plus
selling expenses. If management represents an account receivable as being fully
collectible, the auditor should be able to examine subsequent payments by the
customer or correspondence from the customer that indicates a willingness and
ability to pay.
6-6
6-7 The cycle approach is a method of dividing the audit such that closely
related types of transactions and account balances are included in the same
cycle. For example, sales, sales returns, and cash receipts transactions and the
accounts receivable balance are all a part of the sales and collection cycle. The
advantages of dividing the audit into different cycles are to divide the audit into
more manageable parts, to assign tasks to different members of the audit team,
and to keep closely related parts of the audit together.
6-2
6-8
6-11 General audit objectives follow from and are closely related to
management assertions. General audit objectives, however, are intended to
provide a framework to help the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate
evidence required by the third standard of field work. Audit objectives are more
useful to auditors than assertions because they are more detailed and more
closely related to helping the auditor accumulate sufficient appropriate evidence.
6-12
TRANSACTION-RELATED AUDIT
RECORDING MISSTATEMENT OBJECTIVE VIOLATED
Fixed asset repair is recorded on the wrong Timing
date.
6-3
6-13 The existence objective deals with whether amounts included in the
financial statements should actually be included. Completeness is the opposite of
existence. The completeness objective deals with whether all amounts that
should be included have actually been included.
In the audit of accounts receivable, a nonexistent account receivable will
lead to overstatement of the accounts receivable balance. Failure to include a
customer's account receivable balance, which is a violation of completeness, will
lead to understatement of the accounts receivable balance.
6-14 Specific audit objectives are the application of the general audit objectives
to a given class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure.
There must be at least one specific audit objective for each general audit
objective and in many cases there should be more. Specific audit objectives for a
class of transactions, account balance, or presentation and disclosure should be
designed such that, once they have been satisfied, the related general audit
objective should also have been satisfied for that class of transactions, account,
or presentation and disclosure.
6-15 For the specific balance-related audit objective, all recorded fixed assets
exist at the balance sheet date, the management assertion and the general
balance-related audit objective are both "existence."
6-17 For the specific presentation and disclosure-related audit objective, read
the fixed asset footnote disclosure to determine that the types of fixed assets,
depreciation methods and useful lives are clearly disclosed, the management
assertion and the general presentation and disclosure-related audit objective are
both "classification and understandability."
The auditor uses these four phases to meet the overall objective of the
audit, which is to express an opinion on the fairness with which the financial
statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position, results of
operations and cash flows in conformity with GAAP. By accumulating sufficient
appropriate evidence for each audit objective, the overall objective is met. The
accumulation of evidence is accomplished by performing the four phases of the
audit.
6-4
Multiple Choice Questions From CPA Examinations
6-21 a. The purpose of the first part of the report of management is for
management to state its responsibilities for internal control over
financial reporting. The second part of the report states
management’s responsibility for the fair presentation of the financial
statements.
6-22 a.
6-5
6.22 (continued)
6-6
6-22 (continued)
6-23
a. b. c.
FINANCIAL
CLASS OF STATEMENT TITLE OF TRANSACTION
TRANSACTIONS BALANCE JOURNAL CYCLE
PURCHASE Purchase returns Acquisitions Acquisition &
RETURNS & allowances Journal Payment
6-7
6-23 (continued)
a. b. c.
FINANCIAL
CLASS OF STATEMENT TITLE OF TRANSACTION
TRANSACTIONS BALANCE JOURNAL CYCLE
6-8
6-24 a.
INCOME STATEMENT
CYCLE BALANCE SHEET ACCOUNTS ACCOUNTS
SALES AND Accounts receivable Sales
COLLECTION Cash Bad debt expense
Notes receivable--trade Interest income
Allowance for doubtful accounts
Interest receivable
ACQUISITION Income tax payable Income tax expense
AND PAYMENT Accounts payable Advertising expense
Unexpired insurance Travel expense
Furniture and equipment Purchases
Cash Property tax expense
Accumulated depreciation of Depreciation expense—
furniture and equipment furniture and equipment
Inventory Telephone and fax
Property tax payable expense
Insurance expense
Rent expense
PAYROLL AND Cash Sales salaries expense
PERSONNEL Accrued sales salaries Salaries, office and
general
INVENTORY Inventory Purchases
AND
WAREHOUSING
CAPITAL Bonds payable Interest expense
ACQUISITION Common stock
AND Cash
REPAYMENT Notes payable
Retained earnings
Prepaid interest expense
b. The general ledger accounts are not likely to differ much between a
retail and a wholesale company unless there are departments for
which there are various categories. There would be large differences
for a hospital or governmental unit. A governmental unit would use the
fund accounting system and would have entirely different titles.
Hospitals are likely to have several different kinds of revenue accounts,
rather than sales. They are also likely to have such things as drug
expense, laboratory supplies, etc. At the same time, even a
governmental unit or a hospital will have certain accounts such as
cash, insurance expense, interest income, rent expense, and so forth.
6-9
6-25
a. Management assertions about transactions relate to transactions and
other events that are reflected in the accounting records. In contrast,
assertions about account balances relate to the ending account
balances that are included in the financial statements, and assertions
about presentation and disclosure relate to how those balances are
reflected and disclosed in the financial statements.
b. c.
CATEGORY OF
MANAGEMENT NAME OF
MANAGEMENT ASSERTION ASSERTION ASSERTION
a. All sales transactions have Classes of transactions Completeness
been recorded.
b. Receivables are appropriately Presentation and Classification and
classified as to trade and other disclosure understandability
receivables in the financial
statements and are clearly
described.
c. Accounts receivable are Account balances Valuation and
recorded at the correct allocation
amounts.
d. Sales transactions have been Classes of transactions Cutoff
recorded in the proper period.
e. Sales transactions have been Classes of transactions Classification
recorded in the appropriate
accounts.
f. All required disclosures about Presentation and Completeness
sales and receivables have disclosure
been made.
g. All accounts receivable have Account balances Completeness
been recorded.
h. There are no liens or other Account balances Rights and obligations
restrictions on accounts
receivable.
i. Disclosures related to accounts Presentation and Accuracy and
receivable are at the correct disclosure valuation
amounts.
j. Recorded sales transactions Classes of transactions Occurrence
have occurred.
k. Recorded accounts receivable Account balances Existence
exist.
l. Sales transactions have been Classes of transactions Accuracy
recorded at the correct
amounts.
f. Disclosures related to sales and Presentation and Occurrence and rights
receivables relate to the entity. disclosure and obligations
6-10
6-26
SPECIFIC BALANCE-
RELATED AUDIT MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE ASSERTION COMMENTS
a. There are no 2. Completeness Unrecorded transactions or
unrecorded amounts deal with the
receivables. completeness objective.
b. Receivables have 4. Rights and Receivables not being sold or
not been sold or obligations discounted concerns the rights
discounted. and obligations objective and
assertion.
c. Uncollectible 3. Valuation or Providing for uncollectible
accounts have been allocation accounts concerns whether the
provided for. allowance for uncollectible
accounts is adequate. It is part
of the realizable value objective
and the valuation or allocation
assertion.
d. Receivables that 3. Valuation or This is part of the realizable
have become allocation value objective and the
uncollectible have valuation or allocation
been written off. assertion. There may also be
some argument that this is part
of the existence objective and
assertion. Accounts that are
uncollectible are no longer valid
assets.
e. All accounts on the 3. Valuation or Accounts that are not expected
list are expected to allocation to be collected within a year
be collected within should be classified as long-
one year. term receivables. It is therefore
being included as part of the
classification objective and
consequently under the
valuation or allocation
assertion.
f. The total of the 3. Valuation or This is part of the detail tie-in
amounts on the allocation objective and is part of the
accounts receivable valuation or allocation
listing agrees with assertion.
the general ledger
balance for accounts
receivable.
6-11
6-26 (continued)
SPECIFIC BALANCE-
RELATED AUDIT MANAGEMENT
OBJECTIVE ASSERTION COMMENTS
g. All accounts on the 3. Valuation or Concerns the classification of
list arose from the allocation accounts receivable and is
normal course of therefore a part of the
business and are not classification objective and the
due from related valuation or allocation
parties. assertion. Some people believe
that like item e., it is a part of
presentation and disclosure.
h. Sales cutoff at year- 3. Valuation or Cutoff is a part of the cutoff
end is proper. allocation objective and therefore part of
the valuation or allocation
assertion.
6-12
6-27 (continued)
b. c.
GENERAL
TRANSACTION-
SPECIFIC TRANSACTION- MANAGEMENT RELATED AUDIT
RELATED AUDIT OBJECTIVE ASSERTION OBJECTIVE
a. Recorded cash disbursement 3. Accuracy 8. Accuracy
transactions are for the amount
of goods or services received
and are correctly recorded.
b. Cash disbursement transactions 3. Accuracy 9. Posting and
are properly included in the summarization
accounts payable master file and
are correctly summarized.
c. Recorded cash disbursements 1. Occurrence 6. Occurrence
are for goods and services
actually received.
d. Cash disbursement transactions 4. Classification 10. Classification
are properly classified.
e. Existing cash disbursement 2. Completeness 7. Completeness
transactions are recorded.
f. Cash disbursement transactions 5. Cutoff 11. Timing
are recorded on the correct
dates.
6-28
6-13
6-29
a. The first objective concerns amounts that should not be included on
the list of accounts payable because there are no amounts due to such
vendors. This objective concerns only the overstatement of accounts
payable. The second objective concerns the possibility of accounts
payable that should be included but that have not been included. This
objective concerns only the possibility of understated accounts
payable.
b. The first objective deals with existence and the second deals with
completeness.
c. For accounts payable, the auditor is usually most concerned about
understatements. An understatement of accounts payable is usually
considered more important than overstatements because of potential
legal liability. The completeness objective is therefore normally more
important in the audit of accounts payable. The auditor is also
concerned about overstatements of accounts payable. The existence
objective is also therefore important in accounts payable, but usually
less so than the completeness objective.
6-14
6-30 (continued)
b.
GENERAL BALANCE-
RELATED AUDIT SPECIFIC BALANCE-RELATED
OBJECTIVE AUDIT OBJECTIVE
1. EXISTENCE d. Fixed assets physically exist and are being used for the
purpose intended.
6. DETAIL TIE-IN c. Details of property, plant, and equipment agree with the
general ledger.
8. RIGHTS AND b. The company has valid title to the assets owned.
OBLIGATIONS
f. The company has a contractual right for use of assets
leased.
6-15
Case
b. Because the amount of the loans from the bank to Ritter increased, the
bank probably wanted additional assurance about the reliability of
the financial statements. It is also likely that Rene Ritter negotiated
the one percent reduction of the interest rate by offering to have an
audit instead of a review. A one percent reduction in the interest
rate saves Ritter $40,000 annually compared to the $15,000
additional fee for an audit.
6-16
6-31 (continued)
d. As the external auditor, the firm of Gonzalez & Fineberg provides the
stockholders, creditors, and management an independent opinion
as to the fair presentation of the financial statements. Given the
potential biases present when management prepares the financial
statements, the stockholders and creditors must consider the
potential for information risk that might be present. The
independent audit conducted by Gonzalez & Fineberg helps
stockholders and creditors reduce their information risk.
Management also benefits by having the external auditors
independently assess the financial statements even though those
statements are prepared by management. Due to the complexities
involved in preparing financial statements in accordance with
generally accepted accounting principles, the potential for
misstatement on the part of management increases the need for an
objective examination of those financial statements by a qualified
independent party.
e. The auditor is responsible for obtaining reasonable assurance that
material misstatements are detected, whether those misstatements
are due to errors or fraud. To obtain reasonable assurance, the
auditor is required to gather sufficient, appropriate evidence.
Auditors’ chief responsibility to stockholders, creditors, and
management is to conduct the audit in accordance with auditing
standards in order to fulfill their responsibilities of the engagement.
6-17
Internet Problem Solution: Reasonable Assurance for Reports on
Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
6-1 Auditors conduct their work with the goal of providing reasonable, as
opposed to absolute, assurance to the readers of their reports on internal control
over financial reporting. Auditors have been responsible for issuing audit reports
on financial statements based on the concept of reasonable assurance for some
time; however, difficulties in applying the concept to audits of internal control over
financial reporting became evident during the first year of implementation of
Section 404 of SOX. As a consequence of these and other difficulties, the
PCAOB [http://www.pcaobus.org/Rules/Docket_008/2005-05-16_Release_2005-
009.pdf] and SEC [http://www.sec.gov/news/press/2005-74.htm] issued
statements regarding the concept of reasonable assurance.
1. Read the statements issued by the PCAOB and SEC on May 16,
2005 and briefly describe the apparent underlying cause(s) for
auditors’ failure in applying the concept of reasonable assurance.
Hint: Read the portion of the PCAOB’s policy statement entitled
“The Importance of Professional Judgment.”
2. Why do you think firms had such difficulty in applying the concept of
reasonable assurance during the first year of implementation of
Section 404?
6-18
6-1 (continued)
Answer: There are likely a variety of reasons for the difficulty. For
example, auditors were unfamiliar with the particular requirements
of Auditing Standard No. 2 and may have been mechanical in
responding to it with the expectation that by doing so they would
achieve greater consistency in applying the new standard. Also,
many auditors were likely being conservative in their approaches
and, as a result, over-testing some controls and under-testing other
controls. The important point that the PCAOB and SEC guidance
makes is that auditors must exercise their professional judgment
and not be mechanical in applying the standard.
(Note: Internet problems address current issues using Internet sources. Because Internet
sites are subject to change, Internet problems and solutions may change. Current
information on Internet problems is available at www.prenhall.com/arens.)
6-19