第四章Chapter 4

中国人的生活
Chinese People’s Life
内容提要
Essentials

1. 古代中国人的衣食住行
Basic Necessities of Ancient Chinese
2. 古代中国的语言文字
Language and Characters of Ancient China
3. 古代中国的书法、绘画、音乐、舞蹈
Chinese Calligraphy, Painting, Music and Dance
4. 中国古代的礼仪风俗
Customs and Ceremonies of Ancient Chinese
Society
 古代中国人的衣食住行
Basic Necessities of Ancient
Chinese
读前思考 Pre-reading Questions

1. 中国古代皇帝的龙袍主要使用什么颜色？不同地
位的人服饰有什么不同？
What is the major color of the emperor’s imperial
robe in ancient China? What is the difference in
clothing of people from various statuses?

2. 古代中国人一天吃几顿饭？他们进餐时也像现代
中国人这样围在一起 共吃一桌饭吗？
How many times did ancient Chinese people
have meals every day? Did they have meals
sitting around the table like modern Chinese?
人凭衣服马凭鞍

Clothes are for people

like the saddle is for a
horse
 穿衣戴帽有讲究
Dressiness of Clothes and Hats
中国从夏（约前2070—前1600）、商开始，衣着就有了一
定的规范，到周代则逐渐形成了一套冠服制度。
From the earliest times of the Xia and Shang Dynasties
the ancient Chinese outlined strict dress codes and by
the Zhou era there existed a sets of clothes for all the
different ranks in society.

冠是一般贵族男子所戴的帽子。中 国古代贵族男子20岁举行
冠礼，冠就是已经成人的标志。在公开场合都要戴冠，否则是违
反礼仪的行为。
The hat was only worn by aristocratic men. In ancient
China, noble men were presented with their hat during a
ceremony in their 20th year and this would then demark
their status in society.Indeed, it would be an offense
against the written codes of conduct to appear in public
without one’s hat。
 穿衣戴帽有讲究
Dressiness of Clothes and Hats

普通平民则不得戴冠，只能戴帻，也就是戴头巾。帻一般是黑
色的，秦朝称百姓为“黔首”，“黔”即黑色，据说是因为老百
姓戴黑头巾。
Common people were forbidden from wearing actual hat
and instead adopted a head cloth to cover their hair. The
term qianshou (black headed people), coined under the
Qin Dynasty for common people stems from the fact that
these head cloths were usually black.
 商周时期，衣服款式通常是上衣下裳。裳即裙子，不分男
女都可穿用。
 In the Shang and Zhou periods clothing usually consisted
of a gown wornabove the waist and a skirt below.The skirt
was worn by men and women alike.
 贵族在裙子外边系上一片丝绣的装饰，作为身份尊贵的标
志。到了春秋时期，上衣下裳被连接起来，下面垂到踝部，
称为“深衣”，也就是长的衣服。
 Noble men would attach silk tassels to their skirts as a
sign of status. By the Spring and Autumn Period the two
garments were worn as one long single itemwhich would
extend all the way down to the ankle.
 普通人则穿粗麻布做成的短衣，这种短衣叫“褐”。
 Commoners wore he (coarse garment) made of hemp.
 贵族在裙子外边系上一片丝绣的装饰，作为身份尊
贵的标志。到了春秋时期，上衣下裳被连接起来，
下面垂到踝部，称为“深衣”，也就是长的衣服。
Noble men would attach silk tassels to their skirts
as a sign of status. By the Spring and Autumn
Period the two garments were worn as one long
single itemwhich would extend all the way down
to the ankle.
 普通人则穿粗麻布做成的短衣，这种短衣叫“褐”。
Commoners wore he (coarse garment) made of
hemp.
衣冠禽兽
a beast in human cloth
A wicked person
 服饰的等级意义
Grading Meaning of Clothes and Decorations
秦汉之后，为了维持统治秩序，衣着服饰等级制度更加完善。
In order to maintain political order after China was
unified under the Qinand Han dynasties, systems of
demarcating rank and status through clothing were
refined.

清朝龙袍
Imperial dragon robe of
Qing Dynasty 绯袍 青袍 绿袍
 各级官吏与普通百姓的衣着服饰，从式样、用料到颜色、
花纹，都有明显的不同，不能有差错，更不能混淆。
 Distinctions between different ranking officials and
between commoners were made using various types of
clothes, colours and patterns. Thedistinctions made
were all very clear so as to avoid confusion.

 如唐宋以后，After the Tang and Song era

 龙袍与黄色成为皇帝的专用服饰及颜色，“黄袍加身”
成为登上皇帝宝座的代用语。皇帝的服饰和颜色，其他
人绝不能使用，否则将被视为“大逆不道”。
 The dragon robe came to symbolise the emperor and
yellow became the imperial colour during the Qing,
thereby coining the phrase “to put on a yellow robe”,
meaning to crown an emperor.It was forbidden for
anyone else to be seen wearing the same colour as the
emperor and to do so was considered treason or
heresy.
一般而言，一品至四品的官员，穿绯袍；五品至七
品，穿深蓝色的青袍；八品和九品，穿绿袍。
Traditionally, officials holding 1st–4th rank wore
dark red, whereas lower officials between 5th–
7th rank wore dark blue.Those who were 8th or
9th rank wore green.
而平民百姓则禁止穿官服颜色的衣服，以免与官服
相混淆。
The common people were forbidden from
The
wearing any of these colours.

你知道成语“衣锦还乡”是怎么来的？
什么意思吗？
Do you know the origin and the
meaning of the saying “to return
home brocaded”?
 官服一般是在履行公务和参加典礼时使用，平时官吏
也可穿便服。什么场合穿什么服饰也都有礼仪规定，不能
乱穿。各级官吏不论级别高低，如果正式见面，一方穿官
服，则另一方也应穿官服接待。下级官员穿官服拜见上级，
上级如果不穿官服接见，就会显得失礼。
 Officials normally only wore full regalia during state
occasions and would often just wear ordinary clothes for
day to day work. Each special occasion required a
different wardrobe etiquette which should be strictly
adhered to regardless of rank. This meant that even when
lowly officials came to visit high ranking officials, both
sides should show mutual respect by both dressing in full
official robe.
所以，古代中国人讲究衣着以及穿衣的场合，归根到底
是因为重视以社会等级关系为出发点的礼仪、礼节。
In ancient China, clothes played an important role in
expressing the importance Chinese people placed on
respecting rituals.
朝会和宴会
Ceremony
Headgear of banquet or court
无法显示图像 。计算机可能没有足够 的内存以打开该图像，也可能是该图像已损坏。请重新启动计算机，然后重新打开该文件。如果仍然显示红色 “x”，则可能需要删除该图像，然后重新将其插入。

金缕玉衣 jīn lǚ yù yī The jade cloth with gold thread

读前思考 Pre-reading Questions

1. 你印象里当代中国人日常穿什么样的衣服？是民
国时代的旧式服装，还是20世纪60、70年代人人
清一色的绿军装？当代中国人的着装有什么特点？

What’s your impression on daily clothing of

modern Chinese people, costumes of the
Republic of China, are all dressed alike in green
outfit of 1960s and 1970s? What are
characteristics of modern Chinese clothing?
2. 中国人一直都以自己的饮食文化为骄傲，因为
在中国“饮食”已经不仅是“吃”或“吃什么”
这么简单，同时还含有丰富的文化内涵。你了
解的中国饮食包含哪些文化内涵？

Chinese people are always proud of their

eating and drinking culture, because 饮食 is
more than “eat” or “what to eat”, it contains
lots of cultural contents. What kinds of cultural
contents do you know about Chinese eating
and drinking?
 时尚成为服装的焦点
Fashion Becomes the Focus in Clothing
 中国人在着装方面讲
求时尚是在改革开放后
才真正开始的。
 Chinese people only
started to make a return to
fashion in the early 1980s
with the Reform and
Opening-up of Chinese
economic life.

当代中国流行的时尚服装
Fashion clothing popular in modern China
 时尚成为服装的焦点
Fashion Becomes the Focus in Clothing
 20世纪80年代以来，中国服装的样式趋于多元
化，人们对服装的要求已经从御寒保暖发展到追
求时尚、彰显个性。
 People’s ideas about clothing changed from purely
wanting to stay warm in winter to wishing to express
themselves with various different styles.
 这种变化不仅体现在服装本身，也表现在与服
装相关的配饰及其他外在因素中。
 Chinese people started to pay attention to accessories
such as scarves, bags and hairstyles.
 越来越红的中国风
Chinese Style Becomes More Popular
在追寻国际时尚的潮流中，中国也开始在服装方面挖掘传统
文化的价值，为创新提供灵感。
While following international clothing fashions the
Chinese have been conscious not to abandon traditional
elements of clothing design.

唐装
Tang suit
 越来越红的中国风
Chinese Style Becomes More Popular
“唐装”风
A trend in wearing the Tang style suit
它拉动了中国服装市场上强劲的民族风，越来越多的人开始
选择具有中国元素的服装。
Since that time,such fashion has made a comeback, especially among
many Chinese people dressing up for holidays and special occasions,
which are seen as appropriate times to revive traditional elements of
Chinese culture.
唐装表达着“喜庆”、“富丽”这样的吉祥意义。
We think of the Tang style suit as signifying special meanings
like happiness and auspicious occasions。
 旗袍风
 the cheongsam
 诠释了中国式的审美观念。
 It can be said to denote the
traditional Chinese sense of
beauty.
旗袍不仅成为中国人在日常
庆典场合展现自身魅力的服饰，
更与T台和银幕结下了不解之缘。
如电影《花样年华》。
The cheongsam can be found not only
at special occasions but also has an
affinity with the catwalk and silver
旗袍
screen.It appeared in many films, Cheongsam
such as the film Huayang Nianhua.
 从一日两餐到一日三餐
From Two Meals a Day to Three Meals a Day
 在汉唐以前，农耕习惯使古代的中国人大都一日两餐，以适应“日出
而作，日落而息”的农业社会作息规律。
 As ancient China was predominantly rural the rhythm of daily life
dictated only two meals a day and the pace of life was set by the
rising and setting of the sun.

Food is limited!
汉代以后，随着社会生产的发展，家庭财富逐步增加，一日三餐制才出现并逐
步普及，但两餐制在贫困家庭依然存在。
The custom of two meals per day continued until the Han Dynasty, at
which point, with the average Chinese family becoming wealthier only the
poorest maintained the tradition of two meals, with most enjoying three.

到了唐代，由于物质财富的极大丰富，一日三餐制成为人们普遍采用的饮食制
度，一直沿用至今。
By the Tang Dynasty China was experiencing times of unprecedented
peace and prosperity and the three-meals-a-day became the national
norm to today.

I have to be a monk!!!
Price increasing
 从单坐分食到围桌合食
From Individual Serving to Communal Dining
古代中国人饮食方式主要采用分食制。
Chinese people started out eating individual servings of food.
如甲骨文的“飨”字，像两人面对面跪着吃东西。
The bone inscription character xiang (fete) symbolises two
people sitting opposite eachother eating

那时没有椅子或凳子，跪坐是
当时最常见的一种起居姿势。
In ancient times people sat on 长信宫灯
Gilt bronze
the floor because there was no chair. human-shaped lamp
Eluchun people
韩熙载夜宴图 五代
宴饮图 唐墓壁画 fresco
 从单坐分食到围桌合食
From Individual Serving to Communal Dining

想一想：
跪坐在什么上面呢？
What did people sit or kneel
on?

所以我们现在所说的“筵席”、“酒席”、“喜筵”
都与宴请和吃饭有关，即由此而来。
Usually a reedmat, and now many of the Chinese
words for feast include the word for mat,such as jiuxi.
 魏晋南北朝至唐代，受各少数民族的坐卧用具和
饮食习俗的影响，围桌而坐的合食制，已渐渐取
代分食制，成为饮食的又一种主要方式。
 From the age of disunion after the Han until
Tang times China was in disarray, with many
different ethnic groups entering from the
northbringing with them their own culinary habits
which came into conflict with established ways of
dinning. A change took place in eating habits
involving a greater emphasis on communal
eating with diners sat on chairs.

 从1000多年前的宋代开始，合食制已经相当普遍。
 A thousand years ago in the Song Dynasty
communal dinning was in widespread use.
《清明上河图》中的桌案饮食
Diet on table in Riverside Scene at
Qingming Festival

饮食方式随时代而变化，现代在合食中也有分食。
Eating habits changed with the times.Now people
started to adopt a system of individual plate in
communal dinning.
Beer/wine drinking in ancient Irak
 Blending Wines

Mixing wines by siphoning, perhaps at a banquet.

上海震惊世界的甲肝流行
 读前思考 Pre-reading Questions

1. 中国最著名的宫廷建筑和民居建筑有哪些？它们各有什么
特点？
What are the famous court constructions and folk
buildings? What are their features?

2. 中国古代的造船航海技术在哪些方面在当时是领先世界的？
思考为何中国宋明时期的造船航海技术如此先进，
但却没有像15、16世纪的欧洲那样，最终走上海外殖民
的道路？
In what aspects of marine technology did the ancient
China go ahead in the contemporary world? Why didn’t
China embark on further expansion road like some
European countries in the 15th and 16th century, while
China’s ship building and marine technology was so
advanced in the Song and Ming Dynasties?
 礼制文化与古典建筑
The Etiquette Culture and Classic Architecture

 建筑是日常生活的必需场所。中国古代建筑主要有两
大类，一是帝王宫廷建筑；二是普通民居建筑。
 Buildings are a daily necessity and in ancient China one
could find two main building styles, imperial palaces and
state buildings and the dwellings of ordinary folk.

 古代中国的建筑通过等级、类型、体积及数量、房屋
的宽度、深度、屋顶、装饰、颜色等，深刻地体现了中国
文化中的尊卑观念和等级制度，体现一种富有礼制文化含
义的空间。
 Architecture of ancient China expressed a ritualized
culture of social status through the design, space,
number of rooms, height of the ceiling, width of the
rooms and interior décor.
 N

北京故宫
The Imperial Palace in Beijing
 故宫的一系列建筑都位于北京城的中轴线上，反映了“王者居天下之中”
的传统思想。
 The very location of the palace, right on the central axis of the city
demonstrates the traditional value that the rulergoverns from the center
of the world.
黄瓦 Yellow tile Special for the emperor 8704 rooms

红墙 Red wall

金饰 Golden ornamentation

白石 White stone
读前思考 Pre-reading Questions
到现在为止，你的汉语水平已经有很大提高了。
那么，你对汉语的历史了解多少？现在的中国人
说普通话，而古代中国人讲什么样的汉语呢？又
使用什么样的汉字呢？
Up to now your Chinese proficiency has improved a lot.
What do you know about the history of the Chinese
language? Now Chinese speak Putonghua (Mandarin).
However, what kind of Chinese language did the people
speak in ancient times? And what kind of characters did
they use?
 各具特色的老式住房
Old-fashioned Houses with Various
Characteristics
 中国幅员辽阔 ,房屋建筑也常常表现出地域的差异，形成了各有特色的
景观。
 The vastness of China, as we have seen with culinary culture lends
itself to a great many regional variations, is very much the case also
for architecture.

 在北方农村，最常见的是平房，北京的四合院是北方民居的代表。在南
方，徽州民居的粉墙黛瓦 、江南古镇的小桥流水、湘西民居的吊脚竹楼、
福建客家人的围屋也独具特色。
 In the north, villages are dominated by the use of single-story houses
and in the capital, Beijing, the traditional courtyard house is the
mostrepresentative style. In the south the people of Huizhou in Anhui
built houses with white walls and elaborate black tiled roofs, as well as
the distinctive style of Jiangnan water towns, the hanging bamboo huts
of western Hunan and the unique circular houses of the Hakka people
in Fujian.
Chuandixia in Beijing
Shannxi Zhejiang

Yunnan Xinjiang
 江南古镇周庄
Zhouzhuang: an ancient town of the South

湘西凤凰吊脚竹楼
Hanging bamboo huts in Fenghuang in Southwest
of Hunan Province
 此外，少数民族的民居，如新疆维吾尔族的砖石结构的房
屋、蒙古族的蒙古包等，也都非常有特色。
 Ethnic minority housing comes in the shape of brick built
houses in Xinjiang and Mongolian yurts.

新疆维吾尔族砖石结构的房屋 蒙古族蒙古包
Xinjiang Uygur ethnic group’s house built in bricks Mongolian yurt of Mongolian ethnic group
 但随着城市化进程的加速，现在大多
数地区的房屋都逐渐被现代化的建筑替代，
那些独具特色的建筑大多都保留在旅游区
景点，很多的老式民居却在城市化的进程
中遗憾地消失了。
Nowadays, however, many Chinese cities
are undergoing rapid modernisation with
old buildings making way for the new, and
most of the traditional architecture is now
only preserved in tourism zones.
 城市住房消费模式的改变
Changes in the Consumption Pattern
of Urban Housing
 中国改革开放的30年间，城市和农村的住房都发生了巨大的变
化。
 In the last 30-plus years of Reform and Opening-up, living
conditions in both urban and rural areas have changed
considerably.

在中国新兴的乡镇，居民的住房
面积在逐步扩大。房屋购买方式也由单
位福利分房、缴付房租为主，转变为自
费购房为主。

In newly planned villages the space

allocated for living has been
increased, with a shift occurring in
how people acquire their housing
away from the old system of work
unit houses to people buying their
own house. 正在建设的楼盘
Buildings under construction
 另一方面，随着城市流动人口的增多，楼房租赁也
成为解决住房问题的一种重要方式。
 Another factor is that with more people migrating
to live in cities, the demand for rental
accommodation is also high.

但一般来说，大多数中国人都将租赁房屋作为
暂时性的选择。这与中国人注重“居有定所”的传统
思想观念有关，因为租房本身充满了不稳定性。
Nevertheless, for most Chinese people renting is
only a temporary option, with many preferring to
opt for the long term security of house ownership
as opposed to the instability of renting.
 农村住房的改善
Upgrading of Housing in Rural Areas
 在中国很多农村地区，居住条件已有了根本的改善。
 Just like housing in urban areas has seen massive change,
and rural areas are no different.
在不同省份、不同地区，农村
的经济发展水平有所不同。一般来
说，经济发展比较迅速的地区，如
北京、天津、广东、江苏、浙江等
地区，农村的住房条件一般比较好。

Efforts are being made to

improve the living conditions of
people in rural areas, however
this must take into account the
varying levels of economic
development from region to
region and village to village. In
places like rural Beijing, Tianjin, 江苏华西村
Huaxi Village in Jiangsu Province
Guangdong, Jiangsu and
Zhejiang, conditions are good
 在经济稳步发展的地区，农村的住房条件也逐渐实现
现代化。引进自来水、集体供暖及其他先进的能源技
术，形成可持续利用资源的生活方式，如用液化气来
代替传统的烧柴火做饭的方式，使用太阳能、数字电
视等。

 In regions of stable economic growth rural housing is

modernising with running water, central heating and
other amenities of modern life, such as gas cookers
that have replaced old wood burning stoves, solar
powered electrical appliances and digital TV
 农村开始普及使用太
阳能
Solar energy is
popular in use in
rural areas

近些年中国开始大力推行的“新农村建设”规划，
正在很大程度上改善农村的住房面貌。
In recent years the government has begun a
plan for the renewal of rural areas.
 自行车、私家车及城市公共交通
Bicycles, Private Cars and Urban Public
Traffc
 在20世纪80年代乃至90年代初期，将中国比喻成自行车大
国是再贴切不过的。
 In the 1980s and 1990s China earned the nickname as
the land of the bicycle.

 随着中国经济发展和城市规模的扩大，自行车这样的代步
工具逐渐减少，私家车的比例则不断上升。
 Along with China’s recent fast paced economic
development and the increase of urban areas moset cities
have seen a decline in the use of the bicycle and an
upward trend in people purchasing private cars.
1970’s
1980’s
1990’s
2000’s
 交通拥堵成了这个大都市迫在眉睫 、急
需解决的问题，于是“限行”被提了出来，不
仅如此，“十二五”期间中国政府还决定大幅
削减公车数量，并在北京等城市开始实行买
车“摇号”政策以控制汽车数量。

Congestion has become a pressing problem

for China’s inner cities and measures such as
the “Traffic Restriction” have been
introduced. to In addition, the Chinese
government has decided to drastically
decrease the number of official vehicles and
has introduced a car buyers lottery in big
cities such as Beijing to curb the number of
北京熙熙攘攘的马路
new vehicles on the road. The rush of cars in
Beijing
 在大多数大中城市，市民出行也越来越喜欢使用公共
交通，地铁、公交车、出租车等日益成为市民出行的
主要方式。
 In many large and middle-sized cities people are
now choosing more and more to travel by bus,
metro or taxi.

上下班期间的上海地铁
Shanghai subway in
the rush hour of
commuting
 城市、区域间的高速交通
High-speed Transport Between
Cities and Areas
 近年来，中国在高速铁路交通领域进步神速。中国高速铁路动
车组被命名为“和谐号”，也称CRH系列。CRH是China Railway
High Speed（中国高速铁路）的缩写。
 Over the last few years the development of China’s highspeed
rail network has been moving forward at an astonishing pace.
The new trains are called CRH, or China Railway High Speed.

高速行驶的“和
谐号”动车组
CRH driving at a
high speed
 2008年底，国内首列时速300公里的动车组问世。2011年
1月13日，中国自主创新研制的新一代“和谐号”高速动车
组，在京沪高速铁路运行试验中创造了每小时487.3公里的
世界铁路运营试验最高速，再次刷新世界纪录。截至2010
年7月，中国投入运营的高速铁路已达到6920公里，已在建
设的高速铁路有1万多公里。目前，中国是世界上高速铁路
发展最快、系统技术最全、集成能力最强、运营里程最长、
运营速度最高、在建规模最大的国家。高铁极大地方便了
交通运输和百姓出行。

 At the end of 2008 China witnesed the first train to travel

at 300 kph and on January 13th 2011 the Chinese
unveiled their own design next generation CRH trains to
run between Beijing and Shanghai at 487.3 kph, a new
world record. By July 2010 a total of 6 920 km of high
speed track had been completed, with a total of 10 000 km
still under construction. China is leading the way in world
high speed rail transportation.
安全航空
Air Safety
The status of Civil Aviation
Administration of China
internationally in terms of
passenger numbers has
climbed from 37th globally
in 1978 to 2nd in 2005. In
2010 the number of air
passengers reached 267
000 000 and looks set to
carry on growing. Beijing
Capital International
Airport alone took over 70
000 000 passengers in
繁忙的北京首都国际机场航站楼
2010, making it the Busy scene at terminal station of
Beijing Capital International Airport
world’s 2nd busiest
airport.
No.3 Terminal Forthcomong Daxing
international airpot
 进入新的世纪，中国民航基础设施建设发
展也非常迅速，市场体系已经孕育形成，全方
位、多层次的对外开放格局已初步建立，航空
安全水平也极大提高。中国民航2005年至2009
年连续5年全行业没有发生运输飞行事故，航空
运输安全达到国际先进水平。
 Along with the increased demand that the new
century has placed on the China aviation
authority, every effort has been made to
maintain safety. From 2005to2009 China
boasted five straight years of accident free
aviation, thus proving that China now fully
meets with international standards.
 中国传统艺术的魅力
The Glamor of Chinese Traditional
Arts
读前思考 Pre-reading Questions

1. 书法和绘画的起源分别是什么？有人说中国“书画同源”，
你同意吗？为什么？
What are the origins of Chinese calligraphy and painting?
Some people say that Chinese calligraphy and painting
has the same origin, do you agree? Why?

2. 中国的舞蹈、音乐等艺术传统与古印度、古希腊罗马、近
现代西方相比，可以说有很大差别。那么，中国古代的舞
蹈、音乐有什么样的特点？哪些方面最吸引你？
Compare Chinese dance and music as well as other
artistic traditions with ancient India, ancient Greek and
Rome, modern West, you will find great differences
among them. In that case, what are the features of
Chinese ancient dance and music? What achievements
impress you the most?
 由汉字而书法
From Chinese Character to Calligraphy

 书法是由汉字发展而来的一种书写艺术。
 Calligraphy developed as an art form along with the
formation of Chinese characters.
从商朝的甲骨文到汉末魏晋之间的书法艺术的形成，
大约经历了1500年的历史。
The history of calligraphy can be traced back to early times,
primarily taking shape over the 1 500 year period between
the Shang to the end of the Han.
 由汉字而书法
From Chinese Character to Calligraphy

从商朝到汉末，是中国书法的萌芽时期，经历甲骨文、金
文、大 篆、小篆、隶书、楷书、行书、草书等阶段。
That period of time is considered to be the beginnings
of Chinese calligraphy, including styles such as oracle
bone inscription, seal script, clerical script, running
script and grass script.

著名的书法家： “书圣” 王羲之

the master calligrapher:“god of calligraphy”Wang
Xizhi
 唐代：达到了中国书法艺术的最高峰。唐代的楷书、行书、
草书都跨入 了一个新的境界。
By the time of the Tang Dynasty
Chinese art had reached a high
point in refinement that generations 颜真卿书法
Yan Zhenqing’s
to this very day have imitated as a calligraphy

golden standardin brush work.

著名的书法家：欧阳询、褚遂良、 孙过庭、
怀素、颜真卿、柳公权等 。
Famous artists and calligraphers:Ouyang Xun, Zhu Suiliang, Sun
Guoting, Huai Su, Yan Zhenqing and Liu Gongquan.

唐禇遂良临摹王羲
之《兰亭集序》
  宋代的著名书法家：苏轼、黄庭坚、米芾和 蔡襄。
The famous Song Dynasty calligraphers Su Shi,
Huang Tingjian, Mi Fu and Cai Xiang.

米芾书法《苕溪诗卷》局部
Part of Mi Fu’s
calligraphy Poem at
Shaoxi

黄庭坚书法《松风阁诗》

 宋徽宗赵佶
宋徽宗赵佶的“瘦金体”
“Slender Gold
“瘦金体” Characters” written
by Zhao Ji , Emperor
Emperor Huizong’s Huizong of Song
“Slender Gold Dynasty
Characters”
 此后，虽然历代都出现过著名的书法家，如宋末元初的赵孟、
明代的董其昌等，且他们的书法都有自己的个性特点和很高的
艺术成就，但总体来说，都难以超越王羲之、颜真卿、米芾等
人。
 Even so, despite the expressive andcreative nature of later
calligraphers such as Zhao Mengfu of the Yuan Dynasty and
Dong Qichang of the Ming, none of them could surpass the
earlier works of Wang Xizhi, Yan Zhenqing, Mi Fu and others.

小结：中国人认为书法是一个人性格和情感的真实流露。所
以，仅仅把字写得很好看是不够的，关键是要有自己独特的风
格和韵味。
Summary:Calligraphy reflects the sole of the Chinese people and the
Chinese elieve that one’s personality can be echoed through
calligraphy.
 形神兼备的中国绘画
Chinese Painting as the Unity of Form and Spirit

 中国美术的早期形式（新石器时代的仰韶文化）： 彩陶的
几何纹饰和生动的动植物纹样。
 The earliest version of Chinese art comes from the
Neolithic site at Yangshao. The pottery work from
Yangshao has clear animal motif markings.
帛画《龙凤仕女图》 ~500BC-200BC
The Portrait of A Lady with 长沙马王堆汉墓帛画 2100 BP
Dragon and Phoenix on silk
 魏晋时期，史书上才开始记载画家的姓名。
顾恺之（348—409）是中国绘画史上第一个有画作传世的著
名画家。

Despite China’s
many centuries of
painting history, it was
not until the 3rd to 6th
centuries that history
started to record the
names of the artists.
Gu Kaizhi
(348–409) was the first
professionally named
artist in Chinese
history whose artistic
work can still be seen
today.
《洛神赋图》
 顾恺之是佛教壁画家和人物肖像画家，并提出“以形写神”
的绘画理论。
Gu specialized in Buddhist murals and portraits and
excelled at showing people’s personality through the
medium of paint. Gu Kaizhi was also one for the first to write
art theory, and he extolled the idea of “showing spirit
through form”.
形似

神似

《洛神赋图》
 是以贞观十五年（641年）吐蕃首领松赞干布与文成公主联姻的历史事件为
题材，描绘唐太宗接见来迎娶文成公主的吐蕃使臣禄东赞的情景。

The emperor of the Tang dynasty met the envoys from the anceint Tibet
 山水画是中国画的主要种类。
 One of the main genres of Chinese art is the shanshui
(mountains and water), or landscape, painting.
 隋代的展子虔（约550—604）的画作被前人评价为“写江山远
近之势尤工，故咫尺有千里之趣。”
 Zhan Ziqian (550?–604) of the Sui Dynasty was one
of the most influential landscape artists known for “painting
rivers and mountains both near and far with great skill,
capturing the essence up close of thousands of miles”.
这句话里的“咫尺千里”，概括出中国山水画的主要特点，
即在有限的篇幅中表现山水的无限与遥远。
The idea that one could“capture the essence up close of
thousands of miles”sums up the main principle of Chinese
shanshui painting, that of a sense of great distance in a small
space.
隋 展子虔《游春图》Stroll About in Spring by Zhan Ziqian, Sui Dynasty
  唐代 ：“画圣” 吴道子
Tang Dynasty:“god of painting”Wu Daozi

他曾在长安、洛阳一带寺庙中绘
制壁画。
He was famous for his unique Buddhist
temple murals in both Chang’an and
Luoyang.

画作特点：想象奇异，造型准确，
风格独特。
Features:fancy imagination,
pinpoint sculpt,unique style
 宋代和元代是中国绘画艺术的鼎盛期。
The Song and Yuan dynasties were the peak
in Chinese artistic achievement.

随着画院的设立，宫廷绘画呈现兴旺的景
象。新的绘画内容也开始出现。
At that time many art academies began
to appear and court sponsored art flourished.
 1.北宋张择端：《清明上河图》生动地描绘了都城汴京（今河
南开封）的繁华景象，展示了当时的社会生活风貌。
1.Zhang Zeduan of the Northern Song dynasty:The painting employs a
relatively long frame, yet manages to capture a busy street scene in the
capital Bianliang (present day Kaifeng, Henan Province).

张择端《清明上河图》
Zhang Zeduan’s Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival
 2.宋徽宗赵佶也是著名的画家，他的花
鸟画强调精细的描绘，栩栩如生。
2.emperor Huizong of the Song was a skilled
artist, indeed, he is most well known for his
vivid depiction of birds.

3.元代赵孟提倡复古，主张青绿设色和
古朴的山水构图。
3.The Yuan era artist Zhao Mengfu
promoted a painting
style of restoring
ancientry.

《鹊华秋色图》Autumn Scenes
 佛教对中国古代绘画艺术也有很大的影响。
 The impact of Buddhism on classical Chinese
painting was,very profound.
最著名是的甘肃敦煌莫高窟壁画。
The most famous example of this is the murals in the
Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang.

敦煌莫高窟《摩诃萨埵本生》摹本
Copy of Life of Mahasattva in Mogao Grotto at
Dunhuang
舞蹈纹陶盆 Dancing during the prehistorical period
 婀娜多姿的古典舞蹈
Vivid Classical Dance
 唐朝是中国舞蹈发展史上的黄金时代，也是伴乐舞蹈的
全盛时期。
 The Tang dynasty was the golden age of Chinese
dance and a high point in dance accompanied by
music.
1.唐玄宗 与 “梨园”。 “梨园弟子”
1.the emperor Xuanzong&Liyuan(Pear garden),. "Liyuan juniors"
2.唐代的舞蹈和音乐很多都受到了西域的影响。
2.Tang dance and music was heavily influenced by Central
Asian styles
 宋元之后，由于战乱频繁，汉唐时代的许多著名舞蹈逐渐
失传。戏曲逐步代替了歌舞艺术。
 By the Song and Yuan times war had disrupted much of
the culture and many famous dances from the Han and
Tang times were lost.

小结：与其他民族相比，似乎汉民族
不是一个喜欢跳舞的民族。舞蹈仅
存在于宫廷里和宴会上，或者出现
在市井的表演舞台上，离老百姓的
日常生活比较远。
Summary:Compared with other civilizations,
the dance does not play a major role in
everyday life of Chinese people and was
mostly reserved for court functions.For
ordinary Chinese,dancing normally only
occurs during festivals and special occasions.
东汉击鼓陶俑
The pottery figurine of playing the
drum of the Eastern Han Dynasty
 古代中国的音乐艺术
The Art of Music in Ancient China
 儒家思想认为礼和乐都是维护统治秩序的工具，二者相辅相成。音乐能起
到感化作用，具有重要的社会功能。
 Confucian thinking considers that music and rituals are
inseparable.During the performance of rituals music played the
important role of setting the toneand emotion of the occasion.

 汉代设立了管理和采集音乐的专门机构“乐府”，当时为了演奏各种风格
的歌曲，还出现了很多新乐器，有竖笛、古筝、琵琶、箜篌等。
 The Han Dynasty saw the establishment
of the government department of music
that was charged with collecting and
protecting knowledge of all the various
styles of folk music . At that time many
new instruments were invented such as
the guzheng, pipa and konghou, the first
being a horizontal harp.
古代演奏乐器的陶俑
The ancient pottery figurines of playing
music
instruments
http://www.sz-news.com.cn/www/wenhua/bz/2007/02/05/1197032287572755.htm

Zenghou Yi Bells made of bronze, around 2500-2200 BP

 三国两晋南北朝，外国音乐如天竺的佛曲、中亚安息国和东亚高丽的音乐陆
续传入。
 The 3rd to 6th centuries was one of the first turbulent periods of Chinese
history and it was during this time that foreign instruments from India, the
Middle East and Korea started to appear in China.

 隋唐时期，国家统一，国力强盛。不同民族、不同风格的音乐相互借鉴，融
合创新，使传统的音乐艺术步入繁荣时期。
 By the Sui and Tang the reunified China,was once more powerful. With a
multitude of different nationalities living side-byside came an interesting new
brand of music.

 宋代城市繁荣，市民阶层扩大，城市游乐场所和专业艺人大量增加，以说唱、
戏曲为主的多种民间音乐形式迅速发展，北方有杂剧，南方有南戏。隋唐以
来的曲子在宋代广为传唱，直接导致了宋词的繁荣。
 In the great metropolises of the Song street performances were
commonplace and different local styles soon sprang up, a sung form of
poetry known as ci becoming most popular.
 到明代，杂剧逐渐衰落，南戏开始兴盛。南戏的四大声腔，海
盐腔、余姚腔、弋阳腔、昆山腔都获得了发展。
 By the Ming the southern form of opera was in vogue, with
the Nanjingstyle known as kunju the most popular.
 到了清朝乾隆年间，流行于江南地区的以皮黄腔为主要声腔的
新剧种来到北京演出，并与北京流行的昆曲等剧种不断融合，
终于产生了中国最大的戏曲剧种“京剧”。
 By the Qing new forms had arisen including Beijing’s very
own opera style known as jingju.

京剧表演
Performance of
Beijing Opera
京剧脸谱
Facial painting of Beijing Opera
 旦 Dan
生 Sheng

净 Jing

丑 Chou
 中国古代的礼仪风俗
Customs and Ceremonies of
Ancient Chinese Society
读前思考 Pre-reading Questions

中国一直以来都被称为“礼仪之邦”，你知道中
国古代有哪些礼仪、节日和风俗？说说为什么会
形成这样的礼仪、节日和风俗?
China is always called the country of civility.
What do you know about the proprieties,
festivals and customs in ancient China? And
why do those come into being?
 中国古代习俗和礼节
Customs and Ceremonies in Ancient China
 古代中国的礼仪可分为政治与生活两大类。
 China’s rituals can be divided into two categories,
those of government and those of everyday life.

政治类：祭天、祭地、祭宗庙、祭孔子等。
Government rites include sacrifices to heaven, the earth,
the emperor’s ancestors and Confucius.
生活类：丧礼、冠礼、婚礼等。
Everyday rites include births, marriages and funerals.
 中国古代习俗和礼节
Customs and Ceremonies in Ancient China
中国是礼仪之邦，周朝就
有讲礼仪的书，规定得非常
细致。此外，官场座次、宴
会席次，都很有讲究，主要
是区分贵贱尊卑。
China places huge emphasis
of rituals and since the
Zhou Dynasty there was a
detailed manual of rituals to
be followed, even including
模拟中国古代祭天仪式 details on where to sit
Imitation of worshipping heaven in ancient China
during a feast.
古代中国人都有自己的生辰八字和属相。
In ancient times people believed that
from the exact date of a person’s birth
you could predict their future.
生辰八字指一个人出生的年、月、日、时。
属相又称十二生肖。古代男女婚配时，讲究彼
此的生肖属相是否和谐。
Included in this prediction was a person’s
zodiac sign, one of the 12 animals of the
Chinese zodiac cycle. When matchmaking
couples, people would often go by the signs of
the zodiac
西安市郊唐墓出土彩绘十二生肖陶俑
 传统节日和民俗文化
Traditional Festivals and Folk Cultures

 我们在第四章曾经简单提到中国的传统节日，
中国是一个长期以农业为主的国家，有很多在农业
活动中形成的传统节日。其中有四个最重要的节日：
春节、清明节、端午节和中秋节。
 In Chapter 4 we took a brief look at China’s
traditional festivals and discovered that as
China’s history has been dominated by
agriculture, many of her festivals are also based
around an agricultural theme. The four most
important festivals are: Chunjie (Spring Festival;
Chinese New Year), Qingmingjie (Tomb Sweeping
Festival), Duanwujie (Dragon Boat Festival),
Zhongqiujie (Mid-autumn Festival).
 春节，是汉文化圈多数国家的农历新年，过春节又称
过年。春节是中国民间最隆重、最富有特色的传统节日，也
是最热闹的节日。
 Spring Festival, for China and those countries in the Sino-
cultural sphere means the start of a new year. For Chinese
people the Spring Festival is by far the most important,
traditional and lively festival of the year.

燃放烟花、鞭炮欢度春节
Setting off fireworks and fire
crackers to celebrate the Spring
Festival
 过年时，人们要写春联 、贴春联、祭祀祖先、神明。
除夕，全家人要一起吃团圆饭，燃放鞭炮、烟花来庆祝新年
的到来。正月初一、初二，人们就开始四处走亲访友，传递
新年的祝福。
It is traditional at this time of year to decorate the house with
lucky symbols, make sacrifices to the ancestors and the
gods. On New Year’s Eve the whole family gets together for
a meal and sees in the New Year at mid-night in a brilliant
performance of of
fireworks and firecrackers. On New Year’s Day and the day
after, it is traditional to visit relatives and friends to wish
them luck in the coming year.
 现代人由于工作繁忙，并不能完全按照传统来庆祝节日。
从2008年开始，春节假期法定为除夕和正月初一、初二，另
外通过和相邻两个周末的倒休 ，春节假期一般从除夕开始，
一直持续到正月初七或者初八。这在一定程度上弥补了人们
对传统文化的眷恋。
Nowadays, people lead busy lives and so many traditional festivals
have dropped by the wayside. From 2008 only New Year’s Eve
and the first two days were given as legal holidays, with four
additional days added by using the weekends either side, meaning
that people usually take 6~7 days off work.

 清明节在每年公历4月5日前后，主要习俗有扫墓祭祖、踏青
郊游等。
 Tomb Sweeping Festival always falls around the 5th April
on the Western calendar and consists primarily of visiting
and tending to the graves of one’s ancestors and
spending pleasant walks in the countryside during the first
of the warm weather.
 端午节，在每年农历的五月初五，这一天必不可少的活动有吃粽子 、赛
龙舟、挂艾叶等。
 Dragon Boat Festival falls on the fifth day of the fifth month of the lunar
calendar and includes eating Chinese Zongzi(sticky rice akes),watching
dragon boat races and hanging Chinese mugwort leafs.

据说，吃粽子和赛龙舟是为了纪念屈原（约前339—约前278），挂艾
叶是为了避邪。
It is said that the Zongzi and races are to remember the death of the ancient poet
Qu Yuan (339B.C.?–278B.C.?) and the Chinese mugwort dispels evil.

端午节吃粽子、赛龙舟
Eating zongzi and holding dragon-boat race on the
Dragon Boat Festival
 中秋节，在每年的农历八月十五。中秋节的晚上，
月亮又圆又亮，中国人便会产生望月怀乡之感。中
秋节这一天，人们都要吃月饼 以示“团圆”。
 Mid-autumn Festival is celebrated on the fifteenth
day of the eighth month of the lunar calendar and it
is traditional at this time to gaze at the bright full-
moon and long for one’s hometown.Moon cakes
are shared at this time to signify family reunion.

中国之外，受中华文化的影响，中秋节也是东南亚和东
北亚一些国家，尤其是生活在当地的华人华侨的传统节日。
Outside of China, especially in other Asian countries such
as Korea, Mid-autumn Festival also enjoys a prominent
place on the calendar.
 The Mid-Autumn Festival
15th day of the 8th lunar month

团圆节 [tuán yuán jié]

The full moon is a symbol for family reunion, which is why that day is
also known as the Festival of Reunion.
中秋节全家团
圆吃月饼
The family
enjoys a
reunion and
eating
mooncakes
on Mid-
Autumn
Festival
 时至今日，四大传统节日在中国仍是十分盛行的节日，尽管如此，
它们曾在很长时间里并不是国家法定节假日。中国政府非常重视非物
质文化遗产 的保护，2006年5月20日，经国务院批准，端午节与中秋
节一起被列入第一批《国家级非物质文化遗产名录 》。从2008年起，这
四大节日一起成为国家法定节日。2009年9月30日，中国端午节成功入
选《世界人类非物质文化遗产代表作名录》。

 Despite the above mentioned four festivals now all enjoying full
recognition, this was not always the case. In line with the Chinese
government’s emphasis on intangible cultural heritage, all the four
traditional festivals were listed as the “Intangible Cultural Heritage in
China” approved for the first time by the state Council on 20th May
2006 From 2008 all four were named legal holidays and as of 30th
September 2009 the Dragon Boat Festival received international
recognition as a world heritage.
1、Spring Festival春节
过年
• The Chinese New Year is now popularly known as the Spring
Festival because it starts from the Beginning of Spring, which is the
most important festival in China. Chinese people observe Spring
Festival in the same way that western people observe Christmas
Day. Spring Festival is the time for family reunion. Children who stay
far away from home will return home during the season, which lasts
15 days since the eve of lunar year until the lantern festival.
 过年
• Chinese also call Spring Festival “Guo
Nian ”. The word "Guo" in Chinese has
both the meaning of "pass-over" and
"observe". The word Nian, which in
modern Chinese solely means "year", was
originally the name of a monster beast that
started to prey on people the night before
the beginning of a new year .
 The legend about “Nian”

• “Nian” was a monster with antennae. It was very rude and lived at
the bottom of the sea. It went ashore on lunar New Year’s Eve to
devour people and animals. People were scared of it.

• On every lunar New Year’s Eve, in order to keep themselves safe,

people fled to the mountains, bringing along the old and the
young.

• From then on, people living in the village knew how to drive “Nian”
off. It is the reason why we Chinese people like wearing red clothes
and setting off firecracker on lunar New Year’s Eve.
• It is an age-long custom. On lunar New Year’s Eve: we wear new
clothes and hats, especially red ones; we wish our relatives and
friends a happy new year, we have red antithetical couplets on our
doors, we set off firecracker, we light candles and wait for the new
year to come.
 春联Chun lian
spring festival couplets
门神 Door-god Gods of Gate
年三十，包饺子，熬一宿
new year's eve,make dumpling and staying-up
放鞭炮set off firecrackers
2、元宵节 The Lantern/Yuanxiao Festival
• The 15th day of the first lunar month, the first full moon after the
Spring Festival, is the occasion for the Lantern Festival.

• It is customary to eat special sweet dumplings called Yuanxiao元宵

and enjoy displayed lanterns灯笼 during this festival.
• Yuanxiao, round balls made of glutinous rice flour stuffed with sugar
fillings, symbolize reunion.
• The custom of enjoying lanterns at this time of the year dates back
to the first century, and has continued to be popular through China
up to present.
• On this festive night many cities hold lantern fairs to display many
exotic and sometimes weirdly shaped multi-colored lanterns.
• In rural areas the local people gather together and enjoy themselves
as spectators and participants setting off fireworks, walking on stilts,
performing with dragon lanterns, dancing the yangge and other folk
dances and playing on swings.
 3、端午节
The Dragon Boat Festival
• The fifth day of the fifth lunar month is a traditional festival in China, the dra
gon boat festival.

• There are some other names of the dragon boat festival, such as Chong Wu
festival, Wu Ri festival, the day of poet and so on.

• It had been traditional custom of Chinese that celebrate the dragon boat fest
ival two thousand years ago, for there are a lot of areas, lots of people, and
a lot of stories about the dragon boat festival, they not only made many diffe
rent names of the dragon boat festival, but also formed so many different cu
stoms

• For example, daughters go back Mother’s home, people hangs Zhong Kui
’s portrait on the wall, maybe some people goes to meet the spirit boat. Th
e most popular custom in the dragon boat festival is eating Zong Zi
(a pyramid-shaped dumpling made of gluttonous rice糯
米 wrapped in a bamboo or reed leaves), people also throw Zong Zi into Mi
Luo River.
It is said there was a patriotic named Qu Yuan jumped into the Mi Luo River,
people throw Zong Zi into Mi Luo River to feed the fishes in the river, so the
y
would not eat Qu Yuan’s body.
• The 15th day of the 8th lunar month

• The joyous Mid-Autumn Festival was celebrated on the fifteenth day of the
eighth moon, around the time of the autumn equinox. Many referred to it
simply as the "Fifteenth of the Eighth Moon".

• This day was also considered as a harvest festival since fruits, vegetables
and grain had been harvested by this time and food was abundant. Food
offerings were placed on an altar set up in the courtyard. Apples, pears,
peaches, grapes, pomegranates, melons, oranges and pommels might be
seen.
• Special foods for the festival included moon cakes, cooked taro芋头 and
water caltrop蒺藜, a type of water chestnut resembling black buffalo horns.
Some people insisted that cooked taro be included because at the time of
creation, taro was the first food discovered at night in the moonlight. Of all
these foods, it could not be omitted from the Mid-Autumn Festival.
• The round moon cakes, measuring about three inches in
diameter and one and a half inches in thickness,
resembled Western fruitcakes in taste and consistency.
• These cakes were made with melon seeds, lotus seeds,
almonds, minced meats, bean paste, orange peels and
lard. A golden yolk from a salted duck egg was placed at
the center of each cake, and the golden brown crust was
decorated with symbols of the festival.
• Traditionally, thirteen moon cakes were piled in a
pyramid to symbolize the thirteen moons of a "complete
year," that is, twelve moons plus one intercalary moon.
• The Mid-Autumn Festival is a traditional festivity for both the Han and minority
nationalities. The custom of worshipping the moon can be traced back as far
as the ancient Xia and Shang Dynasties (2000 B.C.-1066 B.C.). In the Zhou
Dynasty (1066 B.C.-221 B.C.), people hold ceremonies to greet winter and
worship the moon whenever the Mid-Autumn Festival sets in.

• It becomes very prevalent in the Tang Dynasty(618-907 A.D.) that people

enjoy and worship the full moon. In the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-1279
A.D.), however, people send round moon cakes to their relatives as gifts in
expression of their best wishes of family reunion. When it becomes dark, they
look up at the full silver moon or go sightseeing on lakes to celebrate the
festival. Since the Ming (1368-1644 A.D. ) and Qing Dynasties (1644-
1911A.D.), the custom of Mid-Autumn Festival celebration becomes
unprecedented popular.
• Together with the celebration there appear some special customs in different
parts of the country, such as burning incense, planting Mid-Autumn trees,
lighting lanterns on towers and fire dragon dances. However, the custom of
playing under the moon is not so popular as it used to be nowadays, but it is
not less popular to enjoy the bright silver moon.

• Whenever the festival sets in, people will look up at the full
silver moon, drinking wine to celebrate their happy life or
thinking of their relatives and friends far from home, and
extending all of their best wishes to them.
小结(Summary)：

古代礼仪和风俗经过长时 间的发展和变化，有些
流传到今天，仍在生活中发挥着重要的作用。
Customs and rituals are constantly changing right
up to today and continueto play a vital role in
society.
但是，中国古代礼仪和风俗也有很繁琐的一面，因
此有些已经中断了很长时间的传统礼俗如何得到恢复，
并且更好地融入现代生活，却不是一个简单的问题。
Many of the old customs now seem outdated and
have thus either died out or adapted to the
modern pace of life. In the recent past
many old customs were seen as poisonous and
feudal and so in modern China we are faced with
the difficult task of trying to rehabilitate many old
rituals back into our daily lives.
1.Key Words and Phrases
In your own words, please describe the meaning and
importance of the following key words and phrases
concerning the topic of this chapter.

Feng shui 风水

Mandarin 普通话

calligraphy 书法

Chinese landscape paintings 山水画

Beijing opera京剧

the Chinese animal zodiac 十二生肖

2.Group Discussion
In groups of 3~4 classmates, please discuss what you have
learned about China's culinary, artistic,musical, dance and
other cultural aspects and compare it to that of other
ancient civilizations such as that of India, Greece, Egypt
and others. At the end of the group discussion each group
should select one person to give a 6-minute summary of
the group’s findings.
3.Research and Practice
In this chapter we learned about life in ancient China.
Imagine you are living in ancient China, how would you
describe your lifestyle? Through in-the-field investigations,
interviewing your Chinese friends and teachers, visiting
museums and browsing websites, please prepare an 8-
minute speech giving your own impression of this topic.
4.Further Reading
Should you be interested in learning more about the lives of
the ancient Chinese, below are some useful resources to get
you started:
1. Insight into Chinese Culture, Ye Lang and Zhu Langzhi,
Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
2008.6.
2. The Most Beautiful Chinese Classical Paintings,
Beijing:China Youth Publication, 2011.8.
3. Website of Ministry of Culture of the People’s Republic
of China http: //www.ccnt.gov.cn
4. Website of China Culture http: //www.chinaculture.org