SECTION 4 been the proximate and only cause of the loss.
However, the
Common Carriers (n)
SUBSECTION 1. General Provisions
Article 1732. Common carriers are persons, corporations,
firms or associations engaged in the business of carrying or
transporting passengers or goods or both, by land, water, or
air, for compensation, offering their services to the public.
Article 1733. Common carriers, from the nature of their
business and for reasons of public policy, are bound to observe
extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods and for
the safety of the passengers transported by them, according to
all the circumstances of each case.
Such extraordinary diligence in the vigilance over the goods is
further expressed in articles 1734, 1735, and 1745, Nos. 5, 6,
and 7, while the extraordinary diligence for the safety of the
passengers is further set forth in articles 1755 and 1756.
SUBSECTION 2. Vigilance Over Goods
Article 1734. Common carriers are responsible for the loss,
destruction, or deterioration of the goods, unless the same is
due to any of the following causes only:
(1) Flood, storm, earthquake, lightning, or other
natural disaster or calamity;
(2) Act of the public enemy in war, whether
international or civil;
(3) Act or omission of the shipper or owner of the
goods;
(4) The character of the goods or defects in the
packing or in the containers;
(5) Order or act of competent public authority.
Article 1735. In all cases other than those mentioned in Nos.
1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 of the preceding article, if the goods are lost,
destroyed or deteriorated, common carriers are presumed to
have been at fault or to have acted negligently, unless they
prove that they observed extraordinary diligence as required in
article 1733.
Article 1736. The extraordinary responsibility of the common
carrier lasts from the time the goods are unconditionally
placed in the possession of, and received by the carrier for
transportation until the same are delivered, actually or
constructively, by the carrier to the consignee, or to the person
who has a right to receive them, without prejudice to the
provisions of article 1738.
Article 1737. The common carrier's duty to observe
extraordinary diligence over the goods remains in full force
and effect even when they are temporarily unloaded or stored
in transit, unless the shipper or owner has made use of the
right of stoppage in transitu.
Article 1738. The extraordinary liability of the common
carrier continues to be operative even during the time the
goods are stored in a warehouse of the carrier at the place of
destination, until the consignee has been advised of the arrival
of the goods and has had reasonable opportunity thereafter to
remove them or otherwise dispose of them.
Article 1739. In order that the common carrier may be
exempted from responsibility, the natural disaster must have
common carrier must exercise due diligence to prevent or
minimize loss before, during and after the occurrence of flood,
storm or other natural disaster in order that the common carrier
may be exempted from liability for the loss, destruction, or
deterioration of the goods. The same duty is incumbent upon
the common carrier in case of an act of the public enemy
referred to in article 1734, No. 2.
Article 1740. If the common carrier negligently incurs in
delay in transporting the goods, a natural disaster shall not free
such carrier from responsibility.
Article 1741. If the shipper or owner merely contributed to the
loss, destruction or deterioration of the goods, the proximate
cause thereof being the negligence of the common carrier, the
latter shall be liable in damages, which however, shall be
equitably reduced.
Article 1742. Even if the loss, destruction, or deterioration of
the goods should be caused by the character of the goods, or
the faulty nature of the packing or of the containers, the
common carrier must exercise due diligence to forestall or
lessen the loss.
Article 1743. If through the order of public authority the
goods are seized or destroyed, the common carrier is not
responsible, provided said public authority had power to issue
the order.
Article 1744. A stipulation between the common carrier and
the shipper or owner limiting the liability of the former for the
loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods to a degree less
than extraordinary diligence shall be valid, provided it be:
(1) In writing, signed by the shipper or owner;
(2) Supported by a valuable consideration other than
the service rendered by the common carrier; and
(3) Reasonable, just and not contrary to public policy.
Article 1745. Any of the following or similar stipulations shall
be considered unreasonable, unjust and contrary to public
policy:
(1) That the goods are transported at the risk of the
owner or shipper;
(2) That the common carrier will not be liable for any
loss, destruction, or deterioration of the goods;
(3) That the common carrier need not observe any
diligence in the custody of the goods;
(4) That the common carrier shall exercise a degree
of diligence less than that of a good father of a
family, or of a man of ordinary prudence in the
vigilance over the movables transported;
(5) That the common carrier shall not be responsible
for the acts or omission of his or its employees;
(6) That the common carrier's liability for acts
committed by thieves, or of robbers who do not act
with grave or irresistible threat, violence or force, is
dispensed with or diminished;
(7) That the common carrier is not responsible for the
loss, destruction, or deterioration of goods on account
of the defective condition of the car, vehicle, ship,
 airplane or other equipment used in the contract of
carriage.

Article 1746. An agreement limiting the common carrier's

liability may be annulled by the shipper or owner if the
common carrier refused to carry the goods unless the former
agreed to such stipulation.

Article 1747. If the common carrier, without just cause, delays

the transportation of the goods or changes the stipulated or
usual route, the contract limiting the common carrier's liability
cannot be availed of in case of the loss, destruction, or
deterioration of the goods.

Article 1748. An agreement limiting the common carrier's

liability for delay on account of strikes or riots is valid.

Article 1749. A stipulation that the common carrier's liability

is limited to the value of the goods appearing in the bill of
lading, unless the shipper or owner declares a greater value, is
binding.

Article 1750. A contract fixing the sum that may be

recovered. by the owner or shipper for the loss, destruction, or
deterioration of the goods is valid, if it is reasonable and just
under the circumstances, and has been fairly and freely agreed
upon.

Article 1751. The fact that the common carrier has no

competitor along the line or route, or a part thereof, to which
the contract refers shall be taken into consideration on the
question of whether or not a stipulation limiting the common
carrier's liability is reasonable, just and in consonance with
public policy.

Article 1752. Even when there is an agreement limiting the

liability of the common carrier in the vigilance over the goods,
the common carrier is disputably presumed to have been
negligent in case of their loss, destruction or deterioration.

Article 1753. The law of the country to which the goods are to

be transported shall govern the liability of the common carrier
for their loss, destruction or deterioration.

Article 1754. The provisions of articles 1733 to 1753 shall

apply to the passenger's baggage which is not in his personal
custody or in that of his employee. As to other baggage, the
rules in articles 1998 and 2000 to 2003 concerning the
responsibility of hotel-keepers shall be applicable.