Slides For Class Notes

Gender Studies
Sex
Sex refers to biological
and phsycological
differences;
chromosomes,
hormonal profiles,
internal and external sex
organs.
It is a scientific term that
explains the physical
traits and sexual
preferences. It describes
the biological
differences between
men and women, which
are universal and
determined at birth.
Sex is biologically
founded as
A human female has 2 X
chromosomes
A human male has I X
and I Y chromosomes.
All embryos are
identical for the first 8
weeks of conception.
Prenatal production of
male hormones
produces the male
pattern.
Absence of these male
hormones produces the
female pattern.
At birth, male and
female infants are
distinguished by
primary sex
characteristics: the
genitalia used in the
reproductive process.
At puberty, an increased
production of hormones
results in the
development of
secondary sex
characteristics: the
physical traits (other
than reproductive
organs) that identify an
individual's sex.
For women, these
include larger breasts.
wider hips, narrower
shoulders, a layer of fatty
tissues covering the
body, and menstruation.
For men, they include
development of
enlarged genitals, a
deeper voice, greater
height, a more muscular
build, and more body
and facial hairs.
These changes produce
an acute awareness of
sexuality.
During this time, many
young people become
aware of their sexual
orientation -a
preference for
emotional - sexual
relationships with the
members of the
opposite sex, same sex
or both sexes.
Terms related to the
concept of sex: sexuality,
hijras and transexual.
activity with other
human beings. It is of
three types i.e,
homosexuality,
hetrosexuality, and
bisexuality.
Homosexuality is the
attraction towards same
sex (gays, lesbians),
Hetrosexuality is the
attraction towards
opposite sex and
Hijras: Hijras or
berdaches, a group in
northern India, consider
themselves intersexed
males who have
become women. They
are required to dress as
women but they do not
initiate or try to pass as
ordinary women, rather
they are as deviant as
women as they are as
Transexual: Transexual is
a person who belives
they were born with the
body of wrong sex.
Some transexuaals take
harmone treatments or
have a sex change
operation to change
their genetalia in order
to achieve a body
congruent with their
own sense of sexuality.
Gender
Gender describes a
characteristic that a
society or culture
defines as masuline or
feminine.
It refers to the roles and
responsibilities of men
and women that are
created in our families,
our societies and
cultures.
Historical definition : The
word gender comes
from the Middle English
word gendre. This in
turn comes from the
Latin word la:genus.
Both mean kind, sort
and type.
Concept : The concept
of gender also includes
the expectation held
about the
characteristics,
aptitudes, and likely
behaviour of both men
and women(femininity
and masculinity).
Gender carries a more
social tone. Meaning
that it refers to the
different clothing,
activities, career choices,
and positions people
hold in society.
Gender identifies the
social relationship
between men and
women, shaped by
different social, historical
and cultural values.
These values determine
the roles that women
and men play in all fields
of life.
It identifies socially
learned behavior and
expectations associated
with the two sexes
attributed by a given
culture.
They can change over
time and they vary
within and between
cultures.
Just a few examples:
Chances and
opportunities, the
access to jobs or
decisions, the way of
thinking or behaving are
not the same for men
and women and it is this
way because of social
and cultural reasons.
The sex as male or
female is a biological
fact that it is the same in
any culture, but the
terms of gender role as a
'man' or a 'woman' in
any society can be quite
different cross culturally.
These 'gender roles'
have an impact on the
health of the individual.
sexes or the particular
economic and social
roles which a society
considers appropriate
for women and men.
Men are mainly
identified with
productive roles which
tend to be sequential,
while women have a
triple role: domestic
responsibilities,
What it means to be a
'real man' in any culture
requires male sex plus
what our various
cultures define as
masculine
characteristics and
behaviors, likewise a
'real woman' needs
female sex and feminine
characteristics.
Gender is a continuous
category: a person can
be more or less feminine
or masculine.
To summarize:
'Man' = male sex+
masculine social role
(A 'real man', 'masculine'
or 'manly', e.g. head and
breadwinner of the
family, responsible for
contacts outward,
strong, rational, sexually
active)
'Woman' = female sex +
feminine social role
(A 'real woman',
'feminine' or 'womanly',
e.g. dependent on and
subject to a male
commander (father,
husband etc...),
responsible for the social
connections within the
family weak, emotional
and irrational,
compensatory sexually
passive or uninterested)
Terms related to the
concept of gender:
Gender identity, gender
awareness, gender role
stereotype, gender
equity, gender
mainstreaming, , gender
equality, gender
sensitivity, gender gap,
gender analysis,
empowerment,and
feminism.
Gender identity:
Encyclopedia Batricinia
notes that gender
identity is ‘ as
individual’s self
conception as being
male or female, as
distinguished from
actual biological sex.
Gender Awareness: It
means that both
women and men are
working together in a
harmonious way,
possessing the same
rights, duties, positions,
roles, and opportunities
and paying careful
attention to the specific
needs and strengths of
both.
generalized view or
preconception about
attributes or
characteristics, or the
roles that are or ought
to be possessed by, or
performed by, women
and men. Such gender
roles stereotyping work
to support and reinforce
the traditional gender
division of labour by
Gender Equity :Gender
equity is the process of
being fair to women and
men. Gender equality
requires equal
enjoyment by women
and men of
socially-valued goods,
opportunities, resources
and rewards.
Gender Equality: Gender
equality means that
women should have the
same rights and
privileges as men to
human, social, economic
and cultural
development and an
equal voice in civil and
political life.
Gender mainstreaming
means integrating a
gender equality
perspective at all stages
and levels of policies,
programmes and
projects. The purpose of
gender mainstreaming
is to promote gender
equality and the
empowerment of
women in population
Gender sensitivity: It is
the ability to recognize
gender issues and
especially the ability to
recognize women’s
different perceptions
and intersects arising
from their different
social location and
different gender roles.
(an often
measurable)gap
between women and
men on some important
socio economic
indicator (e.g. ownership
of property, access to
land, enrollment at
school), which is seen to
be unjust and therefore,
presents the clear
empirical evidence of
study of differences in
women’s and men’s
roles and access to and
control over resources. It
is a tool for improving
and understanding of
how differences
between men and
women influence their
opportunities of
challenges to
participation in
Empowerment: It
means individuals
acquiring power to think
and act freely , exercise
choice, and to fulfill their
potential as full and
equal members of
society.
Feminism: A social
theory or political
movemnet supporting
the equality of both
sexes in all aspectsof
public and private life;
specially; a theory or
movement that argues
that legal and social
restrictions on females
must be removed in
order to bring about
Sexism:
Sexism is the
subordination of one sex
(usually female) based
on the assumed
superiority of the other
sex.
It is commonly
considered to be
discrimination and/or
hatred against people
based on their sex
rather than their
individual merits, but
can also refer to any and
all systemic
differentiations based
on the sex of the
individuals.
Sexism can refer to
subtly different beliefs or
attitudes:
The belief that one
gender or sex is inferior
to or more valuable than
the other;
Female or male
chauvinism
The attitude of
misogyny (hatred of
females) or misandry
(hatred of males); as well
as.
The attitude of imposing
a limited and/or false
notion of masculinity on
males and a limited
and/or false notion of
femininity on females, or
vice versa
A feeling of distrust
towards the opposite or
same sex, most
frequently operating at
unconscious level.
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