MA1512 Tutorial 3 Solutions

(1a)
y"6 y '9 y  0 Set y  e t
2  6  9  0    3
 y  ( A  Bx )e 3 x  y '  Be 3 x  3( A  Bx )e 3 x
y (0)  1  A  1
y ' 0  1  B  3 A  1  B  2  y  (1  2 x)e 3 x

(1b)
2  2  (1  4 2 )  0    1  2i
 y  e x [ A cos 2x  B sin 2x]
y '  y  e x [2A sin 2x  2B cos 2x]
y (0)  2  A  2
y ' (0)  2(3  1)  2(3  1)  2  2B
 B  3  y  e x [2 cos 2x  3 sin 2x]

(2a)
Try y  Ax 2  Bx  C
y "2y '10y
 2 A  2( 2 Ax  B )  10( Ax 2  Bx  C )
 25x 2  3
 10 A  25, 4 A  10B  0, 2 A  2B  10C  3
 A  5 / 2, B  -1, C  0
5
 y  x2  x
2

(2b)
Try y  ( Ax 2  Bx  C )e 3x
y '  (2 Ax  B)e 3 x  3( Ax 2  Bx  C )e 3 x
y"  2 Ae 3 x  3(2 Ax  B)e 3 x  3(2 Ax  B)e 3 x  9( Ax 2  Bx  C )e 3 x
9 A  18 A  8 A  1  A  1
6 A  6 A  9 B  12 A  18B  8B  0  B  0
2 A  3B  3B  9C  6 B  18C  8C  0  C  2
y  ( x 2  2)e 3 x
(2c)
y" y  2 x Im e ix (Im  imaginary part)
if we can solve the complex equation z"-z  2xe ix then Imz satisfies the above.
Try z  (Ax  B)e ix
z'  Aeix  i(Ax  B)e ix
z" Aie ix  iAe ix  ( Ax  B )e ix
z" z  (2 Ai  Ax  B  Ax  B)e ix  2 xe ix
 A  1
 2i  2 B  0  B  i
 z  ( x  i )e ix   x cos x  sin x  i[ cos x  x sin x]
Im z   cos x  x sin x  y   cos x  x sin x

(2d)
1 1 1
y"4 y  (1  cos 2 x)   Re( e 2ix )
2 2 2
1 1
Solve z"4z   e 2ix  Try z  A  Bxe 2ix
2 2
z" -4Bxe  4iBe 2ix  z"4 z  4 Bxe 2ix  4 A  4 Bxe 2ix  4iBe 2ix
2 ix

1 1
 4A   A 
2 8
1 1
   4iB  B  i
2 8
1 1 1
z   ixe 2ix  (1  x(i cos 2 x  sin 2 x))
8 8 8
1 1
y  Re z   x sin 2 x
8 8

(3a)
Variation of parameters : first solve y"4y  0  y  Acos2x  Bsin2x
Promote A and B to functions A(x), B(x).
1
Then A(x)cos(2x)  B(x)sin2x is a solution of y"4y  (1  cos 2 x)
2
if A(x) and B(x) are chosen to satisfy
( RHS ) ( RHS )
1  1 
- [ (1  cos 2 x)] sin 2 x  [ (1  cos 2 x)] cos 2 x
A'  2 , B'  2
W W
where W  (cos2x)x(sin2x)'-(cos2x)' sin2x  2
so
1 1 1 1
A'   sin2 x  cos 2 x sin2 x   sin2 x  sin4 x
4 4 4 8
1 1 1 1
B'  cos 2 x  cos 2 ( 2 x )  cos 2 x  (cos 4 x  1)
4 4 4 8
1 1
 A  cos 2 x  cos 4 x
8 32
1 1 x
 B  sin2 x  sin4 x  so the solutionis
8 32 8
1 1 1
Acos 2x  Bsin2x  [(cos 2 x  cos 4 x ) cos 2 x  (sin2 x  sin4 x  x ) sin2 x ]
8 4 4
which is the same as in (2d) since
1 1 1 x
(cos 2 2 x  cos 4 x cos 2 x  sin2 2 x  sin4 x sin2 x )  sin2 x
8 4 4 8
1 1 x 1
 (1  cos 2 x )  sin2 x and the extra - cos 2 x can be absorbedinto the
8 4 8 32
general solution
(arbitrary constant) x cos2x  (arbitrary constant) x sin2x

(3b)
A( x) cos x  B( x) sin( x) where
- [sec(x)] sinx  [sec(x)] cosx
A'  B' 
w w
w  (cosx)(sin x)' - (cosx)' (sinx)   1
sinx
A- dx  ln | cos x |, B  x
cosx
 y  cosx ln | cosx |  xsinx
Question 4
The equation of motion is given by
d2 θ
dt2
+ Lg θ = 0.
√ √
Therefore θ = A cos 9.8t + B sin 9.8t.
Using θ (0) = 0 and dθdt
(0) = 1, we have A = 0 and B = √1 .
√ 9.8
So the solution is θ = √19.8 sin 9.8t.
√
We find θ (0.8) = √19.8 sin 0.8 9.8 = 0.190 048 03.

Question 5
When the ship is at rest, the part of it which is under sea level has a volume of Ad [that is,
the area of the base times the height]. Therefore, this is the volume of seawater that has
been pushed aside by the ship. If the density of seawater is ρ, then the mass of seawater
pushed aside is ρAd, and its weight is ρAdg. This upward force exactly balances the
weight of the ship, so we have
ρ A d g = M g.
Thus
d = M/ρ A.
Now if the ship is moving and the distance from sea level to the bottom of the ship is d
+ x, where x is a function of time, we have to use Force = mass × acceleration. Taking
the downwards direction to be positive, we find that the buoyancy force is now − ρA(d +
x)g, so we have
Mẍ = Mg − ρ A (d + x)g,
which, using our formula for d, is just
ρAg
ẍ = − x
M
q
This represents simple harmonic motion with angular frequency ρ A g/M, as claimed.
The ship will bob up and down at this frequency. Note the inverse dependence on M,
which is to be expected, but also that the frequency increases if A is large, which is not
so obvious.
Taking into account the force exerted by the waves, Force = mass × acceleration gives

Mẍ = Mg − ρ A (d + x)g + F0 cos(ω t)

or
Mẍ + ρ A g x = F0 cos(ω t).
This is exactly the equation studied in the notes when we studied resonance, except that
k is replaced by ρAg. qIn the problem we are told that the input frequency [the frequency
of the waves] is ω = ρ A g/M, the same as the natural frequency of the ship, so we do
indeed have resonance here.
 From the resonance notes we have [when x and its derivative are both zero at t = 0,
which is also the case here]
F0 t
x(t) = sin(ωt).
2Mω
Because of the factor of t, this will eventually be larger than any fixed number. As soon
as it reaches the value H, this means that the ship has gone down by a greater distance
than the height of the deck, which means that water washes over the deck and the ship
sinks. So tsink is the smallest positive solution of the equation
F0 tsink
H= sin(ωtsink ).
2Mω

2
Question 6 solution
2
d v 2
We have EI dx 2 = 20x − 2x .

Integrate once, we get EI dx = 10x2 − 23 x3 + A.

dv

Integrate again, we get EIv = 10 3 1 4

3 x − 6 x + Ax + B.
v (0) = 0 ⇒ B = 0
3 4
v (10) = 0 ⇒ 10 1
3 (10) − 6 (10) + A (10) = 0 
10 3 1 4 500

3 (10) − 6 (10) + A (10) = 0, Solution is: A = − 3

EIv = 10 3 1 4 500
3 x − 6x − 3 x
By symmetry, maximum deflection occurs at the midpoint x = 5.
10 3 1 4 500
3 5 −65 − 3 5
EI = − 3125
6EI = −
520. 833 33
EI ≈ − 521
EI .