ANSWERS TO MA1506 TUTORIAL 5

Question 1
Following the standard equations for the Malthus Model [Chapter 3]:

N = N̂ ekt ; N (0) = 10000 = N̂

N (2.5) = 10000e2.5k = 11000
1
⇒ e2.5k = 1.1 ⇒ k = ℓn(1.1)
2.5
= 0.0381
N (10) = 10000e10k = 10000e10(0.0381) ≈ 14600
1
20000 = 10000ekt → t = ℓn(2)
k
= 18.18 hours

Question 2
The logistic equation has 3 kinds of solution, one increasing, one constant, and one de-
creasing. Since the number of bugs in this problem clearly increases, the relevant solution
of the logistic equation is
N∞
N= ( )
1 + NN̂∞ − 1 e−Bt

Here N̂ = 200, B = 1.5, so at t = 2 we have

N∞
360 = ( N∞ )
1 + 200 − 1 e−1.5×2
360 −3
⇒ 360 + e N∞ − 360e−3 = N∞
200
360(1 − e−3 )
N∞ = −3
≈ 376
1 − 360
200 e
N
N (3) = ( N∞ ∞ ) ≈ 372
1 + 200 − 1 e−4.5

B2
Question 3 First compare 80 with .
4s
B2
From Question 2 we know B = 1.5 and and N∞ = 376, so N∞ = B/s ⇒ s = 1.5
376 ⇒ 4s =
141. This is the maximum number we can kill without causing extinction.
Setting E = 80,
√
β1 B ∓ B 2 − 4Es 64
= = .
β2 2s 312
Since the initial number of bugs was 200, which is between these two values, we see that
the limiting number is β2 = 312, since this is the stable equilibrium.

1
Question 4
We have B∞ = Bs = 194600 so since B = 0.09866, s = B
N∞ = 0.09866
194600 .
Maximum hunting rate is
B2 (0.09866)2
= = 4800
4s 4 × 0.09866
194600

Since 10000 > 4800, birds are doomed.

Question 5
For the fish to survive a 10% downward fluctuation, we must have (in the extreme
case)
β1 = 90% β2 i.e.
√ [ √ ]
B− B 2 − 4Es B + B 2 − 4Es
= 0.9
2s 2s
√ √
B− = 0.9B + 0.9

√
0.1B = 1.9
0.01B 2 = 3.61(B 2 − 4Es) = 3.61B 2 − 14.44Es
14.44E = 3.6B 2 /s
B2
E = 0.2493074
( s2 )
B
= 0.997 ×
4s
So a less than 1% drop in the catch below E∗ will give a 10% margin of safety.

2
Question 6.
(a) We shall use the following s-Shifting property:
L(f (t)) = F (s) ⇒ L(ect f (t)) = F (s − c)
· 2 n!
· · L(t ) = 3 ⇒ use L(t ) = n+1
2 n
s s
· 2 −3t 2
· · L(t e ) = L(e−3t t2 ) =
(s + 3)3
(b) Here u denotes the Unit Step Function given by
{
0 if t < a
u(t − a)
1 if t > a
We shall use the following t-Shifting property:
L(f (t)) = F (s) ⇒ L{f (t − a)u(t − a)} = e−as F (s)
Letf (t − 2) = t
· f (t) = t + 2
· ·
· L(f (t)) = L(t + 2) = L(t) + 2L(1)
· ·
1 2
= 2+
s s
· L(tu(t − 2)) = L{f (t − 2)u(t − 2)}
· ·
1 2
= e−2s ( 2 + )
s s

Question 7. (a)
s s (s + 5) − 5
2
= 2
=
s + 10s + 26 (s + 5) + 1 (s + 5)2 + 1
s−5
LetF (s) = 2
s +1
· −1 s
· · L ( 2 ) = L−1 (F (s + 5))
s + 10s + 26
= L−1 (F (s − (−5))
= e−5t L−1 (F (s)) → use s-shifting
s 5
= e−5t L−1 ( 2 − 2 )
s +1 s +1
s 1
= e−5t {L−1 ( 2 ) − 5L−1 ( 2 )}
s +1 s +1
= e−5t (cost − 5 sin t)
1+2s
(b) Let F (s) = s3

1 2
= s3 + s2
 · L−1 (F (s)) = t2
+ 2t → (use L(tn ) = n!
· · 2 sn+1 )

t2
Let f (t) = 2 + 2t

Using t-shifting,
1 + 2s
L−1 (e−2s ) = L−1 (e−2s F (s))
s3
= f (t − 2)u(t − 2)
(t − 2)2
={ + 2(t − 2)}u(t − 2)
2
1 2
= (t − 4)u(t − 2)
2
1
= ( t2 − 2)u(t − 2)
2

Question 8. (a)
Let L(y(t)) = Y (s)

We shall use L(y ′ (t)) = sY (s) − y(0).

We have
L(y ′ ) = L(tu(t − 2))
1 2
⇒ sY (s) − 4 = e−2s ( 2
+ )
s s
1 + 2s 4
⇒ Y (s) = e−2s ( 3 ) +
s s
· y(t) = L−1 (Y (s))
· ·
1 + 2s 1
= L−1 {e−2s ( 3 )} + 4L−1 ( )
s s
1
= ( t2 − 2)u(t − 2) + 4
2
(by a previous question.)

(b) We shall use

L(y ′′ ) = s2 Y − sy(0) − y ′ (0)

We have
L(y ′′ − 2y ′ ) = L(4)
4
⇒ s2 Y − sy(0) − y ′ (0) − 2{sY − y(0)} =
s
4
⇒ s2 Y − s − 2sY + 2 =
s
4 4 + s2 − 2s
⇒ (s2 − 2s)Y = +s−2=
s s
s − 2(s − 2)
2
⇒Y =
s2 (s − 2)
1 2
= − 2
s−2 s
· −1 1 2
· · y =L ( − 2)
s−2 s
= e − 2t
2t
 Question 9 Solution

Dividing the equation by m0 − αt yields

dv αβ
= −g +
dt m0 − αt
Z t 
αβ
⇒ v(t) = −g + ds + v(0)
0 m0 − αs
Thus,
m0
v(t) = [−gs − β ln(m0 − αs)] |s=t
s=0 = −gt + β ln
m0 − αt
where we used the condition 0 ≤ t < m0 /α so that m0 − αt > 0.
Since the height h(t) of the rocket satisfies h(0) = 0, we find
Z t Z t 
m0
h(t) = v(s)ds = −gs + β ln ds
0 0 m0 − αs
s=t
gs2

β m0 − αs
= − + βs ln m0 + (m0 − αs) ln
2 α e s=0
gt2 β m0
= βt − − (m0 − αt) ln
2 α m0 − αt

1
Question 10.
The cubic in N on the right side clearly passes through the origin, and its slope is
negative immediately to the right of the origin, so it [and therefore dN/dt] is negative
for small values of N; therefore the population always decreases when N is sufficiently
small, which describes depensation. So we have the right kind of equation.
Roots of this cubic:
√
N = 0, N = [b ± b2 − 4ac]/2a.
√
Since we are assuming b2 > 4ac, both non-zero roots are real and, since b2 − 4ac <
b, both are positive; the graph of the cubic goes down to a minimum [after passing
√
through the origin], then up through the point N = [b − b2 − 4ac]/2a on the N axis,
reaching a maximum and then going down again to cut the N axis once more at N =
√
[b + b2 − 4ac]/2a. So there are two non-zero equilibrium populations, one stable, one
unstable, EVEN THOUGH THERE IS NO HARVESTING. The unstable equilibrium
√
is at N = [b − b2 − 4ac]/2a; it is unstable because a population slightly above that will
grow away from it, while a population slightly below it will drop towards zero. We see
that the tigers will become extinct if the population ever falls below that value, EVEN
IF WE DON’T HUNT THEM! So we have a good model of depensation.
 NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE
Department of Mathematics

MA1512 (MATLAB)
Comments and Suggested Solutions

MATLAB 4

1. Find the value of e0.5 , correct to 13 decimal places.

>> format long; exp(0.5)

ans =

1.64872127070013

p
2. Evaluate sin2 (23.195) + tanh(0.12), correct to 13 decimal places.

>> sin(23.195)^2 + sqrt(tanh(0.12))

ans =

1.21686993920417

3. Plot the function

y(t) = e−t/2 cos(2t), 0 ≤ t ≤ 10.

>> t=0:0.01:10;
>> y=exp(-t/2).*cos(2*t);
>> plot(t,y)

1
4. Plot these three functions on the same graph:

sinh(t), cosh(t), tanh(t) − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2.

>> t=-2:0.01:2;
>> plot(t,sinh(t))
>> hold on
>> plot(t,cosh(t),’g’)
>> plot(t,tanh(t),’r’)
>> hold off

5. Which of the following IVP is stable? (i.e. the solutions converge for small changes
in the initial value.)
dy
(i) − y = −4e−x , y(0) = 2.
dx
dy
(ii) − 2y = −6e−x , y(0) = 2.
dx
dy
(iii) + 2y = 2e−x , y(0) = 2.
dx
Comments
(iii) is a stable d.e. You are supposed to solve each of the three IVP and plot curves
with slightly different values of y(0). If you use y(0) = 2 exactly, all three IVP give the
same solution y = 2e−x ! Identifying stable d.e. is important in practical applications
because you usually have to come up with your own d.e. and initial values. The
actual values are determined by experiments and are unlikely to be exact. The study
of how slight variations in initial conditions drastically affect solutions forms part of
what is known as chaos theory.

6. Find the solution for the following nonhomogeneous d.e.

x00 + 2x0 + 2x = 2 cos(t), x(0) = x0 (0) = 0.

Using different colours, plot a graph containing the three curves x(t) , the homoge-
nous solution xh (t) and the particular solution xp (t). Use t between 0 to 10 for your
horizontal range.
Comments
The main aim of this question is to let students practise plotting multiple graphs.
One possible set of matlab commands would be

>> t=0:0.01:10;
>> xh=-2/5*exp(-t).*cos(t)+6/5*exp(-t).*sin(t);

2
>> xp=2/sqrt(5)*cos(t-atan(2));
>> x=xh+xp;
>> plot(t,xh,’g--’)
>> hold on
>> plot(t,xp,’r-’)
>> plot(t,x,’b-.’)
>> hold off

Note that you could have used the particular solution xp = 25 cos(t) + 45 sin(t), instead
of xp = √25 cos(t − tan−1 (2)).